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MIRONOV, VICTOR. "DIPLOMACY AS AN INSTITUTION OF INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY IN ENGLISH SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS." History and modern perspectives 3, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2658-4654-2021-3-1-12-19.
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This article is devote to the analysis of one from the key institutions in the conception of international society. The aim of the article is identify historiographical aspects for the analysis diplomacy in the context of the English school’s approach to the study of international institutions. English school of International relations formed in the end 1950-1970. Some famous scientists (H. Butterfield, M. Wight, and H. Bull) took an active part in the creation of this scientific society. British Committee for the study of international politics was a main intellectual structure in the genesis of the school. Committee had worked during 25 years (1959-1985) and become a base for the development two first generations of English school of international relations. Herbert Butterfield was very famous English historian and first chief of British Committee during 1959-1967. He had conservative credo. He shared the idea of the decline of diplomacy and divided it into new and historical. During some time, his views on diplomacy in modern history came into conflict with wide interpretation international society - central concept of the school. Martin Wight saw in diplomacy as a minimal indicator of the social character of international system in any time, but he also inclined that diplomacy will not be play very much role in the future. At the same time, he did not accept the concept “international society” and preferred the idea of “system of state”. Concept “international society” become a symbol and different mark this scientific community thanks to the books by H. Bull in 1960-1970. Hedley Bull included diplomacy in his list main international institutes, but central place among them in his views played balance of power and international law. Modern adepts of the conception of international Society continue diplomatic research. The works of modern representatives of the English School are studies in the article. Main conclusion of this part of the article consist of that the functional analysis of the diplomacy become a base for the following development of British intuitionalism and an important part of the conception of international society today. The British institutionalism are highlighted general trends of the following development English school of international relations and some problems for the dialogue with American theory of International relations.
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Kim, Kwang-Je, Robert J. Budnitz, and Herman Winick. "Andy Sessler: The Full Life of an Accelerator Physicist." Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology 07 (January 2014): 225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793626814300114.
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This article describes the distinguished career of Andrew M. Sessler, the visionary former director of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), one of the most influential accelerator physicists, and a strong, dedicated human-rights activist. Andy died on 17 April 2014 from cancer at age 85. He grew up in New York City, and attended Harvard (BA in Mathematics, 1949) and then Columbia (PhD in Physics, 1953.) After an NSF postdoc at Cornell with Hans Bethe and a stint on the faculty at the Ohio State University in 1954–59, he joined the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory (now LBNL) in 1959, and spent the remainder of his career there. Although Andy left his mark on several areas of physics, including nuclear structure theory, elementary-particle physics, and many-body problems, his lasting and most important contributions came from his efforts in accelerator physics and engineering, to which he devoted most of his life's work. In collaboration with his colleagues of the legendary Midwestern Universities Research Association, he developed theories for the RF acceleration process and the collective instability phenomena, helping to realize the colliding-beam accelerators with which most of the high-energy-physics discoveries of the last few decades have been made. His work in connection with the free-electron-laser (FEL) amplifier for high-power microwave generation constructed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory anticipated the optical-guiding and the self-amplified spontaneous-emission principles, upon which the success of the X-ray FELs as the fourth-generation light sources is based. Throughout his career Andy made major contributions to issues related to the impact of science and technology on society. He helped usher in a new era of research on energy efficiency and sustainable-energy technology and was instrumental in building the research agendas in those areas for the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and later the Department of Energy. With a lifelong interest in promoting the human rights of scientists, Andy was instrumental in initiating the American Physical Society's Committee on International Freedom of Scientists and in raising funds to endow the APS Andrei Sakharov Prize. He and Moishe Pripstein cofounded Scientists for Sakharov, Orlov, and Sharansky; the group's protests along with those of other groups led to the release of the three Soviet dissidents. More importantly, Andy's voice and example became a major force in helping call the world's attention to the plight of scientists trapped in places where their human rights and their ability to do science were severely compromised. Andy received many honors, including the AEC's Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award in 1970, the APS's Dwight Nicholson Medal in 1994, and the Enrico Fermi Award from the US Department of Energy in 2014.
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FitzPatrick Dean, Joan. "Irish Stage Censorship in the 1950s." Theatre Survey 42, no. 2 (November 2001): 137–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557401000072.
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At the end of the 1940s, individuals and groups, as well as the government in Ireland, recognized the need for and benefits of arts enterprises. The Inter-Party coalition, which came to power in early 1948 (under John Costello), recognized the importance of tourism as an industry and the potential of theatre to attract foreign visitors to Ireland. In 1949, the Cultural Relations Committee of Ireland, operating under the auspices of the Minister for External Affairs, undertook production of a series of pamphlets designed “to give a broad, vivid, and informed survey of Irish life and culture.”1 In 1951, the Republic of Ireland established the Arts Council; the first National Fleadh (Festival) for traditional music was held in Mullingar; Liam Miller founded the Dolmen Press; and Comhaltas Ceoltoiri Eireann (Traditional Irish Music Advisory) was established. Even after the 1951 election returned de Valera and Fianna Fáil to power, organizational infrastructures to support the arts continued to appear: the Irish tourist board (Bord Failte) and Gael-Linn (an organization to promote Irish language, literature, and culture) both debuted in 1952. Cork held its first International Choral and Folk Dance Festival and its first International Film Festival in 1953. Some of these developments may have anticipated the imminent inauguration of regular air passenger service to North America, but all responded to cultural opportunities precluded during what Ireland knows as the Emergency and other nations as World War II. These agencies and events all sought to project a positive, progressive image of Ireland. Most important, they all mark a departure from the isolationism that prevailed in Ireland before and during the Emergency and that characterized de Valera's tenure as Taoiseach in the 1930s and 1940s.
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Weky, Luis Bernardo, Helena Katherina Nogales, and José Miguel Cruces. "Science, sea and power. Socio-political history of the Oceanographic Institute of Venezuela (1958-1969)." Llull Revista de la Sociedad Española de Historia de las Ciencias y de las Técnicas 46, no. 93 (March 5, 2024): 185–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.47101/llull.2023.46.93.weky.
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This work consists of a socio-political history of the Instituto Oceanográfico de Venezuela (IOV), a research center with which the field of Marine Sciences began its process of academic institutionalization in Venezuela. The initial decade (1958-1969) of the institute meant a start and boom of research in the Venezuelan seas, even in the context of controversies and confrontations for the control and direction of the institute, which in turn were directly influenced by the Venezuelan political climate of the time and because the IOV was also the academic center that made was possible to create the Universidad de Oriente (UDO) in 1958 in the city of Cumaná (Sucre state, Venezuela), a higher education center created in 1958 in the city of Cumaná (Sucre state, Venezuela), Venezuela), a center of higher studies created by the new political elite of the nascent Venezuelan representative democracy. The analysis was based on primary documents from the archive of Pedro Roa Morales, academic archives of the Central University of Venezuela (UCV) and the UDO and the Oriente Universitario (UDO’s newspaper in the 1960s). These are letters, minutes, telegrams and manuscripts that were made available to us by Evelyn Zoppi de Roa - Pedro Roa’s widow - in 2017. As a university project that summoned scientific and political leaders, the UDO was born as a space where science converged with political- partisan practice through ideological loyalties and confrontations, features that did not take long to appear in the IOV. Thus, politicians (and politics) prevailed over scientists even in an academic institution, putting in check the project that gave rise to it.
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Seidel, Robert W. "German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power, 1939-1949. Mark Walker." Isis 83, no. 1 (March 1992): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/356093.
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Xhaferri, Manjola. "The Orientation of Ahmet Zogu's Foreign Policy as King During the Years 1929-1939." Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development 10, no. 1 S1 (May 20, 2023): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n1s130.
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The paper "Orientation of the Foreign Policy of King Ahmet Zogu" aims to shed light on the history of Albania's foreign policy for almost 10 years. The years 1928-1939 in the history of Albania are already personified as the period of King Zog. The influence of the personality and the way of governance during this period has left a significant mark on the history of Albania, diplomatic relations and foreign policy. He exercised the legitimacy of his power through the Status of the Albanian Kingdom, a period during which relations with neighbouring countries were intensified in all economic, political, military, cultural aspects, etc., historical facts intertwined with internal political and economic aspects development. The importance of this period is reflected by numerous studies, often in disagreement with each other this is the reason for carrying out this study, which brings innovation by focusing mainly on foreign policy in the light of historical facts and being part of many studies of this period. This is a historical period with significant national and international developments in the history of Albania. In the form of governance, the change in the form of organization and constitutional changes is of particular interest while in terms of foreign policy, the diplomatic and political-economic impact of the Great Powers of Europe on the Albanian state is analyzed, as well as Albania's relations with its neighbours and other countries under the leadership of Ahmet Zogut, King of Albania. The whole paper is based on a historical, political and economic analysis based on historical sources and archival materials of the period 1928-1939.
Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 17 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
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Reianu, Diana-Gabriela. "The „echo” of the government policy on education in the written press of the governing parties (1919–1929)." Hiperboreea 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 152–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/hiperboreea.2.1.0152.
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Abstract The principles that stood at the base of the educational policy in Romania during the first interwar decade, discussed and analyzed by the politicians of that time, by the decision-makers, teachers, parents, specialists etc., occupied frequently the columns of the newspapers. Thus, this study tries to emphasize the “echo” of the government policy on education in the written press, and to show what media considered as being relevant in terms of education in the period of 1919–1929. The study reveals and confirms the opposition of political parties; it is noticeable that while liberals praised in the “media house” the steps, actions and projects proposed by liberal ministers, the members of the Peasants Party were criticizing those actions. Unfortunately, the controversial reactions do not occur and do not remain only in the “quadrant” of the press, but they sometimes put their mark on the educational process, which not infrequently had suffered. Overall, however, despite divergences and critical attitudes, an important place in the concerns of those who had the power to legislate was occupied by the desire to create an education adapted to the specific conditions of our country, an education that takes into account the circumstance in which the Romanian state develops and the needs that had to be met.
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Hayes, P. "German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power, 1939-1949. Mark Walker. Cambridge University Press, New York, 1989. x, 290 pp., illus. $29.95." Science 249, no. 4968 (August 3, 1990): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.249.4968.570.
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Haft, Adele J. "“The Map Shows Me Where It Is You Are”: Gloria Oden Responds to Elizabeth Bishop Across National Geographic and Rand McNally World Maps." Cartographic Perspectives, no. 61 (September 1, 2008): 8–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14714/cp61.212.
