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Journal articles on the topic 'Power-to-Liquid'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 14 March 2023

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1

YOSHIDA, Teruhiko, Hiroyuki OKAZAWA, and Yoshihisa INOUE. "F110 BREAKUP CONDITIONS OF LIQUID BUBBLES DUE TO AIRSTREAMS FOR POWER ENGINEERING(Multiphase Flow-1)." Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Engineering (ICOPE) 2009.1 (2009): _1–347_—_1–352_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicope.2009.1._1-347_.

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2

Schulzke, Tim. "Synergies from Direct Coupling of Biomass-to-Liquid and Power-to-Liquid Plants." Chemical Engineering & Technology 40, no. 2 (December 13, 2016): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.201600179.

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3

Varone, Alberto, and Michele Ferrari. "Power to liquid and power to gas: An option for the German Energiewende." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 45 (May 2015): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.01.049.

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4

Kotowicz, Janusz, Daniel Węcel, Aleksy Kwilinski, and Mateusz Brzęczek. "Efficiency of the power-to-gas-to-liquid-to-power system based on green methanol." Applied Energy 314 (May 2022): 118933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.118933.

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5

Graham-Rowe, Duncan. "Liquid could supply both power and cooling to microchips." New Scientist 212, no. 2839 (November 2011): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(11)62834-0.

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6

Schaadt, A., M. Ouda, T. Aicher, and I. Krossing. "Das Power-to-Liquid-Konzept am Beispiel von Methanol." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 86, no. 9 (August 28, 2014): 1433–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.201450639.

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7

Mesfun, Sennai, Daniel L. Sanchez, Sylvain Leduc, Elisabeth Wetterlund, Joakim Lundgren, Markus Biberacher, and Florian Kraxner. "Power-to-gas and power-to-liquid for managing renewable electricity intermittency in the Alpine Region." Renewable Energy 107 (July 2017): 361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.02.020.

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8

He, Xunan, YuanLi Kang, and Peng Li. "Simulated Analysis of Liquid System for High-power Power Electronic Equipment." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2219, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2219/1/012002.

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Abstract Liquid cooling system mainly provides cooling to high-power power electronic equipment on civil aircraft. It is an important support that it can ensure the high-power power electronic equipment working normally. In this paper, the modeling and simulation of cooling system are carried out. And it mainly focuses on the liquid cooling plate of high-power power electronic equipment. First, three kinds of simulated conditions are confirmed, which are variable temperature of cooling liquid, variable heat load of power electronic equipment and variable flow of cooling liquid. Then according to three kinds of simulated conditions, the performance of cooling system is validated, which is benefit to the design of liquid cooling system and liquid cooling plate.

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9

Sempels, Eric V., and Frederic J. Lesage. "Optimal Thermal Conditions for Maximum Power Generation When Operating Thermoelectric Liquid-to-Liquid Generators." IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology 7, no. 6 (June 2017): 872–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcpmt.2017.2676719.

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10

Do, Thai Ngan, Young Gul Hur, Ha Eun Jeong, Jin Woo Chung, Wangyun Won, and Jiyong Kim. "Rethinking of conventional Gas-to-Liquid via dimethyl ether intermediate incorporating renewable energy against Power-to-Liquid." Energy Conversion and Management 261 (June 2022): 115643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2022.115643.

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11

Focke, Walter W., Carl Sandrock, and Schalk Kok. "Weighted-Power-Mean Mixture Model: Application to Multicomponent Liquid Viscosity." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 46, no. 13 (June 2007): 4660–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie061465m.

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12

Bellocchi, Sara, Marcello De Falco, Marco Gambini, Michele Manno, Tommaso Stilo, and Michela Vellini. "Opportunities for power-to-Gas and Power-to-liquid in CO2-reduced energy scenarios: The Italian case." Energy 175 (May 2019): 847–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.03.116.

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13

Crivellari, Anna, and Valerio Cozzani. "Offshore renewable energy exploitation strategies in remote areas by power-to-gas and power-to-liquid conversion." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 45, no. 4 (January 2020): 2936–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.11.215.

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14

Blumberga, Andra, Lelde Timma, and Dagnija Blumberga. "System Dynamic Model for the Accumulation of Renewable Electricity using Power-to-Gas and Power-to-Liquid Concepts." Environmental and Climate Technologies 16, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 54–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rtuect-2015-0012.

