Relevant bibliographies by topics / Power emulator

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Power emulator'

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Published: 1 June 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Power emulator"

1

Kirei, Botond Sandor, Calin-Adrian Farcas, Cosmin Chira, Ionut-Alin Ilie, and Marius Neag. "Hardware Emulation of Step-Down Converter Power Stages for Digital Control Design." Electronics 12, no. 6 (March 10, 2023): 1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12061328.

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This paper proposes a methodology of delivering the emulation hardware of several step-down converter power stages. The generalized emulator design methodology follows these steps: first, the power stage is described using an ordinary differential equation system; second, the ordinary differential equation system is solved using Euler’s method, and thus an accurate time-domain model is obtained; next, this time-domain model can be described using either general-purpose programming language (MATLAB, C, etc.) or hardware description language (VHDL, Verilog, etc.). As a result, the emulator has been created; validation of the emulator may be carried out by comparing it to SPICE transient simulations. Finally, the validated emulator can be implemented on the preferred target technology, either in a general-purpose processor or a field programmable gate array. As the emulator relies on the ordinary differential equation system of the power stage, it has better behavioral accuracy than the emulators based on average state space models. Moreover, this paper also presents the design methodology of a manually tuned proportional–integrative–derivative controller deployed on a field programmable gate array.
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Bajonero-Sandoval, David Felipe, Jeyson Sanabria-Vargas, and César Leonardo Trujillo-Rodriguez. "Design and Implementation of a Low Power Wind Turbine Emulator Through the Induction Motor-Permanent Magnet Generator Arrangement." Revista Facultad de Ingeniería 29, no. 54 (April 1, 2020): e10530. http://dx.doi.org/10.19053/01211129.v29.n54.2020.10530.

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This paper presents the design and construction stage of a low power wind turbine emulator, which is used at the laboratory level, to reproduce different wind profiles. There are several types of wind emulators, among which the wind tunnel emulators stand out. These emulators use a motor with a propeller on their axis to obtain the desired wind speed. However, in the present work -and done from a computer- speed control is developed for a three-phase induction motor, thus driving a permanent magnet generator. The motor-generator group is controlled through a program developed in the Labview software. Also, it has the particularity of operating automatically, being able to load different speed data. Such data is associated with a particular power that takes into account the selected wind profile and can operate through manual control of the wind speed. However, this depends on the frequency given. The emulator operation is validated experimentally through two scenarios: the first one emulates the curve presented by the Eolos turbine and subsequently compares the results obtained, whereas the second one loads the wind profile of Uribía-Guajira -a region in Colombia- achieving that the emulated wind profile can be accurately seen in the loaded wind profile.
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Alaoui, Mustapha, Hattab Maker, Azeddine Mouhsen, and Hicham Hihi. "Photovoltaic emulator of different solar array configurations under partial shading conditions using damping injection controller." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i2.pp1019-1030.

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In the last decades, researchers and scientists have been trending towards photovoltaic (PV) solar energy research as one of the noteworthy renewable energies. As a matter of fact, the need for a laboratory system devoted to performing measurements and experimentation on PV systems is being increased. The PV array emulator is designed to accomplish this task by reproducing accurately the electrical behavior of real PV sources. The present paper proposes thus a new control and design of PV array emulators. It is based essentially on a hybrid Damping Injection controller. The proposed control strategy circumvents obviously the existing PV emulator's limitations in terms of accuracy, speed and partial shading emulation. Several results are given and discussed to show the efficiency of the proposed system to emulate PV modules and different PV array configurations under uniform solar irradiance and partial shading conditions.
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Moussa, Intissar, Adel Khedher, and Adel Bouallegue. "Design of a Low-Cost PV Emulator Applied for PVECS." Electronics 8, no. 2 (February 19, 2019): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8020232.

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Applied tests on a real photovoltaic panel for a consolidated analysis require complex experiment setup and permanent availability of climatic conditions. This method is ineffective and can damage the PV system. As a result, PV emulators are highly requested in solar energy conversion and generation research, which rests essentially on a maximum power point tracking control algorithm (MPPT) and an adapting power stage as the DC-DC converter and PV inverter. The PV emulator guarantees a controllable light source environment to act as a real PV system in the laboratory. This paper deals with the study and development of an experimental PV emulator based on logarithmic approximation of the ideal single diode model (ISDM), which is implemented using analog electronic components. Mainly, the PV model, the controller, and the power stages, forming the PV emulator, are described. This simple, low-cost, and efficient device is considered as a nonlinear power supply template replacing the real PV system for any operating point irrespective of the environmental condition changes. The emulated current-voltage and power-voltage curves are validated via resistive load and batteries. Then, the performance of the proposed PV emulator is evaluated by its ability to recharge properly two 12V 7 Ah batteries.
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Ozawa, Felipe, Marco Rocha, Guilherme Lucas, Wallace Souza, and Andre Andreoli. "Application of Torque Transducer and Rotary Encoder in a Hardware-in-the-Loop Wind Turbine Emulation." Proceedings 42, no. 1 (November 14, 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-6-06633.

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Wind energy is one of the most promising forms of renewable energy. For the constant evolution of power generation technology, the use of sensors is fundamental to the development of wind turbine emulators. A wind turbine emulator allows tests and evaluations of a wind power system, regardless of weather conditions. Therefore, to further improve this technology, this work focuses on the application of a torque transducer and a rotary encoder for the implementation of a closed-loop wind turbine emulator. The sensors provide the torque and speed feedback signals to the computational model so that the model could plot the power curves and produce the set point voltage used by a variable-frequency drive (VFD) to control a three-phase induction motor (TIM). The emulator was implemented using a control algorithm designed on LabVIEW, with an NI 6211 for the data acquisition. Finally, the system emulates the behaviour of a wind turbine, considering the variations in wind speed, aerodynamic phenomena, load effects, and pitch angle. Experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of using the TIM-VFD assembly for emulating a wind turbine since the wind turbine emulator behaved like a wind turbine in real-time.
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Peskar, Jarrett, Kerry Sado, Austin Downey, Kristen Booth, and Jamil Khan. "Battery Emulator for Coupled Electro-Thermo Powertrain Testing." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 7 (December 22, 2023): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-027969mtgabs.