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African-American poet Gloria Oden was among those inspired by Elizabeth Bishop’s seminal poem “The Map” (1934). In honor of Bishop, Oden wrote two poems about reading maps: “A Private Letter to Brazil” (1957) and “The Map” (ca. 1961). Like May Swenson’s “The Cloud-Mobile,” Oden’s poems overtly pay homage to Bishop. Like Howard Nemerov’s “The Mapmaker on His Art” and Mark Strand’s “The Map,” Oden’s verses reveal that she shares in Bishop’s understanding of the mapmaker’s art: its imaginative power and limitations, its technical achievement and arbitrary nature. Yet Oden’s two poems are far more politically and historically nuanced than Bishop’s “The Map”—or than any of the other map poems written shortly after Bishop won the 1956 Pulitzer Prize for her collection opening with “The Map” (Poems: North & South—A Cold Spring). Furthermore, unlike her peers, Oden found inspiration in Bishop’s poem and in an identifiable contemporary map. By comparing both of her poems to Bishop’s original as well as uncovering, with the help of Oden’s own words, the identity of her maps, this paper will demonstrate how Oden’s penetrating critique of two popular 1950s wall maps helped her connect not only with Bishop but also with the world she found reflected in, or absent from, the map.
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Estep, Erik Sean. "Brutal Truths, Fragile Myths: Power Politics and Western Adventurism in the Arab World: Mark Huband." Digest of Middle East Studies 15, no. 2 (October 2006): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-3606.2006.tb00033.x.
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Mufti, Aftab A., and Baidar Bakht. "Fazlur Khan (19291982): reflections on his life and works." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 29, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l01-092.
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Tall buildings, or skyscrapers, are icons of cities, symbols of corporate power, and a mark of national pride. Certain skyscrapers, such as the John Hancock Center and the Sears Tower in Chicago, are also marvels of engineering that have paved the way for ever increasing heights of structural systems. Since the 1960s, a series of new structural systems has been introduced with the objective of achieving economically-competitive and aesthetically-pleasing tall buildings without compromising safety. One of the great structural engineers responsible for the new structural systems was Dr. Fazlur Rahman Khan. This paper provides a biographical sketch of Dr. Khan and discusses some of his innovations pertaining to high-rise buildings. It shows that his contributions led to a new vertical scale for the modern day city.Key words: aesthetics, architecture, innovation, structural system, tall building.
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Yuzykayn, Erik A. "Prehistory and prerequisites of the creation of the Mari national theatre (1907–1919)." Finno-Ugric World 12, no. 3 (October 26, 2020): 332–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2076-2577.012.2020.03.332-343.
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Introduction. Alongside with other cultural initiatives, the development of the theatre movement as a forerunner of the creation of the Mari national theatre was the result of the development of Mari cultural nationalism in the early twentieth century. The purpose of this article is to consider the facts of the prehistory of the creation of the Mari national theatre, which was set up in November 1919, and the factors that influenced the development of the theatre movement among Mari people. Materials and Methods. To achieve the goals, the author reviewed the first Mari periodicals, research and publications on the history of the Mari theatre and the development of the national movement, and the protocols of the Mari congresses. The systematic analysis of sources for the reviewed period, an attempt to restore events in chronological order allows us to formulate the most objective answers to the research problems. Results and Discussions. One of the key factors that influenced the development of the Mari theatre movement and interest to the theatre was the movement for the national and cultural education and development of the Mari people, initiated by Mari cultural nationalists that gradually developed since the beginning of the twentieth century. Prehistory of the creation of the Mari national theatre in November 1919 goes back about ten years and it is linked with the publication of the first periodical in the Mari language “Marla calendar”, development of literary creativity in the Mari language, and the first amateur initiatives to stage performances. The climax of this prehistory was the decisions made by the first Mari forums on theatre issues, and the rapid development of interest to the theatre among the people in 1917–1919. Along with this factor, the cultural and social specific features of Mari played an important role: a theatrical tradition in the festive and ritual spheres and the low level of literacy of the people in this period. Conclusion. The processes of development of modern Mari national culture, began with the publication of “Marla calendars”, were crucial for the entire Mari people. The ideological contradictions that appeared with the development of Soviet power among the Mari intelligentsia did not immediately begin to influence the work of the first Mari playwrights. The supporters of different ideological movements were the colleagues for many years. Although they had disagreements, they acted in a single direction in the development of their native people, in particular in support of the theatre movement. Newspaper publications and increased dramatic creativity clearly indicate that the Mari activists intuitively, and sometimes purposefully, fuelled interest in theatrical creativity, promoted and, thus, preceded the appearance of their own national professional theatre.
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BENEA, Ciprian Beniamin, and Adrian NEGREA. "STATE, NEOLIBERALISM AND FINANCIALIZATION." ANNALS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA. ECONOMIC SCIENCES 3, no. 1 (July 2023): 459–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.47535/1991auoes32(1)034.
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As liberalism took roots during the 18-th and 19-th centuries, and as United States closed to such an overwhelming position which has made it a political actor with outmost importance at global level especially after the 1-st World War, there was another activity which accompanied this evolution, which is connected to financial activities and their speculative character; one important effect of these actions was the Great Depression in 1929-1939, which threw waves of shocks in America, and all over the world with unforeseen consequences. After the experiences brought upon by the Second World War, doubled by fresh memories of Great Depression, Keynesianism and its system torsed around Bretton Woods negotiations imagined a greater role for the state in relation with the market, especially the international financial market. As this gave birth to what can be seen as the Golden Age of capitalism, it is important to mark the role of state versus market during this period. But as the British Empire was closing to its end, London found a way to reinvent itself, as heir of the dying empire. In order to hold a central position in world affairs, it has looked at money, and the power they could provide: to save its system, London help inventing Eurodollar, circumventing the key-aspects of Bretton Woods and what it stood for. Slowly but surely, the market – especially the financial market – has gained more central position in face of state, and with it, the financialization of the economy. Between 1956 and 1980 there were identifiable clashes in state-market nexus, the most important being triggered by the oil shock in the 70’s; but as world entered the 80’s, it became clear that the market would gain the upper hand. The Reagen-Teacher understanding was the visible point of the picture regarding the shift of importance from state to market. The 90’s will only bring new and fresh markets ready to embrace globalization, sustained by the revolution in communications, which was already in full development. And now we see a minimal state put in a marginal position by the forces of economic globalization and the philosophy of free-market, while the market is seen as a “know and fix everything”; its invisible hand can overcome any temporary disequilibrium. A recurrent question needs to be addressed: where is the state, with its main attributes, in order to protect the people from selfish market forces?
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Hoch, Paul K. "Mark Walker. German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power, 1939–1949. New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Pp. xi + 290. ISBN 0-521-36413-2. $29.95." British Journal for the History of Science 23, no. 4 (December 1990): 470–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400028156.
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Simms, Brendan. "Antisemitism and Anti-(International) Capitalism in the Early Thought of Adolf Hitler, 1919–1924." Antisemitism Studies 7, no. 1 (March 2023): 135–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/ast.2023.a885995.
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Abstract: While the connection between Adolf Hitler’s antisemitism and his anti-capitalism is often noted en passant , and has been the subject of some individual studies, its centrality to his worldview has not been sufficiently understood. This article seeks to show that it was Hitler’s fear of international capitalism and “high finance,” and his anxiety about Anglo-American power, more than concerns related to socialism, communism, and the Russian Revolution that underlay his early preoccupation with “the Jews.” This is not to suggest that Hitler was a man of the Left or to mark today’s anti-capitalists with the charge of antisemitism. Rather, the purpose of this exercise is to illuminate the evolution of Hitler’s thinking prior to the programmatic statements made in Mein Kampf , and to establish how he came to understand the role played by what he called “world Jewry.” It was a view that he maintained throughout his career and one that was to have catastrophic consequences two decades later.
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Cooke, A. "Book reviews." Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 57, no. 2 (May 22, 2003): 239–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2003.0209.
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Twelve book reviews in the May 2003 issue of Notes and Records : Brenda Maddox, Rosalind Franklin––the dark lady of DNA . Lisa Jardine, On a grander scale: the outstanding career of Sir Christopher Wren . Physicists of Ireland , edited by Mark McCartney and Andrew Whitaker. The Cambridge Companion to Newton , edited by I. Bernard Cohen and George E. Smith. David Boyd Haycock, William Stukeley: science, religion and archaeology in eighteenth-century England . Martyn Beardsley, Deadly winter: the life of Sir John Franklin . J. Browne, Charles Darwin: the power of place . M. Chisholm, Such silver currents: the story of William and Lucy Clifford 1845-1929 . Olivier Darrigol, Electrodynamics from Ampère to Einstein . Johanna Levelt Sengers, How fluids unmix: discoveries by the school of Van der Waals and Kamerlingh Onnes . Charles H. Townes, How the laser happened: adventures of a scientist . A. Macfarlane and G. Martin, The glass bathyscaphe: how glass changed the world .
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Güçlü, Yücel. "Fascist Italy’s 'Mare Nostrum' Policy and Turkey." Belleten 63, no. 238 (December 1, 1999): 813–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.1999.813.
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Following his seizure of power in 1922, Mussolini began to pursue the policy of 'mare nostrum' of the ancient Romans. He had an eye on the Anatolian lands bordering the Mediterranean. Local symbol of the Italian menace was the Dodecanese Islands which were started to be fortified in 1934. Mussolini's speech of that year showed that Italy did not renounce its earlier designs on Turkish territory. Atatürk did not take Mussolini's claims seriously, but the danger Italy represented could not be ignored. During the Ethiopian crisis, Turkey supported the League of Nations' sanctions against Italy and advocated the principle of collective security. Facing Italian expansionism, Turkey requested the holding of an international conference in Montreux and succeeded to obtain the right of bringing back the Straits to full Turkish sovereignty. Turkey's distrust of Italy deepened in 1937 and 1938. Ankara disliked the policy of Rome-Berlin axis. It did not acquit Italy of designs in the eastern Mediterranean. Italian occupation of Albania in 1939 soon led to Turkey's signing of mutual assistance agreements with Britain and France. Italy sharply denounced the Turco-Anglo-French rapprochement. For Turkey, as an ally in the eastern Mediterranean, had the strength to tip the balance against Italy.
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Lopes, Ana Carolina Fróes Ribeiro. "O gosto do mundo. Exercícios de paisagem. Resenha do livro de Jean-Marc Besse." Risco Revista de Pesquisa em Arquitetura e Urbanismo (Online) 20 (July 14, 2022): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1984-4506.risco.2022.200012.
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Jean-Marc Besse (França, 1956) é filósofo de formação. Possui interesse em epistemologia e história da ciência, e dedica-se, especialmente, aos temas da paisagem, do ambiente e da geografia. Em “O gosto do Mundo. Exercícios de Paisagem” (Ed. UERJ, 2014), Besse desenvolve uma reflexão sobre a paisagem de diferentes pontos de vista, apresentando problemáticas contemporâneas sobre o conceito de paisagem – atualmente compreendida dentro de uma complexa relação com o poder político e econômico e, particularmente, com o projeto urbano e a concepção da cidade.