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Abstract When the renewable energy is used, the challenge is match the supply of intermittent energy with the demand for energy therefore the energy storage solutions should be used. This paper is dedicated to hydrogen accumulation from wind sources. The case study investigates the conceptual system that uses intermitted renewable energy resources to produce hydrogen (power-to-gas concept) and fuel (power-to-liquid concept). For this specific case study hydrogen is produced from surplus electricity generated by wind power plant trough electrolysis process and fuel is obtained by upgrading biogas to biomethane using hydrogen. System dynamic model is created for this conceptual system. The developed system dynamics model has been used to simulate 2 different scenarios. The results show that in both scenarios the point at which the all electricity needs of Latvia are covered is obtained. Moreover, the methodology of system dynamics used in this paper is white-box model that allows to apply the developed model to other case studies and/or to modify model based on the newest data. The developed model can be used for both scientific research and policy makers to better understand the dynamic relation within the system and the response of system to changes in both internal and external factors.

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15

Yang, Lijun, Minglong Du, and Qingfei Fu. "Stability of an annular power-law liquid sheet." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 229, no. 15 (December 9, 2014): 2750–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406214563559.

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Because of the mathematical difficulties dealing with the nonlinear viscous stress term in momentum equation for power-law liquid, the study of stability analysis of a power-law liquid sheet has been lacking. In the present study, a temporal stability analysis has been carried out for an annular power-law liquid sheet exposed to both inner and outer-gas streams, by integrating the governing equations for the power-law liquid sheet. The dimensionless dispersion equation that governs the instability of liquid sheet is obtained by considering the velocity profile of liquid sheet. It is found that the instability of liquid sheet can be enhanced by independently increasing either the outer gas stream velocity, or the inner gas stream velocity. The liquid sheet is more unstable when both inner and outer gas streams are applied. To promote the instability of annular liquid sheet, a gas stream applied to the outer interface is more effective than when applied to the inner surface. The effects of rheological parameters on the instability of the liquid sheet are actually determined by the relative velocity across the gas–liquid interfaces. The surface tension, liquid sheet thickness, and outer surface radius of annular liquid sheet have been tested for their influence on the instability of annular power-law liquid sheet.

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16

Dieterich, Vincent, Alexander Buttler, Andreas Hanel, Hartmut Spliethoff, and Sebastian Fendt. "Power-to-liquid via synthesis of methanol, DME or Fischer–Tropsch-fuels: a review." Energy & Environmental Science 13, no. 10 (2020): 3207–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ee01187h.

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17

Gorla, Rama Subba Reddy. "Heat transfer to a power law non-Newtonian falling liquid film." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 5, no. 3 (July 1991): 444–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.284.

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18

Vykhodtsev, Pavel V., Aleksei I. Klimov, Vladislav V. Rostov, Ruslan V. Tsygankov, and Pavel V. Priputnev. "Wideband Overmoded Liquid Calorimeter for High-Power Microwaves: Centimeters to Millimeters." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 70 (2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2020.3034971.

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19

Adelung, S., S. Maier, and R. U. Dietrich. "Energetische Bewertung der Betriebsbedingungen der Synthesegaserzeugung im Power-to-Liquid-Verfahren." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 90, no. 9 (August 24, 2018): 1145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.201855028.

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20

Isaacs, Stewart A., Mark D. Staples, Florian Allroggen, Dharik S. Mallapragada, Christoph P. Falter, and Steven R. H. Barrett. "Environmental and Economic Performance of Hybrid Power-to-Liquid and Biomass-to-Liquid Fuel Production in the United States." Environmental Science & Technology 55, no. 12 (June 3, 2021): 8247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c07674.

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21

Shabratsky, Sergey, and Vitaliy Storogenko. "A POWER CALCULATION METHOD FOR SELF-SUCKING MIXERS." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering 3 (May 31, 2016): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2016.00077.

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Most recently, in tank vessels designed for gas-liquid reactions, self-sucking mixers have been used as mixing devices. Great interest is the issue of mixing power determination of mixers designed for processes in gas-liquid systems, which can be an essential component in designing reaction vessels using effective mixing devices of self-sucking type for both liquid and gaseous phases. The efficiency of a mixing device is determined by evaluating the intensity of circulation of the mixed reaction mass, gas content and the ratio between the power consumption to create a gas-liquid medium and the total power consumption for mixing. In spite of a considerable number of publications on the determination of mixing power nowadays, there are no simple methods in existence for determination of mixing power of self-sucking mixers in vessels for gas-liquid reactions. For this reason, the mixing power calculation of self-sucking mixers for gas-liquid processes is an important part in the design of reaction vessels.

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22

YOSHIDA, Teruhiko. "B204 BREAKUP OF A LIQUID BUBBLE DUE TO AIRSTREAMS FOR POWER ENGINEERING." Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Engineering (ICOPE) 2003.2 (2003): _2–107_—_2–112_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicope.2003.2._2-107_.

