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Journal articles on the topic 'Powder recycling'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2023

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1

Gorji, N. E., R. O’Connor, and D. Brabazon. "XPS, SEM, AFM, and Nano-Indentation characterization for powder recycling within additive manufacturing process." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1182, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1182/1/012025.

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Abstract Powder recycling and reducing the waste metallic powder is EU’s key provision in waste framework directive (2008/98/EC). The aim of this investigation is to analyse the correlation between the surface and morphology properties of (virgin and recycled) powders and the microstructure and mechanical properties of the 3D printed parts (made of three powders). Two biomedical Tibia implants have been 3D printed from virgin and 3-5 times recycled powders of stainless steel 316L. For this, the surface composition and microstructure of the powders has been characterized and correlated to the nanoindentation measurements carrier out on these implants. X-ray surface spectroscopy (XPS) has been used to analyse the oxidation level on the powder’s surface revealing less than 10% more oxygen on the surface of recycled powders. SEM analysis shows less than 5 μm difference in powder size distribution even though the shape and circularity of the recycled powders seem to be affected under several reusing cycles. The size of the powder particles does not show much difference but satellites and binding between the powders increased in recycled powder. The hardness and effective modulus of the parts from recycled powders are significantly smaller than the virgin-made implants, which could be due to higher porosity present in the recycled powder or due to oxygen increment on recycled powder. The surface roughness (AFM analysis) has slightly increased on part made of recycled powders. However, the overall morphology shows little difference between the two parts.

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Vasileva, Elena, and Afanasiy Ivanov. "Recycling waste as raw material for powder coatings." MATEC Web of Conferences 376 (2023): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202337601009.

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According to global market analysis, annual production of polymer composites is expected to increase by an average of 6%, reaching a volume of 13-14 million tonnes by 2024, primarily in the building industry and mechanical engineering sectors. Recycling of polymer composites can be achieved through secondary use or recycling of solid waste. In Russia, about 160 out of 343 polymer producers are engaged in polymer recycling, with a focus on thermoplastics. However, recycling of thermoplastics is a complex process due to the strong polymer matrix structure, varying fillers, and resistance to thermal and chemical degradation. Mechanical grinding of waste polymer composites in powder form is a promising way to obtain a secondary product for decorative and protective coatings. Powder coating is a mixture of polymer powders with target and staining pigments, which sprayed onto the surface of a product and then polymerized at 150-220 °С. This paper compares a commercial polymer powder coating with a powder coating derived from recycled glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) on an epoxy binder. The study shows that the polymer powder coating composition obtained from recycled GRP is comparable to commercial powder coatings in terms of uniformity of distribution over the coated surface.

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3

Yánez, Alejandro, María Paula Fiorucci, Oscar Martel, and Alberto Cuadrado. "The Influence of Dimensions and Powder Recycling on the Roughness and Mechanical Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Parts Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion." Materials 15, no. 16 (August 22, 2022): 5787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15165787.

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Powder bed fusion technology has undergone a remarkable amount of development in recent years in the field of medical implants due to the advantages associated with it. In many implant applications that demand loads in parts with a high degree of roughness and small dimensions, the mechanical properties, especially fatigue properties, play a key role in the success of the implants. One of the most used materials in this field is Ti-6Al-4V. On the other hand, the high cost of titanium powders makes it necessary to search for suitable powder recycling strategies. In this work, the effects of dimensions and powder recycling on the roughness and the mechanical properties of cylinder specimens were obtained from tensile static and fatigue tests of Ti-6Al4V Extra-Low Interstitial (ELI) parts. Four types of specimens were fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (two dimensions (section diameters of 2 mm and 5 mm) with new powder and with recycled powder). Results show that the oxygen concentration increased with recycling. No significant effects of recycling were observed on the monotonic tensile strength specimens. However, specimens fabricated with recycled powder showed greater roughness, lower ductility, and lower fatigue strength than those fabricated with new powder. On the other hand, the 5-mm-diameter specimens showed slightly better fatigue behavior than the 2-mm-diameter ones.

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Park, Cha-Won, and Byeung-Hee Kang. "Recycling Technology of Cementitious Powder for Completely Recycling of Concrete Waste." Journal of the Korean Institute of Building Construction 5, no. 3 (September 1, 2005): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5345/jkic.2005.5.3.109.

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5

Gaisin, Al F., R. R. Kayumov, А. I. Kuputdinova, and R. R. Mardanov. "Plasma-liquid recycling of metal powder for 3D printing." Physics and Chemistry of Materials Treatment 1 (2023): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30791/0015-3214-2023-1-37-44.

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The limits and prospects of plasma-liquid recycling of EOS StainlessSteel PH1 powder by processing products made by selective laser melting (SLM) on an Electro Optical Systems (EOS) 3D printer were studied. The current-voltage characteristics (CVC), types and forms of combustion of gas-discharge plasma in the process of processing products of additive manufacturing have been studied. Microphotographs of the powder were obtained by scanning electron microscopy, and the elemental and granulometric composition of the obtained powders were determined. It has been established that plasma-liquid recycling makes it possible to obtain metalic powders for the 3D printing in range from 10 to 120 microns by size.