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Moura, Noêmia, and Alexandre Coello De La Rosa. "Diálogos interdisciplinares da Antropologia." Revista Ñanduty 5, no. 7 (December 22, 2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.30612/nty.v5i7.7720.
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Este dossiê pretende apresentar algumas reflexões e estudos que confirmam que a antropologia e a história, como disciplinas, podem ser separadas, mas não as sociedades que estudam (Alexandre Coello de la Rosa e Josep Luís Mateo Dieste, Louvor da antropologia histórica: abordagens , métodos e aplicações para o estudo do poder e do colonialismo, Zaragoza: Prensas da Universidade de Zaragoza e UOC, 2016, p. 26). Em 1929, Marc Bloch e Lucien Fevre reconheceram a "especialização legítima" daqueles que cultivavam laboriosamente seu próprio jardim. No entanto, eles reconheceram claramente os benefícios de uma colaboração mais frutífera entre instituições humanas e sociais, apesar do fato de que "as paredes são tão altas que muitas vezes escondem a visão" (Annales d'histoire économique et sociale, 1, 1929, pp. 1-2). A partir de suas origens, a relação entre antropologia e ciências humanas, principalmente a história, oscilou.
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Kotecki, Damian J. "Landmark Events in the Welding of Stainless Steels." Advanced Materials Research 794 (September 2013): 257–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.794.257.
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This lecture presents the authors personal views on the landmark events that have strongly affected the welding of stainless steels over their lifetime. Although 1913 is commonly recognized as the birth of stainless steels with the commercialization of the martensitic alloy of Harry Brearly and the austenitic alloy of Eduard Maurer and Benno Straus, the story can be considered to begin as long ago as 1797 with the discovery of chromium by Klaproth and Vauquelin, and the observation by Vauquelin in 1798 that chromium resists acids surprisingly well. From the 1870s onwards, corrosion resisting properties of iron-chromium alloys were known. One might mark the first iron-chromium-nickel constitution diagram of Maurer and Strauss in 1920 as a major landmark in the science of welding of stainless steels. Their diagram evolved until the outbreak of World War II in Europe in 1939, and nominally austenitic stainless steel weld metals, containing ferrite that provided crack resistance, were extensively employed for armor welding during the war, based on their diagram. Improved diagrams for use in weld filler metal design and dissimilar welding were developed by Schaeffler (1947-1949), DeLong (1956-1973) and the Welding Research Council (1988 and 1992). Until about 1970, there was a major cost difference between low carbon austenitic stainless steels and those austenitic stainless steels of 0.04% carbon and more because the low carbon grades had to be produced using expensive low carbon ferro-chromium. Welding caused heat affected zone sensitization of the higher carbon alloys, which meant that they had to be solution annealed and quenched to obtain good corrosion resistance. In 1955, Krivsky invented the argon-oxygen decarburization process for refining stainless steels, which allowed low carbon alloys to be produced using high carbon ferro-chromium. AOD became widely used by 1970 in the industrialized countries and the cost penalty for low carbon stainless steel grades virtually vanished, as did the need to anneal and quench stainless steel weldments. Widespread use of AOD refining of stainless steels brought with it an unexpected welding problem. Automatic welding procedures for orbital gas tungsten arc welding of stainless steel tubing for power plant construction had been in place for many years and provided 100% penetration welds consistently. However, during the 1970s, inconsistent penetration began to appear in such welds, and numerous researchers sought the cause. The 1982 publication of Heiple and Roper pinpointed the cause as a reversal of the surface tension gradient as a function of temperature on the weld pool surface when weld pool sulfur became very low. The AOD refining process was largely responsible for the very low sulfur base metals that resulted in incomplete penetration. The first duplex ferritic-austenitic stainless steel was developed in 1933 by Avesta in Sweden. Duplex stainless steels were long considered unweldable unless solution annealed, due to excessive ferrite in the weld heat-affected zone. However, in 1971, Joslyn Steel began introducing nitrogen into the AOD refining of stainless steels, and the duplex stainless steel producers noticed. Ogawa and Koseki in 1989 demonstrated the dramatic effect of nitrogen additions on enhanced weldability of duplex stainless steels, and these are widely welded today without the need to anneal. Although earlier commercial embodiments of small diameter gas-shielded flux cored stainless steel welding electrodes were produced, the 1982 patent of Godai and colleagues became the basis for widespread market acceptance of these electrodes from many producers. The key to the patent was addition of a small amount of bismuth oxide which resulted in very attractive slag detachment. Electrodes based on this patent quickly came to dominate the flux cored stainless steel market. Then a primary steam line, welded with these electrodes, ruptured unexpectedly in a Japanese power plant. Investigations published in 1997 by Nishimoto et al and Toyoda et al, among others, pinpointed the cause as about 200 ppm of bismuth retained in the weld metal which led to reheat cracking along grain boundaries where the Bi segregated. Bismuth-free electrode designs were quickly developed for high temperature service, while the bismuth-containing designs remain popular today for service not involving high temperatures.
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Tambe, Ashwini. "The Moral Hierarchies of Age Standards: The UN Debates a Common Minimum Marriage Age, 1951–1962." American Historical Review 125, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa191.
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Abstract While the UN was still a fledgling organization in the early 1950s, it took on the question of what an appropriate minimum age for marriage should be across all its member countries. Two UN conventions—the 1956 Supplementary Convention on Slavery and the 1962 Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages—involved tense deliberations over a marriage age standard. Drawing on records of UN preparatory meetings, I show that delegates representing Britain and Portugal spearheaded an effort to frame early and forced marriage as forms of slavery, and thereby focused abolitionist attention on formerly colonized countries. The moral worth of newly independent countries came to be signaled by specifying a high chronological age for marriage rather than treating puberty as a threshold. Although there was no tidy polarization between colonizers and colonized in the deliberations, several delegates from former British colonies—especially Nigeria and India, large regional powers with aspirations to lead the budding Non-Aligned Movement—strenuously rejected the tutelary stance of the British delegates. These debates about a common marriage age reveal how, in this foundational moment of liberal internationalism, relationships of equivalence between countries were undercut by efforts to mark differences between imperial powers and newly independent countries.
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Teresa Requena, Gemma López. "Against Spanish Conscience: la traducción de los clásicos norteamericanos en la España de posguerra (1950 y 1960)." TRANSFER 6, no. 1-2 (September 21, 2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/transfer.2011.6.1-11.
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The period before the Spanish Civil War witnessed some translations into Catalan of North-American authors such as Walt Whitman, Mark Twain, Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne. It is over the 1930s, however, that other big names of North-American literature –such as William Faulkner and Ernest Hemingway- reach high levels of popularity on Spanish soil. What happens much later with the reception of these authors? Our article will explore the translations of these and other North-American authors which appeared over the end of the Spanish Civil War to the end of the 1950s, a period of cnsolidation of the United States as a global economic power. Our proposal is to research the selection of titles edited and translated over these two decades (40s and 50s) with a view of demonstrating that they conform an intricate wave of thought on the part of vocational editors who took care of every single detail in the editing process, and who had to confront serious logistic and ideological problems to boot. In order to carry out our research, we have been working with the catalogues of Janés, Caralt, Seix Barral and Destino.
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Al-Dawli, Faisal Ali Ahmed. "Translating Laughter: A Critical Examination of Humor in three Arabic Versions of Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn." مجلة جامعة صنعاء للعلوم الإنسانية 2, no. 2 (May 6, 2024): 427–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.59628/jhs.v2i2.947.
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This paper critically assesses the translation of humorous expressions from English into Arabic by examining three versions of Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Naseem (1958), Abdulrahman (2015), and Al-Shabini (2018), aiming to identify challenges and propose cost-effective solutions. The paper adopts an interdisciplinary qualitative approach, combining descriptive, comparative, contrastive, and critical analyses, to evaluate the accuracy, fluency, and humorous impact of selected translations. It further identifies translation strategies, proposes solutions to challenges, and suggests alternative renderings where necessary. The research findings indicate that the translators have partially succeeded in meeting the translation objectives, with the intended meanings of the source text's author being largely conveyed in the Arabic translations. However, they were not able to reproduce the humor's full effect and impact. Naseem prioritized educating the target readership and adapting to cultural norms at the time of his translation, potentially compromising the humor of the source text. Abdulrahman and Al-Shabini focused on maintaining high accuracy to the source text, possibly undermining cultural acceptability. The translators' strategies, including omission, literal translation, paraphrasing, and one-to-one transition, may have negatively impacted the accuracy, elegance, force, power, and pragmatic impact of the target texts. As a result, the humorous effects of the source text may have been partially lost in translation. To achieve comparably humorous effects, it is recommended to revise and post-edit these translations, employing domesticating and trans-creative strategies while preserving the source text’s intentions.
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Fillingham, Y. A., B. Darrith, T. E. Calkins, M. P. Abdel, A. L. Malkani, R. Schwarzkopf, D. E. Padgett, et al. "2019 Mark Coventry Award: A multicentre randomized clinical trial of tranexamic acid in revision total knee arthroplasty." Bone & Joint Journal 101-B, no. 7_Supple_C (July 2019): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.101b7.bjj-2018-1451.r1.
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Aims Tranexamic acid (TXA) is proven to reduce blood loss following total knee arthroplasty (TKA), but there are limited data on the impact of similar dosing regimens in revision TKA. The purpose of this multicentre randomized clinical trial was to determine the optimal regimen to maximize the blood-sparing properties of TXA in revision TKA. Patients and Methods From six-centres, 233 revision TKAs were randomized to one of four regimens: 1 g of intravenous (IV) TXA given prior to the skin incision, a double-dose regimen of 1 g IV TXA given both prior to skin incision and at time of wound closure, a combination of 1 g IV TXA given prior to skin incision and 1 g of intraoperative topical TXA, or three doses of 1950 mg oral TXA given two hours preoperatively, six hours postoperatively, and on the morning of postoperative day one. Randomization was performed based on the type of revision procedure to ensure equivalent distribution among groups. Power analysis determined that 40 patients per group were necessary to identify a 1 g/dl difference in the reduction of haemoglobin postoperatively between groups with an alpha of 0.05 and power of 0.80. Per-protocol analysis involved regression analysis and two one-sided t-tests for equivalence. Results In total, one patient withdrew, five did not undergo surgery, 16 were screening failures, and 25 did not receive the assigned treatment, leaving 186 patients for analysis. There was no significant difference in haemoglobin reduction among treatments (2.8 g/dl for single-dose IV TXA, 2.6 g/dl for double-dose IV TXA, 2.6 g/dl for combined IV/topical TXA, 2.9 g/dl for oral TXA; p = 0.38). Similarly, calculated blood loss (p = 0.65) and transfusion rates (p = 0.95) were not significantly different between groups. Equivalence testing assuming a 1 g/dl difference in haemoglobin change as clinically relevant showed that all possible pairings were statistically equivalent. Conclusion Despite the higher risk of blood loss in revision TKA, all TXA regimens tested had equivalent blood-sparing properties. Surgeons should consider using the lowest effective dose and least costly TXA regimen in revision TKA. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B(Supple 7):10–16
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Cook, Theodore F. "Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 1909–1941. By Mark R. Peattie. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2001. xxi, 364 pp. $37.95 (cloth)." Journal of Asian Studies 62, no. 2 (May 2003): 626–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3096291.