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Approved, DCN# 543-443-23 Battery emulation systems are useful for testing and evaluating powertrain systems; but typically,only consider the electrical characteristics of a battery. Powertrains with shared cooling components/systems between batteries and power electronics would benefit from hardware-in-the-loop testing facilities that consider both the electrical and thermal aspects of energy storage. In this work a battery emulator that physically emulates both the electrical and thermal characteristics with a coupled electro-thermal powertrain testbed is demonstrated. The coupled electro-thermo model links the electrical and thermal outputs together and calculates them in real-time. The electrical model is an equivalent circuit representation of a battery making use of experimental data from tested cells. The electrical model is coupled to the thermal model through temperature-dependent parameters of the cell resistance and open circuit voltages. The thermal model is a lumped isothermal reduced order heat generation model. This model will calculate the net heat generated from the ohmic losses, entropic losses, and losses to cooling (liquid and ambient). The thermal model is coupled to the electrical model by being dependent on the cell’s state of charge and using the cell’s current and voltage outputs for its governing equations. Models are parameterized on experimental data acquired through pulsed hybrid testing. In this work, a 3.5 kWh battery pack with a discharge of 40 amps at 48 volts generating 38.4 Watts of heat is emulated in an electro-thermo powertrain testbed configured to represent an electric naval platform such as a small autonomous boat subjected to both baseline and pulsed loading. The electrical emulation is performed through a bidirectional power supply and thermal emulation through a resistive heater. The electro-thermo powertrain testbed then dissipates the emulated electrical energy through power convertors and electronic loads while the thermal energy is dissipated through a heat exchanger that also cools the power convertors. Numerical and experimental validation demonstrate that the coupled electro-thermo battery emulator is capable of accurately representing the electrical and thermal aspects of a 3.5 kWh battery. Limitations in terms of emulating batteries at higher temperatures and current draws are discussed. Effects of scaling the coupled electro-thermo battery emulator are also presented. Acknowledgment: This work was supported in part by the Office of Naval Research under contract NO. N00014-22-C-1003 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited
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Donald-McCann, Jamie, Florian Beutler, Kazuya Koyama, and Minas Karamanis. "matryoshka: halo model emulator for the galaxy power spectrum." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 511, no. 3 (January 29, 2022): 3768–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac239.

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ABSTRACT We present matryoshka, a suite of neural-network-based emulators and accompanying python package that have been developed with the goal of producing fast and accurate predictions of the non-linear galaxy power spectrum. The suite of emulators consists of four linear component emulators, from which fast linear predictions of the power spectrum can be made, allowing all non-linearities to be included in predictions from a non-linear boost component emulator. The linear component emulators include an emulator for the matter transfer function that produces predictions in ∼0.0004 s, with an error of ${\lt} 0.08{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ (at 1σ level) on scales 10−4 < k < 101 h Mpc−1. In this paper, we demonstrate matryoshka by training the non-linear boost component emulator with analytic training data calculated with Halofit, which has been designed to replicate training data that would be generated using numerical simulations. Combining all the component emulator predictions we achieve an accuracy of ${\lt} 0.75{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ (at 1σ level) when predicting the real space non-linear galaxy power spectrum on scales 0.0025 < k < 1 h Mpc−1. We use matryoshka to investigate the impact of the analysis set-up on cosmological constraints by conducting several full shape analyses of the real-space galaxy power spectrum. Specifically we investigate the impact of the minimum scale (or kmax), finding an improvement of ∼1.8× in the constraint on σ8 by pushing kmax from 0.25 to 0.85 h Mpc−1, highlighting the potential gains when using clustering emulators such as matryoshka in cosmological analyses.
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Agyekum, Ephraim Bonah, Seepana PraveenKumar, Aleksei Eliseev, and Vladimir Ivanovich Velkin. "Design and Construction of a Novel Simple and Low-Cost Test Bench Point-Absorber Wave Energy Converter Emulator System." Inventions 6, no. 1 (March 22, 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions6010020.

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This paper proposed a test bench device to emulate or simulate the electrical impulses of a wave energy converter (WEC). The objective of the study is to reconstruct under laboratory conditions the dynamics of a WEC in the form of an emulator to assess the performance, which, in this case, is the output power. The designed emulator device is programmable, which makes it possible to create under laboratory conditions the operating mode of the wave generator, identical to how the wave generator would work under real sea conditions. Any control algorithm can be executed in the designed emulator. In order to test the performance of the constructed WEC emulator, an experiment was conducted to test its power output against that of a real point-absorber WEC. The results indicate that, although the power output for that of the real WEC was higher than the WEC emulator, the emulator performed perfectly well. The relatively low power output of the emulator was because of the type of algorithm that was written for the emulator, therefore increasing the speed of the motor in the algorithm (code) would result in higher output for the proposed WEC emulator.
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Zauner, Michael, Philipp Mandl, Oliver König, Christoph Hametner, and Stefan Jakubek. "Stability analysis of a flatness-based controller driving a battery emulator with constant power load." at - Automatisierungstechnik 69, no. 2 (January 30, 2021): 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auto-2020-0107.

