Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Power of attorney'

Durable power of attorney has been recognized as a powerful legal document that is used to financially exploit the elderly across the United States. The existing research indicated elder financial abuse undermines the economic security of the financially exploited older adult.

Despite the findings, however, a recent review of the existing literature showed a lack of research that computed how much elder financial abuse was attributed to durable power of attorney abuse. Studies, such as the one published by the MetLife Market Institute, reported that $2.9B was stolen from the elderly nationwide in 2010. If the durable power of attorney is used to financially exploit the elderly, then the question becomes: How much money is stolen from the elderly by the misuse of a durable power of attorney? The existing research that quantified elder financial abuse did not delineate and show how much was attributed to durable power of attorney abuse. That is the missing link.

Adult Protective Services is a nationwide government agency that receives and investigates reports of suspected elder abuse, physical and financial. The elder financial abuse cases include those in which a durable power of attorney was used to gain access to the older adults’ money.

This dissertation was the first attempt to calculate in dollars how much money was taken from older persons in Bergen County, New Jersey through the misuse of a durable power of attorney, with a sole focus on durable power of attorney abuse apart from the other ways in which senior citizens are financially exploited. This researcher examined an open-source document prepared by Bergen County Adult Protective Services and estimated in dollars how much money was taken from the elderly in Bergen County, New Jersey over a specific period of time.

This researcher examined civil security, the human security paradigm, and national security. The focus was on the economic component of the human security paradigm and through a narrow lens, the study results demonstrated that durable power of attorney abuse is a critical threat to the economic security of the nation’s older population and poses a potential threat to our nation’s security.

The most significant result was that the data compiled in this study seemed to indicate that between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2013, the majority of the elder financial abuse cases reported to and investigated by Bergen County Adult Protective Services were committed by a means other than the misuse of a durable power of attorney. When it was used, however, it resulted in the older persons having their monthly social security income stolen on a regular basis, or in other cases hundreds of thousands of dollars were taken over time.

This study examined the relationship between demographics, attitudes, and subjective norms (influences) on Virginia adults over 50 with at least one adult child and the presence of estate planning documents. The Theory of Reasoned Action (Azjen & Fishbein, 1980) was applied using a secondary data set of 189 participants. Regression analyses examined paths from external variables (demographics), attitudes toward the behavior, and subjective norms to the intention and behavior. Intention and behavior were defined as the possession, intention to possess, and non-intention to possess estate planning documents. Asset-focused documents included Will, Living Trust, Durable Power of Attorney for Financial Issues, and the Letter of Instruction. Health care-focused documents included Living Will and the Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care. An analysis was also conducted on the possession of a complete set of estate planning documents. Older persons were more likely to possess all documents except the Letter of Instruction. Respondents with higher assets were more likely to possess a Will. Respondents who were more educated were more inclined to possess a Living Will. Respondents that had informally promised property to their children were more likely to possess a Living Trust. Younger respondents were more likely to intend to possess a Will, the Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care, and the Living Will. Persons with lower assets were more likely to intend to possess a Will, and those with a goal for privacy in financial affairs and who believed they should help their adult children financially were more likely to intend to possess a Living Trust. Participants who intended to possess a Letter of Instruction were more educated, male, owned homes, and had a goal for privacy in financial affairs. Age (younger) was an indirect influence to the Letter of Instruction, mediated through the goal to leave family financial security. Participants with lower assets and in good emotional health did not have intention to possess a Living Trust. Male gender and owning a home were influences on not intending to possess a Durable Power of Attorney for Financial Issues. Males were less likely to have a Letter of Instruction. Respondents with the goal to leave an inheritance were more likely to have non-intention to possess the Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care and Durable Power of Attorney for Financial Issues. More education, lower income, and residing with a relative were mediated influences to the Durable Powers of Attorney for Health Care and for Financial Issues through the goal to leave inheritance. Respondents that were older, had more assets, owned homes, had a goal to leave an inheritance, and that had informally promised their property were more likely to possess more estate documents. Indirect paths to having a set of estate planning documents were more education, lower income, and residing with a relative, which were mediated through the goal to leave inheritance. The low number of estate planning documents respondents had and the lack of intention to obtain estate planning documents indicate a need for further education in the areas of estate planning. The occurrence of older age as an influence, particularly with health care-focused documents, indicates a need for more awareness in younger adults of their vulnerability, at any age, to illness or injury and that medical directives should be in place.
Ph. D.

A doutrina acadêmica pouco cuida do estudo da atuação do advogado no processo civil, especialmente porque o tema produz imediata associação à deontologia da profissão forense ou, alternativamente, a discussão sobre os honorários advocatícios. O presente trabalho foge dessa associação e busca analisar os aspectos da atuação do advogado no processo civil como personagem ativo da condução do processo. Se há pouco tempo lutava-se pela atuação e dinamismo do juiz para o alcance de uma melhor justiça e se, por meio das diversas reformas processuais, buscou-se o aumento da celeridade processual, agora é o momento da valorização do advogado para o aprimoramento desses dois aspectos. O estudo tem por objetivo demonstrar que a valorização da advocacia como entidade indispensável à realização da justiça pode efetivamente contribuir para a melhora do processo civil, fornecendo esteio para obtenção da tão desejada justiça justa e rápida. A tese se divide em três partes: inicialmente há uma releitura dos institutos fundamentais do processo que, sem repetir informações de conhecimento notório, demonstra a possibilidade de realce da ação e da defesa institutos nos quais a participação do advogado se destaca sem, contudo, retirar a jurisdição do centro da teoria processual. Na segunda parte, o termo condução é analisado com viés ampliativo, assentando o entendimento de que, de fato, não cabe somente ao juiz a direção do processo, pois se levada esta idéia ao extremo, somente haveria condução pelo juiz nos sistemas em que vigorasse o case management. Por fim, na última parte, o papel do advogado é colocado em pauta e, durante a exposição, são feitas propostas para o aprimoramento do nosso sistema processual civil. Ainda que algumas das propostas possam ser factíveis apenas quando nosso sistema e nossa sociedade alcançarem um maior grau de maturidade, todas elas partem de pressupostos que podem ser colocados em prática de imediato.
The study of the lawyers´ role in civil proceedings is poorly taken by the academic doctrine, especially because the matter in discussion is often associated to the ethics of the profession or, alternatively, to a discussion of the lawyers´ fees. The present study disregards this association and tries to examine aspects of the lawyers´ role in civil process as an active character on the procedure management. Few years ago, the academic studies spent relevant time searching for the amplification on the performance and dynamism of the judge to reach a better justice and, after some changes on the procedure laws with the purposes of accelerating the procedures phases, now is the time for a recovery of the advocacy as a profession, based on which we will be able to improve these two aspects. The purpose of the present study is to demonstrate the enhancement of advocacy, as a vital corporation to achieve justice, and how it can effectively contribute on the improvement of the civil procedure itself, providing grounds for the much desired fair and quick justice achievement. The thesis is divided into three parts: first, there is a reassessment of the fundamental institutes of the process which, without repeating well-known information, demonstrates the ability to highlight the action and the defense - in which the participation of the lawyer stands out - without, however, withdrawing the jurisdiction from the center of the procedural theory. In the second part, the term management (condução) is analyzed with enlarged bias, with the understanding that, in fact, the judge is not the only one responsible for leading the process. The reasoning is that, if this idea is led to the extreme, only in the systems where the case management exists the judge will be able to exclusively lead the process. Finally, the last part, the role of the lawyer is put in the agenda, and during the explanation, proposals are made to improve our system of civil procedure. While some of the proposals may be feasible only when our system and our society achieve a greater degree of maturity, they all start from assumptions that may be put into practice immediately.