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Tomoni, Dumitru. "Traian Vuia și România Mare sau „imposibila întoarcere”." Analele Bucovinei 60, no. 2 (September 1, 2023): 575–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.56308/ab.2023.2.16.
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Wanting to realize his great dream, flying with a heavier-than-air aircraft, on June 27, 1902, Traian Vuia left for Paris, the city of the world aeronautical movement. He had in his suitcase the model of the aeroplane-car, designed and made in Lugoj. From the capital of France, he continues his collaboration with the newspaper “Drapelul” from Lugoj, maintains an intense correspondence with friends in Banat and follows very carefully the events in the country. Shortly after the establishment of Greater Romania, Vuia intends to return to the country considering that “the circumstances have changed, we also have a homeland, we all return to it”. Before returning permanently to the country, Vuia intended to make a trip to Romania to get in touch with the new achievements and especially to see how he could be “made useful to the new order in our country”. And yet, the evolution of the socio-political life of the new nation-state disappoints Vuia, the follower of a Western-style democracy, and causes him to postpone his desire to return to the country. Although far from the country, he will follow very carefully the evolution of the political life in Greater Romania, the behaviour of the politicians and will pronounce himself, sometimes with an exaggerated virulence, against the political slippages, demagoguery and abuses committed by those who came to power. Vuia harshly criticizes the demagoguery and Balkanism of political life, the “virus of politicianism and Phanariotism”, and the disinterest of the rulers for the destiny of the country, the dishonesty and division. Therefore, the time of the final return to the country would be postponed for more than two decades. He would not return until 1950, seriously ill, and shortly thereafter he would close his eyes forever.
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Warren, Marilyn. "Unelected does not Equate with Undemocratic: Parliamentary Sovereignty and the Role of the Judiciary." Deakin Law Review 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dlr2008vol13no2art158.
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<p>One feature of judicial life that strikes most appointees to judicial office early on is the silence of the Judiciary outside our judgments and statements in court. We are also struck, when we deliver our first judgment that raises controversy or higher public interest, by the vulnerability of the Judiciary to<br />criticism, sometimes vehement and trenchant. Judges do not answer back. With the exception of Chief Justices, judges are generally only heard in court, unless the speaking occasion involves an extra-curial or academic discussion on the law or judicial life. This is properly so. Yet, when the criticism comes, it is troubling. Judges understand the constitutional and<br />governmental conventions that operate and within which they work. The conventions are not complicated, in fact quite simple. The only regret is that they are forgotten or overlooked when the criticism is made. For this<br />evening’s purpose I would wish to reflect on the conventions that judges work within. I will set out the traditional and modern views on parliamentary sovereignty. I will address the doctrine of separation of powers and the role of judicial power. I will postulate that, in modern government, it is the rule of law that is sovereign. I will consider the judicial role and the development of the common law. I will address the topics of<br />judicial activism, the election of judges and judicial accountability. I will conclude with the view that the complaint of judicial activism is misplaced and involves a misapprehension of the judicial function. For some, the high<br />water mark of judicial activism was Mabo.1 For some, the nadir of judicial ‘inactivism’ was Al Kateb.2 These swings of the pendulum in the discussion of judges’ work are not new. In 1956, Boilermakers’3 was an unsatisfactory outcome for some. Similarly, in 1948, the Bank Nationalisation4 decision provoked criticism. When Chief Justice Dixon restrained the Victorian Government from carrying out the execution in Tait,5 criticism ensued. However, each time judicial power prevailed over parliamentary and executive power. Was that undemocratic? My discussion does not say anything new. It has been said before. But, it needs to be said again. I turn then to the topic for consideration.</p>
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Wiratama, Daniel Tantra. "The Golden Age of China-Taiwan Relations: The Explanation and Its Future." Jurnal Sentris 1, no. 1 (August 17, 2020): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/sentris.v1i1.4130.69-80.
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The past eight years since 2008 under the leadership of Ma Ying-jeou, the relations between China and Taiwan have been experiencing the golden age. By cooperating in many sectors, like economic partnership; social interactions; tourism and some political dialogues, both countries have been building a good relationship between them. Looking back to the past, China and Taiwan have a long series of conflicts, which ended in the Chinese Civil War 1949 with the victory of the Chinese Communist party which has now become the People’s Republic of China. Meanwhile, its opposing democratic party has now become the Republic of China (Taiwan). Since then, China and Taiwan’s relations have been on a standstill Ma Yingjeou rose to power as the president of Taiwan. By using the concept of Economic Interdependence and Conflict in World Politics by Mark J.C. Crescenzi, this paper aims to explain how the golden age of China-Taiwan relations have been going on in the past eight years up until now, as well as the future of the relations itself under the new president of Taiwan, Tsai Ing-we. This paper has the following research question: how has the good relation between China and Taiwan been built since 2008, considering their previously severed relations in the past?
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Li, Wenchao. "Morphosyntactic Complexity in Old Japanese." European Journal of Statistics and Probability 10, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): 14–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/ejsp.2013/vol10n21428.
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Old Japanese (592–794 AD) had a uniquely complex writing system: variant Chinese; classical Chinese; man'yōgana; senmyoo gaki. This study takes a mathematical linguistic approach, employing word length and dependency distance as metrics of the lexical and syntactic complexity of Old Japanese. We find that the distribution of Japanese dependency directions is balanced, indicating that Japanese is neither a strongly head-initial nor strongly head-final language. Neither an advcl relation nor a cc relation are detected, suggesting that syntactic structure in Old Japanese is simpler than Modern Japanese. Among all the dependency relations, 46.3 per cent were of an adjacent relationship, rendered by case, mark, and det (with DD = 1), while nsubj, advmod, obl, and acl were long-distanced and presented a diverse range, with nsubj, for example, ranging from 1 to 29. Mean dependency distance and frequency fit a power law function (y = axb) well. Among texts, Senmyōgaki bears a relatively short mean word length, while Kojiki presents the longest word length. The mean word length-frequency distributions of Bussokusekika and Fudoki fit the Cohen-binomial model and Senmyō fits the Palm-Poisson model. The distribution of mean word length and their frequencies supports Zipf’s (1949) principle of least effort: shorter words tend to be more frequently used
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Silva Lomelí, Alejandra. "«Los amigos esclavizan, hijo». Las figuras de autoridad y la masculinidad hegemónica en “Un boleto para cualquier parte”." Revista Valenciana. Estudios de filosofía y letras, no. 28 (June 8, 2021): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15174/rv.v13i28.517.
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El presente artículo ofrece un análisis del cuento “Un boleto para cualquier parte”, que forma parte del volumen Tiempo destrozado (1959), primer libro de relatos de la autora mexicana Amparo Dávila. El protagonista de este relato es un hombre llamado Marcos que tiene una vida aparentemente habitual: es empleado, novio de una mujer llamada Irene y su madre reside en un lugar donde recibe las atenciones y cuidados necesarios. Sin embargo, a lo largo de la narración observamos que el desarrollo de la cotidianidad de Marcos representa para él cumplir una serie de expectativas y responsabilidades sociales que lo agobian. La idea central de la presente propuesta de análisis es que dichos compromisos están vinculados con el modelo de masculinidad hegemónica, mismo que sobrepasa las capacidades y deseos del protagonista. Abrumado por su entorno, Marcos compra un boleto de ida a cualquier parte para escapar de las múltiples situaciones terribles que imagina. Sin embargo, esta acción crea una paradoja, pues al huir mantiene las relaciones de poder que pretende evitar.
Los estudios de género, particularmente los dedicados a las masculinidades, son el fundamento teórico de esta propuesta. Las reflexiones e investigaciones de Judith Butler, Raewyn Connell, Robert McKee Irwin y Mark Millington guiarán nuestras observaciones acerca de las figuras de autoridad, la masculinidad hegemónica y su relación con el personaje de este relato.
Palabras clave: Amparo Dávila, narrativa mexicana, género, masculinidad, autoridad.
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 162, no. 4 (2008): 523–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003665.
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I Wayan Arka, Malcolm Ross (eds); The many faces of Austronesian voice systems; Some new empirical studies (René van den Berg) H.W. Dick; Surabaya, city of work; A socioeconomic history, 1900-2000 (Peter Boomgaard) Josiane Cauquelin; The aborigines of Taiwan: the Puyuma; From headhunting to the modern world. (Wen-Teh Chen) Mark Turner, Owen Podger (with Maria Sumardjono and Wayan K. Tirthayasa); Decentralisation in Indonesia; Redesigning the state (Dorian Fougères) Jérôme Samuel; Modernisation lexicale et politique terminologique; Le cas de l’Indonésien (Arndt Graf) Nicholas J. White; British business in post-colonial Malaysia, 1957-70: neo-colonialism or disengagement? (Karl Hack) Chin Peng; Alias Chin Peng; My side of history; As told to Ian Ward and Norma Miraflor (Russell Jones) C.C. Chin, Karl Hack (eds); Dialogues with Chin Peng; New light on the Malayan Emergency (Russell Jones) Saw Swee-Hock; Population policies and programmes in Singapore (Santo Koesoebjono) Domenyk Eades; A grammar of Gayo; A language of Aceh, Sumatra (Yuri A. Lander) Derek Johnson, Mark Valencia (eds); Piracy in Southeast Asia; Status, issues, and responses (Carolyn Liss) Niclas Burenhult; A grammar of Jahai (James A. Matisoff) Ann R. Kinney, Marijke J. Klokke, Lydia Kieven (photographs by Rio Helmi); Worshiping Siva and Buddha; The temple art of East Java (Dick van der Meij) Ruben Stoel; Focus in Manado Malay; Grammar, particles, and intonation (Don van Minde) Pamela J. Stewart, Andrew Strathern (eds); Expressive genres and historical change; Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Taiwan. (Dianne van Oosterhout) Johszua Robert Mansoben; Sistem politik tradisional di Irian Jaya, Indonesia; Studi perbandingan (Anton Ploeg) Timothy B. Barnard (ed.); Contesting Malayness; Malay identities across boundaries (Nathan Porath) Joel Bradshaw, Francisc Czobor (eds); Otto Dempwolff’s grammar of the Jabêm language in New Guinea (Ger Reesink) Jon Fraenkel; The manipulation of custom; From uprising to intervention in the Solomon Islands (Jaap Timmer) Clive Moore; Happy isles in crisis; The historical causes for a failing state in Solomon Islands, 1998-2004 (Jaap Timmer) Peter Burns; The Leiden legacy; Concepts of law in Indonesia (Bryan S. Turner) Terry Crowley; Bislama reference grammar (Kees Versteegh) REVIEW ESSAY Matthew Isaac Cohen; Transnational and postcolonial gamelan Lisa Gold; Music in Bali Margaret J. Kartomi; The Gamelan Digul and the prison camp musician who built it; An Australian link with the Indonesian revolution Marc Perlman; Unplayed melodies; Javanese gamelan and the genesis of music theory Ted Solís (ed.); Performing ethnomusicology; Teaching and representation in world music ensembles Henry Spiller; Gamelan; The traditional sounds of Indonesia Andrew N. Weintraub; Power plays; Wayang golek theater of West Java REVIEW ESSAY Victor T. King; People and nature in Borneo Tim Bending; Penan histories; Contentious narratives in upriver Sarawak Rajindra K. Puri; Deadly dances in the Bornean rainforest; Hunting knowledge of the Penan Benalui, 2005 Reed L. Wadley (ed.); Histories of the Borneo environment; Economic, political and social dimensions of change and continuity In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde no. 162 (2006), no: 4, Leiden
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Fuse, Norikazu, Shosuke Morita, Satoru Miyazaki, Toshihiro Takahashi, and Naohiro Hozumi. "Estimation Accuracy of the Electric Field in Cable Insulation Based on Space Charge Measurement." Energies 15, no. 13 (July 5, 2022): 4920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134920.