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6

Moen, Monica, Terje Halvorsen, Knut Mørk, and Sjur Velken. "Recycling of silicon metal powder from industrial powder waste streams." Metal Powder Report 72, no. 3 (May 2017): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mprp.2016.04.005.

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7

Klishchenko, V. P., and A. B. Lurie. "Recycling tires and obtaining a new binder for roads Powder based Rubber Powder RKL 2020." Okhrana truda i tekhnika bezopasnosti na promyshlennykh predpriyatiyakh (Labor protection and safety procedure at the industrial enterprises), no. 9 (September 11, 2020): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/pro-4-2009-11.

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The problem of recycling worn-out rubbers has a great environmental pollution due to its high resistance to external factors. Also rubbers have a high fire hazard, and the products of their combustion have an extremely harmful effect on human health and the environment. The article presents a unique technology for producing a chemically active rubber powder Rubber Powder RKL 2020 by recycling used car tires.

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8

Lucignano, Carmine, and Fabrizio Quadrini. "New Technological Solutions for Recycling Spent Tire Rubber." International Journal of Manufacturing, Materials, and Mechanical Engineering 2, no. 1 (January 2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmmme.2012010101.

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To recycle spent tires, the combination of powder comminution and compression molding of resulting powders (without virgin rubber or linking agent) is an efficient solution to produce rubber components with good mechanical properties. Previous studies showed the feasibility of this recycling technology but new efforts are necessary to increase the rubber part size and complexity as well as to find new industrial applications. In this study, some important technological aspects of direct powder molding have been analyzed for the first time: the ability of giving a complex shape to the rubber part or performing secondary works to improve aesthetics and functions.

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Matsuo, Yoshio, Toshitaka Hashimoto, Fumiaki Nakao, and Takeshi Watanabe. "Recycling of High Frequency Type Ferrite Powder." Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy 49, no. 2 (2002): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2497/jjspm.49.100.

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10

Stepnov, A. V., I. V. Belyaev, V. E. Bazhenov, A. A. Pavlov, and A. V. Kireev. "Recycling of alumina powder after plasma spraying." NOVYE OGNEUPORY (NEW REFRACTORIES), no. 4 (September 16, 2020): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1683-4518-2020-4-24-27.

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11

Lan, Yuanpei, Qingcai Liu, Guofang Wu, Jian Yang, Minren Xu, Wanzhong Ao, and Qianxiang Chen. "Recycling of Burned Dolomite Powder in Steelmaking." Metallurgist 57, no. 9-10 (January 2014): 862–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-014-9814-5.

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12

Gratz, Eric. "(Invited) Benefits of the Hydro to Cathode^TMLi-Ion Battery Recycling Method." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 5 (July 7, 2022): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-015592mtgabs.

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Battery Resourcers’ (BRs) patented Hydro to CathodeTM recycling process can accept any lithium ion battery, regardless of size, shape, or chemistry, and recover commercial quality NMC cathode powder. The reason cathode powder must be recovered for sustainable/profitable recycling is it accounts for >50% of the batteries material value. Traditional recycling process only recover the metal value which is 30% of the batteries material value. The cathode powder has been independently tested by variety of labs. NMC111, NMC 532, NMC 622 and NMC 811 have been produced to commercial quality. The Hydro to CathodeTM technology offers the ability to control composition, the particle size, tap density, and morphology of the recovered particles for either precursor or cathode materials. Thus the process is commercially viable while other processes such as direct recycling face significant challenges. This presentation discusses the benefits of the recycling process and the properties of the output material.

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13

Li, Shao Xiang, Zhao Feng Wang, Wen Qian Li, Gui Zhong Zhou, and Guang Zhao Liu. "Characterization of Recycled Cemented Carbide and the Raw Materials." Advanced Materials Research 852 (January 2014): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.852.173.

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Nowadays, a large quantity of cemented carbide is being consumed, and the amount of scrap cemented carbide is increasing year by year. In this paper, crystal morphology, element content and phase structure of the recycled cobalt powder as well as recycled tungsten carbide powder were characterized by SEM, EDS and XRD. Hardness of the prepared W-Co alloy using recycled cobalt powder and recycled tungsten carbide powder as the raw materials was tested by Rockwell apparatus. Through analysis of these results, the existing problems in recycling of scrap cemented carbide emerged. As for recycling of scrap cemented carbide, the research results can provide theoretical basis for improvement of recycling technology and process control technology.

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Lucignano, Carmine, Erica Anna Squeo, Alessandro Guglielmotti, and Fabrizio Quadrini. "Recycling of Waste Epoxy-Polyester Powders for Foam Production." International Journal of Manufacturing, Materials, and Mechanical Engineering 1, no. 3 (July 2011): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmmme.2011070102.