Mécanisme de remplacement par excellence, le mandat apparaît comme une technique universellement utilisée. S'il avait déjà pu faire la preuve de son utilité par le passé, le mandat a bénéficié d'une faveur renouvelée ces dernières années, en particulier dans le cadre des relations familiales. Depuis 2001, en effet, des réformes majeures se sont succédé dans de nombreux domaines du droit des personnes et de la famille. Or, ce mouvement de réforme encourage le recours au contrat de mandat pour servir de cadre juridique à une intervention spécifique en vue de gérer les intérêts de la famille. La place ainsi faite au mandat s'inscrit dans une tendance législative de grande ampleur qui tente d'adapter le droit familial à l'évolution de la société. Or, à bien observer le mandat dans la famille, on constate qu'un phénomène d'interaction se produit. D'un côté, si l'on recense les différentes applications du mandat, on s'aperçoit qu'elles ont pour point commun de permettre d'anticiper ou de résoudre les difficultés de gestion du patrimoine de la famille, ou même de la personne de ses membres, pouvant survenir au cours de la vie ou après la mort. Le mandat réalise en quelque sorte la mise en forme juridique des solidarités familiales qui s'expriment à ces occasions. Mais, allant au-delà, il contrarie par sa présence l'ordonnancement habituel des rapports familiaux. D'un autre côté, le contexte dans lequel il intervient - la famille - a des incidences sur le contrat de mandat. Parce qu'il naît alors dans des circonstances tout à fait particulières, il n'est plus strictement régi par les règles qui le gouvernent communément. C'est pourquoi, bien que les mandats familiaux demeurent soumis au droit commun du mandat, ils présentent des particularités notables relativement à leur conclusion, leur exécution, ainsi qu'à leur dénouement. Par conséquent, la présence du lien de famille module le régime ordinaire des droits et obligations résultant du mandat
The power of attorney profited from a renewed favour these last years, in particular within the family relations. Since 2001, indeed, of the major reforms followed one another in many fields of the right of the people and the family. This movement of reform encourages the recourse to the power of attorney to be used as legal framework for specific interventions in order to manage the interests of the family. Place thus made for the power of attorney falls under a legislative trend which tries to adapt the family right to the evolution of the society. However, with observing the power of attorney in the family setting, one notes that a phenomenon of interaction occurs. On a side, the various applications of the power of attorney have as a common point to make it possible to anticipate or solve the difficulties of management of the estate of the family, or even of the person of it members, that can occur during the life or after death. The power of attorney shapes family solidarities which are expressed on these occasions. But, going beyond, it thwarts by its presence the usual scheduling of the family reports. On another side, the context in which it taxes place - the family - affects the power of attorney. Because it is born then in completely particular circumstances, it is not strictly governed by the rules which control it commonly. This is why, although they remain governed by the common right, in the family setting, the powers of attorney present notable characteristics as for their conclusion, their execution, and their outcome. As a consequence, the presence of the family link modulates the ordinary rights and obligations resulting from the power of attorney

The number of individuals aged more than 65 years in the United States and their life expectancy has been increasing in the past decades. In spite of the presence of federal and accreditation policies recommending completion of advance directive documents by patients admitted to health care settings, advance directive completion rates are low in most health care organizations. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of advance directive completion among home health patients. The health belief model provided the theoretical framework that guided this study. A retrospective chart review was carried out in a home health agency with about 51 patients. Demographic details, including age, gender, ethnicity, nature of illness and type of health insurance were collected. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the percentage of home health patients with existing advance directives and those who do not have an advance directive. The study revealed that only 25% of the patients in the home health care agency had a completed advance directive. The finding indicate a disconnect between the recommended and the actual practice with regards to end of life issues. There is a pressing need for more complete documentation of the patient's desires and wishes regarding end of life care at home health care facilities. Documenting the patient's end of life preferences and wishes may potentially ease the decision-making process, making the end of life days less stressful for the patients and their families at the same time promoting the provision of personalized health care at the end of life.

A dignidade da pessoa humana e a autonomia privada espraiam-se pela experiência da vida, alcançando a doença e a morte. As diretivas antecipadas, gênero dos quais são espécies o testamento vital e o mandato duradouro, constituem negócio jurídico de caráter existencial que têm por objetivo assegurar a realização da dignidade da pessoa e o cumprimento dos atos de autonomia nas situações em que a pessoa estiver incapacitada para manifestar sua vontade. As diretivas representam instrumento de autodeterminação através do qual a pessoa disciplina os tratamentos médicos que aceita ou não ser submetida, autoriza doação de órgão, estipula se tem interesse em conhecer seu estado clínico e/ou nomeia terceira pessoa para tomar estas decisões em seu lugar. As três primeiras hipóteses constituem o que usualmente se qualifica como testamento vital, enquanto a última situação descrita configura o mandato duradouro. O objeto de estudo abrange a evolução das diretivas antecipadas, a disciplina existente em países que já regulamentaram o tema, a legitimação no sistema jurídico brasileiro (o que autoriza a conclusão favorável a sua utilização independentemente de lei expressa) e a sistematização deste negócio jurídico perante o ordenamento jurídico.
Human dignity and autonomy get extended through life, reaching illness and death. The advanced directives, which species are the living will and durable power of attorney, represent an existential act aimed to fulfill human dignity and to preserve ones autonomy when lacking the ability of transmitting ones desire personally (disability). The advance directives are an instrument of self-determination that may contain clauses to withheld or withdraw medical treatment, authorize organ donation, discipline the right to know ones medical condition and to indicate an attorney for health care, to whom will be delegate those decisions. The object of study covers the evolution of the advance directives, their discipline in the countries that already legislate about it, the source of legitimation in brazilian Law system (what includes a positive understanding on its usage even though without a specific law) and the guide lines of the act, such as form and legitimacy.

La contractualisation de la relation tutélaire peut être envisagée comme un artifice qui fragilise la protection de la personne et instrumentalise le droit commun des contrats.Ce mouvement offre en effet une liberté et une sécurité qui peuvent sembler illusoires. Les défauts du nouveau contrat civil qu'est le mandat de protection future constituent un danger pour certaines personnes vulnérables, tandis que le contrat d'accompagnement, outil d'aide à la gestion, porte la marque du contrôle social.Les textes issus de la réforme de la protection juridique des majeurs instaurent de nouveaux modes de protection qui, en théorie, sont assez éloignés de la vision traditionnelle du contrat et, en pratique, sont sources d'interrogations, sinon d'inquiétudes.Ces contrats, si leur qualification n'est pas mise en cause, peuvent être analysés sous l'angle de leur parenté avec les contrats relationnels. Leur singularité justifie toutefois un régime propre
The tutorship contractualization may be seen as an artifice weakening the individual protection and exploiting the law of contract.That movement actually provides a feeling of freedom and safety that might be illusory. The defects of this new civil contract, the mandate of future protection, are a danger for some vulnerable people, while the support contract, a management support tool, carries the mark of social control.Texts that result from the legal protection of adults reform establish new types of protection, which are theorically remoted from the traditionnal view of contract, and practically source of questions, if not of worries.These contracts, as long as their legal qualification is not questioned, can be analyzed from the angle of their similarities with relational contracts. Their singularity accounts for their own legal regime