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Space charge measurement accuracy is crucial when assessing the suitability of cables for high-voltage direct current (DC) systems. This study assembled state-of-the-art analysis technologies, including time-domain deconvolution, to mark electric field estimation accuracy, which the present techniques achieve. The pulse electroacoustic method was applied to a 66 kV-class extruded cable, and waveforms were obtained and analyzed to reproduce the electric field distribution. The DC voltage was set to be sufficiently low so that the analysis results can be compared with Laplace’s equation. The statistical analysis of 81 waveforms under a DC voltage of 30 kV showed that the estimation accuracy was −0.3% ± 19.9% with a 95.4% confidence interval, even with the deconvolution parameter optimized. The estimated accuracy using the “reference” waveform is applied to waveforms at higher voltages since similar estimation accuracies were confirmed for waveforms obtained under a DC voltage of 45 kV.
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LYNCH, FRANCES M. B. "FINANCE AND WELFARE: THE IMPACT OF TWO WORLD WARS ON DOMESTIC POLICY IN FRANCE." Historical Journal 49, no. 2 (June 2006): 625–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x06005371.
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Fathers, families, and the state in France, 1914–1945. By Kristen Stromberg Childers. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2003. Pp. 261. ISBN 0-8014-4122-6. £23.95.Origins of the French welfare state: the struggle for social reform in France, 1914–1947. By Paul V. Dutton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. 251. ISBN 0-521-81334-4. £49.99.Britain, France, and the financing of the First World War. By Martin Horn. Montreal and Kingston: McGill – Queen's University Press, 2002. Pp. 249. ISBN 0-7735-2293-X. £65.00.The gold standard illusion: France, the Bank of France and the International Gold Standard, 1914–1939. By Kenneth Mouré. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Pp. 297. ISBN 0-19-924904-0. £40.00.Workers' participation in post-Liberation France. By Adam Steinhouse. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2001. Pp. 245. ISBN 0-7391-0282-6. $70.00 (hb). ISBN 0-7391-0283-4. $24.95 (pbk).In the traditional historiography of twentieth-century France the period after the Second World War is usually contrasted favourably with that after 1918. After 1945, new men with new ideas, born out of the shock of defeat in 1940 and resistance to Nazi occupation, laid the basis for an economic and social democracy. The welfare state was created, women were given full voting rights, and French security, in both economic and territorial respects, was partially guaranteed by integrating West Germany into a new supranational institutional structure in Western Europe. 1945 was to mark the beginning of the ‘30 glorious years’ of peace and prosperity enjoyed by an expanding population in France. In sharp contrast, the years after 1918 are characterized as a period dominated by France's failed attempts to restore its status as a great power. Policies based on making the German taxpayer finance France's restoration are blamed for contributing to the great depression after 1929 and the rise of Hitler. However, as more research is carried out into the social and economic reconstruction of France after both world wars, it is becoming clear that the basis of what was to become the welfare state after 1945 was laid in the aftermath of the First World War. On the other hand, new reforms adopted in 1945 which did not build on interwar policies, such as those designed to give workers a voice in decision-making at the workplace, proved to be short-lived.
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Casals Martorell, Daniel. "L’ensenyament del català per correspondència (1932-1939) de l’Extensió d’Ensenyament Tècnic de la Generalitat de Catalunya." Revista de Llengua i Dret, no. 81 (June 13, 2024): 213–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.58992/rld.i81.2024.4174.
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Aquest article analitza els trets d’una estructura de l’Administració de la Generalitat de Catalunya republicana (1932-1939) que va ser creada amb la voluntat de fer arribar, sobretot a distància, coneixements del català normatiu als mestres. A conseqüència de les polítiques lingüístiques del Govern de la República espanyola i del de la Generalitat de Catalunya i també de l’estatus d’oficialitat que el català va obtenir a l’empara de l’Estatut de Catalunya de 1932, aquest nou servei, integrat en l’Extensió d’Ensenyament Tècnic, volia formar lingüísticament els docents que havien de fer ús del català en la seva feina d’acord amb la nova legislació republicana. L’anàlisi, en el marc de la teoria de l’estandardització de llengües minoritzades, d’un corpus d’estudi integrat per expedients inèdits extrets d’arxius públics i privats, ha permès fer sortir a la llum informació no coneguda fins ara i reconstruir la creació, l’estructura, la plantilla, els destinataris i les funcions d’aquesta unitat, i la repressió franquista que van patir els seus integrants a partir de 1939. L’estudi conclou que el nou Servei d’Ensenyament del Català per Correspondència als Mestres constitueix una mesura planificada pel poder polític, la Generalitat de Catalunya, destinada a proporcionar coneixements de llengua catalana als docents com a pas previ perquè el poguessin ensenyar als seus estudiants.
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Keil, André. "The National Council for Civil Liberties and the British State during the First World War, 1916–1919*." English Historical Review 134, no. 568 (May 19, 2019): 620–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cez103.
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Abstract The First World War saw an unprecedented expansion of the executive powers of the British government that radically changed the relationship between individual citizens and the state. This article offers a new perspective on these developments by analysing the activities of the National Council for Civil Liberties (NCCL) between 1916 and 1918. It explores the emergence of civil liberties activism in Britain during the war and its impact on British political culture. The NCCL became an efficiently organised pressure group, campaigning against press censorship, political policing and the suppression of anti-war dissent. This article argues that the innovative campaigning and propaganda methods used by the NCCL mark a moment of innovation that can be described as a revolution in activism. It represents a shift from the grass-roots political associations of the nineteenth century towards more professional forms of political activism that foreshadowed the rise of modern pressure groups and NGOs. The article also explains the emergence of a new discourse about the relationship between civil liberties, democracy and socialism in Britain during the First World War. The NCCL became an important locus for the networks of protest and dissent that emerged in Britain in response to the expansion of the wartime state. The article thus presents a new perspective on the beginnings of civil liberties activism in Britain and the impact of the First World War on its political culture.
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Mikhailov, Alexei, and Mikhail Karavay. "Pattern Inversion as a Pattern Recognition Method for Machine Learning." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2224, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2224/1/012002.
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Abstract Artificial neural networks use a lot of coefficients that take a great deal of computing power for their adjustment, especially if deep learning networks are employed. However, there exist coefficients-free extremely fast indexing-based technologies that work, for instance, in Google search engines, in genome sequencing, etc. The paper discusses the use of indexing-based methods for pattern recognition. It is shown that for pattern recognition applications such indexing methods replace with inverse patterns the fully inverted files, which are typically employed in search engines. Not only such inversion provides automatic feature extraction, which is a distinguishing mark of deep learning, but, unlike deep learning, pattern inversion supports almost instantaneous learning, which is a consequence of absence of coefficients. The paper discusses a pattern inversion formalism that makes use on a novel pattern transform and its application for unsupervised instant learning. Examples demonstrate a view-angle independent recognition of three-dimensional objects, such as cars, against arbitrary background, prediction of remaining useful life of aircraft engines, and other applications. In conclusion, it is noted that, in neurophysiology, the function of the neocortical mini-column has been widely debated since 1957. This paper hypothesizes that, mathematically, the cortical mini-column can be described as an inverse pattern, which physically serves as a connection multiplier expanding associations of inputs with relevant pattern classes.
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Avdulli, Donika. "Albania during the Years 1939-1944. According to Polish Diplomatic Documents." Historijski pogledi 7, no. 11 (October 6, 2024): 134–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2024.7.11.134.
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On April 7, 1939, Italy's invasion of Albania marked a significant escalation in Benito Mussolini's imperialist aspirations. This invasion, driven by Mussolini's expansionist policies, swiftly resulted in the conquest of Albania. The country's strategic importance to Italy had long been recognized, making it a target for Italian territorial ambitions. The invasion precipitated the rapid departure of King Ahmet Zogu from Albania, as Italian forces quickly established control over the country. This event underscored Albania's vulnerability to external powers and its susceptibility to being manipulated for geopolitical gains. In this study, I aim to provide insights into the events surrounding Albania's occupation during World War II, drawing from Polish documents of the time. Polish diplomats and ambassadors were extensively informed about the situation in Albania and were able to offer objective perspectives, often emphasizing Poland's lack of political interest in the region. Additionally, the analysis incorporates data obtained from popular Polish newspapers of the era, which published articles and featured numerous photographs, providing valuable context to understand the political dynamics in Albania during this period. The role of the Polish ambassador in Rome, Wieniawa Długoszewski, was pivotal in informing Italy's connections about the invasion of Albania.Through diplomatic channels, Długoszewski facilitated communication regarding the unfolding events in Albania, contributing to a better understanding of the situation among allied nations. Following Italy's occupation of Albania, King Ahmet Zogu sought refuge in various countries, including a visit to Warsaw in July 1939. This visit, documented through studies and photographs from the time, sheds light on the diplomatic efforts and interactions between Albania and its allies during this tumultuous period. Additionally, key documents such as Ahmet Zog's letter to Wladyslaw Sikorski, the Polish Prime Minister in London, and Antoni Balinski's correspondence regarding Britain's stance towards Zogu provide valuable insights into the diplomatic maneuvers undertaken by Albania and its allies. Despite efforts to gather comprehensive information, certain gaps remain, such as the absence of a report from a Polish officer who was part of the British mission in Albania. This underscores the challenges in fully understanding Albania's situation post-Italian occupation and during Nazi Germany's subsequent annexation. The impact of World War II on Albania was profound, leading to significant political, social, and economic upheavals. The invasion by Italy and subsequent occupation, followed by Nazi Germany's annexation, plunged Albania into a period of turmoil and conflict. The partisan warfare that ensued, led by communist factions under the direction of Enver Hoxha, further intensified the country's struggles. The aftermath of the war left Albania fundamentally transformed, with the establishment of a communist regime led by Enver Hoxha, which endured for decades. The war's legacy left an indelible mark on Albania, shaping its governance, society, and economy for years to come.
