Relevant bibliographies by topics / Power union

Academic literature on the topic 'Power union'

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Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Power union"

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Khalig Qafarli, Simuzar. "EUROPEAN UNION SOFT POWER LIMITATIONS." SCIENTIFIC WORK 53, no. 04 (February 28, 2020): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/aem/2007-2020/53/167-170.

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Niedźwiecki, Sławomir. "Unia Europejska w świecie: soft power, hard power czy może smart power?" Przegląd Europejski, no. 3-2017 (January 28, 2018): 78–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.3.17.4.

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The main purpose of the article is to ask whether the European Union is a smart power actor. Most of the previous research has treated the EU as a soft power. This work is an analysis of the tools which the European Union uses in its foreign policy. Research has been conducted in the context of types of powers, which have been formulated by Joseph Nye: hard power, soft power and smart power. It was necessary to survey what instruments does the European Union use to have impact on other participants of international relations. Nowadays, a range of these tools is relatively developed, taking into account that the EU is an international organisation. In the conclusion, it is stated that the contemporary European Union should be treated as a soft power, but simultaneously it is an actor which attempts to become a smart power, and has relevant predispositions to it.
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Mishel, Lawrence. "The Structural Determinants of Union Bargaining Power." ILR Review 40, no. 1 (October 1986): 90–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979398604000107.

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This paper investigates the structural determinants of variation in union power across manufacturing industries. Using a pooled sample of unionized establishments from the Expenditure on Employee Compensation Surveys of 1968–72, the author estimates wage equations augmented with measures of product market structure, bargaining structure, and the size distribution of unions. The results suggest that union wage gains are greatest where discretionary pricing power enhances employers' ability to pay and where unions achieve high coverage, practice centralized bargaining, and avoid union fragmentation. On the other hand, centralized bargaining provides no advantage in competitive industries.
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Crouch, Colin. "Membership density and trade union power." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 23, no. 1 (January 12, 2017): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024258916673533.

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Union membership has declined in almost all European and other advanced economies, though in many cases the membership that remains reflects overall changes in the gender and occupational structure of the economy. Meanwhile, in most countries unions’ incorporation in governing institutions of the labour market has remained stable or risen. Union strength (membership density and incorporation) and to a lesser extent bargaining coordination correlate positively with core employee interests in the post-Keynesian economy: a combination of high employment and low inequality, and a balance between flexibility and security. The evidence suggests that unions’ most important role today is as part of wider political forces, where the role of membership strength remains ambiguous.
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Frank, Dana. "WOMEN'S POWER IS UNION POWER Banana Worker Unions in Latin America." New Labor Forum 14, no. 2 (July 1, 2005): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1095760590934805.

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Fudge, Judy. "Trade unions, democracy and power." International Journal of Law in Context 7, no. 1 (February 4, 2011): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174455231000042x.

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Should the law support union recognition by employers? If so, what form should this legal support take? These are the questions that Alan Bogg addresses in his excellent monograph,The Democratic Aspects of Trade Union Recognition. His focus is New Labour's 1999 statutory recognition procedure for trade unions, which he situates within the historical context of the United Kingdom's distinctive approach to the relationship between labour law and the social practice of collective bargaining – aptly (and famously) named collective laissez-faire by Otto Kahn-Freund (1972). Combining political philosophy and legal analysis, Bogg argues for robust legal support for trade union recognition that preserves the autonomy of trade unions to determine their own constituency and recognises their distinctive power to strike. Inspired by the idea of deliberative democracy and an ethical commitment to freedom as non-domination, he argues that civic republicanism provides the best normative basis for trade union recognition procedures. He contrasts this normative framework with the rights-based individualism and state neutrality characteristic of the liberal approach, which, he argues, is embodied in the United States and Canadian versions of industrial pluralism. Bogg also demonstrates the ‘yawning chasm between New Labour's civic rhetoric and New Labour's liberal legal reform agenda’ (pp. 118–19) when it comes to trade union recognition procedures. He concludes by offering a series of proposals that would enhance union recognition and further the values of freedom as non-domination, democratic participation through deliberative democracy, and community.
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Dhal, Manoranjan. "Changing Power of Union in India: A Study of Actors’ Perception." International Journal of Human Resource Studies 1, no. 2 (October 18, 2011): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v1i2.1117.