Någon gång i livet drabbas av ett försämrat hälsotillstånd är mycket vanligt, men vilken typoch omfattning sjukdomen genererar varierar givetvis. Den 1 juli 2017 stiftades en lag omframtidsfullmakter som är tänkt att vara ett komplement till ställföreträdarskap och detraditionella fullmakterna. Dessa är tänkta att användas likt en fullmakt men den skillnadenatt framtidsfullmakten kommer skrivas i förtid, innan den ska träda i kraft. Detta för attunderlätta den dagen man blir försatt i en varaktig sjukdom och inte längre kan råda översina ekonomiska eller personliga angelägenheter. Denna nya lag kommer att ge utrymme förden enskilde att själv låta besluta över vem som ska utses som den framtida fullmaktshavarenoch även omfattningen kring behörigheten samt befogenheten kring fullmakten. Uppsatsensgrund syftar till att göra en komparativ utredning avseende framtidsfullmakter och de olikatyper av traditionella fullmakter samt ställföreträdarskap som finns. Uppsatsen syftar äventill att ta fram de fördelar respektive nackdelar och klargöra vad som skiljerframtidsfullmakter från de traditionella fullmakter och ställföreträdarskap som finns idag.
At some point in a lifetime it is likely that one would be affected by an impaired healthcondition, of course to which degree and affect varies. The 1 of july 2017 a law wasestablished concerning future power of attorney and it was meant to complement the alreadyexisting laws about trustees and traditional power of attorneys. Where the execution isthought to be similar as of an ordinary power of attorney but in this instance it is meant tobe written in beforehand, before it is meant to be used, to facilitate in a situation where onecan not care for their personal and economical matters because of a lasting reduced state ofhealth. This new law will allow the individual capacity to alone decide who to be appointedas the future power of attorney and also the extent to what this attorney may do and whatauthority it has to do what. This study aims to do a comparative investigation of future powerof attorney and power of attorney and other forms of deputies and trustees. It also aims toillustrate the advantages respectively disadvantages, also similarities and differencesbetween the different kinds.

En el presente trabajo de investigación se realiza un análisis de la evolución jurisprudencial de la distribución gratuita de la píldora del día siguiente y sus consecuencias en los derechos reproductivos y sexuales de la mujer en el Perú. El desarrollo se hace en el marco de los derechos fundamentales, principalmente en el ejercicio del derecho a la autonomía reproductiva de las mujeres, contenido en el más genérico derecho al libre desarrollo de la personalidad. Además, se analizan y discuten sentencias de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, sentencias del Tribunal Constitucional peruano y sentencias del Poder Judicial d el Perú. El análisis se realiza en cuatro capítulos. En el primero, se examina los derechos reproductivos y sexuales de la mujer; en el segundo, se estudia los procesos constitucionales que han permitido discutir y dilucidar la evolución jurisprudencial de la píldora del día siguiente; en el tercero, se describe la problemática del acceso y distribución de la píldora del día siguiente en los últimos 20 años, como consecuencia de las decisiones emanadas por el Tribunal Constitucional, Poder Judicial y, por la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. Finalmente, en el cuarto capítulo se abordan los resultados y conclusiones respecto al tema analizado.
This research work will be analyzed the jurisprudence evolution of the free distribution of the morning-after pill and the consequences on the reproduction and sexual rights of women in Peru. Development will be carried out within the framework of fundamental rights, mainly in the exercise of the right to reproductive autonomy of women, contained in the most generic right to free development of the personalit y. In addition, judgments of the Inter- American Court of Human Rights, judgments of the Peruvian Constitutional Court and judgments of the Judicial Power of Peru will be analyzed and discussed. The analysis will be carried out in four chapters. In the first, the reproductive and sexual rights of women are examined; in the second, the constitutional processes that have allowed discussing and elucidating the jurisprudential evolution of the morning-after pill are studied; the third describes the problem of access to and distribution of the morning after pill in the last 20 years, as a consequence of the decisions issued by the Constitutional Court, the Judiciary and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Finally, the fourth chapter addresses the results and conclusions regarding the subject analyzed.
Tesis

Balancing the competing interests of autonomy and protection of individuals is an escalating challenge confronting an ageing Australian society. Legal and medical professionals are increasingly being asked to determine whether individuals are legally competent/capable to make their own testamentary and substitute decision-making, that is financial and/or personal/health care, decisions. No consistent and transparent competency/capacity assessment paradigm currently exists in Australia. Consequently, assessments are currently being undertaken on an ad hoc basis which is concerning as Australia’s population ages and issues of competency/capacity increase. The absence of nationally accepted competency/capacity assessment guidelines and supporting principles results in legal and medical professionals involved with competency/capacity assessment implementing individual processes tailored to their own abilities. Legal and medical approaches differ both between and within the professions. The terminology used also varies. The legal practitioner is concerned with whether the individual has the legal ability to make the decision. A medical practitioner assesses fluctuations in physical and mental abilities. The problem is that the terms competency and capacity are used interchangeably resulting in confusion about what is actually being assessed. The terminological and methodological differences subsequently create miscommunication and misunderstanding between the professions. Consequently, it is not necessarily a simple solution for a legal professional to seek the opinion of a medical practitioner when assessing testamentary and/or substitute decision-making competency/capacity. This research investigates the effects of the current inadequate testamentary and substitute decision-making assessment paradigm and whether there is a more satisfactory approach. This exploration is undertaken within a framework of therapeutic jurisprudence which promotes principles fundamentally important in this context. Empirical research has been undertaken to first, explore the effects of the current process with practising legal and medical professionals; and second, to determine whether miscommunication and misunderstanding actually exist between the professions such that it gives rise to a tense relationship which is not conducive to satisfactory competency/capacity assessments. The necessity of reviewing the adequacy of the existing competency/capacity assessment methodology in the testamentary and substitute decision-making domain will be demonstrated and recommendations for the development of a suitable process made.

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-11T20:05:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza.pdf: 1936123 bytes, checksum: 0a640fce015fa0ed3bfb7ba212113281 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-09T17:20:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza.pdf: 1936123 bytes, checksum: 0a640fce015fa0ed3bfb7ba212113281 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-09T17:20:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza.pdf: 1936123 bytes, checksum: 0a640fce015fa0ed3bfb7ba212113281 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008
No âmbito federal o Processo Administrativo fiscal é regulamentado pelo Decreto nº 70.235/72 e tem por finalidade proporcionar um aperfeiçoamento do lançamento tributário definindo com maior segurança e precisão o credito tributário que o fisco entende ser devido. O julgamento de processos fiscais é feito por órgãos integrantes do Ministério da Fazenda que são as Delegacias de julgamento os Conselhos de Contribuintes e a Câmara Superior de Recursos Fiscais ficando evidente que o processo administrativo fiscal se constitui em procedimento interno de controle da legalidade dos atos da Administração Pública Federal. Sendo assim apesar das divergências doutrinárias o entendimento majoritário sempre foi o de que as decisões definitivas dele decorrentes e que fossem favoráveis ao contribuinte o desoneravam da obrigação tributária em discussão tendo em vista que a própria Administração Pública teria reconhecido a ilegalidade de seu ato consubstanciado através do Auto de Infração ou da Notificação Fiscal de Lançamento. Entretanto este pensamento foi questionado através do Parecer nº 1.087 da Procuradoria Geral da Fazenda Nacional (PGFN) de 23 de agosto de 2004 que entendeu ser possível juridicamente que uma decisão final favorável ao contribuinte proferida em Processo Administrativo fiscal fosse questionada no Poder Judiciário através da Procuradoria Geral Fiscal Nacional (PGFN). Em 25 de outubro de 2004 foi publicada a Portaria nº 820, que definiu as circunstâncias em que a PGFN poderia impetrar a hipotética ação. Tal situação reacendeu a discussão sobre o tema e tem suscitado grandes debates na área jurídica questionando-se inclusive, a constitucionalidade tanto do Parecer quanto da Portaria e originando o estudo a que se propõe o presente trabalho que ao final visa responder se é legalmente possível o Estado buscar a revisão de decisões administrativas em caráter definitivo na área tributária que lhe sejam desfavoráveis através do Poder Judiciário.
Salvador