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This paper proposes a new foaming technology (solid-state foaming) to produce structural foams from waste thermosetting resins. The proposed technology is easy and does not require specific and expensive equipments. Solid tablets are produced by cold compaction of resin powder, and foam by heating in an oven. Composite foams can be produced by mixing fillers and resin powder before the cold compaction. In the experiment, an epoxy-polyester (EP-PE) resin powder, deriving from the waste of a manufacturer of domestic appliances, was used with montmorillonite (MMT) particles. Resulting foams with a filler content ranging from 0 to 10 wt% were characterized in terms of physical and mechanical properties (by compression tests). Although the effect of the MMT content seems to be negative for the adopted resin, the feasibility of producing composite foams by recycling waste industrial powders is shown. The properties of the unfilled foams are sufficient for many industrial applications.

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15

Mohammadhosseini, Afshin, Darren Fraser, S. H. Masood, and Mahnaz Jahedi. "A Study of Morphology of Titanium Powder Used in Electron Beam Melting." Applied Mechanics and Materials 541-542 (March 2014): 160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.541-542.160.

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Electron beam melting (EBM) has been recognized as a revolutionary manufacturing process. This layer-by-layer additive manufacturing process has shown great promise for fabrication of biomedical implants and aerospace components. This paper represents an investigation into the particle size distribution, morphology and flow-ability of Ti6Al4V powder used in EBM process. The effect of recycling of the powder on the chemical properties has been investigated. Results show that recycling increases the weight percentage of interstitial elements. The flow-ability and apparent density of the powder were measured before and after recycling process and no change was observed.

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16

Ageev, Evgeniy V., Anton S. Pereverzev, and Sergey V. Khardikov. "A Study of Porosity of Products Sintered from BrS30 Alloy Electro-Erosion Powders." Materials Science Forum 989 (May 2020): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.989.187.

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The article discusses a topical issue of scrap metal recycling, in particular BrS30 alloy scrap recycling, into powders for their repeated use to fabricate and harden machine parts. Nowadays, one of the most promising method of processing any conductive material is electro-erosion dispersion, which is non-waste, eco-friendly and energy-efficient. The paper presents the findings of a research of porosity of products, sintered from leaded bronze pressed powders, obtained by electro-erosion dispersion in distilled water. It was determined that in uniaxial pressing of the powder using a desktop hydraulic press, and in isostatic pressing of the powder using an isostatic press, and further sintering of the obtained samples in a folding tube furnace, the porosity was 0.61% and 1.44%, respectively.

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17

Pacini, Alessio, Francesco Lupi, Andrea Rossi, Maurizia Seggiani, and Michele Lanzetta. "Direct Recycling of WC-Co Grinding Chip." Materials 16, no. 4 (February 5, 2023): 1347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16041347.

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Grinding is a finishing process for high precision, high surface quality parts, and hard materials, including tool fabrication and sharpening. The recycling of grinding scraps, which often contain rare and costly materials such as tungsten carbide (WC-Co), has been established for decades. However, there is a growing need for more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly recycling processes. Currently, grinding sludges, which are a mixture of abrasives, lubricants, and hard metal chips, are only treated through chemical recycling. Direct recycling (“reuse” of chips as raw material) is the most effective but not yet viable process due to the presence of contaminants. This paper presents an oil-free dry grinding process that produces high-quality chips (i.e., oil-free and with few contaminants, smaller than 60 mesh particle size) that can be directly recycled, as opposed to the oil-based wet grinding that generates sludges, which require indirect recycling. The proposed alternative recycling method is validated experimentally using WC-Co chips from a leading hard metals’ processing specialized company. The contaminant level (oxygen 0.8 wt.%, others < 0.4 wt.%), granulometry (chip D50 = 10.4 µm with grain size < 3 µm) and morphology of the recycled chips’ powder is comparable to commercial powders proving the research and industrial potential of direct recycling. The comparison of sintered products using recycled and commercial powder provided equivalent characteristics for hardness (HRA of 90.7, HV30 of 1430), porosity grade (A02-04) and grain size (<3 µm).

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18

Topič, Jaroslav, and Zdenek Prošek. "PROPERTIES AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF CEMENT PASTE INCLUDING RECYCLED CONCRETE POWDER." Acta Polytechnica 57, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2017.57.0049.

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The disposal and further recycling of concrete is being investigated worldwide, because the issue of complete recycling has not yet been fully resolved. A fundamental difficulty faced by researchers is the reuse of the recycled concrete fines which are very small (< 1 mm). Currently, full recycling of such waste fine fractions is highly energy intensive and resulting in production of CO<sub>2</sub>. Because of this, the only recycling methods that can be considered as sustainable and environmentally friendly are those which involve recycled concrete powder (RCP) in its raw form. This article investigates the performance of RCP with the grain size < 0.25 mm as a potential binder replacement, and also as a microfiller in cement-based composites. Here, the RCP properties are assessed, including how mechanical properties and the microstructure are influenced by increasing the amount of the RCP in a cement paste (≤ 25 wt%).

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19

MIYANAMI, Kei. "Powder Technology for Recycling and Reclamation of Wastes." Journal of the Society of Powder Technology, Japan 32, no. 6 (1995): 408–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4164/sptj.32.408.

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20

Nawar, Azra, Hosein Ghaedi, Majid Ali, Ming Zhao, Naseem Iqbal, and Rashid Khan. "Recycling waste-derived marble powder for CO2 capture." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 132 (December 2019): 214–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2019.10.005.