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Abstract This contribution deals with the control of a battery emulator used in automotive testbeds for electric drivetrains. The battery emulator, which is realized as a DC-DC converter, is connected to a unit-under-test (UUT), e. g., an electric motor inverter. To accurately emulate the dynamic impedance of a battery, a highly dynamic output is required. Additionally, battery emulators should be applicable for a large variety of UUTs, hence robust performance in a large operating range is also required. This is especially challenging when the UUT behaves like a constant power load, as this can cause stability issues. To meet the requirements, a flatness-based control concept is presented that establishes feedback equivalence between a nonlinear and a linearized system representation. By examining the stability of the concept, an estimation of the region of attraction is found.
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Ma, Chao-Tsung, Zhen-Yu Tsai, Hung-Hsien Ku, and Chin-Lung Hsieh. "Design and Implementation of a Flexible Photovoltaic Emulator Using a GaN-Based Synchronous Buck Converter." Micromachines 12, no. 12 (December 20, 2021): 1587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12121587.

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In order to efficiently facilitate various research works related to power converter design and testing for solar photovoltaic (PV) generation systems, it is a great merit to use advanced power-converter-based and digitally controlled PV emulators in place of actual PV modules to reduce the space, cost, and time to obtain the required scenarios of solar irradiances for various functional tests. This paper presents a flexible PV emulator based on gallium nitride (GaN), a wide-bandgap (WBG) semiconductor, and a based synchronous buck converter and controlled with a digital signal processor (DSP). With the help of GaN-based switching devices, the proposed emulator can accurately mimic the dynamic voltage-current characteristics of any PV module under normal irradiance and partial shading conditions. With the proposed PV emulator, it is possible to closely emulate any PV module characteristic both theoretically, based on manufacturer’s datasheets, and experimentally, based on measured data from practical PV modules. A curve fitting algorithm is used to handle the real-time generation of control signals for the digital controller. Both simulation with computer software and implementation on 1 kW GaN-based experimental hardware using Texas Instruments DSP as the controller have been carried out. Results show that the proposed emulator achieves efficiency as high as 99.05% and exhibits multifaceted application features in tracking various PV voltage and current parameters, demonstrating the feasibility and excellent performance of the proposed PV emulator.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Power emulator"

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Daniil, Nickolaos. "Battery emulator operating in a power hardware-in-the-loop simulation : the concept of hybrid battery emulator." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2017. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.723517.

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Adnan, Muhammad Wasif. "Implementation of an FPGA based Emulator for High Speed Power Electronic Systems." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-175752.

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During development of control systems for power electronic systems, it is desirable to test the controller in real-time, by interfacing it with an emulator device. In this context, this work comprises the development of an emulator that can model accurately the dynamics of high speed power electronic systems and provides interfaces that are compatible with the real hardware. The realtime state calculations, based on discrete models, were performed on custom logic, implemented on an FPGA. The realized system allows to emulate Linear Parameter Varying (LPV) systems, achieving sampling rates up to 12MHz using a low cost Xilinx FPGA. As a result, power electronic systems with very high switching frequencies can be modeled. In addition, the FPGA incorporates a soft-core processor that allows a designer to easily re-configure the system model through software. The emulator system has been validated for a multiphase DC-DC converter, by comparing its results with the real hardware setup.
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De, Cuyper Kevin. "Automated modeling and implementation of power converters on a real-time FPGA-based emulator." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/221698.

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Designing a new power electronic conversion system is a multi-step process that requires the R\&D team(s) to go through an extended prototyping phase whose goal is to validate the design in its nominal state, as well as to test its behavior when it is subjected to abnormal conditions. To properly and safely validate all devices that are external to the power stage itself, such as the controllers and the protection systems, one of the best-suited device is a real-time emulator of the converter circuit, a platform that obeys the same mathematical laws and produces the same signals as the original device withoutactually realizing the power conversion. Unfortunately, these models are often based on analog solvers which are difficult to build, must be redesigned for each modification and are subject to drift and aging. While multiple digital real-time emulators have appeared on the market in the last decades, they typically require powerful and expensive computing platforms to perform their calculations or are not generic enough to emulate the more complex power circuits. In this work, we present a new framework that allows the rapid prototyping of a wide range of power converters by translating a power converter schematic drawn on a computer to a real-time equivalent set of equations which is processed by an FPGA with an emulation time-step of less than one microsecond. Contrary to the previously published works, our tools enable the use of entry-level FPGAs even for the emulation circuits composed of twenty switches or more. This framework takes the form of a tool-chain that starts by extracting the necessary information and a standard description from the initial circuit. However, due to the intricate ways in which the switches and diodes can change their state, this raw information is too complex to be processed and emulated directly.Our first major contribution to the state of the art is a way to automatically analyze these changes in order to reduce the complexity of the problem as much as possible while keeping all the necessary information intact. In this thesis, we develop two tools that are able to find all possible changes in the state of the switches that may appear in the immediate future, thereby reducing the quantity of information required to emulate the circuit. Thanks to the global optimization provided by our tools, simulating a typical AC-to-DC converter composed of 12 switches could require 80\% less resources when compared to existing emulators.To enable the emulation or large power converters, we have created a partitioning method which divides the circuit in multiple sub-circuits which are analyzed and optimized separately. The performances of this partitioning are demonstrated by the emulation of a three-phase three-level converter with a relative error of a less that 5% on the signals.To handle our new framework, a dedicated digital platform has been developed. In order to provide the best results even on small FPGAs, particular attention is given to the low resources usage and the low latency of our design. Through multiple examples, we show that this inexpensive real-time emulation platform is able to accurately emulate many circuits in open- or closed-loop operation with a sampling rate higher than 1 MHz
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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De, Cuyper Kevin. "Automated modeling and implementation of power converters on a real-time FPGA-based emulator." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/221698/4/Thesis.pdf.