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Abstract — With the growing globalization of market, out sourcing of production, and downsizing of manpower trade unions are losing their power across the globe. This paper tries to explore the perception of actors, i.e. workers, trade union leaders and managers about the changing power structure of union. Attempt was made to study the perception of actors about the function of union, industrial relations climate and its impact on power of union. This study is based on 640 structured interviews conducted in manufacturing industries across different sectors in India. Keywords: Actors; Trade Union; Union Power
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Drover, Glenn. "Pension Power: Unions, Pension Funds and Social Investment in Canada." Canadian Journal of Political Science 39, no. 4 (December 2006): 983–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423906449969.

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Pension Power: Unions, Pension Funds and Social Investment in Canada, Isla Carmichael, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005, pp. 219.Isla Carmichael has been writing about union pensions for a decade. Over the past ten years, she has examined different aspects of union-based pension funds and labour-sponsored investment, including fiduciary responsibility, the role of union pension trustees, social accounting, collateral benefits and economically targeted investment. In this book, she brings together these, and other, arguments to make a case for the greater involvement of unions in directing and investing pension funds, not only to provide benefits to union members but also to shape economic growth and community development. Her analysis is comprehensive and her argument is persuasive.
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Broadbent, Kaye. "Power in the union?" International Journal of Manpower 22, no. 4 (June 2001): 318–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000005570.

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Arif, Zeba. "Power in a union." Nursing Standard 28, no. 4 (September 25, 2013): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2013.09.28.4.31.s35.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Power union"

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Palm, Johanna. "There is power in a union : Trade union organization, union membership and union activity in Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-145563.

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This thesis investigates what factors affect union organization and, to some degree, union activity in the face of declining union density in the majority of Western countries. Union structures have been changing in recent decades, not only in terms of declining membership but also because women and white-collar workers are becoming a more stable part of the membership base, whereas previously highly organized groups, such as blue-collar workers, are in decline. The point of departure for this thesis is that union density changes must be understood on several different levels. Thus, we must investigate changing union density in light of changing institutional settings, changing labour market structures and changing norms and values on the individual level. The thesis consists of three empirical studies investigating union density changes and union activity in Sweden, and an introductory chapter that develops the theoretical and empirical (historical) background. The empirical studies investigate: (1) whether and how the influence of various aspects of class and ideology on union organization have changed over time, (2) the effect of structural change on union density increase and decline, and(3) what factors influence different attitudes towards industrial action among Swedish employees. Results show that union density decline in Sweden since the mid-1990s cannot be explained by any forceful shifts in the labour market structure or individuals’ opinions and/or attitudes related to trade unions to any significant degree. Union density decline in Sweden is of a general nature. However, an increasing divergence in union density across various categories of employees, including, e.g., private-sector vs. public-sector employees, young vs. older employees, employees of foreign origin vs. employees of Swedish origin, and the atypically employed vs. employees with standardized employment, is observed. Moreover, previously strong predictors of union membership, including class identity, ideology, sector of employment and type of employment contract, are in decline, but they still influence union organization and attitudes towards industrial action.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 3: Submitted.

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Patton, Sarah Jayne Cormack. "The European Union as a normative power." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28106.

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Gartside, Richard John. "Strength in numbers : the impact of trade union mergers on trade union power." Thesis, Open University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287007.

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McMullen, Mary Katherine. "Wrestling power George Herbert's struggle for spiritual union /." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2008. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.

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Lamarche, Teague. "Nonviolence and Power in The Ottawa Panhandlers' Union." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28551.

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The Ottawa Panhandlers' Union's use of nonviolent action provides a useful case to examine the relationship between nonviolence, power and truth. Dahl, La Boetie and Foucault's theories of power provide different perspectives from which to analyze the use of nonviolence by the OPU. Dahl and La Boetie's theories of power as capacity and consent respectively focus on the OPU's ability to force others to take particular actions, and choice in compliance in scenarios imposed by others. Alternately, Foucault's theory of power allows an examination of the union members' positions within power relations, and how tacit social understandings construct their knowledge of themselves and others. When the OPU's use of nonviolence is seen in this light, addressing positions within power relations, and identifying the tacit social understandings that construct them, become important elements in understanding nonviolent action. Keywords: Nonviolence, Power, Foucault, Truth, Panhandlers
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Blank, Sharon Lesley. "Trade union power in the 1990s : a case study." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1998. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14619/.