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21

Shishkin, Andrej, Viktor Mironov, Dmitry Goljandin, and Vijacheslav Lapkovsky. "Recycling of Al-W-B Composite Material." Key Engineering Materials 527 (November 2012): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.527.143.

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A waste of composite material (CM), containing boron-tungsten fibre and aluminium matrix (CM Al-W-B) is investigated. A method of grinding has been used for processing of Al-W-B CM waste. This method has been carried out in several stages in order to obtain a powder with determined particle size. The milled material contains aluminium matrix alloy, boron and tungsten. The morphology of CM Al-W-B particles is described. The mechanism of disintegration and relationship between energy spent for disintegration, and a degree of milling of CM Al-W-B powder, are described. Possible applications of Al-W-B composite powder as a source material for obtaining a new composite ceramics by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) are noted.

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22

Shi, Yunsong, Wei Zhu, Chunze Yan, Jinsong Yang, and Zhidao Xia. "Preparation and selective laser sintering of a new nylon elastomer powder." Rapid Prototyping Journal 24, no. 6 (August 13, 2018): 1026–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-11-2017-0223.

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Purpose This study aims to report the preparation, selective laser sintering (SLS) processing and properties of a new nylon elastomer powder. The effects of solvent, dissolution temperature and time and cooling method and speed on the particle size and morphologies of the prepared nylon elastomer powder are investigated. Design/methodology/approach The prepared nylon elastomer power possesses the particle size of around 50 mm and is spherical in shape, indicating that this study provides the feasible dissolution-precipitation process, a distillation cooling method and a suitable solvent to prepare nylon elastomer powders. Findings Compared to pure nylon 12, the nylon elastomer has a lower part bed temperature and a wider sintering window for the SLS process. The wider sintering window indicates the better SLS processibility. The lower part bed temperature is beneficial to the recycling of material and the decrease in the requirement of SLS equipment. Originality/value The nylon elastomer in this study has a lower part bed temperature and a wider sintering window for the SLS process. The wider sintering window indicates better SLS processibility. The lower part bed temperature is beneficial to the recycling of material and the decrease in the requirement of SLS equipment.

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23

Rakhimyanov, Kharis, and Valentina Marusina. "Perspectives of the industrial recycling of hard-alloy materials waste by electro-erosive grinding." MATEC Web of Conferences 224 (2018): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822401010.

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The creation of efficient industries is possible by using sustainable technologies based on the processes of recycling of the production waste. First of all, it refers to expensive material waste, including hard alloys. The electro-erosive grinding is considered to be the effective method of recycling such materials. The results of research on recycling the tungsten-cobalt hard alloy show the possibility of obtaining tungsten-carbide powders possessing improved physical and mechanical properties. The technology mentioned is also perspective for recycling tungstenless hard-alloy waste both at the laboratory devices equipped with the RC-generator and at the industrial installations of bulky grinding. It is established experimentally that the electro-erosive grinding of the TN20 tungstenless hard alloy at the laboratory provides obtaining the main volume (up to 85%) of the powder particles of the spherical shape having a dimension of 5 µm and the specific surface of 31.5 m2/g. Higher physical and mechanical properties of powders are also provided during recycling the TN20 alloy waste at the industrial installations of bulky grinding.

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Shimizu, Toru, Kotaro Hanada, Satoru Adachi, Masahito Katoh, Kanichi Hatsukano, and Kunio Matsuzaki. "Recycling of Stainless Steel Grinding Sludge." Materials Science Forum 534-536 (January 2007): 997–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.534-536.997.

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Stainless steel sludge is generated as a waste in the grinding process, and the possibility of recycling stainless steel is considered here. Generally, stainless steel grinding sludge ranging about 10,000 are generated per a year in Japan, and most of it is discarded or re-melted with scrap steel. In this study, we considered the possibility of using the stainless steel sludge as metal powder for MIM or raw material for metal foam. For the MIM process, the metal powder will need some improvement, and flotation and spheroidizing processes of the sludge are necessary. For fabrication of the metal foam, untreated sludge can be used, and steel foam about 90% porosity is produced.

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25

Mwania, Fredrick M., Maina Maringa, and Jacobus G. van der Walt. "Investigating the Recyclability of Laser PP CP 75 Polypropylene Powder in Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF)." Polymers 14, no. 5 (March 3, 2022): 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14051011.

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In the present study, recyclability of Laser PP CP 75 polypropylene powder from Diamond Plastics GmbH was determined by characterizing and comparing the used powder after each cycle with material from previous cycles and with fresh powder. The melt flow index of Laser PP CP 75 was affected by recycling since it was observed to change by 30.62% after the 8th 100% re-use cycle, a lower value than PA 12 of 66.04%, for the 6th re-use cycle. Parts printed with virgin Laser PP CP 75 had an average dimensional error of 3.02% (virgin material) and 4.06% after the 4th 100% re-use cycle, which raises concerns about the commercial viability of the material. After the 4th re-use cycle, the printed parts had distorted edges and failed to print after the 9th print cycle. Lastly, tensile testing revealed a skewed bell-shaped curve of strength versus the number of recycles with the highest ultimate tensile strength occurring for the second 100% re-use cycle (7.4 MPa). The curves for elastic modulus and percentage elongation were inverted with minimum points for the 2nd 100% re-use cycle. Overall, the experimental work confirmed that the properties of polypropylene powder were affected by recycling in polymer laser sintering, but the powder exhibited superior characteristics upon recycling to those of the predominantly used PA 12 powder.