Esta tese volta-se à análise crítica da garantia institucional de independência do Ministério Público brasileiro sob dois aspectos: de um lado, a sua independência em relação às esferas organizacionais dos poderes clássicos do Estado; e, de outro, os limites da independência funcional que visa a assegurar, para os seus membros, o livre desenvolvimento das funções institucionais. Sob o influxo do processo de reconhecimento universal dos direitos humanos a partir da Declaração de 1948, o valor da dignidade da pessoa humana representa o fundamento central do Estado Democrático de Direito da Constituição Federal de 1988, constituindo a fonte jurídica do vasto conjunto de direitos fundamentais dela constante. A proteção dos direitos fundamentais da pessoa humana é indissociável de um regime político democrático, que não pode prescindir de um sistema eficaz de controle do exercício do poder político para a persecução de tal desiderato. Daí a importância da efetividade dos mecanismos de controle recíproco entre os órgãos estatais, no comando do princípio fundamental projetado por Montesquieu que, atualmente, não mais se reduz à formula tríplice de distribuição das funções legislativa, executiva e judicial. É nesse contexto que se pretende introduzir a análise da garantia institucional de independência do Ministério Público, à luz, especificamente, de determinadas funções que lhe foram atribuídas para o controle de decisões de outros órgãos estatais, sobretudo do Executivo, envolvendo a tutela dos direitos fundamentais de proteção da dignidade da pessoa humana. A hipótese é a da existência de aspectos organizacionais condicionando o funcionamento do Ministério Público em dissonância de sua plena afirmação como novo ator político; quais sejam: a) a ausência de limites precisos à garantia de independência funcional no desenvolvimento de suas atividades; b) um sistema autocrático de gestão orientando as decisões sobre todas as políticas institucionais; c) a manutenção dos vínculos que prendem a instituição ao Executivo do Estado, concebido como o ramo hegemônico do regime político brasileiro. O trabalho pretende investigar as causas das incorreções, correlacioná-las e apontar os seus equívocos, para a identificação dos pontos relevantes sujeitos a uma pronta alteração de cunho organizacional, de modo a serem reproduzidos no funcionamento do Ministério Público brasileiro os valores republicanos e democráticos que devem informar um regime político como Estado Democrático de Direito.
This thesis offers a critical analysis of the institutional guarantee of independence of the Brazilian Public Attorney\'s Office regarding two aspects: on one hand, its independence concerning the organizational spheres of the classical branches of the State; on the other hand, the limits of the functional independence that aims at securing free development of the institutional functions to the members of the Public Attorney\'s Office. Due to the process of universal acknowledgement of human rights since the Declaration of 1948, the value of a human being\'s dignity represents the central basis of the Democratic Rule of Law of the 1 988 Federal Constitution, establishing a legal source for the vast set of fundamental rights contained in it. The protection of the fundamental rights of a human being is intrinsic to a democratic political system, which cannot dispense with an efficient procedure to control the use of political power for pursuing such desideratum. Hence the importance of the efficiency of the mechanisms of checks and balances among state agencies, in carrying out the fundamental principle proposed by Montesquieu that is no longer limited nowadays to the triple distribution formula of legislative, executive and judiciary functions. It\'s in this context that the present work intends to introduce the analysis of the institutional guarantee of independence of the Public Attorney\'s Office, specifically examining certain functions attributed to it for the control over decisions by other state agencies, particularly in the executive branch, that involve the safeguarding of the fundamental rights of protection of a human being\'s dignity. The hypothesis is the existence of organizational aspects stipulating the operation of the Public Attorney\'s Office in discordance with its full role as new political agent, such as: a) absence of precise limits to guarantee functional independence in the development of its activities; b) an autocratic ruling system guiding decisions on all institutional policies; c) maintenance of the bonds linking the institution to the executive branch, which is conceived as the hegemonic branch of Brazil\'s political system. This work intends to investigate the causes of those problems, correlate them and pinpoint mistakes, in order to identify the relevant points that would be subject to a swift alteration in terms of organization, so the republican, democratic values that ought to conduct a political regime as a Democratic Rule of Law may be reproduced in the operations of the Brazilian Public Attorney\'s Office.

Power of attorney and its significance in civil law First, in my thesis I generally dealt with the representations, I outlined the historical development, I mentioned very briefly adjustment of the legal representation and then I examined the conditions a person must meet in order to become a representative. The emphasis was put mainly on the distinction of the various terms associated with the institution of representation by power of attorney, as a unilateral act of the principal. Although the main part of the thesis was focused on adjustment in the Civil Code, I also mentioned provisions of the Commercial Code and a separate chapter is devoted to modify the representation by power of attorney in the Civil Procedure Code. The importance of representation by power of attorney is very significant, so I explored this part in a separate chapter. As this institute is used in practice almost every day, I focused on individual persons authorized to represent and on their most important rights and obligations. The aim of the chapter on certain types of contracts was only to point out some differences between them, not to provide their detailed analysis. An interesting and inspiring chapter then focuses on the comparison of Czech legislation with the legislation of Australia. In the last chapter I tried...

1 Abstract Representation This thesis concerns the institute of the representation in effective legislation of civil law particularly in the Act no. 89/2012 Coll., Civil Code. This institute is very important for each person, no matter it's age or profession, because everybody in his live needs to use the representation. Not only have I focused in my thesis on the part of the Civil Code which is called representation, but also on the other parts that contain representation as well. My thesis is divided into nine chapters, in which I am dealing with representation based on the decision of the court as well as the contract or the law. At the beginning my thesis describes historical basis of representation and also short glimpse to the previous legislation. The next chapter deals with chosen types of the representation that are not regulated in the chapter III of the Civil Code, but I also consider them as really important and very useful in practice. The most of the thesis is focused on the part of the Civil Code that is named the representation. Firstly general provisions are described where I specially focus on the power of attorney, its form and necessary provisions. In the representation based on contract belongs also procuration, where I included its origin, its extent, form and termination. The thesis...