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23

Fikrt, André, Richard Brehmer, Vito-Oronzo Milella, Karsten Müller, Andreas Bösmann, Patrick Preuster, Nicolas Alt, Eberhard Schlücker, Peter Wasserscheid, and Wolfgang Arlt. "Dynamic power supply by hydrogen bound to a liquid organic hydrogen carrier." Applied Energy 194 (May 2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.02.070.

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24

Cuong, Dang Xuan. "Antioxidant chlorophyll purification from maize leaves by liquid-to-liquid extraction method." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 3 (May 15, 2020): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i3.4104.

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Chlorophyll is the blood of plant possesses a medical-value for treating support of disease in human, and the paper focused on the purification of antioxidant chlorophyll extracting from maize leaves in Vietnam. Chlorophyll was extracted with 96% ethanol and segmented by different solvents, for example, n-hexane, 96% ethanol, and ethyl acetate, respectively. Ethanol fraction was running via the chromatography column of silica gel for collecting antioxidant purified chlorophyll. All fractions were analysed chlorophyll content, antioxidant activities (total antioxidant activity, reducing power activity, and DPPH free radical scavenging activity) and run the thin layer chromatography for determining the chlorophyll purification degree and the Rf. The results showed that the purification of antioxidant chlorophyll from maize leaves was by using the liquid-liquid segment and the column run, for example, in turn, ethanol, n-hexane, ethanol, and the silica gel chromatography. The highest value of chlorophyll content, total antioxidant activity, reducing power activity, and DPPH free radical scavenging activity was 0.563±0.003 µg chl equivalent/ml, 1.392±0.018 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/ml, 3.396±0,024 mg FeSO4/ml, and 76.34±0.81 (%), respectively, as the n-hexane/ethanol ratio of 1/1 (v/v). After the chromatography run, chlorophyll content, total antioxidant activity, reducing power activity, and DPPH free radical scavenging activity corresponded to 0.217±0.002 µg chl equivalent/ml, 0.628±0.013 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/ml, 1.928±0.019 mg FeSO4/ml, and 77.19±0.58 (%), respectively. Keywords: antioxidant, chlorophyll, maize, purification, liquid-to-liquid

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25

Song, Seok-Ho, Jin-Young Heo, and Jeong-Ik Lee. "Design Considerations for the Liquid Air Energy Storage System Integrated to Nuclear Steam Cycle." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 13, 2021): 8484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188484.

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A nuclear power plant is one of the power sources that shares a large portion of base-load. However, as the proportion of renewable energy increases, nuclear power plants will be required to generate power more flexibly due to the intermittency of the renewable energy sources. This paper reviews a layout thermally integrating the liquid air energy storage system with a nuclear power plant. To evaluate the performance realistically while optimizing the layout, operating nuclear power plant conditions are used. After revisiting the analysis, the optimized performance of the proposed system is predicted to achieve 59.96% of the round-trip efficiency. However, it is further shown that external environmental conditions could deteriorate the performance. For the design of liquid air energy storage-nuclear power plant integrated systems, both the steam properties of the linked plants and external factors should be considered.

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26

Chiuta, Steven, Nicolaas Engelbrecht, Gerhard Human, and Dmitri G. Bessarabov. "Techno-economic assessment of power-to-methane and power-to-syngas business models for sustainable carbon dioxide utilization in coal-to-liquid facilities." Journal of CO2 Utilization 16 (December 2016): 399–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2016.10.001.

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27

Jia, Weiliang, Biao Zhang, and Songjing Li. "Progressive Multifocal Liquid Lenses Based on Asymmetric Freeform Surface Structure of Nonuniform Thickness Elastic Membranes with Different Constraints." International Journal of Optics 2019 (October 27, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2032870.

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For a progressive multifocal liquid lens with an elastic membrane deformed by liquid pressure, to realize a reasonably power distribution, asymmetric deformation characteristics of the membrane surface are needed. Based on the asymmetric freeform surface structure, this paper proposed progressive multifocal liquid lenses focused by liquid with nonuniform thickness membranes. The structure and mathematical model of power distribution for the lens are introduced. The membrane deformation and the corresponding power distribution of the lenses with asymmetric freeform surface are predicted and compared under uniform pressure load and different boundary conditions using the finite element method. An optical testing system is constructed to analyze the optical characteristics of the fabricated lenses through observing the focusing performance of the F target image at different regions of the lenses. Experimental results show that the liquid lenses can realize as asymmetrical progressive multifocal liquid lenses after liquid accommodation; meanwhile, the trends of power distribution of the lenses generally agree well with simulations.