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Designing a new power electronic conversion system is a multi-step process that requires the R\&D team(s) to go through an extended prototyping phase whose goal is to validate the design in its nominal state, as well as to test its behavior when it is subjected to abnormal conditions. To properly and safely validate all devices that are external to the power stage itself, such as the controllers and the protection systems, one of the best-suited device is a real-time emulator of the converter circuit, a platform that obeys the same mathematical laws and produces the same signals as the original device withoutactually realizing the power conversion. Unfortunately, these models are often based on analog solvers which are difficult to build, must be redesigned for each modification and are subject to drift and aging. While multiple digital real-time emulators have appeared on the market in the last decades, they typically require powerful and expensive computing platforms to perform their calculations or are not generic enough to emulate the more complex power circuits. In this work, we present a new framework that allows the rapid prototyping of a wide range of power converters by translating a power converter schematic drawn on a computer to a real-time equivalent set of equations which is processed by an FPGA with an emulation time-step of less than one microsecond. Contrary to the previously published works, our tools enable the use of entry-level FPGAs even for the emulation circuits composed of twenty switches or more. This framework takes the form of a tool-chain that starts by extracting the necessary information and a standard description from the initial circuit. However, due to the intricate ways in which the switches and diodes can change their state, this raw information is too complex to be processed and emulated directly.Our first major contribution to the state of the art is a way to automatically analyze these changes in order to reduce the complexity of the problem as much as possible while keeping all the necessary information intact. In this thesis, we develop two tools that are able to find all possible changes in the state of the switches that may appear in the immediate future, thereby reducing the quantity of information required to emulate the circuit. Thanks to the global optimization provided by our tools, simulating a typical AC-to-DC converter composed of 12 switches could require 80\% less resources when compared to existing emulators.To enable the emulation or large power converters, we have created a partitioning method which divides the circuit in multiple sub-circuits which are analyzed and optimized separately. The performances of this partitioning are demonstrated by the emulation of a three-phase three-level converter with a relative error of a less that 5% on the signals.To handle our new framework, a dedicated digital platform has been developed. In order to provide the best results even on small FPGAs, particular attention is given to the low resources usage and the low latency of our design. Through multiple examples, we show that this inexpensive real-time emulation platform is able to accurately emulate many circuits in open- or closed-loop operation with a sampling rate higher than 1 MHz
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Durago, Joseph Gamos. "Photovoltaic Emulator Adaptable to Irradiance, Temperature and Panel Specific I-V Curves." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2011. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/541.

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This thesis analyzes the design and performance of a photovoltaic (PV) emulator. With increasing interest in renewable energies, large amounts of money and effort are being put into research and development for photovoltaic systems. The larger interest in PV systems has increased demand for appropriate equipment with which to test PV systems. A photovoltaic emulator is a power supply with similar current and voltage characteristics as a PV panel. This work uses an existing power supply which is manipulated via Labview to emulate a photovoltaic panel. The emulator calculates a current-voltage (I-V) curve based on the user specified parameters of panel model, irradiance and temperature. When a load change occurs, the power supply changes its current and voltage to track the calculated I-V curve, so as to mimic a solar panel. Over 250 different solar panels at varying irradiances and temperatures are able to be accurately emulated. A PV emulator provides a controlled environment that is not affected by external factors such as temperature and weather. This allows repeatable conditions on which to test PV equipment, such as inverters, and provides a controlled environment to test an overall PV system.
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Melo, Guilherme de Azevedo e. [UNESP]. "Um sistema eletrônico de 2kW para emulação/simulação experimental da característica estática de saída, tensão (versus) corrente, de sistemas de geração com células combustível tipo PEM." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87239.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-12-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:29:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 melo_ga_me_ilha.pdf: 6893159 bytes, checksum: a70518b6cdac1869ab5705bc69904150 (MD5)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento e implementação de um emulador para a característica estática de saída (Tensão versus Corrente) equivalente àquela de fontes de energia com células combustível. O emulador apresenta como vantagens, em relação à aquisição de uma FC, o baixo custo, o reduzido espaço físico e a flexibilidade via software para a implementação de diversas características baseadas em diferentes tipos de células combustível. Neste sentido, o emulador proposto permite a realização de ensaios preliminares durante a fase de projeto e os testes dinâmicos dos subsistemas de condicionamento de energia, sem a necessidade do acoplamento com o sistema de geração à células combustível, reduzindo-se os custos associados a estes testes laboratoriais. O emulador proposto consiste em um conversor Buck isolado Full-Bridge, com potência de saída de 2kW e alimentação via barramento de 400VCC, permitindo a emulação da característica nominal de saída de um conjunto de células tipo PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane - Membrana de Troca Protônica), em uma faixa de tensão de saída variando entre 32VCC e 72VCC, dependendo da corrente drenada pela carga. O circuito principal de controle é realizado através...
This work presents a design and implementation of an emulator to the static output characteristic (Voltage versus Current) that is similar to Fuel Cell generators. There are many advantages on using the Fuel Cell emulator. The emulator is cheaper, smaller and more flexible than the real Fuel Cell systems, because it is possible to emulate different characteristics through the use of a computer. In this context, a Fuel Cell emulator is proposed in this work in order to allow laboratory testes in the power conditioning system during its design and development stage. The proposed emulator is an insulated Full-Bridge converter with Buck operation, 2kW output power and 400VCC input voltage. This emulator achieves the output characteristic of a PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) Fuel Cell stack with output voltage range of 32VCC to 72VCC, depending on the output current. The main control circuit is based on FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) and VHDL (Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language) language. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed emulator achieves the output static characteristic of the PEMFC Fuel Cell System and this output characteristic can be easily modified in order to obtain another desirable static... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Melo, Guilherme de Azevedo e. "Um sistema eletrônico de 2kW para emulação/simulação experimental da característica estática de saída, tensão (versus) corrente, de sistemas de geração com células combustível tipo PEM /." Ilha Solteira : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87239.