碩士
東吳大學
企業管理學系
106
The shareholders' meeting is the highest authority of the listed company, so the convening of the shareholders' meeting has become the annual major event of the listed company. The company's capital contribution is collected by all shareholders. After the business results of the whole year, the financial statements issued by the board of directors are sent to the supervisor for verification, and the shareholders' meeting is requested to acknowledge that the directors and supervisors have to discharge their responsibilities. The board of directors shall, in accordance with the provisions of the company law, fabricate the company's operating figures to make a profit distribution or loss allocation proposal, distribute it to all shareholders according to the resolution of the shareholders' meeting, or report the loss to the shareholders' general meeting for discussion and discuss the capital reduction, etc., the shareholders' meeting It is the highest authority of the company and is also the most important resolution body. However, before the listing company of Taiwan applies for listing in the Taiwan Stock Exchange Corporation or Taipei Exchange（TPEx），, it must complete the equity decentralization standard according to its regulations. When a listed cabinet company reaches the equity decentralization standard, In addition, it is necessary to convene a shareholders' meeting in accordance with the provisions of the company law and attend the number of shares must reach more than half of the company's issued shares to resolve the company's important proposal. This requires both the equity decentralization standard and the threshold for attending shares. In order to meet the dilemma of the listed cabinet company, in recent years, in order to reach the threshold of the shareholders' meeting, the listed cabinet company or its major shareholder has conducted the operation of the power of attorney for the shareholders' meeting to successfully complete the annual event of the shareholders' meeting. However, in order to achieve the attendance rate and the unique target performance of the resolution threshold, the shareholder's power of attorney often does not count the method of use, resulting in violation of the rules of use of the power of attorney law, and because the listed company concentrates on the shareholders meeting, the competent authority It is believed that there is a negligence of shareholder activism and shareholders cannot truly express their opinions. In the near future, according to the Financial Supervisory Commission Republic of China (Taiwan) on November 12, 103, the Golden Control Certificate of the No. 1030044333, the amount of paid-in capital will be mandatory to reach NT$2 billion, and the shareholders of the previous suspension of the transfer date will record the shareholders. When a listed cabinet company with a number of 10,000 or more has convened a shareholders meeting, it shall list the electronic method as one of the channels for exercising voting rights, and it shall come into force on January 1, 105, the Republic of China. In summary, is there a key factor in thinking about the shareholder's power of attorneys? In addition, the shareholder's meeting electronic voting operation, can really help the insufficiency of the power of attorney? Is it to maintain the operation of the power of attorney of the shareholders' meeting or to promote the electronic voting method of the shareholders' meeting to make up for its shortcomings? Or the convenience of the electronic voting of the shareholders' meeting can directly replace the shareholder's power of attorney system? Or adopting the combination mechanism of the two, in order to be more favorable to the listed cabinet companies, shareholders, operating units, is the problem to be explored in this study.

This dissertation examines three topics in law and finance. In Chapter 1, I show that consumers are more likely to keep a repayment promise they make themselves. When a scheduling conflict prevents a borrower from attending a mortgage closing, a Power of Attorney (POA) empowers a third party to sign the documents promising that the borrower will repay the loan. POAs arise after loan terms are locked in, making POA and non-POA loans virtually indistinguishable. Comparing within-borrower and within-property, I link POAs to greater delinquency and foreclosure. Loan performance data show that POAs are uncorrelated with cash flow shocks but reflect reduced promise-keeping conditional on financial distress. Consistent with prior work on salience and personal responsibility, promise-keeping is higher for loans serviced by the originating lender. Financial intermediation may play an important role in consumer lending. In Chapter 2, using a unique episode in which the SEC distributed securities disclosures to some investors before the public, we study the impounding of private information into stock prices. Because the delay between the private and public release of the information was random, our setting offers a rare natural experiment for studying how markets process private information. As theory predicts, speculators seem to smooth out the price impact of their trading, and more information is impounded into prices during the expected rather than the actual delay before the information becomes public. Finally, we document investor overreaction when already-stale filings are publicly released. Finally, in Chapter 3, we use quantitative data to show a systematic relationship between the appointment of a hedge fund nominated director to a certain corporation and an increase in informed trading in that corporation’s stock (with the relationship being most pronounced when the fund’s slate of directors includes a hedge fund employee). From a governance perspective, activist hedge funds represent a new and potent force in corporate governance. This is the first attempt to investigate whether the activist hedge fund also imposes new agency costs through widened bid/ask spreads and informed trading. We assembled a data set of 475 settlement agreements, between target companies and activist funds relating to the appointment of fund nominated directors, from 2000 and 2015, in order to focus on what happens once such a fund-nominated director goes on the board.

Representation The thesis on the representation is aimed generally on the institute of representation, basic concepts and resolution methods of representation. Given the scope of the thesis is not possible to cover discourse about all forms of representation and therefore is focused on substantive representation, whether contractual, statutory representation and other specific forms, especially human guardianship and guardianship of legal entities or representation of legal entities. In the thesis are included as information on the historical development of the Institute's the representation, especially since the general Civil Code and therefore early 19th century and comparison of current legislation contained in the Civil Code of 1964 and the new Civil Code, effective from 1 January 2014. Raised the major changes that will occur in the near future in the regulation of the representation, as well as outline the basic problems that this adjustment could bring in the practice of law. Is also pointed out to adjust representation in European law, konrkétně the Principles of European Contract Law and the Draft Common Frame of Reference.

REPRESENTATION The thesis is focused on the institute of representation in general. It provides an explanation of basic attributes of representation and it's resolution methods. Given the scope of the thesis it was not possible to cover discourse about all forms of representation and therefore it is mainly focused on direct representation in substantive law. The work is based on current regulation contained in Law No. 89/2012 Coll., The Civil Code and it highlights the most significant changes which has occurred since the date of effectiveness of this Code in regulation of representation. It also refers to consequences of these changes and contentious issues which arise with the application of individual provisions. This work deals with contractual and statutory representation including representation of an entrepreneur and representation of legal entities, briefly describes representation in family law. There is also an elaborated issue of guardianship that has been affected by significant changes. It refers to guardian council and guardianship of legal entities that are newly adjusted in Czech legal order. There is also included characterization of preliminary declaration, supported decision making, representation by the member of the household.

Representation: This thesis on the topic of representation is focused generally on behalf of the Institute. It mainly deals with the rules contained in Civil Code, Act no. 89/2012 Coll. It desribes basic concepts and methods of resolution representation. Its interpretation focuses on the diferences between any forms of representation. In that case, it is not possible to write up the entire institution of the representation, which was one of the largest in the law. This work is therefore focused on the substantive representation, and especially on the conditions for the creation and termination of contractual representation and on guardianship and especially guardianship of individuals. The thesis contains also an outline of the historical development of the Institute's presence in our law, but again, considering the vastness of representation, it is not an exhaustive analysis, but merely mentioning the most significant sources. An element of this thesis is also an overview of the procedural representation in civil court proceedings. Adoption of the Civil Code Act no. 89/2012 Coll. had to institute represented a significant impact when to applicable law brought many new important sub-institutes, and greater clarity.

The Master's degrese thesis analyse the institute representation in the civil materiál law. It characterises representation globally and tries to digestedly make general scheme which is made on the basis of the legal regulations and second bibliography. The representation in the civil material law could be resolve into the different subsets according to the various conditions. On of the possible ways of the dividing is direct and indirect representation. Indirect representation could be defined as acting of the representant in his own name on behalf of the represented person. Direct representation is acting of the representant in the name of the reperesented person and on its behalf. The rights and the duties come up directly for the represented person. The representation in the civil material law is divided into the contracting representation and the legal representation. The legal representation originated directly in the law or on the basis of the decision of the state power body. The example of the representation which results from the law is the representation of the underages because they do not have full legal status. The legal representation which is result of the decision of the state power body is called also tutelage. The tutelage is possible for he underage persons but also for the...