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Condruz, Mihaela Raluca, Gheorghe Matache, and Alexandru Paraschiv. "Characterization of IN 625 recycled metal powder used for selective laser melting." Manufacturing Review 7 (2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mfreview/2020002.

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Additive manufacturing of high-quality materials by Selective Laser Melting depends not only on establishing appropriate process parameters, but also on the characteristics of the metal powders used and their stability over time or after recycling. The aim of the research was to characterize the IN 625 powder used over multiple manufacturing cycles with a Lasertec 30 SLM machine. In order to achieve the research's goal, virgin and recirculated powder's physical and technological characteristics were investigated. A decrease in all D-values (D10, D50, D90) of the powder size distribution was observed after multiple recirculation cycles showing a decrease of the powder dimensional range over time. Both virgin and recirculated powders are composed of mainly spherical particles, but elongated particles and satellite particles were observed as well. The dimensional evolution analysis showed a deviation from the powder ideal roundness, deviation that is more pronounced over multiple recirculation cycles. It was experimentally determined that the powders present a good flowability based on the flow rate value obtained for both virgin and recirculated powders, confirmed also by the Hausner ratio and angle of repose.

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Harkin, Ryan, Hao Wu, Sagar Nikam, Justin Quinn, and Shaun McFadden. "Reuse of Grade 23 Ti6Al4V Powder during the Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion Process." Metals 10, no. 12 (December 21, 2020): 1700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10121700.

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Titanium alloy powder used for laser-based powder bed fusion (L-PBF) process is costly. One of the solutions is the inclusion of a powder recycling strategy, allowing unused or exposed powder particles to be recuperated post manufacture, replenished and used for future builds. However, during a L-PBF process, powder particles are exposed to high levels of concentrated energy from the laser. Particularly those in close proximity to the melt pool, leading to the formation of spatter and agglomerated particles. These particles can settle onto the powder bed, which can then influence the particle size distribution and layer uniformity. This study analysed extra-low interstitial (ELI) Ti6Al4V (Grade 23) powder when subjected to nine recycle iterations, tracking powder property variation across the successive recycling stages. Characterisation included chemical composition focusing upon O, N, and H content, particle size distribution, morphology and tapped and bulk densities. On review of the compositional analysis, the oxygen content exceeded the 0.13% limit for the ELI grade after 8 recycles, resulting in the degradation from Grade 23 level.

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28

Pham, D. T., K. D. Dotchev, and W. A. Y. Yusoff. "Deterioration of polyamide powder properties in the laser sintering process." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 222, no. 11 (November 1, 2008): 2163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes839.

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Polyamide 12 (PA12)-based powders are the most used materials in the laser sintering (LS) process for rapid manufacturing of functional parts. An average of 80–90 per cent of the powdered material in the LS building chamber is not sintered and could be reused. However, the properties of the recycled powder vary, which ultimately affects the quality of produced parts. These differences are due to the process conditions such as temperature and time, the LS machine design, and properties of the powder used for parts fabrication. This paper analyses the LS processing conditions and current recycling practices in relation with the deterioration or ageing of the PA12-based powders. Samples of new and recycled grades of PA2200 powder were artificially aged in a temperature-controlled oven and then tested using differential scanning calorimetry, melt flowrate indexer, and gel permeation chromatography. It has been found that the temperature and the time at which the unsintered powder was exposed are the most influential factors for the deterioration of LS powder properties.

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Dhiman, Sahil, Ravinder Singh Joshi, Sachin Singh, Simranpreet Singh Gill, Harpreet Singh, Rakesh Kumar, and Vinod Kumar. "Recycling of Ti6Al4V machining swarf into additive manufacturing feedstock powder to realise sustainable recycling goals." Journal of Cleaner Production 348 (May 2022): 131342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131342.

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Quaranta, Nancy E., Marta G. Caligaris, Nicolás Lalla, Gisela Pelozo, and Adrián Cristobal. "Physicochemical and Environmental Characterization of Industrial Wastes in Powder." Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 1789–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.1789.

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In the present work residual powders of diverse industries are characterized from the environmental and physicochemical point of view, in order to determine the properties of them and establish the feasibility of reutilization or recycling. Cinders of additives, waste of scrap shredding process, LD converter steel slag and other powders of industrial processes were characterized by using optical and electronic microscopic techniques, semiquantitative chemical analysis, particle size distribution, X-ray diffraction analysis, thermal and thermogravimetric analysis, leaching test, among others. As a function of the obtained results some possible ways for recycling or reuse of these residual powders were proposed.

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He, Ping, Haoda Ruan, Congyang Wang, and Hao Lu. "Mechanical Properties and Thermal Conductivity of Thermal Insulation Board Containing Recycled Thermosetting Polyurethane and Thermoplastic." Polymers 13, no. 24 (December 16, 2021): 4411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13244411.