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Orientador: Carlos Alberto Canesin
Banca: Fabio Toshiaki Wakabayashi
Banca: Luiz Carlos de Freitas
Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento e implementação de um emulador para a característica estática de saída (Tensão versus Corrente) equivalente àquela de fontes de energia com células combustível. O emulador apresenta como vantagens, em relação à aquisição de uma FC, o baixo custo, o reduzido espaço físico e a flexibilidade via software para a implementação de diversas características baseadas em diferentes tipos de células combustível. Neste sentido, o emulador proposto permite a realização de ensaios preliminares durante a fase de projeto e os testes dinâmicos dos subsistemas de condicionamento de energia, sem a necessidade do acoplamento com o sistema de geração à células combustível, reduzindo-se os custos associados a estes testes laboratoriais. O emulador proposto consiste em um conversor Buck isolado "Full-Bridge", com potência de saída de 2kW e alimentação via barramento de 400VCC, permitindo a emulação da característica nominal de saída de um conjunto de células tipo PEM ("Proton Exchange Membrane" - Membrana de Troca Protônica), em uma faixa de tensão de saída variando entre 32VCC e 72VCC, dependendo da corrente drenada pela carga. O circuito principal de controle é realizado através... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This work presents a design and implementation of an emulator to the static output characteristic (Voltage versus Current) that is similar to Fuel Cell generators. There are many advantages on using the Fuel Cell emulator. The emulator is cheaper, smaller and more flexible than the real Fuel Cell systems, because it is possible to emulate different characteristics through the use of a computer. In this context, a Fuel Cell emulator is proposed in this work in order to allow laboratory testes in the power conditioning system during its design and development stage. The proposed emulator is an insulated "Full-Bridge" converter with "Buck" operation, 2kW output power and 400VCC input voltage. This emulator achieves the output characteristic of a PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) Fuel Cell stack with output voltage range of 32VCC to 72VCC, depending on the output current. The main control circuit is based on FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) and VHDL (Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language) language. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed emulator achieves the output static characteristic of the PEMFC Fuel Cell System and this output characteristic can be easily modified in order to obtain another desirable static... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Rosa, Luiz Henrique Leite. "Metodologia para desenvolvimento e aplicação de um emulador de redes elétricas inteligentes em ambiente controlado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-21092018-140237/.

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O presente trabalho visa propor uma metodologia para desenvolvimento e aplicação de um inovador emulador de redes elétricas inteligentes (REIs) para testes sistêmicos de funcionalidades de Smart Grids envolvendo dispositivos inteligentes (hardware) e sistemas de tecnologia da informação (software) em ambiente laboratorial. Além de dar uma dimensão da importância dos laboratórios de redes elétricas inteligentes para a pesquisa do tema, o levantamento bibliográfico apresentado neste trabalho permite concluir que as pesquisas envolvendo hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) tendem a concentrar suas análises nos equipamentos de hardware testados, como dispositivos de medição, equipamentos de potência (inversores de frequência e outros), dispositivos de controle e seus algoritmos e não em estudos que envolvam análises mais sistêmicas e interações dos dispositivos com sistemas de TI normalmente presentes nos Centros de Operação da Distribuição (COD), os quais cumprem papéis cada vez mais importantes nas funcionalidades de Redes Inteligentes. A metodologia proposta parte da premissa de que um ambiente para testes de funcionalidades de Smart Grids deve permitir análises sistêmicas, não apenas focadas nos dispositivos de controle de uma porção particular da rede ou sistemas de automação específicos, mas devem envolver a maior porção de rede possível e necessária para a correta representação das redes elétricas inteligentes. Neste sentido, a metodologia define e caracteriza os principais módulos e etapas de desenvolvimento de um emulador de redes elétricas inteligentes, ao mesmo tempo em que propõe soluções para os desafios de integração destes módulos, aplicando conceitos de hardware-in-the-loop, software-in-the-loop (SIL), e simulação com sincronização orientada a evento, além de propor soluções com simulação de sistemas de potência em regime permanente e hardware de baixo custo que permitiram o desenvolvimento do emulador de redes em laboratório de Smart Grid. As principais características do emulador de REIs desenvolvido e implementado no laboratório de Smart Grid, conforme a metodologia proposta, também são descritas neste trabalho. Por fim, são apresentados os casos teste, mais especificamente provas de conceito, envolvendo redes de teste IEEE/PES e redes reais das concessionárias do grupo EDP, financiador do projeto de implantação do laboratório no âmbito do Programa de P&D ANEEL, os quais serviram de base para a avaliação do desempenho do emulador e discussões finais sobre as contribuições da metodologia de desenvolvimento proposta neste trabalho.
This work aims to proposing a methodology for the development and application of an innovative Smart Grid emulator for systemic testing of Smart Grids functionalities involving intelligent devices and information technology systems in a laboratory environment. Besides demonstrating the importance of the Smart Grid for the subject research, the literature review clarifies that the research involving hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) tends to concentrate its analyses in the equipment under test, such as power devices, control devices and their algorithms. Instead, it should consider systemic studies involving the interaction of these devices with Operation Centre IT systems, so relevant to the Smart Grid functionalities. The proposed methodology is based on the premise that an environment for testing Smart Grids functionalities should allow systemic analysis instead of focusing only on control devices of a specific area or specific automation systems. Instead, it should involve a more detailed representation of the network that is necessary for the correct representation of the Smart Grid. In this direction, the methodology defines and characterizes the development stages and main modules of a Smart Grid emulator and proposes solutions for integration issues. It applies concepts of hardware-in-the-loop, software-in-the-loop (SIL), simulation with event-driven synchronization, besides steady-state power simulation and low-cost hardware solutions that enabled the development of the Power grid emulator at a Smart Grid laboratory. The main features of the Smart Grid emulator developed and implemented at the Smart Grid laboratory, according to the proposed methodology, are also described in this work. Finally, the description of the Smart Grid laboratory, test cases and proofs of concepts involving IEEE/PES test feeders and real networks of the EDP utility, sponsor of the project for laboratory implementation under the ANEEL R&D Program, are presented to prove the Emulator performance and to discuss the contribution of the methodology herein proposed.
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Leghorn, Jeremy T. "Modeling for ship power system emulation." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/4302.