Criminal law issues related to Advance directives Abstract The aim of this thesis is to describe the recent institute of Advance directives in the Czech legal system and to analyze criminal law issues related with it's aplication. The focus is on medical workers which can get into jeopardy of criminal liability by respecting the Advance directives. Furthermore in this thesis are compared the legislations of Czech republic and the Australian state Queensland conserning Advance directives. Also, key rullings of Australian courts and other common law courts related to the aplicaton of Advance directives are described in this thesis. Descreption methods were aplied to describe each institute and terms close to it, analyzing methods to analyze liability of medical workers and comparative methods to compare the Czech and Queensland legislations. The thesis is divided into seven chapters and many subchapters. The first chapter is dedicated to the institute of Advance directives, to it's definition, history and to the legislations it is based in. The second chapter describes fundamental human rights related to Advance directives. These are the Right to Life, Right to dignity and the Right to self- determination. Every one of these rights is closely described and a subchapter deals with their collisions. The third...

Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciências Jurídico-Forenses apresentada à Faculdade de Direito
A evolução científica e tecnológica da medicina, aliada ao progresso da consciencialização a nível individual da dignidade da pessoa humana, conduziu a que se deixasse de seguir de forma irrefletida a opinião médica, interiorizando-se o respeito pelo direito à autodeterminação dos pacientes, passando o indivíduo a assumir um papel dominante na relação médico-paciente em termos de cuidados de saúde. Nesta medida, poder-se-á, hoje, afirmar que mais do que salvar uma vida, importa, igualmente, garantir a sua qualidade.Deste novo paradigma de atuação não poderá dissociar-se a reconhecida complexidade das matérias em estudo, encontrando-se em causa o confronto de diversos direitos fundamentais, aparentemente em colisão e cuja harmonização se impõe - do direito à vida e dos direitos de personalidade, como o direito à integridade física e pessoal, à autodeterminação e, sobretudo, o direito à saúde - intimamente ligados ao desenvolvimento e realização plena da pessoa humana.Foi perante questões tão delicadas que a ciência médica passou a debater a condição humana numa nova perspetiva, clamando pela existência de normas objetivas adstritas a princípios definidos e rigorosos, que norteiem e delimitem o campo de atuação da intervenção médica, sobretudo quando o próprio doente não tem mais condições para manifestar a sua vontade pessoal. É neste conspecto que surge no nosso ordenamento jurídico a consagração das diretivas antecipadas de vontade (DAV) como um instrumento jurídico-legal que visa assegurar a possibilidade do paciente em plenas capacidades mentais declarar a priori a sua vontade consciente, livre e esclarecida no que concerne aos cuidados de saúde a que deseja (ou não) ser sujeito caso fique impossibilitado de manifestar a sua vontade de viver com dignidade e qualidade.Denote-se, então, que as DAV tratam de proteger o direito ao consentimento informado, mesmo em situação de perda de competências do paciente para tal, e bem assim, de reconhecer e respeitar o seu direito individual a ter a sua própria visão sobre a morte.Deste modo, para além dos consentimentos efetivo e presumido é admitida uma nova forma de manifestação de vontade que permite a estipulação prospetiva de cuidados médicos que mantém a individualidade de cada paciente.No ordenamento jurídico português a Lei n.º 25/2012, de 16 de julho é o diploma que define as diretivas antecipadas de vontade (DAV), sob a forma de testamento vital (TV), como o documento unilateral e livremente revogável (a qualquer momento), através do qual o indivíduo maior e capaz manifesta antecipadamente a sua vontade consciente, livre e esclarecida, relativamente aos cuidados de saúde que deseja ou não receber, caso venha a encontrar-se incapaz de expressar a sua vontade pessoal de modo autónomo, e/ou nomeia um procurador de cuidados de saúde (PCS) que tomará as decisões por conta do doente, tendo em vista as eventuais situações de incapacidade, criando também o Registo Nacional do Testamento Vital (RENTEV).Com a consagração desta figura jurídica procurou respeitar-se a noção de dignidade que cada um tem de acordo com os seus valores e aceitar que perante a doença grave ou a grave diminuição da qualidade de vida, tanto é legítima a esperança fundada da pessoa doente como a sua desistência, não podendo o Estado de Direito impor uma conceção moral, ética ou ideológica. Contudo, apesar de em Portugal já ter sido publicada e se encontrar em vigor a legislação reguladora das diretivas antecipadas de vontade, as DAV constituem ainda um assunto da atualidade, que suscitam questões de diversa índole, não estritamente jurídicas, cujas respostas estão longe de ser pacíficas, sendo crucial continuar a promover-se o debate pluridisciplinar, no sentido de se proporcionar uma antevisão e planificação do final da vida cada vez mais provida da dignidade e da serenidade possível.Na verdade, este tema é muitas vezes erradamente debatido pela população em geral – ou por não se conhecer a sua base, ou por esta nova figura não ser de fácil apreensão – sendo essencial à sua eficácia a divulgação das DAV através de mecanismos que potenciem um elevado nível de esclarecimento à população em geral, o que no nosso entendimento justificou a pouca recetividade inicial às DAV no seio da comunidade, sendo o número de testamentos vitais registados no RENTEV nos primeiros anos muito abaixo do que era expectável. No que respeita à questão de saber se esta nova realidade jurídica das diretivas antecipadas de vontade (testamento vital e procurador de cuidados de saúde) - que se distingue de todas as outras realidades pelas suas especificidades e que por tal motivo se tornou tão controversa - configura um instrumento que intermediará a legalização da morte medicamente assistida num futuro próximo, sendo nesta perspetiva as DAV uma antecâmara à implementação da ideia de “eutanásia” no seio do direito português, diremos que não se deverá confundir a questão das diretivas antecipadas com nenhuma.
The scientific and technological evolution of medicine, coupled with the progress of awareness regarding the dignity of the human person, has led to the failure to follow the medical opinion without reflecting, internalizing the respect for the patients' right to self-determination, becoming the individual the one that assumes a dominant role in the doctor-patient relationship in terms of health care.To this extent, it can be said today that more than saving a life, it is also important to guarantee its quality.From this new paradigm, the recognized complexity of the subjects under study cannot be dissociated, leading to the confrontation of several fundamental rights at stake, apparently in collision and whose harmonization is necessary - the right to live and the rights of personality itself, as the right to physical and personal integrity, self-determination and, above all, the right to health - closely linked to the development and full realization of the human person.It was facing such delicate issues that medical science began to debate the human condition in a new perspective, calling for the existence of objective norms attached to defined and rigorous principles, which guide and delimit the field of action of medical intervention, especially when the patient himself is no longer able to express his personal will.It is in this context that the advance directives of will (ADW) emerge in our legal system as a legal instrument that aim to ensure the possibility of the patient in its full mental capacity to declare his conscious, free and clarified will regarding health care to which he wishes (or not) to be subject if he becomes unable to express his desire to live with dignity and quality.It should be noted that ADW try to protect the right to informed consent, even in a situation of loss of the patient's competence to do so, and, to recognize and respect their individual right to have their own view about death.This way, in addition to the actual and presumed consent, it is assumed a new form of manifestation of will that allows the prospective stipulation of medical care that ensures the maintenance of the individuality of each patient.In the Portuguese legal system, the Law nº. 25/2012, of 16th of July, is the diploma that defines the advance directives of will (ADW), in the form of vital will (VW), as the unilateral and freely revocable document (at any time), through which the individual expresses his conscious, free and informed will in advance, regarding the health care he wishes or not to receive, in case he finds himself unable to express his personal will autonomously , and / or appoints a health care attorney (HCA) who will take decisions on behalf of the patient, counting on possible situations of disability, creating the National Register of Vital Will (RENTEV)With the consecration of this legal figure, efforts were made to respect the notion of dignity that each one has according to their values and accept that, when facing a serious illness or a severe decrease in the quality of life, both the founded hope of the sick person and its withdrawal are legitimate, and the estate law cannot impose a moral, ethical or ideological conception.However, despite the fact that in Portugal the legislation regulating the advance directives of will has already been published, the ADW are still a current issue, which raise questions of different nature, not strictly legal, whose answers are far from being answered, being crucial to continue promoting the multidisciplinary debate, in order to provide a preview and planning of the end of life provided with dignity and serenity.In fact, this topic is often mistakenly debated by the population in general - either because its base is not known, or because this new figure is not easily understood – being essential to its effectiveness the dissemination of ADW through mechanisms that enhance a high level of clarification to the population, which in our view justified the initial low receptivity to the ADW within the community, with the number of vital wills registered in RENTEV in the first years much lower than expected.Regarding the question of whether this new legal reality of the advance directives of will (vital will and health care attorney) - which is distinguished from all other realities by its specificities and for which has become so controversial – is an instrument that will mediate the legalization of medically assisted death in the near future, being in this perspective the ADW an antechamber to the implementation of the idea of “euthanasia” within Portuguese law, we can say that the issue of advance directives should not be confused with any of the conceptions of assisted death, because in practice it is not a medical team causing the death of the patient, but rather the disease itself (natural death). However, it must be admitted that the final goals might be very similar: granting death to an individual who suffers from.