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This study used a mechanochemical method to analyze the recycling mechanism of polyurethane foam and optimize the recycling process. The use of mechanochemical methods to regenerate the polyurethane foam powder breaks the C–O bond of the polyurethane foam and greatly enhances the activity of the powder. Based on orthogonal test design, the mesh, proportion, temperature, and time were selected to produce nine recycled boards by heat pressing. Then, the influence of four factors on the thermal conductivity and tensile strength of the recycled board was analyzed. The results show that 120 mesh polyurethane foam powder has strong activity, and the tensile strength can reach 9.913 Mpa when it is formed at 205 °C and 40 min with 50% PP powder. With the help of the low thermal conductivity of the polyurethane foam, the thermal conductivity of the recycled board can reach 0.037 W/m·K at the parameter of 40 mesh, 80%, 185 °C, 30 min. This research provides an effective method for the recycling of polyurethane foam.

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Liu, Xingquan, Yangyang Rong, Xinming Chen, Xi Chen, and Wenxiang Zhang. "Recycling of Waste Stone Powder in High Fluidity Grouting Materials for Geotechnical Engineering Reinforcement." Buildings 12, no. 11 (November 4, 2022): 1887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111887.

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Clay cement grout is frequently employed in geotechnical reinforcement projects. However, laboratory test revealed that clay cement slurry does not consolidate in a closed environment for an extended period of time, with cracks forming during the consolidation process under natural conditions, indicating that the geotechnical reinforcement poses dangers. Stone powder is a powdery solid waste similar to clay materials. Stone powder particle surfaces provide an attachment point for cement reaction, which can speed up cement hydration, with the ability to substitute clay cement slurry. According to our findings, the bleeding rate of clay cement slurry is 14.80% at 290 mm fluidity, and that of the same mass ratio (1:3) as stone powder cement slurry is 11.09%. The bleeding rate is minimal, which promotes the creation of an integral structure after setting between the slurry and lose rock and soil. Mechanical test results show that the strength of the stone powder cement slurry hardened body is 1458 kPa, whereas the strength of the clay cement slurry hardened body is 436 kPa. Microstructural analysis shows that the stone powder cement hardened body has more hydration products and is porous than the clay cement hardened body. The hardened body of stone powder cement slurry has high strength and resistance to external loads, which can increase the bearing capacity and improve the geotechnical reinforcement effect.

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Fuziana, Y. F., A. R. M. Warikh, M. A. Lajis, M. A. Azam, and N. S. Muhammad. "Recycling aluminium (Al 6061) chip through powder metallurgy route." Materials Research Innovations 18, sup6 (December 5, 2014): S6–354—S6–358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1432891714z.000000000981.

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IMANISHI, Hiroshi, Kazutoshi TAKEUCHI, and Kozo KANAYAMA. "Production of Wood Powder Molding by Recycling Wood Waste." Proceedings of the Symposium on Environmental Engineering 2003.13 (2003): 129–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeenv.2003.13.129.

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Kato, Kazuhiro, Toshiaki Yoshioka, and Akitsugu Okuwaki. "Study for Recycling of Ceria-Based Glass Polishing Powder." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 39, no. 4 (April 2000): 943–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie990622x.

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Liu, HuiLin, XiaoPing Wang, and DeMin Jia. "Recycling of waste rubber powder by mechano-chemical modification." Journal of Cleaner Production 245 (February 2020): 118716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118716.

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DEMİREL, Handan, Aydın GÜNEŞ, and Ömer Sinan ŞAHİN. "Recycling and Characterization of Metallic Chips Using Powder Metallurgy." International Journal of Computational and Experimental Science and Engineering 5, no. 3 (November 30, 2019): 151–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22399/ijcesen.369722.

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Kato, Kazuhiro, Toshiaki Yoshioka, and Akitsugu Okuwaki. "Study for Recycling of Ceria-Based Glass Polishing Powder." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 39, no. 7 (July 2000): 2631–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie0010969.

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Агеев, YEvgyeniy Agyeyev, Алтухов, A. Altukhov, Новиков, and E. Novikov. "TECHNOLOGY OF PROCESSING OF ALUMINUM PARTS CAR TO MICRO AND NANOPARTICLES." Alternative energy sources in the transport-technological complex: problems and prospects of rational use of 2, no. 1 (April 27, 2015): 328–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/14066.

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The technology of recycling aluminum car parts, allowing to obtain a powder with a particle size of from nano- to microfractions. The phase composition of aluminum powder obtained by electroerosive dispergating

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Denti, Lucia, Antonella Sola, Silvio Defanti, Corrado Sciancalepore, and Federica Bondioli. "Effect of Powder Recycling in Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion of Ti-6Al-4V." Manufacturing Technology 19, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21062/ujep/268.2019/a/1213-2489/mt/19/2/190.

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Ab Kadir, Muhammad Irfan, Mohammad Sukri Mustapa, Waluyo Adi Siswanto, Ahmed Sahib Mahdi, and Mohd Arif Samsi. "Microstructural and Physical Characteristics of Recycling Aluminium Chips AA6061/Al Powder Using Powder Metallurgy." International Journal of Engineering and Technology 8, no. 6 (December 31, 2016): 2619–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21817/ijet/2016/v8i6/160806218.