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CIVINS
Approved for public release, distribution unlimited
With the U.S. Navy's continued focus on Integrated Fight Thru Power (IFTP) there has been an ever increasing effort to ensure an electrical distribution system that maintains maximum capabilities in the event of system faults. Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM), which has been used extensively for condition based maintenance applications, could simultaneously be used to enhance the existing zonal protection system employed with Multi-Function Monitors (MFM). A test platform with three 5000 watt synchronous generators is being constructed to emulate a U.S. Navy DDG 51 FLT IIA class ship electric plant. This is being accomplished in order to evaluate the feasibility of improving the fault isolation capabilities of the MFM with NILM implementation. The first step in this endeavor will be to electrically relate the test platform to the DDG electric plant. In order to accomplish this step, the fault simulation results from the test platform will be compared to simulated faults using U.S. Navy data from DDG 51 electric plants. This will allow for the fault isolation results from the test platform to be related to the DDG 51electric plant.
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Leghorn, Jeremy T. (Jeremy Thomas). "Modeling for ship power system emulation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/50590.

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Thesis (Nav. E.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 68).
With the U.S. Navy's continued focus on Integrated Fight Thru Power (IFTP) there has been an ever increasing effort to ensure an electrical distribution system that maintains maximum capabilities in the event of system faults. This is to ensure that the crew has the ability to complete real time tactical missions in the event of battle damage to any localized portions of the electrical distribution system. Fault isolation is a priority component of the U.S. Navy's Next Generation Integrated Power System (NGIPS) Roadmap, which lays out the framework as well as milestone dates for future development. Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM), which has been used extensively for condition based maintenance applications, could simultaneously be used to enhance the existing zonal protection system employed with Multi-Function Monitors (MFM). NILM may be able to, inexpensively, use the existing current and voltage sensors available from the MFM hardware to determine electrical loading which could allow for faster fault isolation capability. A test platform with three 5000 watt synchronous generators is being constructed to emulate a U.S. Navy DDG 51 FLT IIA class ship electric plant. This is being accomplished in order to evaluate the feasibility of improving the fault isolation capabilities of the MFM with NILM implementation. The first step in this endeavor will be to electrically relate the test platform to the DDG electric plant. In order to accomplish this step, the fault simulation results from the test platform will be compared to simulated faults using U.S. Navy data from DDG 51 electric plants.
(cont.) This will allow for the fault isolation results from the test platform to be related to the DDG 51 electric plant.
by Jeremy T. Leghorn.
S.M.
Nav.E.
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Books on the topic "Power emulator"

1

Piazza, Maria Carmela Di. Photovoltaic Sources: Modeling and Emulation. London: Springer London, 2013.

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Power and global sport: Zones of prestige, emulation, and resistance. Abingdon: Routledge, 2005.

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Kirsch, Susan. Power Monitor for the MPLAB REAL ICE in-Circuit Emulator U. G. Microchip Technology Incorporated, 2016.

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Takenaka, Norio. Power Monitor for the MPLAB REAL ICE in-Circuit Emulator User's Guide. Microchip Technology Incorporated, 2017.

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Jiang, Linda. Power Monitor to the MPLAB REAL ICE in-Circuit Emulator User's Guide. Microchip Technology Incorporated, 2017.

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Dolan, Dale. Real-time wind turbine emulator suitable for power quality and dynamic control studies. 2005.

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Dolan, Dale. Real-time wind turbine emulator suitable for power quality and dynamic control studies. 2005.

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Photovoltaic Sources Modeling And Emulation. Springer, 2012.

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Vitale, Gianpaolo, and Maria Carmela Di Piazza. Photovoltaic Sources: Modeling and Emulation. Springer, 2012.

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Kennelly, Spencer. UCS81003 Automotive USB Port Power Controller with Charger Emulation. Microchip Technology Incorporated, 2014.

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Book chapters on the topic "Power emulator"

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Salas-Cabrera, Rubén, Oscar Martínez-Hernández, Julio C. Rosas-Caro, Jonathan C. Mayo-Maldonado, E. Nacú Salas-Cabrera, Aaron González-Rodríguez, Hermenegildo Cisneros-Villegas, Rafael Castillo-Gutierrez, Gregorio Hernández-Palmer, and Rodolfo Castillo-Ibarra. "Parametric Identification of a Power-System Emulator." In Intelligent Automation and Systems Engineering, 79–92. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0373-9_7.

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Jaber, Adel, Pavlos Lazaridis, Bahghtar Saeed, Yong Zhang, Umar Khan, David Upton, Hamd Ahmed, et al. "Assessment of Effective Radiated Power of the Partial Discharge Emulator Source." In Wireless and Satellite Systems, 108–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53850-1_12.

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Chaker, Mohammed, Driss Yousfi, Bekkay Hajji, Mustapha Kourchi, Mohamed Ajaamoum, Ahmed Belarabi, Nasrudin Abd Rahim, and Jeyrage Selvaraj. "Design and Implementation of a Photovoltaic Emulator Using an Insulated Full Bridge Converter Based Switch Mode Power Supply." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 531–41. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6259-4_56.