Rozprawa doktorska zatytułowana „Skutki wadliwej reprezentacji osób prawnych” poświęcona jest problemowi konsekwencji niewłaściwej reprezentacji osób prawnych przy dokonywaniu czynności prawnych. W pracy podjęto próbę oznaczenia skutków wynikających z wystąpienia zidentyfikowanych na jej potrzeby przyczyn wadliwości lub niedoskonałości: 1) nieujawnienia działania ze skutkiem dla osoby prawnej, 2) braku zdolności do bycia reprezentantem, 3) braku umocowania, 4) przekroczenia zakresu umocowania, oraz 5) naruszenia reguł obowiązującego sposobu reprezentacji, tak w odniesieniu do działań podejmowanych w charakterze przedstawiciela ustawowego, pełnomocnika, jak i organu. Skutki rozpatrywane są z perspektywy wybranych na potrzeby badania: spółki z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością, spółki akcyjnej oraz spółdzielni, przy uwzględnieniu kontrowersji pojawiających się na tym tle w literaturze i orzecznictwie. Analizie poddano zarówno stan prawny sprzed jak i po nowelizacji art. 39 KC, której dokonano z dniem 1 marca 2019 r. Odtworzona systematyka skutków wadliwej reprezentacji stanowiła asumpt do podjęcia problemu spójności systemu z zasadami wyznaczającymi reżimy reprezentacji osób prawnych oraz do rozważenia w jaki sposób spójność tę można zapewnić. Uczyniła jednocześnie aktualnymi pytania o to czy dokonana nowelizacja z tą systematyką współgra i umożliwia realizację zamierzonych przez ustawodawcę celów. Udzieliwszy odpowiedzi na te pytania, zasygnalizowano pożądane kierunki rozwoju ustawodawstwa poprzez wnioski de lege ferenda.
The doctoral dissertation entitled "The Effects of Improper Representation of Legal Persons" undertakes the problem of the consequences of improper representation of legal persons in performing legal actions. The study aims to identify the effects of certain categories of flaws and imperfections, as identified for the purposes of the dissertation: 1) failure to disclose actions with effect for a legal person, 2) inability to serve as a representative, 3) lack of authorization, 4) exceeding the scope of authorization, and 5) failure to comply with the specified mode of representation, in relation to actions taken as a statutory representative, attorney and corporate body. The effects are considered from the perspective of a limited liability company, a joint-stock company and a cooperative, chosen for the purposes of the analysis, taking into account the controversies that appear within this scope in literature and case law. The study investigates the state of the law before and after amendments to art. 39 of the Polish Civil Code, introduced on March 1, 2019. The reconstructed system of attribution of effects to identified causes of imperfect representation encouraged an investigation into this system's consistency with the principles defining the regimes of representation of legal persons and an enquiry into how such consistency can be achieved. At the same time it sparked questions, whether or not the amendment is compatible with this system, and whether it enables the achievement of objectives set out by the legislator. Having addressed those questions, desired directions of legislative initiatives were indicated in the form of de lege ferenda propositions.

碩士
東吳大學
法律學系
98
Adult guardianship system is a fundamental legal institution which aims to protect the adults those are incompetent. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Interior, senior population accounts for 10.52% of the total population. It is clear that our state is an aging society. In recent years, to cope with the international trend and social changes, both of the Minister of Justice and the NGOs in Taiwan have tried to review and revise the Civil Code in adult guardianship. Finally, the amendment of 23 May 2008 applies to the guardianship over adults. To ensure that the person’s basic needs are met, perfecting the system of guardianship is an urgent task that brooks no delay. This article consists of six chapters. The first chapter of thesis is Introduction, in which motivation and objectives, and methods of the research, and the thesis framework and arrangement are described. In chapter 2, examines the adaptations upon which the current laws can amend in order to tackle an aging society. In chapter 3, provide a brief introduction to the new amendment to the guardianship over adults in ROC civil law. The main purpose is to examine whether the new amendment to the majority custody system is aptly enough to cope with an aging society. Chapter 4 analyzes the concepts of the rights of self-determination by the senior and shows the necessity of the self-determinant majority custody system. Chapter 5 introduces the Durable Powers of Attorney Act in USA Law which is a kind of self-determinant majority custody system. Chapter 6 is the summary and conclusion, brings up the direction of our amending guardian system and might be face the problem in the future.

As it is evident from the title, in my thesis I would like to provide an overview of the undertakings' procedural rights in proceedings under Article 101 and/or 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Given the extensive investigative powers that are granted to the European Commission by the Council Regulation No 1/2003 and the consequences of being found guilty of violating Article 101 and/or 102 of the TFEU, it is necessary to ensure that the undertakings have enough ways available to exercise their right to defence and other rights and privileges guaranteed by the EU law and international treaties such as European Convention on Human Rights (e.g. the right to respect for private life). For this reason the EU law provides a range of procedural rights that should guarantee that both all the fundamental rights are observed and also serve as a system of checks and balances that prevents the misuse of the Commission's investigative powers. My thesis will focus individual rights of undertakings that are provided to them by the Council Regulation No 1/2003 and EU courts judicature. I will analyse their scope and purpose, the conditions under which they can be exercised and their limitations. Simultaneously a comparison between the rights of undertakings in the EU and U.S. legal system will...