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The Conservative governments of 1979-1997 were determined to reduce what they saw as "excessive union power". A succession of Employment and Trade Union Acts designed to undermine collective organisation and therefore trade union power were passed. The common perception tends to be that trade union power has been severely curtailed; however, some researchers suggest that very little has changed on the shopfloor. The main aim of the research was to ascertain what trade union members thought about the power of their trade unions. The focus of the study was on the local and workplace union organisations of the ABEU and UNISON. The research involved a case study approach. Data was obtained through the use of observation, interviews, questionnaires and the analysis of documentary evidence. It is concluded that trade union power is still a reality in the 199Os, though that power may be looked upon differently depending whether the focus is on unions at a national level or within the workplace. National unions may have changed but workplace organisations appear to remain much the same as they always have; some workplace organisations are effective and others do not appear to be as successful at achieving their aims. The success of workplace trade unionism is dependent upon the personalities and styles of working of the lay representatives. The legislation appears to have had little effect on independent workplace union organisations, though claims that the legislation had reduced trade union power appear to have been taken at face value, even by union members. As long as effective lay representatives are forthcoming there is no reason why unions at workplace level should not continue protecting their members' interests well into the 21st century.
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Prokhorov, Sergiy, and Marta-Maria Denshchykova. "Efficient Normative Power? EU's activity in Africa." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle (HOS), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-2558.

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This study examines the European Union normative power in Sub-Saharan African countries. It is based upon theoretical researches on normative power and official publications about EU’s normative power in Africa. The aim of the thesis is to analyse the EU’s role in Africa as normative power. The following questions are posed: What are the reasons of exercising normative power by the EU in Africa? What are the main areas the EU acts as normative power in African continent? And what are the results of EU normative power activity in Africa? The theoretical approach assumes that the EU is no longer a normative power. But, nevertheless, it can exercise normative power. The study is conducted with a qualitative method research. The results show that the EU as a normative power pursues egoistic motives in Africa. But its normative power becomes limited by some factors: growing economic development of Africa, growing EU military power. This confirms the theory.

Hope, You agree to use the thesis only for lawful purposes, and in a way that does not infringe the rights of, restrict or inhibit anyone else's use and enjoyment of the thesis. Remember you should ask authors' permission to use the thesis.

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Kenealy, Daniel Peter. "Protected and confederated : power politics and the forging of European Union." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8182.

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This thesis explores the origins and evolution of European integration through the lens of classical realism. Classical realism, as an approach to International Relations, has had little to say about one of the most fascinating and politically important developments in the post-war international system, namely the effort by Western European states to integrate economically from the 1950s onwards. Grounded in classical realism’s ontology of power and the desire by states to secure autonomy and exert influence in the international system the thesis argues that a combination of military power, economic power, and power over opinion can explain the main contours and dynamics of integration. At the core of the argument is the idea of ‘Three Europe’s’ – Protected Europe, Confederated Europe, and a Europe of States – which have coexisted in a stable equilibrium for most of the post-war era. Protected Europe is grounded in both the military power and capacity of the United States and the national interest of the United States, remarkably static from 1945 onwards, to play a hegemonic role within the European military and security sphere. It was Protected Europe that created the military security and stability necessary for Western European states to pursue economic integration. It altered the guns versus butter trade-off and permitted Western European states to invest more in their welfare states. Most importantly if resolved the security dilemma that had existed between the most powerful states on the continent, France and Germany, and created a context in which their interaction shifted to one of intensive cooperation. The product was Confederated Europe. The logic at the core of Confederal Europe was a desire by France to bind Germany, and consent by the Germans to be bound. This was done for a variety of reasons. Internally the concern was to exert as much control over Germany as possible and Germany’s long-term national interest – to secure normalisation, independence, and reunification – complemented this urge. Externally the concern was to secure autonomy in the global economic system and to project power and influence within that system. But the components of the confederation remained distinct nation states and thus a Europe of States existed in an often uneasy tension with Confederal Europe. The fault line between a supranational economic structure and a political structure still tied to the states created intermittent tensions and political earthquakes that have punctuated the history of post-war Europe. However, throughout the period the European masses formed a permissive consensus vis-à-vis integration and, given the rather limited and technical nature of the confederation, this minimised the inherent tension between Confederal Europe and the Europe of States. All three Europe’s are, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, in a state of flux. The decline in the relative power of the United States, and the rise of new challenges in the Asia-Pacific, has triggered a strategic pivot away from Europe and a weakening of the commitment to Protected Europe. How Europe will manage this shift remains unclear but a more prominent European leadership role in NATO or a rejuvenated and more focused European security and defence policy seem necessary. The historical balance between a France that wished to bind and a Germany that consented to be bound has shifted palpably. More willing to act as a ‘normalised’ power in the European system, Germany has emerged as a clearly dominant actor and this will require a shift in the diplomatic practices of a European system that has become used to France leading and Germany both following and supplying the supporting economic power. If Confederal Europe is to survive it must accept stronger German leadership. Finally the permissive consensus at the mass level is being eroded as European integration touches upon ever-more salient policy spheres. This means that the power of the idea of Europe has to be strengthened and entrenched more firmly, thus diluting the prominence of the Europe of States, or integration must retrench to bring its competences back into line with its legitimacy.
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Bennett, Robert Anthony III. "You Can’t Have Black Power without Green Power:The Black Economic Union." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1365514328.