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MCCLURE, ALASTAIR. "Archaic Sovereignty and Colonial Law: The reintroduction of corporal punishment in colonial India, 1864–1909." Modern Asian Studies 54, no. 5 (February 3, 2020): 1712–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x18000410.
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AbstractThe judicial and summary punishment of whipping—absent from the Indian Penal Code (IPC) of 1860—was passed into law through Act No. VI of 1864. This legislation, tacked on as an appendage to the IPC, invested the judge with wider discretionary powers to administer violence across Indian society. In this case what emerged was an evolving attempt to enlarge the colonial state's capacity for quotidian violence, targeting certain bodies to reaffirm, manage, and police the social hierarchies upon which colonial sovereignty depended. In the context of a slow imperial movement away from the cast-iron distinctions that had been made between groups in the early nineteenth century—distinctions that had, among other things, supported a legally enforced system of slavery—new methods to mark the value of different bodies were created. The events of the 1850s, in particular the rebellion of 1857–1858, saw the re-emergence of the colonial idea that certain bodies could withstand violence, and that violence itself could be used to create economically productive colonial societies, in debates around penal law and punishment. This article will trace this history through formal legal restrictions and informal legal-cultural practices in relation to corporal punishment in colonial India. Over the course of the period under study, this legislation introduced into law what one official termed ‘the category of the “whippable”’.1 Charting the changing shape of this legal category along lines of race, gender, caste, class, and age, the article will argue that a logic of exceptionality, channelled here through the application of judicial violence, attempted to structure and manage Indian society in complicated ways.
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Fagerström, Linda. "Den marknadsförda maktordningen. Kön och politik i det offentliga rummets bilder." Tidskrift för genusvetenskap 25, no. 4 (June 15, 2022): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.55870/tgv.v25i4.4051.
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Art images, as well as media images, photographs and other mass-produced commercial images, reflect existing gendered power structures in society. At the same time, those representations (and therefore, also the gendered power structures in them) form ideals which individuals in society, consciously or unconsciously, strive to follow. These dynamics are here discussed with examples from some recent and in Sweden well-known images (in commercials by clothes/fashion company H&M, hygienic products brand Dove, and posters produced by political parties duringan election campaign on the EMU). In 1993, Sweden was chocked/amazed by the H&M underwear campaign with porn actress and model Anna Nicole Smith, who, in platina blond curls and poses clearly echoing 1950's pin-up pictures, was said to promote a "natural" womanliness and femininity. According to Susan Bordo, bodily and fashion ideals are intimately connected to society and politics, especially gender relations. In times of change and instability in gender relations, Bordo says, ideals in populär culture tend to underline differences between the sexes, in order to mark the importance of separating men and women. Anna Nicole Smith figured on every Swedish street corner during a period when equality issues were dominant on the political agenda, due to a feminist organization called "Stödstrumporna" who threatened to form a women^ party for the general elections in 1994. In 2003, when Sweden voted on the EMU, the EU Commissioner Margot Wallström was pictured strong and self-confident in posters promoting the "yes"-side. Wallström has a prominent position - both in these pictures and in reality. Most often, however, as Maud Eduards has shown, a single woman is accepted whereas groups of women are concerned threateningboth in politics and in images/representations.
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Magaldi, Ana Maria Bandeira de Mello. "ESCOLA, FAMÍLIA E RELIGIÃO CATÓLICA NOS DEBATES EDUCACIONAIS BRASILEIROS (ANOS 1950/60)." CAMINHOS DA EDUCAÇÃO: diálogos, culturas e diversidades 1, no. 2 (January 10, 2020): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.26694/caedu.v1i2.9895.
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No presente artigo, são analisados os debates educacionais brasileiros conduzidos em torno da primeira Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional (LDB), sendo conferido destaque às posições da Associação de Educação Católica do Brasil (AEC). No contexto focalizado, situado principalmente nos anos 1950 e até a promulgação da LDB, em dezembro de 1961, ocorreram importantes disputas, tendo como horizonte a definição das políticas educativas, com a expressão de pontos de vista diversos sobre os lugares a serem ocupados por Estado, escola e família na cena educacional. O movimento católico, representado pela AEC e bem próximo, à época, do setor privado da educação, confrontava-se com outro grupo de educadores posicionados em favor da escola pública, obrigatória, gratuita e laica, compreendida como vetor central da democratização da educação brasileira. Apresentando-se em defesa da “família” - identificada à “família católica” - e de seu poder de decisão quanto à escolarização dos filhos, os educadores católicos defendiam a consideração da escolha dos pais pelo Estado e a centralidade das escolas particulares na educação de crianças e jovens, com o apoio de verbas públicas. Tendo como base documental privilegiada o boletim Servir, periódico oficial da AEC, o estudo dialoga com o campo da história cultural e, afinado com Marc Bloch, valoriza a relação indissociável entre passado e presente. Nessa direção, aproxima-se de debates educacionais de nosso tempo, em que o tema das relações entre escola, família e religião ainda tem se expressado com força, assumindo importância crucial para os rumos da educação brasileira.
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MUSALI, NAMİQ. "THE SARBEDAR MOVEMENT IN KHORASAN." Türk Kültürü ve HACI BEKTAŞ VELİ Araştırma Dergisi 105 (March 29, 2023): 395–450. http://dx.doi.org/10.34189/hbv.105.022.
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One of the prominent representatives of Soviet Orientalism Prof. Dr. Ilya Pavlovich Petrushevsky (1898-1977) is known for his studies on the medieval history of Azerbaijan, Central Asia and Iran, especially the development process and characteristics of Eastern feudalism. He has more than a hundred scientific works published during his lifetime. One of the author's well-known works is the paper " The Sarbedar Movement in Khorasan", published in the XIV volume of the series "Scientific Works of the Institute of Oriental Studies of Academy of Sciences of USSR" in Moscow in 1956. The corresponding work was translated from Russian into Persian by Karim Keshavarz and published in Tehran in 1972 as a separate book. In view of the importance of the topic, we considered it necessary to translate the mentioned work of Petrushevsky from Russian into Turkish.The Sarbedar movement, which began in the village of Bashtin in the Bayhak district of the Khorasan region in 1336-1337, soon led to the creation of the Sarbedar state with its center in Sabzavar. This state, which existed between 1337 and 1386, left its mark on history due to the role it played in the political life of Iran, as well as the reforms and practices that it carried out in the social sphere. Petrushevsky, a Marxist historian, studying the Sarbedar movement, mainly tried to pay attention to the socio-economic factors that provoked this process, the class conflict and the struggle for power of various social groups among the Sarbedars, and programmatic differences between them. Keywords: History of Iran, Khorasan, Shiism, Sarbedars.
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Silva, Ayala Nathaly Gomes, João Ricardhis Saturnino Oliveira, Álvaro Nóbrega de Melo Madureira, Wildberg Alencar Lima, Ana Paula Sant'Anna Silva, and Vera Lúcia Menezes Lima. "Mecanismos de regeneração muscular estimulados pela terapia por ultrassom." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 12 (October 1, 2021): e579101221044. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i12.21044.
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Ultrassom terapêutico (UST) é utilizado por fisioterapeutas desde 1950 no tratamento de lesões osteomusculares. Suas ações são associadas principalmente ao aumento do metabolismo celular e promoção de angiogênese. No músculo, o ultrassom é amplamente utilizado em casos de lesão, porém pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos associados, embora já seja comprovada ação analgésica, regenerativa e de reabilitação da força muscular. Assim, esta revisão integrativa objetivou listar os mecanismos pelos quais o UST atua sobre a regeneração muscular. Foram selecionados 27 estudos, dos quais todos foram realizados com roedores. Em músculos lesionados, o UST parece ativar a via da fosforilação de quinases 1 e 2 reguladas pela sinalização extracelular (ERK1/2) e proteína quinase 38 ativada por mitogene (MAPK p38), reduzindo resposta inflamatoria e aumentando expressão de fatores miogênicos. Esses fatores ativam a diferenciação de células satélites musculares. A proliferação de células musculares se traduz em maior número de miofibrilas, ou seja, maior número de unidades contratéis. Assim, o UST pode auxiliar na reabilitação muscular, por promover respostas no metabolismo celular e favorecer a diferenciação de células satélites, com posterior formação de novas fibras.
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Meyrowitz, Henri. "Quel droit de la guerre pour l’OTAN?" Études internationales 17, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 549–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/702046ar.
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The debate which has been going on for many years now among governments of the member countries of NATO on the ratification of the Additional Protocol I to the 1949 Geneva Conventions, signed in 1977, focusses mainly on the effects of such an instrument on deterrence and nuclear strategy. It is the fear of these effects that France has used to justify her refusal to become part of Protocol I. At the time of the signing of Protocol I, the US and Great Britain made the declaration that the new regulations as introduced by Protocol I "are not intended to have any effect on and do not regulate or prohibit the use of nuclear weapons". It appears that, for a reason which has nothing to do with atomic weapons, the Reagan administration intends not to ask the Senate for ratification of Protocol I. The governments of Italy and Belgium who ratified the Protocol in February and May 1986 respectively, have supplemented their ratification with a declaration similar to that of the two powers. As for the legality of the use of nuclear weapons, the answer must from now on rely on the combination of Protocol I and the "nuclear clause" from the declaration of the two powers and their allies. Hence the status of nuclear weapons in international law is comprised of three elements : a) The first use of nuclear weapons is not, in itself prohibited. - b) This use is subjected to the regulations of the common law of war, as has been "reaffirmed" by Protocol I, and which applies both to conventional and nuclear weapons. - c) The bans and restrictions, as provided for in these regulations, and which mark out the thin bounds which allow for the use of atomic weapons, pertain only to the use of these arms and not to nuclear deterrence.
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Baer, A. S., Philip Houghton, Greg Bankoff, Vicente L. Rafael, Harold Brookfield, Donald Denoon, Cynthia Chou, et al. "Book Reviews." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 156, no. 1 (2000): 107–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003858.