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Lee, Sanghyun, Bong Gu Kang, Tag Gon Kim, Jeonghun Cho, and Daejin Park. "Interoperation of Distributed MCU Emulator/Simulator for Operating Power Simulation of Large-Scale Internet of Event-Driven Control Things." In Advances in Parallel and Distributed Computing and Ubiquitous Services, 75–82. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0068-3_9.

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Cone, Tiffany. "Charisma and Emulation." In Cultivating Charismatic Power, 99–117. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74763-7_4.

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Cheng, Xiaoyan, Sebastian Simmich, Finn Zahari, Tom Birkoben, Maximiliane Noll, Tobias Wolfer, Eckhard Hennig, Robert Rieger, Hermann Kohlstedt, and Andreas Bahr. "Biologically Inspired and Energy-Efficient Neurons." In Springer Series on Bio- and Neurosystems, 357–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36705-2_15.

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AbstractSilicon neurons represent different levels of biological details and accuracies as a trade-off between complexity and power consumption. With respect to this trade-off and high similarity to neuron behaviour models, relaxation-type oscillator circuits often yield a good compromise to emulate neurons. In this chapter, two exemplified relaxation-type silicon neurons are presented that emulate neural behaviour with energy consumption under the scale of nJ/spike. The first proposed fully CMOS relaxation SiN is based on mathematical Izhikevich model and can mimic a broad range of physiologically observable spike patterns. The results of kinds of biologically plausible output patterns and coupling process of two SiNs are presented in 0.35 $$\upmu $$ μ m CMOS technology. The second type is a novel ultra-low-frequency hybrid CMOS-memristive SiN based on relaxation oscillators and analog memristive devices. The hybrid SiN directly emulates neuron behaviour in the range of physiological spiking frequencies (less than 100 Hz). The relaxation oscillator is implemented and fabricated in 0.13 $$\upmu $$ μ m CMOS technology. An autonomous neuronal synchronization process is demonstrated with two relaxation oscillators coupled by an analog memristive device in the measurement to emulate the synchronous behaviour between spiking neurons.
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Bielecki, Jan, Tom Birkoben, Maximiliane Noll, Jan-Frederik Freiberg, Peer Wulff, Heinrich Terlau, and Hermann Kohlstedt. "Pattern Recognition in the Box Jellyfish Rhopalial Nervous System Mimicked by an Ensemble of Pulsed Coupled Oscillators." In Springer Series on Bio- and Neurosystems, 335–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36705-2_14.

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AbstractThe rapidly expanding field of biomimetics emulates biological principles, distilled through evolutionary time, to solve problems in technology, medicine and material science. Information processing in neuronal circuitry of biological models may offer guidelines for future highly efficient computing systems exhibiting, as for example, low power consumption accompanied by excellent pattern recognition capabilities. Here, we consider the visual information processing in the nervous system of the box jellyfish Tripedalia cystophora as template for pattern recognition hardware to operate self-guiding robotic vehicles or automated driving assistants. LTspice XVII simulations of coupled relaxation-type oscillators, based on programmable unijunction transistors (PUTs), enabled the emulation of basal visual functionalities of the T. cystophora central nervous system. The transfer of such simulations in real hardware circuits including possible limitations are discussed.
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Bachmann, Christian, Andreas Genser, Christian Steger, Reinhold Weiß, and Josef Haid. "Accelerating Embedded Software Power Profiling Using Run-Time Power Emulation." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 186–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11802-9_23.

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Lin, C. Y., and Simin Nadjm-Tehrani. "A Comparative Analysis of Emulated and Real IEC-104 Spontaneous Traffic in Power System Networks." In Cyber-Physical Security for Critical Infrastructures Protection, 207–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69781-5_14.

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AbstractSupervisory and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems control and monitor modern power networks. As attacks targeting SCADA systems are increasing, significant research is conducted to defend SCADA networks including variations of anomaly detection. Due to the sensitivity of real data, many defence mechanisms have been tested only in small testbeds or emulated traffic that were designed with assumptions on how SCADA systems behave. This work provides a timing characterization of IEC-104 spontaneous traffic and compares the results from emulated traffic and real traffic to verify if the network characteristics appearing in testbeds and emulated traffic coincide with real traffic. Among three verified characteristics, two of them appear in the real dataset but in a less regular way, and one does not appear in the collected real data. The insights from these observations are discussed in terms of presumed differences between emulated and real traffic and how those differences are generated.
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Harrant, Manuel, Thomas Nirmaier, Christoph Grimm, and Georg Pelz. "Configurable Load Emulation Using FPGA and Power Amplifiers for Automotive Power ICs." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 109–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01418-0_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Power emulator"

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Endo, Mitsuru, Takao Kakizaki, and Kazunori Nagasawa. "Development of a Sustainable System Emulator for Living Environments Powered by Renewable Energy." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-86817.

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In the present paper, a sustainable system emulator (SSE) for living environments powered by renewable energy sources is addressed. The main purpose of the SSE is to emulate the various factors that influence sustainability using a simple engineering approach. The main goal is to realize a useful mixed-reality platform for designing living environments with overall energy self-sufficiency as well as adequate habitability. The SSE design concept is based on the combination of an outer-system emulator (OSE) and an inner-system emulator (ISE). The OSE uses artificial lights and air blowers to emulate the sunshine and wind conditions in the Fukushima area of Japan. The ISE emulates the interior of a residential environment, based on renewable energy sources and power storage facilities, and consists of reduced-scale models powered by solar cells and a wind turbine. The ISE also includes DC appliances, which emulate domestic power usage, and electrochemical batteries for power storage. Control algorithms for energy management can also be implemented in the SSE. An experimental study was carried out using the SSE to emulate both the natural environment and living environments, and the relationship among the different emulation parameters was investigated. Furthermore, the experimental results indicated that accelerated testing using SSE may be effective for improving the design efficiency of renewable-energy powered systems.
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Alaoui, Mustapha, Hattab Maker, Azeddine Mouhsen, and Hicham Hihi. "Solar Photovoltaic Emulation under Uniform Irradiance and Partial Shading Conditions using Sliding Mode Control." In 2nd International Conference on Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. Acavent, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/2nd.icrset.2019.11.779.