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Battis, Matthias. "Aleksandr A. Semenov (1863-1958) : colonial power, orientalism and Soviet nation-building." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8c290939-3662-4204-b670-881028aecfae.

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This study explores the life of the prominent Russian Orientalist and colonial administrator Aleksandr Semenov (1873-1958). In the course of his long and versatile career in Central Asia - where he came to in 1901 as a low-ranking member of Turkestan's colonial administration, and where he died in 1958 as the first director of the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of Tajikistan's Academy of Sciences - Semenov participated in the transformation of the region from a Tsarist colony into part of what Francine Hirsch has called an 'Empire of Nations'. His influence on national historiography and notions of national identity was especially marked in the case of the Soviet Union's only Persian-speaking republic, Tajikistan, with which Semenov was connected through his interest and expertise in Persianate Central Asia. This thesis even goes so far as to argue that Semenov's scholarship and his work as an advisor to the Soviet government facilitated the very establishment of Tajikistan, which Paul Bergne has described as a nation initially promoted by Russian Orientalists. Further research in Russian archives is required, however, to better substantiate this claim. Rather than focussing on the (early) Soviet period and on so-called national territorial delimitation of Central Asia, as scholars such as Hirsch and Arne Haugen have done, the present study, in the vein of scholars like Vera Tolz and Vladimir Genis, highlights the ways in which both Bolshevik nationalities policy and Soviet Oriental Studies grew out of the studying and ruling of Central Asia in the late imperial period. It does so through an examination of Semenov's career, scholarship and personal networks, and on the basis of his personal archive in Tajikistan's Academy of Sciences, which has not been researched in any systematic way since the early 1970s, and in which no scholar from outside the former Soviet Union has ever worked.
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Books on the topic "Power union"

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Dufty, Norman Francis. The sources of union power. Perth, W.A: Australian Institute for Public Policy, 1987.

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The origins of trade union power. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.

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Brown, Henry Phelps. The origins of trade union power. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.

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James, Mills. The power. New York, NY: Warner Books, 1990.

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Crosby, Michael. Power at work: Rebuilding the Australian union movement. Annandale, N.S.W: Federation Press, 2005.

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Albrecht, Emil. Emil Albrecht's Union Pacific small steam power. Denver, CO: Motive Power Services, 1985.

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1977-, Savage Larry, ed. Union power: Solidarity and struggle in Niagara. Edmonton: AU Press, 2012.

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Cooper, Leo. Power and Politics in the Soviet Union. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12845-7.

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Chemla, Gilles. Implicit contracts, optimal union power and takeovers. London: London School of Economics, Financial Markets Group, 1994.

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Toje, Asle. The European Union as a Small Power. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230281813.