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28

Wentrup, Jonas, Georg R. Pesch, and Jorg Thöming. "Dynamic operation of Fischer-Tropsch reactors for power-to-liquid concepts: A review." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 162 (July 2022): 112454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112454.

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29

Emfietzoglou, D., A. Pathak, and H. Nikjoo. "Electronic stopping power of liquid water for protons down to the Bragg peak." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 126, no. 1-4 (May 13, 2007): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncm020.

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30

Read, MG, IK Smith, and N. Stosic. "Optimisation of power generation cycles using saturated liquid expansion to maximise heat recovery." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 231, no. 1 (December 11, 2016): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408916679202.

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The use of two-phase screw expanders in power generation cycles can achieve an increase in the utilisation of available energy from a low-temperature heat source when compared with more conventional single-phase turbines. The efficiency of screw expander machines is sensitive to expansion volume ratio, which, for given inlet and discharge pressures, increases as the expander inlet vapour dryness fraction decreases. For single-stage screw machines with low inlet dryness, this can lead to underexpansion of the working fluid and low isentropic efficiency. The cycle efficiency can potentially be improved by using a two-stage expander, consisting of a machine for low-pressure expansion and a smaller high-pressure machine connected in series. By expanding the working fluid over two stages, the built-in volume ratios of the two machines can be selected to provide a better match with the overall expansion process, thereby increasing the efficiency. The mass flow rate though both stages must be matched, and the compromise between increasing efficiency and maximising power output must also be considered. This study is based on the use of a rigorous thermodynamic screw machine model to compare the performance of single- and two-stage expanders. The model allows optimisation of the required intermediate pressure in the two-stage expander, along with the built-in volume ratio of both screw machine stages. The results allow specification of a two-stage machine, using either two screw machines or a combination of high-pressure screw and low-pressure turbine, in order to achieve maximum efficiency for a particular power output. For the low-temperature heat recovery application considered in this paper, the trilateral flash cycle using a two-stage expander and the Smith cycle using a high-pressure screw and low-pressure turbine are both predicted to achieve a similar overall conversion efficiency to that of a conventional saturated vapour organic Rankine cycle.

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31

Ono, M., R. Majeski, M. A. Jaworski, Y. Hirooka, R. Kaita, T. K. Gray, R. Maingi, C. H. Skinner, M. Christenson, and D. N. Ruzic. "Liquid lithium loop system to solve challenging technology issues for fusion power plant." Nuclear Fusion 57, no. 11 (August 30, 2017): 116056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aa7f41.

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32

LUKISHOVA, SVETLANA G. "NONLINEAR OPTICAL RESPONSE OF CYANOBIPHENYL LIQUID CRYSTALS TO HIGH-POWER, NANOSECOND LASER RADIATION." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 09, no. 03 (September 2000): 365–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863500000212.

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Results from investigations are summarized into: (1) transient refractive and absorptive (two-photon) nonlinearities at 0.532 μm by the Z-scan method, and (2) reflective nonlinearity in the near-IR, of linearly nonabsorbing cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals under nanosecond laser irradiation. (1) For isotropic liquid crystals at the several-nanosecond time scale and several tens-micrometers beam-waist-diameter, transient molecular-reorientation and thermal/density refractive nonlinearities compete in changing the sign of the total transient refractive nonlinearity. For the different, given pulse durations, the influence of coupled thermal and density effects on nonlinear refraction depends, through buildup time, on the beam-waist diameter. Nonlinear absorption coefficients depend on the incident intensity. For planar nematic layers, cumulative effects in heating (and in refractive nonlinearity) were observed even at low, 2–10 Hz pulse repetition rate. These results are useful for optical power limiting applications, and for intensity and beam-quality sensors of pulsed, high-power lasers. (2) Reflective nonlinearity of chiral-nematic (cholesteric) mirrors near selective reflection conditions for circular polarized light at λ=1.064 μm was studied both under free space irradiation and inside a laser resonator. Specially chosen experimental irradiation conditions make it possible to attribute the observed changing of reflectivity to athermal helix unwinding by the optical field. The results can find applications in laser-resonator mirrors, Q-switches and soft apertures for beam-profile formation, and also in showing the limits of use cholesteric optical elements in high-power laser beams.

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33

Pahinkar, Darshan G., Waylon Puckett, Samuel Graham, Lauren Boteler, Dimeji Ibitayo, Sreekant Narumanchi, Paul Paret, Douglas DeVoto, and Joshua Major. "Transient Liquid Phase Bonding of AlN to AlSiC for Durable Power Electronic Packages." Advanced Engineering Materials 20, no. 10 (June 12, 2018): 1800039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adem.201800039.

