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Hakim, Weam. "Recycling waste mineral powders in new sustainable pavement solutions." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022.
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The use of waste materials in the construction of pavements is a growing field due to the environmental and economic benefits. Previous research identifies aluminosilicates as minerals present in construction waste and mine tailings, they are potential candidates for geopolymer production. In this thesis basalt powder was chosen for the geopolymerization procedure and the fabrication of novel artificial aggregates utilizing 3D printed moulds. An experimental investigation is carried out to evaluate the utilization of the created geopolymeric artificial aggregates as a pavement microsurfacing. The product's strength, soundness, durability, skid resistance, and lastly the texture of the microsurfacings are examined. The performance of artificial aggregates is compared to that of other materials, and the strengths and weaknesses are identified.
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Perry, Justin. "Powder Recycling for the Production of Pin Fin Heat Sinks by Cold Gas Dynamic Spray." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38392.
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As a result of the rise in processing power demands of today’s personal computers, water cooled pin fin heat sinks are increasingly being employed for the cooling of graphical processing units. Currently, these high performance devices are manufactured through high-cost, high-waste processes. In recent years, a new solution has emerged using the cold gas dynamic spray process, in which pin fins are directly manufactured onto a baseplate by spraying metallic powder particles through a mask. This process allows for a high degree of adaptability to different graphics processing unit shapes and sizes not achievable by any other process to date. One drawback of this process is that, as substrate sensitivity to heat and mechanical residual stresses requires the use of reduced spray parameters, there is reduced deposition efficiency, resulting in a fair portion of the feedstock powder being wasted. This work aims to demonstrate the feasibility of using powder recycling to mitigate this issue and compares coatings sprayed with reclaimed powder to their counterparts sprayed with as-received powder. The work demonstrates that cold gas dynamic spray is a highly flexible and economically competitive process for the production of pin fin heat sinks when using powder recycling even when spray parameters result in reduced deposition efficiency. The benefits of pin fins on heat transfer properties of flat plates used for graphical processing units is briefly addressed and demonstrated
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Liang, Li. "Recycling of concrete waste with wood waste through heating compaction." Thesis, KTH, Betongbyggnad, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-275674.
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Concrete, as primary building material, is widely used in most construction project. For this reason, large amounts of concrete waste were generated from construction and demolition. One way to reuse concrete waste is to use it as backfill material for landfilling and road bases. While the demand for backfill material is decreasing as the basic infrastructure construction gradually completes. Another way to reuse concrete waste is to grind it and use it as aggregate in casting new concrete. However, the reuse as aggregate for casting concrete requires large amount of cement. It is unsustainable because the production of cement causes significant amounts of carbon dioxide emission. How to deal with the concrete waste in a sustainable way is presently an urgent issue. Powder compaction is a new approach to completely recycle concrete waste in an environmentally friendly way. This new method was studied in the Sakai lab of the Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo. The process consists of crushing and milling concrete waste into a fine powder, filling the powder into moulds and compacting it under high pressure. By this process concrete waste powder can be turned into a solid concrete with mechanical properties so that it has potentials to be used again as a building material. Data from previous studies show that the compacted concrete waste can reach strength for construction but the required compaction pressure is quite high. Wood flour can be added in compaction for improving tensile strength and reducing compaction pressure. Lignin is a wood substance that melts under high temperature, fills gaps and improves bonding between particles. Cellulose from the wood substance functions as fibres which improves tensile strength. Wood waste from production of timber building materials, furniture and other wooden products also forms a larger quantities. Recycling of concrete waste with wooden waste through heating compaction is a potentially sustainable method. This Master thesis presents research on the effect from different production conditions on the bending strength of recycled concrete waste with wood waste through heating compaction. The condition factors studied were compaction duration, compaction pressure, concrete proportion, mixture percentage, temperature and particle size of wood flour. To enhance the water resistance of this recycled product, different water resistance treatments were discussed theoretically. The independence of production condition factors was analysed using a statistic method. Results indicated that within a certain range, an increase in compaction duration, compaction pressure, the percentage of wood waste and temperature improves the bending strength of the recycled products. Using smaller particle size of wood flour cannot improve compaction but contribute to give higher bending strength. The mechanical properties of these recycled products suggest application as non-bearing building material, such as decoration tiles and bricks for partition walls. The application as a structural material is expected in the future as improvement treatments are discovered.
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Lee, Patrick Seo Thin. "A feasibility study of a recycled paper scoop, a dosing device for synthetic powder laundry detergents /." Online version of thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11592.
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PEREIRA, LUIZ A. T. "Desenvolvimento de processos de reciclagem de cavacos de Zircaloy via refusão em forno elétrico a arco e metalurgia do pó." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2014. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/23302.
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Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Vijayan, Vineesh. "Recycling alkali-activated powders for the production of lightweight aggregates for pavement applications." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.
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The objective of this thesis is to create an innovative approach to the development of flexible pavements with the use of synthetic aggregates for the production of porous layers. The synthetic aggregates are produced by the alkali-activation process. The potential application of artificial aggregates in the pavement, paves a way to reduce the use of natural materials to certain extends. This also helps to utilize the increasing growth of waste by-products generated from different kinds of industries. Furthermore, in this research the conventional Bitumen for asphalt concrete was substituted with a transparent binder. Hence this will hope to decrease the impact of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide which are emitted from the production of traditional mixtures with Bitumen in the road industry.