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Book chapters on the topic "Power union"

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Tibbs, Donald F. "We Have a Union!" In From Black Power to Prison Power, 147–58. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137013064_8.

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Dibb, Paul. "Dimensions of Soviet Power." In The Soviet Union, 1–26. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19349-3_1.

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Dibb, Paul. "Dimensions of Soviet Power." In The Soviet Union, 1–26. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-07021-3_1.

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Olsen, Jonathan. "Security and Global Power." In The European Union, 247–62. Seventh edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429440724-15.

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Marsh, David. "Union Power before 1979." In The New Politics of British Trade Unionism, 23–53. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21921-6_2.

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Dibb, Paul. "The USSR’s Global Economic Power." In The Soviet Union, 215–56. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19349-3_7.

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Dibb, Paul. "The Limits to Soviet Power." In The Soviet Union, 259–82. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19349-3_8.

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Dibb, Paul. "The USSR’s Global Economic Power." In The Soviet Union, 215–56. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-07021-3_7.

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Dibb, Paul. "The Limits to Soviet Power." In The Soviet Union, 259–79. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-07021-3_8.

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Dibb, Paul. "Soviet Military Power and Global Influence." In The Soviet Union, 187–214. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19349-3_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Power union"

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Alwidian, Sanaa, and Daniel Amyot. ""Union is power"." In MODELS '20: ACM/IEEE 23rd International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3365438.3410963.

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Aanstoos, Ted A. "Management Challenges in Emerging European Union Eco-Standards." In ASME 2004 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2004-52115.

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The European Union is 450 million citizens in 25 otherwise sovereign countries, but connected in a multinational federal metastate that claims a combined economy in excess of $9 trillion (US), making it one of the world’s largest economies. As a community faced with massive decontamination and re-industrialization from devastating wars, Europe places due emphasis on issues of environmental sustainability and pollution prevention. Under broad policy guidelines of the New Approach and Integrated Product Planning frameworks, the European Commission is drafting legislation that will mandate eco-standards for all energized end-use equipment for sale in the internal market. These proposed standards may raise controversy in many industry sectors and international arenas (including within Europe itself) because they may not be based on sound and accepted scientific analysis, because they may constitute a de-facto violation at least in spirit of the Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement, and because nobody can yet predict their cost impact and other market effect. Compliance with these emerging energy efficiency regulations will impose considerable management requirements on manufacturers as they devise documentation and certification programs for their products that are likely to be of a scope similar to ISO 14000. This paper assesses the new requirements from a product and design management perspective.
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Wei, Jian-hui, Tong Wang, and Di Wang. "Study on vehicle power union load testing system." In 2015 2nd International Conference on Wireless Communication and Sensor Network (WCSN 2015). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813140011_0103.

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Henderson, Charles R., Jerry A. Ebeling, and Richard C. Smith. "Union Electric Company’s Combustion Turbine Inlet Air Cooling Study." In 1993 Joint Power Generation Conference: GT Papers. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/93-jpgc-gt-6.

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Union Electric Company is a summer peaking utility, experiencing peak electrical load demands during the hot summer months. Combustion turbine generators are often used to meet the summer peak demands. However, the generating capability of a combustion turbine decreases as the ambient air temperature increases. When system peak demands are at their highest levels on the hottest days of the year, the generating capacity of the combustion turbines are at their lowest values. This lost generating capacity can be recovered by cooling the air entering the combustion turbines. Various combustion turbine inlet air cooling technologies were investigated for a General Electric Model 7B combustion turbine. The cooling technologies evaluated in the study were evaporative cooling, thermal energy storage (ice), on-line mechanical chiller, direct absorption chiller, steam absorption chiller with heat recovery steam generator (HRSG), and once-through cooling using well water. Conceptual designs, performance estimates, installation and operating costs were developed for each alternative.
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Kyaw, W. W. "Energy Conservation via the Diffusion of Sustainable Energy in Union of Myanmar." In Power and Energy Systems. Calgary,AB,Canada: ACTAPRESS, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2316/p.2010.701-126.

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Derebasi, Naim. "Power Loss Analysis in Amorphous Ribbon Materials." In SIXTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE BALKAN PHYSICAL UNION. AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2733222.