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34

Decker, M., F. Schorn, R. C. Samsun, R. Peters, and D. Stolten. "Markteintrittsstrategie für Power-to-Liquid-Kraftstoffe - Techno-ökonomische Analyse eines Stand-Alone-Systems." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 90, no. 9 (August 24, 2018): 1144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.201855027.

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35

Guo, Yuan Heng, Hua Zheng, Hong Zhang, Li Yi Ma, Juan Han, and Kun Li. "Optimization of Combined Microwave-Ultrasonic Wave Extraction of Cochineal Dye by Response Surface Methodology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 161 (March 2012): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.161.82.

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For more efficient and economical extraction of cochineal dye, combined microwave-ultrasonic wave extraction was applied. It was approached 4 factors as microwave power, treated time, materials-to-liquid ratio and ultrasonic wave power. Results showed that the optimal condition individually for cochineal dye extraction was at 400W microwave power, 17min treated time, 1:8 materials-to-liquid ratio and 600W ultrasonic wave power. On the basis of single factor test, RSM optimization of the extraction was achieved at 464W microwave power, 18.48min treated time, 1:8.23 materials-to-liquid ratio and 627W ultrasonic wave power. The verification was very approximate to the predicted value from the modelling regression equation. And the best extraction grade was tesified as 4 times.

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36

Lesage, Frédéric J., and Nicolas Pagé-Potvin. "Experimental analysis of peak power output of a thermoelectric liquid-to-liquid generator under an increasing electrical load resistance." Energy Conversion and Management 66 (February 2013): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2012.10.001.

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37

Forsberg, Charles W., Per F. Peterson, and Haihua Zhao. "High-Temperature Liquid-Fluoride-Salt Closed-Brayton-Cycle Solar Power Towers." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 129, no. 2 (July 8, 2006): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2710245.

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Liquid-fluoride-salt heat transfer fluids are proposed to raise the heat-to-electricity efficiencies of solar power towers to about 50%. The liquid salt would deliver heat from the solar furnace at temperatures between 700°C and 850°C to a closed multireheat Brayton power cycle using nitrogen or helium as the working fluid. During the daytime, hot salt may also be used to heat graphite, which would then be used as a heat storage medium to make night-time operations possible. Graphite is a low-cost high-heat-capacity solid that is chemically compatible with liquid fluoride salts at high temperatures. About half the cost of a solar power tower is associated with the mirrors that focus light on the receiver, and less than one-third is associated with the power cycle and heat storage. Consequently, increasing the efficiency by 20–30% has the potential for major reductions in the cost of electricity. Peak temperatures and efficiencies of current designs of power towers are restricted by (1) the use of liquid nitrate salts that decompose at high temperatures and (2) steam cycles in which corrosion limits peak temperature. The liquid-fluoride-salt technology and closed Brayton power cycles are being developed for high-temperature nuclear reactors. These developments may provide the technology and industrial basis for an advanced solar power tower.

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38

Zhang, Maosheng, Yu Bai, Shu Yang, and Kuang Sheng. "Investigation on Thermal Resistance and Capacitance Characteristics of a Highly Integrated Power Control Unit Module." Electronics 10, no. 8 (April 16, 2021): 958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10080958.

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With the increasing integration density of power control unit (PCU) modules, more functional power converter units are integrated into a single module for applications in electric vehicles or hybrid electric vehicles (EVs/HEVs). Different types of power dies with different footprints are usually placed closely together. Due to the constraints from the placement of power dies and liquid cooling schemes, heat-flow paths from the junction to coolant are possibly inconsistent for power dies, resulting in different thermal resistance and capacitance (RC) characteristics of power dies. This presents a critical challenge for optimal liquid cooling at a low cost. In this paper, a highly integrated PCU module is developed for application in EVs/HEVs. The underlying mechanism of the inconsistent RC characteristics of power dies for the developed PCU module is revealed by experiments and simulations. It is found that the matching placement design of power dies with a heat sink structure and liquid cooler, as well as a liquid cooling scheme, can alleviate the inconsistent RC characteristics of power dies in highly integrated PCU modules. The findings in this paper provide valuable guidance for the design of highly integrated PCU modules.

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39

Hung, San Shan, Hsing Cheng Chang, and Chan Ming Liang. "Design of the Liquid-Cooling System for High Power LED Modules Using Taguchi Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 6416–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.6416.