INTRODUZIONE: Il presente progetto di ricerca nasce all’interno di un Dottorato Eureka, sviluppato grazie al contributo della Regione Marche, dell’Università di Macerata e dell’azienda Jobmetoo by Jobdisabili srl, agenzia per il lavoro esclusivamente focalizzata sui lavoratori con disabilità o appartenenti alle categorie protette. Se trovare lavoro è già difficile per molti, per chi ha una disabilità diventa un percorso pieno di ostacoli. Nonostante, infatti, la legge 68/99 abbia una visione tra le più avanzate in Europa, l’Italia è stata ripresa dalla Corte Europea per non rispettare i propri doveri relativamente al collocamento mirato delle persone con disabilità. Tra chi ha una disabilità, la disoccupazione è fra il 50% e il 70% in Europa, con punte dell’80% in Italia. L’attuale strategia europea sulla disabilità 2010-2020 pone come obiettivi fondamentali la lotta alla discriminazione, le pari opportunità e l’inclusione attiva. Per la realizzazione di tali obiettivi assume un’importanza centrale l’orientamento permanente: esso si esercita in forme e modalità diverse a seconda dei bisogni, dei contesti e delle situazioni. La centralità di tutti gli interventi orientativi è il riconoscimento della capacità di autodeterminazione dell’essere umano, che va supportato nel trovare la massima possibilità di manifestarsi e realizzarsi. Ciò vale ancora di più per le persone con disabilità, in quanto risultano fondamentali tutte quelle azioni che consentono loro di raggiungere una consapevolezza delle proprie capacità/abilità accanto al riconoscimento delle caratteristiche della propria disabilità. L’orientamento assume così un valore permanente nella vita di ogni persona, garantendone lo sviluppo e il sostegno nei processi di scelta e di decisione con l’obiettivo di promuovere l’occupazione attiva, la crescita economica e l’inclusione sociale. Oggi giorno il frame work di riferimento concettuale nel campo della disabilità è l’International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), il quale ha portato a un vero e proprio rovesciamento del termine disabilità dal negativo al positivo: non si parla più di impedimenti, disabilità, handicap, ma di funzioni, strutture e attività. In quest’ottica, la disabilità non appare più come mera conseguenza delle condizioni fisiche dell’individuo, ma scaturisce dalla relazione fra l’individuo e le condizioni del mondo esterno. In termini di progetto di vita la sfida della persona con disabilità è quella di poter essere messa nelle condizioni di sperimentarsi come attore della propria esistenza, con il diritto di poter decidere e, quindi, di agire di conseguenza in funzione del proprio benessere e della qualità della propria vita, un una logica di autodeterminazione. OBIETTIVO: Sulla base del background e delle teorie di riferimento analizzate e delle necessità aziendali è stata elaborata la seguente domanda di ricerca: è possibile aumentare la consapevolezza negli/nelle studenti/esse e laureati/e con disabilità che si approcciano al mondo del lavoro, rispetto alle proprie abilità, competenze, risorse, oltre che alle limitazioni imposte dalla propria disabilità? L’obiettivo è quello di sostenere i processi di auto-riflessione sulla propria identità e di valorizzare il ruolo attivo della persona stessa nella sua autodeterminazione, con la finalità ultima di aumentare e migliorare il match tra le persone con disabilità e le imprese. L’auto-riflessione permetterà di facilitare il successivo contatto dialogico con esperti di orientamento e costituirà una competenza che il soggetto porterà comunque come valore aggiunto nel mondo del lavoro. METODI E ATTIVITÀ: Il paradigma teorico-metodologico adottato è un approccio costruttivista: peculiarità di questo metodo è che ciascuna componente della ricerca può essere riconsiderata o modificata nel corso della sua conduzione o come conseguenza di cambiamenti introdotti in qualche altra componente e pertanto il processo è caratterizzato da circolarità; la metodologia e gli strumenti non sono dunque assoggettati alla ricerca ma sono al servizio degli obiettivi di questa. Il primo passo del progetto di ricerca è stato quello di ricostruzione dello stato dell’arte, raccogliendo dati, attraverso la ricerca bibliografica e sitografica su: l’orientamento, la normativa vigente in tema di disabilità, i dati di occupazione/disoccupazione delle persone con disabilità e gli strumenti di accompagnamento al lavoro. A fronte di dati mancanti sul territorio italiano relativi alla carriera e ai fabbisogni lavorativi degli/delle studenti/esse e laureati/e con disabilità, nella prima fase del progetto di ricerca è stata avviata una raccolta dati su scala nazionale, relativa al monitoraggio di carriera degli studenti/laureati con disabilità e all’individuazione dei bisogni connessi al mondo del lavoro. Per la raccolta dati è stato sviluppato un questionario ed è stata richiesta la collaborazione a tutte le Università italiane. Sulla base dei dati ricavati dal questionario, della letteratura e delle indagini esistenti sulle professioni, nella fase successiva della ricerca si è proceduto alla strutturazione di un percorso di auto-orientamento, volto ad aumentare la consapevolezza nelle persone con disabilità delle proprie abilità e risorse, accanto a quella dei propri limiti. In particolare, il punto di partenza per la costruzione del percorso è stata l’Indagine Istat- Isfol sulle professioni (2012) e la teoria delle Intelligenze Multiple di H. Gardner (1983). Si è arrivati così alla strutturazione del percorso di auto-orientamento, composto da una serie di questionari attraverso i quali il candidato è chiamato ad auto-valutare le proprie conoscenze, le competenze, le condizioni di lavoro che gli richiedono più o meno sforzo e le intelligenze che lo caratterizzano, aggiungendo a questi anche una parte più narrativa dove il soggetto è invitato a raccontare i propri punti di forza, debolezza e le proprie aspirazioni in ambito professionale. Per sperimentare il percorso di auto-orientamento creato, nell’ultima fase della ricerca è stato predisposto uno studio pilota per la raccolta di alcuni primi dati qualitativi con target differenti, studenti/esse universitari/e e insegnanti di scuola superiore impegnati nel tema del sostegno e dell’orientamento, e utilizzando diversi strumenti (autopresentazioni, test multidimensionale autostima, focus group). CONCLUSIONI: I dati ottenuti dallo studio pilota, seppur non generalizzabili, in quanto provenienti da un campione esiguo, hanno evidenziato come il percorso di auto-orientamento attivi una riflessione sulla visione di sé nei diversi contesti e un cambiamento, in positivo o in negativo, nell’autostima e nella valutazione di sé in diverse aree, ad esempio nell’area delle relazioni interpersonali, del vissuto corporeo, dell’emotività ecc. Tali dati ci hanno permesso soprattutto di evidenziare punti di forza e debolezza del percorso creato e di apportare modifiche per una maggiore comprensione e adattabilità del prodotto stesso. Il valore del percorso orientativo è connesso al ruolo attivo di auto-valutatore giocato dal candidato con disabilità, affiancando a questa prima fase di autovalutazione un successivo confronto dialogico con un esperto, tale da permettere un ancoraggio alla realtà esterna, al contesto in cui il soggetto si trova a vivere. In questo senso, l’orientamento assume il valore di un processo continuo e articolato, che ha come scopo principale quello di sostenere la consapevolezza di sé e delle proprie potenzialità, agendo all’interno dell’area dello sviluppo prossimale della persona verso la realizzazione della propria identità personale, sociale e professionale.