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Zobaa, A. F. "An overview of the different situations of renewable energy in the European Union." In 2005 IEEE Russia Power Tech. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ptc.2005.4524791.

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Perez, Paula, Dirk Hertem, Johan Driesen, and Ronnie Belmans. "Wind power in the European Union: grid connection and regulatory issues." In 2006 IEEE PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/psce.2006.296414.

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Vasilyev, M. Yu. "Key regulatory elements in Electric Power industry: Russia vs. European Union." In 2009 6th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eem.2009.5207167.

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Kockar, I. "European Union perspective on the Kyoto protocol: emissions trading scheme and renewable resources." In 2006 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pes.2006.1709156.

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Reports on the topic "Power union"

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O’Reilly, Jacqueline, and Rachel Verdin. Measuring the size, characteristics and consequences of digital work. Digital Futures at Work Research Centre, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20919/whfq8202.

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This working paper provides a summary assessment of the existing literature and data on digital forms of employment internationally. It illustrates the variability in how it is defined, how it is growing and what kind of risks are associated with these developments. Evaluation of these types of jobs is divided. On one hand, optimists point to the attractions and relative ease in finding employment on digital platforms; on the other hand, more critical perspectives argue that these employment contracts can result in exclusion from social protection systems. The evidence indicates that while overall a relatively small proportion of all employment digital work is growing, both on platforms as well as adoption amongst more traditional companies. The characteristics of digital workers can vary by region and occupation. Overall, they tend to be predominantly younger and more likely male, with a growing number of women albeit in particular occupations. Skills and earnings levels vary but the key issues of disputes is around pay, conditions and employment status. The consequences of this form of work for those with lower skilled digital employment can undermine their social citizenship: they lack comparable employment rights, or when unemployed entitlement to adequate social protection. The potential polarisation effects of digital exclusion and deficits will severely hamper the wider benefits of transparency offered by these technologies. During the pandemic these trends have become more apparent. The imbalance of bargaining power and regulatory governance to bridge gaps in citizenship entitlements undermines the collective potential of policy makers and trade unions to address these challenges. Nevertheless, there is emerging evidence of innovative challenges and contestation of these gaps by both union organisations and national regulators attempts to adapt social protection
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2

Stratigraphic framework of the upper Fort Union Formation, TA Hills, Western Powder River basin, Wyoming. US Geological Survey, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/mf1779.

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3

Sedimentologic and stratigraphic framework of the upper part of the Fort Union Formation, western Powder River basin, Wyoming. US Geological Survey, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/mf1929.

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4

Geologic map showing distribution of clinker in the Tertiary Fort Union and Wasatch formations, northern Powder River basin, Montana. US Geological Survey, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/coal142.

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5

Palynostratigraphy of the Tullock Member (lower Paleocene) of the Fort Union Formation in the Powder River basin, Montana and Wyoming. US Geological Survey, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/b1917f.

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6

Sedimentology and depositional history of the lower Paleocene Tullock Member of the Fort Union Formation, Powder River basin, Wyoming and Montana. US Geological Survey, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/b1917l.

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7

Stratigraphic cross section showing upper Paleocene coal-bearing rocks of the Tongue River member of the Fort Union Formation in the Piney Canyon SE Quadrangle, Weston County, southeastern Powder River basin, Wyoming. US Geological Survey, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/i2012.

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8

Stratigraphic cross section showing upper Paleocene coal-bearing rocks of the Tongue River member of the Fort Union Formation in the Coal Bank Draw and Dugout Creek North quadrangles, Converse County, southeastern Powder River basin, Wyoming. US Geological Survey, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/i2013.

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9

Water quality and environmental isotopic analyses of ground-water samples collected from the Wasatch and Fort Union Formations in areas of coalbed methane development : implications to recharge and ground-water flow, eastern Powder River basin, Wyoming. US Geological Survey, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri024045.

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10

Stratigraphic cross section showing upper Paleocene coal-bearing rocks of the Tongue River member of the Fort Union Formation in the Piney Canyon NE and Piney Canyon NW quadrangles, Campbell and Weston counties, southeastern Powder River basin, Wyoming. US Geological Survey, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/i2011.

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