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To optimize thermal dissipation efficiency for cooling high power LED modules is studied and analyzed using ANSYS CFX software and Taguchi method. In liquid-cooling system, four control factors are tested and compared in order to find the best cooling arrangement that are pump flow rate, fan power, cooling liquid type and k- value of thermal compound. The experimental results show that the importance of these cooling parameters applied to high power LED module are k-value of thermal compound, fan power, liquid type and pump flow rate in sequence. For a constant heating power of 90W from an LED lighting module, an optimal thermal resistance of 0.563K/W is obtained that shows a significant improved result then the conventional LED module’s. It has high potential in future high power LED applications.

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40

de Souza, I., H. K. Hassan, A. Anand, S. K. Chand, A. S. Gour, and V. V. Rao. "Numerical Studies on Two-Phase Flow of Liquid Nitrogen to Cool HTS Power Cables." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1241, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1241/1/012039.

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Abstract Liquid nitrogen is the foremost coolant when it comes to cooling HTS power devices due to its abundance and since it is more economical than other cryogens. Sub-cooled LN2 is preferred over saturated LN2 as it ofers substantial advantages in terms of performance. However, in the cases where it is not possible to cool HTS power cables using sub-cooled LN2, saturated LN2 is the only option. Additionally, even when sub-cooled LN2 is used for long length cables, the heat-in-leaks along with other core losses result in rise in temperature and an unavoidable two-phase fow afects the cooling characteristics of the cryogen. This paper deals with the modeling and numerical analysis of a two-phase fow through an HTS power cable cryostat to understand the temperature profle, the pressure drop per unit length, and required pumping power for circulation of cryogen.

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41

Guo, Bai, Chang, and Du. "Investigation on Asymmetric Instability of Cylindrical Power-Law Liquid Jets." Energies 12, no. 14 (July 19, 2019): 2785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12142785.

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An investigation has been performed to reveal the breakup mechanism of three-dimensional power-law cylindrical jets with different mode disturbances. It is observed experimentally that the asymmetric mode disturbances could prevail over the counterpart of symmetric mode under special conditions. The dispersion equation characterizing the instability of three-dimensional cylindrical jets of power-law fluids is deduced. The effects of the Weber number, generalized Reynolds number, power-law exponent, and gas–liquid density ratio on the jet instability are studied in detail. It is found that the maximum growth rates of asymmetric mode disturbances are usually larger than those of symmetric mode disturbances under high Weber numbers and low generalized Reynolds numbers, which implies that the former are more likely to be responsible for the breakup of power-law fluids. Meanwhile, the large gas–liquid interaction could trigger more short, unstable waves. Interestingly, with the increase of jet velocity, the interaction between liquid and gas phases plays an increasingly leading role on the breakup of power-law cylindrical jets, whereas the viscous force and the power-law exponent have less significant impacts. Theoretical analysis results give a better comprehensive understanding for the power-law jets.

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42

Soulet, Sébastien, Marie Duquesne, Jean Toutain, Charly Pairaud, and Hélène Lalo. "Influence of Coil Power Ranges on the E-Liquid Consumption in Vaping Devices." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9 (August 28, 2018): 1853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091853.

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As electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) represent a new constantly evolving product category, the systematic analysis of the developed devices and the e-liquid vaporization is challenging. Indeed, understanding how e-cigarettes work and the role of key parameters in the process are major issues. This work focuses on an experimental study of how the power supplied by the battery to the atomizer coil influences e-liquid consumption. The reproducibility and the repeatability of e-liquid consumption were investigated over 20 series of 20 puffs for one of the tested atomizers. Then, the reproducibility and the repeatability of the e-liquid consumption was investigated over five series of 20 puffs for each tested atomizer. The wire behavior according to the supplied power could be separated into three regimes: under-heating (insufficient power to generate an aerosol), optimal vaporization characterized by a linear trend (vaporization of the e-liquid proportional to the supplied energy) and over-heating (dry-burn occurs). Using a controllable and repeatable energy supply, the reproducibility of the quantity of vaporized e-liquid was verified for each of the five series of 20 puffs programed for all the atomizers except one. Finally, the influence of the supplied power on the vaporization and the consumption of the e-liquid as well as the optimal power ranges were investigated and discussed. The results showed that atomizers with resistance ranging from 1 Ω to 1.8 Ω are efficient using all the energy supplied by the battery to vaporize the e-liquid and reducing the energy lost in the cotton or in the metal part of atomizer coil.

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43

Sarafraz, Mohammad, Mohammad Safaei, Arturo Leon, Usama Khaled, Marjan Goodarzi, and Rashid Meer. "Energetic Analysis of Different Configurations of Power Plants Connected to Liquid Chemical Looping Gasification." Processes 7, no. 10 (October 18, 2019): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7100763.