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Weiss, C., C. L. Haefner, and J. Munk. "On the Influence of AlSi10Mg Powder Recycling Behavior in the LPBF Process and Consequences for Mechanical Properties." JOM 74, no. 3 (January 26, 2022): 1188–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-021-05080-4.

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AbstractBy using additive manufacturing techniques like the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process, parts can be manufactured with high material efficiency because unfused powder material can be reconditioned and reused in consecutive manufacturing jobs. Nevertheless, process by-products like spatters may influence the powder quality and hence alter the mechanical properties/performance of parts. In order to investigate these dependencies, a methodology and a standard build job for the recycling behavior of the lightweight aluminum alloy AlSi10Mg was developed and built with ageing powder in 10 consecutive jobs with no refreshing between the cycles. The powder properties and mechanical performance of parts at static load for two build directions (horizontally and vertically to substrate plate) was evaluated. The influence of build height effects on mechanical performance was investigated as well. The findings may indicate that the coarsening of the powder material during recycling could lead to improved mechanical properties for the AlSi10Mg alloy.

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Shanbhag, Gitanjali, and Mihaela Vlasea. "Powder Reuse Cycles in Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion—Variation of Powder Characteristics." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 16, 2021): 4602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164602.

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A path to lowering the economic barrier associated with the high cost of metal additively manufactured components is to reduce the waste via powder reuse (powder cycled back into the process) and recycling (powder chemically, physically, or thermally processed to recover the original properties) strategies. In electron beam powder bed fusion, there is a possibility of reusing 95–98% of the powder that is not melted. However, there is a lack of systematic studies focusing on quantifying the variation of powder properties induced by number of reuse cycles. This work compares the influence of multiple reuse cycles, as well as powder blends created from reused powder, on various powder characteristics such as the morphology, size distribution, flow properties, packing properties, and chemical composition (oxygen and nitrogen content). It was found that there is an increase in measured response in powder size distribution, tapped density, Hausner ratio, Carr index, basic flow energy, specific energy, dynamic angle of repose, oxygen, and nitrogen content, while the bulk density remained largely unchanged.

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Mendonça, Claudiney, Patricia Capellato, Emin Bayraktar, Fábio Gatamorta, José Gomes, Adhimar Oliveira, Daniela Sachs, Mirian Melo, and Gilbert Silva. "Recycling Chips of Stainless Steel Using a Full Factorial Design." Metals 9, no. 8 (July 30, 2019): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9080842.

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The aim of this study was to provide an experimental investigation on the novel method for recycling chips of duplex stainless steel, with the addition of vanadium carbide, in order to produce metal/carbide composites from a high-energy mechanical milling process. Powders of duplex stainless steel with the addition of vanadium carbide were prepared by high-energy mechanical ball milling utilizing a planetary ball mill. For this proposal, experiments following a full factorial design with two replicates were planned, performed, and then analyzed. The four factors investigated in this study were rotation speed, milling time, powder to ball weight ratio and carbide percentage. For each factor, the experiments were conducted into two levels so that the internal behavior among them could be statistically estimated: 250 to 350 rpm for rotation speed, 10 to 50 h for milling time, 10:1 to 22:1 for powder to ball weight ratio, and 0 to 3% carbide percentage. In order to measure and characterize particle size, we utilized the analysis of particle size and a scanning electron microscopy. The results showed with the addition of carbide in the milling process cause an average of reduction in particle size when compared with the material without carbide added. All the four factors investigated in this study presented significant influence on the milling process of duplex stainless steel chips and the reduction of particle size. The statistical analysis showed that the addition of carbide in the process is the most influential factor, followed by the milling time, rotation speed and powder to ball weight ratio. Significant interaction effects among these factors were also identified.

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Zhang, Haibo, Jieshuai Li, and Yingqiu Li. "Effect of Powder Recycling on the Organization and Mechanical Properties of GH4169 Alloy by Laser Metal Deposition." Coatings 13, no. 3 (March 22, 2023): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13030659.

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The purpose of this research is to prepare GH4 169 alloy specimens by laser metal deposition, by investigating the changes in powder morphology, powder particle size, and elemental content during the cycling process. As well as the pore defects and microstructure of deposited samples prepared from recycled powder, we analyzed the changes in powder properties during the cycling process and the effects of using recycled powder on the organization and properties of LMD-deposited specimens. It was shown that the average particle size of the powder increased with the increase in the size of powder recycling, from 59.861 µm in the original powder to 64.144 µm after four cycles, with the phenomenon of powder burnout and satellite ball. The elemental content of the powder changed with the increase in the number of cycles, among which the elemental content of Nb increased significantly from 4.31 wt% of the original powder to 7.97 wt% after four cycles, the proportion of Laves phase in the deposited samples increased, the porosity and pore size increased, the tensile strength of the specimen decreased from 1046 MPa of the original powder to 936 MPa, the tensile strength decreased by 10.5%, and the elongation was increased to 27% from 11% of the original powder. Powder recycling can lead to powder aging and reduce the mechanical properties of the laser metal deposited formed parts.