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For the purpose of minimizing greenhouse gas emissions and contributing strongly to the climate change mitigation, many researchers and scientists are making tremendous efforts in order to boost the research and development in renewable energies as an important solution to reduce the use of conventional power generation resources. Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy is widely used and has known a significant interest in last years. However, its dependence on the atmospheric conditions does not allow researchers to perform their experiences at the desired atmospheric parameters especially temperature (T) and irradiance (G). Furthermore, using real PV modules with controllable light source to carry out measurements and tests on PV applications such as Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) and solar connected inverters is considerably inefficient and less flexible. Therefore, PV array emulator were appeared to deal with those limitations and to replace efficiently the use of real PV modules in laboratory tests by delivering similar PV characteristics and mimicking the electrical behavior of PV panels. In addition to the emulation of PV modules under varying environmental conditions, the emulation of PV array under partial shading conditions is an interesting topic especially for the aim of using PV array emulators in testing Global Maximum Power Point Tracking (GMPPT) techniques, which constitute nowadays a huge challenge for PV researchers. This paper presents the design of PV array emulator based on robust sliding mode controller, which is able to emulate accurately the PV array under both uniform solar insolation and partial shading conditions. Simulation results using Matlab Simulink software are presented and discussed so as to investigate the static and dynamic performances of the developed power device.
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Hohloch, Martina, Andreas Huber, and Manfred Aigner. "Experimental Investigation of a SOFC/MGT Hybrid Power Plant Test Rig: Impact and Characterization of a Fuel Cell Emulator." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-57747.

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The main topic of the paper is the experimental investigation of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) / micro gas turbine (MGT) hybrid power plant test rig. This comprises the proof of concept, the characterization of the operational range and the influence of the coupling on the MGT. The operational concept of the hybrid power plant is designed to reach a maximum flexibility in electrical power output. Therefore the power plant is operated at different MGT shaft speeds and electrical power outputs of the SOFC, thus leading to different SOFC temperatures. Instead of a real fuel cell an emulator was developed and built to emulate the fluid dynamic and thermodynamic behavior of a real SOFC. The test rig is based on a Turbec T100PH micro gas turbine. A specially designed interface connects the facility to the tubing system and the SOFC emulator. For the present investigation the SOFC emulator has been equipped with a gas preheater. It emulates the varying heat output of the fuel cell. The gas preheater is composed of a natural gas combustor based on the FLOX® technology, with a swirl-stabilized pilot stage and allows a wide range of emulating different SOFC outlet temperatures. In addition installations have been integrated into a pressure vessel, representing the SOFC cathode volume, to analyze the increase in residence time and pressure loss. Initially three different configurations of the test rig, no SOFC emulator – tube only, SOFC emulator with pressure vessels and fully equipped SOFC emulator (pressure vessels, installations and gas preheater) are compared regarding the influence of the different volumes, residence times and pressure losses. The operating range of the test rig equipped with gas preheater in cold (no fuel) as well as in hot conditions is investigated. As the velocity at the entrance of the gas turbine combustor increases with increased fuel cell outlet temperature the surge margin is strongly influenced. The operating range was determined for different shaft speeds and preheating (SOFC outlet) temperatures. Finally the transient behavior of the gas preheater and its impact on the MGT is analyzed. The results provide the required basis to implement a cyber physical system, in which the SOFC emulator is controlled by a SOFC model, as well as the basis for the real coupling of MGT and SOFC.
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van Vuuren, Riekert Jansen, and Gerhard Botha. "DC Power Quality Emulator." In 2020 International SAUPEC/RobMech/PRASA Conference. IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/saupec/robmech/prasa48453.2020.9041079.

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Viglus, Francisco Jose, and Marcelo Lobo Heldwein. "Hybrid Subsea Power Cable Emulator." In 2019 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apec.2019.8722212.

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Plaza, Pedro, Felix Garcia-Loro, Elio Sancristobal, Sergio Martin, Blanca Quintana, Francois Julien, Mamadou Kaba Traore, and Manuel Castro. "Smart industry electric power emulator." In 2022 Congreso de Tecnología, Aprendizaje y Enseñanza de la Electrónica (XV Technologies Applied to Electronics Teaching Conference (TAEE). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taee54169.2022.9840716.

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Garg, Himani, Navneet Sharma, and Ratna Dahiya. "Design and Simulation of Wind Turbine Emulator." In 2018 IEEE 8th Power India International Conference (PIICON). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/poweri.2018.8704424.

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Agrawal, Jaya, and Mohan Aware. "Photovoltaic system emulator." In 2012 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pedes.2012.6484360.

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Boles, Jessica D., Yiwei Ma, Wenchao Cao, Leon M. Tolbert, and Fred Wang. "Battery energy storage emulation in a converter-based power system emulator." In 2017 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apec.2017.7931029.

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Wang, Jing, Liu Yang, Yiwei Ma, Jingxin Wang, Leon M. Tolbert, Fred Wang, and Kevin Tomsovic. "Static and dynamic power system load emulation in converter-based reconfigurable power grid emulator." In 2014 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecce.2014.6953947.

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