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In this article, a thermodynamic study was conducted on the energetic and exergy performance of a new configuration of liquid chemical looping gasification (LCLG) plant integrated with a power block to assess the overall performance of the system including exergy partitioned in syngas and first law efficiency (FLE). LCLG is a relatively new concept for the production of high-quality synthetic gas from solid feedstock such as biomass. As the temperature and pressure of the looping system are high, there is thermodynamic potential to co-produce chemical products, power and heat. Hence, in the present work, three different configurations of a power cycle were thermodynamically assessed. In the first proposed power cycle, the produced syngas from the gasifier was combusted in a combustion chamber and the exhausted gases were fed into a gas turbine. In the second and third proposed power cycles, the hot air was directly fed into a gas turbine or was used to produce steam for the steam turbine combined cycle. The processes were simulated with Aspen Plus and Outotec HSC chemistry software packages. The influence of different operating parameters including temperature and pressure of the air reactor and type of oxygen carrier on the first law and exergy efficiency (exergy partitioned in synthetic gas) was assessed. Results showed that the FLE for the proposed gas turbine and steam turbine combined cycles was ~33% to 35%, which is within the range of the efficiency obtained for the state-of-the-art power cycles reported in the literature. Results also showed that lead oxide was a suitable oxygen carrier for the LCLG system, which can be integrated into a steam turbine combined cycle with an FLE of 0.45, while copper oxide showed an FLE of 0.43 for the gas turbine combined cycle.

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44

Tang, Zhi Jun, Qun Zhi Zhu, Jia Wei Lu, and Ming Yan Wu. "Study on Various Types of Cooling Techniques Applied to Power Battery Thermal Management Systems." Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (December 2012): 1571–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.1571.

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Power battery thermal management system (BTMS) is very important for the safe operation of electric vehicles (EVs). The cooling effect of air cooling, phase change material(PCM)cooling and liquid cooling applyed to BTMS are compared. The experiment results show that, in comparison with air cooling, PCM cooling and liquid cooling methods can reduce the battery temperature rise effectively; in comparison with PCM cooling, liquid cooling has a better effect in the aspect of controlling the battery temperature rise.

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45

Kuzina, Ju, M. Arnoldov, Yu Orlov, and A. Sorokin. "THERMOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS: FROM THE FIRST TO STAND LARGE-SCALE NUCLEAR ENERGY." PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. SERIES: NUCLEAR AND REACTOR CONSTANTS 2021, no. 2 (June 26, 2021): 236–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.55176/2414-1038-2021-2-236-255.

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The article presents the main research results of thermal physicists of the IPPE from its inception to the present time. Research results in the areas of heat and mass transfer and hydrodynamics of coolants (liquid metals, water), physical chemistry and technology of liquid metal coolants for nuclear power plants for various purposes (nuclear power plants, nuclear submarines, space nuclear power plants), development codes, innovative projects, non-nuclear technologies for the use of liquid metals, heat pipes, analysis and generalization of thermophysical data are considered in the article. As a result of a large complex of experimental and computational studies, the fundamental physicochemical and thermohydraulic regularities of the coolant - impurities - structural materials - protective gas have been studied, scientific foundations have been created for the use of liquid metal coolants in nuclear power. Studies have been carried out to substantiate the technical and economic characteristics of nuclear fuel for operating, under construction and future NPPs of VVER RP, design solutions for passive safety, technical solutions and hydrogen safety devices, heat removal from the reactor through a steam generator and PHRS in case of beyond design basis accidents. As well as design solutions and safety for NPP designs with BN-1200 reactor with sodium coolant, BREST-OD-300 reactor with lead coolant, SVBR-100 reactor with lead-bismuth alloy, MBIR research reactor. The results of these studies made it possible, together with institutes and design organizations, to scientifically substantiate thermal-hydraulic parameters and highly efficient technological processes, develop and practically implement devices and systems that ensure the successful operation of fundamentally new nuclear power plants cooled by water and liquid metals, with original scientific and technical solutions that had no analogue in world practice. R&D works were carried out to substantiate the innovative project VVER with supercritical pressure, the concept of an electro-nuclear subcritical blanket based on the modular principle of constructing an core with liquid-salt melts of fissile materials, studies of thermal hydraulics, mass transfer of high-temperature sodium and the development of a combined coolant purification system to justify the BN-HT reactor with temperature sodium ~900 °C for hydrogen production. The directions of investigations at the present stage are discussed.

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46

Marzbali, Mason, Firoozeh Yeganehdoust, Mohamed E. Ibrahim, Fariba Tarasi, and Mehdi Jadidi. "Liquid–Solid Impact Mechanism, Liquid Impingement Erosion, and Erosion-Resistant Surface Engineering: A Review." Coatings 13, no. 3 (March 7, 2023): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13030577.