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- A.S. Baer, Philip Houghton, People of the Great Ocean; Aspects of human biology of the early Pacific. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, x + 292 pp. - Greg Bankoff, Vicente L. Rafael, Figures of criminality in Indonesia, the Philippines, and colonial Vietnam. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Southeast Asis Program, 1999, 258 pp. - Harold Brookfield, Donald Denoon, The Cambridge history of the Pacific Islanders. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, xvi + 518 pp., Stewart Firth, Jocelyn Linnekin (eds.) - Cynthia Chou, Shoma Munshi, Clifford Sather, The Bajau Laut; Adaptation, history, and fate in a maritime fishing society of south-eastern Sabah. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1997, xviii + 359 pp. - Cynthia Chou, Shoma Munshi, Krishna Sen, Gender and power in affluent Asia. London: Routledge, 1998, xiii + 323 pp., Maila Stivens (eds.) - Freek Colombijn, Arne Kalland, Environmental movements in Asia. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, 1998, xiii + 296 pp. [Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, Man and Nature in Asia Series 4.], Gerard Persoon (eds.) - Kirsten W. Endres, Phan Huy Chu, Hai trinh chi luoc; Récit sommaire d’un voyage en mer (1833); Un émissaire Vietnamien à Batavia. Paris: EHESS, 1994, viii + 228 pp. [Cahier d’Archipel 25.] - Aone van Engelenhoven, Veronica Du Feu, Rapanui. London: Routledge, 1996, xv + 217 pp. [Routledge Descriptive Grammars.] - Fukui Hayao, Peter Boomgard, Paper landscapes; Explorations in the environmental history of Indonesia, 1997, vi + 424 pp. Leiden: KITLV Press. [Verhandelingen 178.], Freek Colombijn, David Henley (eds.) - Volker Heeschen, J. Miedema, Texts from the oral tradition in the south-western Bird’s Head Peninsula of Irian Jaya; Teminabuan and hinterland. Leiden: DSALCUL, Jakarta: ISIR, 1995, vi + 98 pp. [Irian Jaya Source Materials 14.] - Volker Heeschen, J. Miedema, Texts from the oral tradition in the southern Bird’s Head Peninsula of Irian Jaya; Inanwatan-Berau, Arandai-Bintuni, and hinterland. Leiden: DSALCUL, Jakarta: ISIR, 1997, vii + 120 pp. [Irian Jaya Source Materials 15.] - Robert W, Hefner, Daniel Chirot, Essential outsiders: Chinese and Jews in the modern transformation of Southeast Asia and Central Europe. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997, vii + 335 pp., Anthony Reid (eds.) - Bob Hering, Lambert Giebels, Soekarno, Nederlandsch onderdaan; Biografie 1901-1950. Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1999, 531 pp. - Karin van Lotringen, David Brown, The state and ethnic politics in Southeast Asia. London: Routledge, 1994, xxi + 354 pp. - Ethan Mark, Takashi Shiraishi, Approaching Suharto’s Indonesia from the margins. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Southeast Asia Program, 1994, 153 pp. - Harry Poeze, J.A. Manusama, Eigenlijk moest ik niet veel hebben van de politiek; Herinneringen aan mijn leven in de Oost 1910-1953. Utrecht: Moluks Historisch Museum, ‘s-Gravenhage: Bintang, 1999, 301 pp. - Nico Schulte Nordholt, Hans Antlöv, Exemplary centre, administrative periphery; Rural leadership and the New Order in Java. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 1995, xi + 222 pp. [Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, Monograph Series 68.] - Cornelia M.I. van der Sluys, Danielle C. Geirnaert-Martin, The woven land of Laboya; Socio-cosmic ideas and values in West Sumba, eastern Indonesia. Leiden: Centre for Non Western Studies, Leiden University, 1992, xxxv + 449 pp. [CNWS Publications 11.] - Nicholas Tarling, Tom Marks, The British acquisition of Siamese Malaya (1896-1909). Bangkok: White Lotus Press, 1997, vii + 167 pp. - B.J. Terwiel, Chanatip Kesavadhana, Chulalangkorn, roi de Siam: Itineraire d’un voyage à Java en 1886. Paris: EHESS, 1993, vi + 204 pp. [Cahier d’Archipel 20.] - Jaap Timmer, Polly Wiessner, Historical vines; Enga networks of exchange, ritual, and warfare in Papua New Guinea, with translations and assistance by Nitze Pupu. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1998, xvii + 494 pp., Akii Tumu (eds.) - Robert van Niel, Margaret Leidelmeijer, Van suikermolen tot grootbedrijf; Technische vernieuwing in de Java-suikerindustrie in de negentiende eeuw. Amsterdam: Nederlandsch Economisch-Historisch Archief, 1997, 367 pp. [NEHA Series 3.] - Fred R. von der Mehden, Shanti Nair, Islam in Malaysian foreign policy. London: Routledge, 1997, xiv + 301 pp. - Lourens de Vries, Volker Heeschen, An ethnographic grammar of the Eipo language, spoken in the central mountains of Irian Jaya (West New Guinea), Indonesia. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 1998, 411 pp. - Waruno Mahdi, A. Teeuw, De ontwikkeling van een woordenschat; Het Indonesisch 1945-1995. Amsterdam: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, 1998, 51 pp. [Mededelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (new series) 61-5.] - Roxana Waterson, Robert L. Winzeler, Indigenous architecture in Borneo; Traditional patterns and new developments, 1998, xi + 234 pp. Phillips, Maine: Borneo Research Council. [BRC Proceedings Series 5.]
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Li, Weibao, Weiwei Wu, Bo Yu, and Check-Teck Foo. "Is China transmuting to fast overtake the USA in innovation?" Chinese Management Studies 9, no. 1 (April 7, 2015): 8–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cms-01-2015-0019.
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Purpose – This paper aims to argue for a China transmuting to fast overtake USA in innovation based on the extrapolation of past statistical trend. Case studies in self and co-innovation are provided so that the documentation of the dynamics of knowledge flows and a brain-linguistic explanation is given as to why, in the future, the Chinese are likely to lead in innovation. Design/methodology/approach – This paper illustrates a multi-method approach in research for Chinese Management Studies. First, the sociological background of China is highlighted (Mao Zedong’s aphorism). Second, insights from OECD patent database are utilized. Third, the use of comparative research and development case-studies: self-innovation (Chinese) and co-innovation (contrasting Japanese versus French cooperation with Chinese). Fourth, is the inter-disciplinarily approach wherein the assimilating of knowledge is related to recent advances in brain research. Fifth, emphasizing the different levels in organizing for innovation: national (China), organizational (SOE), group processes and person-to-person, synapses within individual brains. Findings – Statistical trend suggests that China is transforming and is on the path toward overtaking the USA in innovation. When will this happen? Using extrapolation as an indication, China may surpass the USA by the 50 per cent mark within the next decade. Insights into the processes of self-innovation and co-innovation are provided. Authors argue for a brain-linguistic explanation (Hebb, 1949) for further understanding why China will eventually lead ceteris paribus innovation, a function of the human brain. Originality/value – This paper highlights on the basis of statistical trends (using OECD database) a rising, innovative China that is poised to overtake the USA in the near future. A major contribution is in providing insights of interactional processes required to foster innovation: self and co-innovation (comparing Japanese and French). The critical brain-linguistic role as the rationale as to why the Chinese are given a greater, more developed brain power that will eventually surpass the West in innovation.
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Avery, Tamlyn. "“Split by the Moonlight”: Beethoven and the Racial Sublime in African American Literature." American Literature 92, no. 4 (October 6, 2020): 623–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00029831-8780863.
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Abstract As Nathan Waddell has recently argued of the literary modernists whose aesthetic incorporation of the Beethovenian legend complicates the dominant view of modernism as an antitraditionalist enterprise, Ludwig van Beethoven’s music has in fact left a more significant and complicated mark on African American literature relating to the sublime properties of his musical aesthetic than has previously been recognized. As a point of departure, I apply Michael J. Shapiro’s definition of the racial sublime as a confrontation with the “still vast oppressive structure that imperils black lives” to the setting of twentieth-century African American literature, where Beethoven’s Romantic sublime often stands in for the racial sublime. This transference, I argue, is not an expression of the artist’s repressed instinctual conflict, the mere sublimation of their devotion to “white” culture and the cult of genius, as Amiri Baraka once suggested. Rather, Beethoven’s music formed a persistent and powerful political allegory of the racial sublime for many prominent twentieth-century authors in their literary works, where the sublime constitutes a sublimation of direct forms of power into a range of aesthetic experiences. This can be observed in the Beethovenian ekphrasis featured in prose works by James Weldon Johnson, Langston Hughes, James Baldwin, and Ralph Ellison—four writers whose works have also been considered indebted to blues and jazz musical influences and who approach the racial sublime not through language but by appealing to music’s nonsignifying suggestiveness, in order to capture the intensities that radiate out of these encounters. As this article reveals, their allegorical uses for Beethoven are not unitary. The forcefield of the racial sublime is registered allegorically through the performative sublime of Sonata “Pathétique” in Johnson’s The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man (1912); the sublime melancholy of the “Moonlight” Sonata in Hughes’s tragic short story “Home” (1934); the spiritual sublime of Beethoven’s piano concerti and the Ninth Symphony in Baldwin’s short story “Previous Condition” (1948); and the heroic sublime of the Fifth Symphony in Ellison’s bildungsroman Invisible Man (1952).
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Nevskaya, Tatiana, and Alla Kondrasheva. "The History of the Country through the Course of Life. Professor Valentina Pavlovna Nevskaya (1919-2009)." Balkanistic Forum 31, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 202–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v31i1.10.