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Quadrini, Fabrizio, Denise Bellisario, Leandro Iorio, Alice Proietti, Marco Regi, and Santo Loredana. "Recycling of Powders from Cutting of Medium Density Fiberboard." Key Engineering Materials 926 (July 22, 2022): 1719–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-919q02.

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Medium density fiberboard (MDF) is a wood-based engineered material, largely implemented in the manufacturing of in-house structures. Large panels are usually manufactured and shaped via machining; in this way powders are produced. Dismissed structures can also be pulverized to facilitate transportation of waste. MDF is generally dismissed through landfill or incineration. The aim of this work is to determine a recycling method for MDF powders that make it possible to obtain ready-to-use panels without using virgin or additional materials. Powders granulometry is evaluated and then grains are “direct molded” by a parallel plate hot press. Compression molding was used for this aim. Recycled panels had the size of 200x200 mm2, a thickness of 5 mm, and a smooth surface without evident defects. Burrs were absent. Mechanical properties were evaluated under bending test, and a maximum strength over 8 MPa was found. Results show the feasibility of this recycling technology for MDF powders. Agglomeration occurred thanks to the powder re-activation, and possible residual reactivity.

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47

Zhou, Gui Zhong, Zhao Feng Wang, Xuan Wang, and Shao Xiang Li. "Recycling of Waste Hard Alloy via Electrochemical Dissolution Method." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 2263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.2263.

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Electrochemical dissolution method was used to achieve the recycling of waste hard alloy. Tungsten, cobalt powder and cobalt salts can be obtained through the control of suitable conditions of electric dissolution process ,such as cleaning of waste hard alloy, electric dissolution of waste hard alloy, knocking the basket, treatment of cobalt chloride etc. Tungsten and cobalt chloride solution can be obtained directly by this method, and thus to obtain the cobalt powder and cobalt salts. Recovery rate of WC and cobalt were above 98% and 92-95%.

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Tamanna, Nafisa, and Rabin Tuladhar. "Sustainable Use of Recycled Glass Powder as Cement Replacement in Concrete." Open Waste Management Journal 13, no. 1 (March 20, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874347102013010001.

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Aims: This paper introduces a sustainable way of using Recycled Glass Powder (RGP) as a cement replacement in concrete. Background: In Australia, almost one million tons of glass waste is collected annually for recycling purpose. However, the inconsistency in chemical composition and the presence of impurities make glass recycling process difficult. Besides, the lack of local recycling plants coupled with high transportation costs makes the recycling process expensive. Objective: For the successful use of recycled glass in concrete for industrial applications, it is therefore, important to characterize the physical and chemical properties of recycled glass collected by the local councils. Furthermore, the effects of replacement levels of cement with recycled glass on the strength and durability properties of concrete need to be assessed as well. Methods: Mechanical strength and durability properties of concrete with 10%, 20% and 30% of RGP as a partial cement replacement were tested and compared with typical concrete and fly ash blend concrete. The relative strength test of mortar was conducted to assess the reactivity of glass powder with the cement. Results: RGP concrete showed an improvement in strength over time like fly ash. Using RGP significantly improved the resistance against chloride penetration with increasing glass powder content. Furthermore, RGP also met the relative strength requirement as per Australian Standard requirement to be considered as a supplementary cementitious material. Conclusion: This research showed that the use of RGP as cement replacement is feasible for replacement level up to 10%. The outcome of this research aims to contribute towards sustainable development by reducing the consumption of cement, as well as reduction of glass waste going into landfill.

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Abdelwahed, Marawan, Riccardo Casati, Anna Larsson, Stefano Petrella, Sven Bengtsson, and Maurizio Vedani. "On the Recycling of Water Atomized Powder and the Effects on Properties of L-PBF Processed 4130 Low-Alloy Steel." Materials 15, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010336.

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The microstructure and mechanical properties of a 4130-grade steel processed by L-PBF using a feedstock of low-cost water atomized powder have been investigated considering the effects of powder recycling. Chemical analysis of the recycled powder showed a constant amount of alloying elements with a slight reduction in oxygen content. The as-built microstructure was mainly composed of a martensitic structure separated by a high fraction of low-angle grain boundaries, suggesting the application of a direct tempering treatment starting from the as-built condition as a cost-effective post-process thermal treatment rather than the conventional quench and tempering treatment. Moreover, the degree of anisotropy generated by L-PBF in as-built specimens could be reduced after performing either the direct tempering or the quench and tempering treatments. The possible degradation of powder properties on the steel performance was also investigated. After various powder recycling events, no significant deterioration in tensile properties was measured, indicating that the water atomized powder could be a sustainable feedstock candidate for L-PBF.

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Polozine, Alexandre, and Lirio Schaeffer. "Production Methods of Thermoelectric Materials and their Main Characteristics." Materials Science Forum 899 (July 2017): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.899.201.

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This paper is intended for the analysis of the fabrication of Thermoelectric Materials with emphasis on the use of Powder Technology including the use of Powder Technology. Main characteristics of them are considered. The recycling of thermoelectric material pieces is shown.

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