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Liquid impingement erosion has been known as mechanical degradation, where the original material is removed progressively from a solid surface due to continued exposure to impacts by high-speed liquid droplets. This is a major issue in many industries, including aerospace and aviation and power generation, particularly gas and steam turbines, nuclear power plants, and wind energy. Tremendous numerical and experimental studies have been performed so far to understand the physical phenomena involved in this process and to improve the erosion resistance of different surfaces. In this review paper, first, the liquid–solid impact in a wide range of relative velocities is reviewed fundamentally. Then, the liquid impingement erosion of metals, including damage regimes and damage accumulation mechanisms, as well as the role of solid properties on erosion performance are explained. Finally, promising water droplet erosion-resistant materials and surface treatments are discussed. This review paper is intended to summarize the present knowledge of the different mechanisms involved in the liquid impingement erosion process.

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47

Kiełczyński, Piotr. "Relation between Mass Sensitivity and Complex Power Flow in Love Wave Sensors." Sensors 22, no. 16 (August 15, 2022): 6100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22166100.

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In this paper, we investigate the connection between average power flows in Love wave waveguides with the mass sensitivity of Love wave sensors. In fact, loading with a Newtonian liquid gives rise to two extra power flows, in the transverse direction towards the loading Newtonian liquid. The first is an active power flow feeding viscous losses in the Newtonian liquid and the second is a reactive power flow that is responsible for the phase delay of the Love wave and consequently for the changes in phase velocity of the Love wave. Since loading with a lossless mass also leads to changes in the phase velocity, we assert that mass sensitivity Sσvp of Love wave sensors is connected to the average reactive power flow, in the transverse direction x2, bouncing back and forth, between the interior of the waveguide and the loading Newtonian liquid. Subsequently, we found the thickness of the effective surface layer of mass that is equivalent to loading with a semi-infinite Newtonian liquid. The analytical formulas developed in this paper are illustrated by the results of numerical calculations performed for an exemplary Love wave waveguide composed of a PMMA surface layer deposited on an ST-Quartz substrate.

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Ye, Hua, Harry Efstathiadis, and Pradeep Haldar. "Numerical Thermal Simulation of Cryogenic Power Modules Under Liquid Nitrogen Cooling." Journal of Electronic Packaging 128, no. 3 (August 15, 2005): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2229226.

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Understanding the thermal performance of power modules under liquid nitrogen cooling is important for the design of cryogenic power electronic systems. When the power device is conducting electrical current, heat is generated due to Joule heating. The heat needs to be efficiently dissipated to the ambient in order to keep the temperature of the device within the allowable range; on the other hand, it would be advantageous to boost the current levels in the power devices to the highest possible level. Projecting the junction temperature of the power module during cryogenic operation is a crucial step in designing the system. In this paper, we present the thermal simulations of two different types of power metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor modules used to build a cryogenic inverter under liquid nitrogen pool cooling and discussed their implications on the design of the system.

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Sulastri, Evi, Ni Ketut Sumarni, and Vitasari Vitasari. "Pengaruh Variasi Konsentrasi Zeolit sebagai Builder Agent terhadap Karakteristik Deterjen Cair." MPI (Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana) 2, no. 4 (December 19, 2019): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/mpi.v2i4.1572.

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This study aimed to determine the effect of various concentrations of zeolite as a buider agent in liquid detergent. Zeolite was synthesized from rice husk ash using solution to gel (sol-gel) method, followed by hydrothermal and then characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The synthesized zeolite was then formulated into liquid detergent with sodium lauryl sulfate, glycerin, citric acid, colouring agent, parfume, and three concentrations of zeolite, i.e.: 15% (F1), 20% (F2), and 25% (F3). Liquid detergent was prepared by mixing process using stirrer. The characterizations of liquid detergents were including pH, viscosity, specific gravity, foaming power, foam stability, and detergency power. The XRD showed that the zeolite was type-A zeolite. Moreover, the characterization showed that zeolite with varying concentrations tend to influence in pH, viscosity, and detergency power but relatively similar in specific gravity, foaming power, and foam stability. The result indicated that the detergents with zeolite have better cleaning ability than the control (without builder) and the comparator detergents (with STPP builder). The higher the concentration of zeolite, the higher the detergency power. Therefore, F3 was recommended as formula of detergent with the best detergency power.

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Herz, Gregor, Christopher Rix, Eric Jacobasch, Nils Müller, Erik Reichelt, Matthias Jahn, and Alexander Michaelis. "Economic assessment of Power-to-Liquid processes – Influence of electrolysis technology and operating conditions." Applied Energy 292 (June 2021): 116655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116655.

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