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The article is dedicated to the prominent Russian scientist, ethnographer and historian Valentina Pavlovna Nevskaya (1919-2009), who received international recognition for the outstanding achievements in the development of the history of antiquity and world Caucasian studies. The biography of the scientist, which reflected many of the most important events of Soviet history (Civil War 1918-1922, economic experiments of the Bolsheviks of the 1920-1930s, the tragedy of the "great terror" policy of 1937-1938, mass repressions, the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 years of the Cold War, etc.). The fate of Valentina Pavlovna was quite typical for the representatives of the Soviet intelligentsia: the choice of her major, as well as the choice of work, was determined by the status of "member of the family of the enemy of the people." Since ancient history was the least politicized branch of Soviet historical science, V.P. Nevskaya chose the history of Byzantium for her thesis topic. The book, written based on the aforementioned thesis, was translated into German and Japanese. The scientific studies conducted by V.P. Nevskaya, who left a big mark in the historical science of the North Caucasus (including taking part in a large-scale academic project of the Soviet era - "History of the peoples of the North Caucasus (end of XYIII in - 1917"). Nevskaya V.P. is the editor and author of the main overview works on history of particular areas and peoples of the region. Particular attention is paid to the works of a scientist on the history of Karachay-Cherkessia (from ancient times before the Bolsheviks came to power), in which, on the basis of numerous personally collected materials, including ethnographic and archaeological proof, the history of the region (population, social, family, land and legal relations, way of life, folklore, traditions, etc.) was recollected and restored. Valentina Nevskaya, having carefully studied the very complex social structure of the hereditary relations of the mountain peoples, came to the conclusion that these peoples were at the feudal stage of development, determining that at the turn of the XVIII - XIX centuries. These relations took place and were firmly fixed in the adatas, the customary law of the peoples of the North Caucasus. Particular attention in the writings of V.P. Nevskaya was given to the Karachais, a small Turkic people living high in the mountains of the Western Caucasus. After analyzing a large number of diverse sources, the researcher concluded that feudalism in Karachai developed directly from the general system, and land relations determined the nature of the relationship of Karachais with neighboring peoples, in particular, with Kabardians as a “military-political confederation”. Her experience teaching as a professor at the Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute (now the North Caucasus Federal University), where she headed the department of general history, is described. Valentina Nevskaya taught ancient history, continued her research on the history and ethnography of the North Caucasus and prepared a number of candidates of historical sciences. It is emphasized that the works of V.P. Nevskaya are currently important sources for writing disserta-tions, monographs, and articles on topical issues in the history of the North Caucasus. The texts of her books and articles testify to the highest level of professional skill, versatile erudition, the steady observance of ethical standards, and the awareness of the scientist’s moral responsibility.
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Ekici, M., E. Unaldi, G. Ayan, E. Bilgin, and U. Kalyoncu. "AB0912 Swollen and tender joints improvement in the randomized controlled trials of psoriatic arthritis." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 81, Suppl 1 (May 23, 2022): 1585.2–1585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular.3723.
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BackgroundThe ACR response is used to evaluate peripheral joints in psoriatic arthritis. However the main component in ACR treatment response is swollen (SJ) and tender joints (TJ), therewithal patient and physician global assessment, acute phase response, pain and function are included in this treatment response. Therefore, it can be thought that peripheral arthritis can best evaluated over SJ and TJ. Although ACR treatment responses are generally found to be similar between anti-TNF and anti-IL17/anti-IL23 in PsA, there is a general opinion that anti-TNF treatments may be more effective on the peripheral joint. (1).ObjectivesIn this study, it was aimed to evaluate the efficacy on SJ and TJ in RCTs performed in PsA.MethodsWe was searched with the keywords ‘psoriatric arthritis’ and ‘randomized controlled trial’ in Pubmed. All studies between 1975 and 31.10.2021 were screened for TJ count (SD) and SJ count (SD) values at treatment initiation and primary endpoint. The 2 studies with anti-TNFs and the SPIRIT-1 study comparing ixekizumab with placebo and adalimumab showed the number of SJ and TJ at baseline and primary endpoint. Effect size calculated separately according to Morris and Klauer formula. (2,3) We can interpret the effect size according to Cohen as follows: 0-0,1 no effect; 0,2-0,4 small effect; 0,5-0,7 intermediate effect; 0,8-≥1 large effect. (4)ResultsCertolizumab study, ES was found at a good level in the number of TJ and SJ at 200 and 400 mg doses. (ES 0.84 for SJ). The study comparing ixekizumab with adalimumab and placebo, it was observed that administration of ixekizumab every 4 weeks was minimally more effective in the number of TJ (ES 0.16) and SJ (ES 0.13) than adalimumab. The effect of ixekizumab over placebo is also slightly better than that of Adalimumab over placebo. (0.51 vs 0.36 in TJ, 0.38 vs 0.29 in SJ)Table 1.Effect size analysis of studiesTender Joint CountReferenceWeek (w)InterventionControlBaseline (Intervention vs Control)ES (Morris)ES (Klauer)Spirit-112Ixekizumab 4 w (n=107)Adalimumab (n=101)20,5 (13,7) vs 19,3 (13,0)0.160.9112Ixekizumab 2 w (n=103)Adalimumab (n=101)21,5 (14,1) vs 19,3 (13,0)0.120.2912Ixekizumab 4 w (n=107)Plasebo (n=106)20,5 (13,7) vs 19,2 (13,0)0.515.112Ixekizumab 2 w (n=103)Plasebo (n=106)21,5 (14,1) vs 19,2 (13,0)0.473.912Adalimumab (n=101)Plasebo (n=106)19,3 (13,0) vs 19,2 (13,0)0.364.1GENOVESE, Mark C., et al. M02-570 Study Group12Adalimumab (n=51)Plasebo (n=49)25,3 (18,3) vs 29,3 (18,1)0.190.30RAPID-PsA24Certolizumab 200 mg (n=138)Plasebo (n=136)21,5 (15,3) vs 19,9 (14,7)0.670.7524Certolizumab 400 mg (n=135)Plasebo (n=136)19,6 (14,8) vs 19,9 (14,7)0.490.61Swollen Joint CountSpirit-112Ixekizumab 4 w (n=107)Adalimumab (n=101)11.4 (8.2) vs 9.9 (6.5)0.130.6312Ixekizumab 2 w (n=103)Adalimumab (n=101)12,1 (7,2) vs 9,9 (4,7)0.191.1812Ixekizumab 4 w (n=107)Plasebo (n=106)11,4 (8,2) vs 10,6 (7,3)0.383.812Ixekizumab 2 w (n=103)Plasebo (n=106)12,1 (7,2) vs 10,6 (7,3)0.453.212Adalimumab (n=101)Plasebo (n=106)9.9 (6.5) vs 10.6 (7.3)0.294.4GENOVESE, Mark C., et al. M02-570 Study Group12Adalimumab (n=51)Plasebo (n=49)18.2 (10.9) vs 18.4 (12.1)0.330.29RAPID-PsA24Certolizumab 200 mg (n=138)Plasebo (n=136)11.0 (8.8) vs 11.0 (8.8)0.840.8324Certolizumab 400 mg (n=135)Plasebo (n=136)10.5 (7.5) vs 11.0 (8.8)0.840.87ConclusionChanges in the number of SJ and TJ that directly assess the peripheral joint have not been reported enough in RCTs in PsA patients. According to a limited number of reports, Anti-TNFs (eg, certolizumab) cause significant improvement in the number of SJ and TJ in the primary endpoint. On the other hand, Ixekizumab has as much effect on SJ and TJ as Adalimumab. The effect of anti-IL 17 treatments on the peripheral joint is not less than that of anti-TNFs, as thought.References[1]Noviani M et at. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2020[2]Klauer, K. J. Handbuch kognitives Training[3]Morris, S. B. Estimating Effect Sizes From Pretest-Posttest-Control Group Designs.[4]Cohen, J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2. Auflage)Disclosure of InterestsNone declared
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Boichuk, Orest. "The Problem of Memory Policy in Polish-German Relations." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 44 (December 15, 2021): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2021.44.36-45.
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The main idea of upon article is the pragmatic vision to an understanding of the “historical problems” role led to solving some challenges, which took place in the early stages of Polish-German understanding. But is needed to mark, the history had one of the leading roles in this process. Of course, the negotiation on the signing of the German-Polish Border Treaty was hard. The legacy of the World War II influenced the process. The legacy was rooted in a few unsolved questions: the question of demands of expelled people to the Polish Government and the question of indemnity for Polish victims of Nazism. For the new democratic Polish Government, the question of indemnity was “highly ranked”. For many years, Polish society tried to take financial compensation for the crime of Nazism. But, due to ideological reasons, it can’t reach it. On the other hand, the economy of Poland was in deep degradation, which had caused by transformation to the new market economy. And the Polish Government planned to take some advantages in the process of the negotiation. Germans Chancellor H. Kohl had a strong linkage with the expelled environment. Due to this reason, the Head of the Western German Government had fear about the future of the Polish-German Border Treaty. He feared the worth – a voting failure for ratification of the Treaty. In this case, H. Kohl tried to avoid this question in the negotiation process. During the negotiation, German understand clearly, it needs to avoid treatment compensation for Polish people as reparations for Poland. The roots of this reason located in the Moscow Treaty by 1953. According to the Moscow Treaty, Polish People Republic has abandoned from reparations demands on behalf of the German Democratic Republic. Moreover, Polish People Republic proclaimed on behalf of the whole German, including the Federal Republic of German. H. Kohl understands the significance of this decision and tried to support avoiding historical questions from the negotiation process. But, the problems of indemnity for victims of Nazism were discovered with new power at the end of the 90th. During the international negotiation, Germany commonly with German business created Special Fund “Erinnerung, Verantwortung und Zukunft” for payment of compensation for a wide range of victims, including for Polish victims.
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Kossin, James P., Suzana J. Camargo, and Matthew Sitkowski. "Climate Modulation of North Atlantic Hurricane Tracks." Journal of Climate 23, no. 11 (June 1, 2010): 3057–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3497.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The variability of North Atlantic tropical storm and hurricane tracks, and its relationship to climate variability, is explored. Tracks from the North Atlantic hurricane database for the period 1950–2007 are objectively separated into four groups using a cluster technique that has been previously applied to tropical cyclones in other ocean basins. The four clusters form zonal and meridional separations of the tracks. The meridional separation largely captures the separation between tropical and more baroclinic systems, while the zonal separation segregates Gulf of Mexico and Cape Verde storms. General climatologies of the seasonality, intensity, landfall probability, and historical destructiveness of each cluster are documented, and relationships between cluster membership and climate variability across a broad spectrum of time scales are identified. Composites, with respect to cluster membership, of sea surface temperature and other environmental fields show that regional and remote modes of climate variability modulate the cluster members in substantially differing ways and further demonstrate that factors such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Atlantic meridional mode (AMM), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) have varying intrabasin influences on North Atlantic tropical storms and hurricanes. Relationships with African easterly waves are also considered. The AMM and ENSO are found to most strongly modulate the deep tropical systems, while the MJO most strongly modulates Gulf of Mexico storms and the NAO most strongly modulates storms that form to the north and west of their Cape Verde counterparts and closer to the NAO centers of action. Different clusters also contribute differently to the observed trends in North Atlantic storm frequency and may be related to intrabasin differences in sea surface temperature trends. Frequency trends are dominated by the deep tropical systems, which account for most of the major hurricanes and overall power dissipation. Contrarily, there are no discernable trends in the frequency of Gulf of Mexico storms, which account for the majority of landfalling storms. When the proportion that each cluster contributes to overall frequency is considered, there are clear shifts between the deep tropical systems and the more baroclinic systems. A shift toward proportionally more deep tropical systems began in the early to mid-1980s more than 10 years before the 1995 North Atlantic hurricane season, which is generally used to mark the beginning of the present period of heightened activity.