The first part of experimental phase includes the recipe of making the geopolymer aggregates. The precursors concerned with this production are basalt powder and metakaolin. These powders are activated by the mixture of reagents such as Sodium hydroxide and Sodium Silicate. After discovering the optimum percentage of each precursors and solid-liquid ratio, the productions of synthetic lightweight aggregates start.
The next experimental phase involves the Mix design and characterization of a porous mixture. In this part, it has been decided to replace the natural white aggregates by 21% with the synthetic lightweight aggregates to form a semi-porous pavement design as per the European Standards. This design also replaces the traditional bitumen with a transparent binder named ‘EVIzero-28’ which is a synthetic binder used to produce eco-friendly asphalt. After the selection of mix design, the samples are produced to find out the optimum percentage of transparent binder content. Once it gets, then the samples are prepared for the further experimental phases like testing as per European Standards.
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Lundgren, Gustav Müller. "Design parameters for powder removal from crushed glass in a gravity separator." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för maskinteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-4430.
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Mercury is one of the most dangerous elements that exist on this earth and can cause serious damage to both humans and nature. Therefore it is crucial that it does not get spread out in the environment but is recycled in a safe manner when used in consumer products. Fluorescence lamps that are coated with mercury contaminated fluorescence powder still exist today. Therefore it is crucial that the mercury contaminated fluorescence powder is separated from the glass so the fluorescence powder can be reused and the mercury can be sent to final deposal. This thesis has been done as a compulsory part of the program Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering at Blekinge Institute of Technology and in collaboration with MRT System International AB. The purpose of this thesis was to develop a prototype of a gravitational separation unit to separate fluorescence powder from the glass on fluorescents light trying to increase the efficiency of the separation process at MRT. The work began by making a detailed project plan to get an overview of the different parts of the thesis and how they should be implemented. A requirement specification was made as a ground to make sure that the developed prototype would meet the requirements set for the prototype. After the requirement specification had been made a study of air classifiers began to get a perception of the alternatives that are offered today and to see how they work. Research was made to get ideas and a better knowledge of the different methods of separating two different materials. The information collected from the study formed the basis of the different concept proposals that was been generated. Tools were then used to decide which of the concepts that later would become the final one to be built. When the prototype was built, measurements were made to see how efficient the separation was.Kvicksilver är ett av de farligaste ämnena som finns på jorden och kan orsaka stor skada på både människor och i naturen. Därför är det viktigt att det inte sprids i naturen utan återvinns på ett säkert sätt då det används till exempel i konsumtionsprodukter. Lampor som innehåller kvicksilverkontaminerat lyspulver används fortafarande. Det är därför vitkigt att separera det kvicksilverkontaminerade ljuspulvret från glaset så att lyspulvret kan återanvändas och kvicksilvret kan skickas till slutförvaring. Examensarbetet är en obligatorisk del av programmet Civilingenjör i Maskinteknik på Blekinge Tekniska högskola och har gjorts i samarbete med MRT System International AB. Arbetet syftar till att ta fram en prototyp av en separationsutrustning som använder luft och gravitation för att separera lyspulver från glaskrosset från lysrör och få en mer effektiv separationsprocess hos MRT. Examensarbetet började med att ta fram en genomgående projektplan för att få en bra översikt över vilka delar projektet ska innehålla samt hur de ska genomföras. En kravspecifikation baserad på MRTs önskemål upprättades och låg senare till grund för den prototyp som togs fram och testades. När kravspecifikationen hade upprättats började en teoristudie för att få en uppfattning om vad det redan fanns för alternativ på marknaden idag och hur de fungerade. Detta gjordes för att få en idéer och för att få bättre kunskap på de olika metoderna när man separerar två olika material. Information som togs fram under studien låg sedan till grund för de koncept som har genererats. Olika verktyg användes sedan för att bestämma vilket koncept som skulle bli det slutgiltiga och resultera i en färdig prototyp. När prototypen var utvecklad utfördes tester för att kunna mäta hur effektivt prototypen separerade de två materialen.
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Delforge, Daniel Yvan Martin. "Cavaco de um aço inoxidavel austenitico reciclado por metalurgia do po : uma rota alternativa para o reaproveitamento de materiais metalicos." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/264910.
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Orientador: Itamar FerreiraTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: A reutilização dos materiais recicláveis tem como principais objetivos, minimizar os impactos ambientais e racionalizar a utilização das cadeias energéticas. No presente trabalho foram compactadas e sinterizadas amostras de mistura de cavaco de aço inoxidável austenítico AISI 316L, com pó do mesmo material. A porcentagem de cavaco variou de zero a 25% em peso, de 5 em 5%. Após a compactação, na pressão de 600MPa, as amostras foram sinterizadas, simultaneamente, na temperatura de 1473K. O comportamento mecânico do produto final foi avaliado através de Ensaios de Ruptura Transversal, recomendados e normalizados pela MPIF - Metal Powder Industries Federation e pela ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials. As análises foram realizadas por Metalografia Convencional, associada à microscopia eletrônica de varredura nas amostras sinterizadas, resultaram em regiões de intensa difusão, portanto, regiões de sinterização de longo alcance. A resistência mecânica dos corpos-de-prova foi comparada com a resistência mecânica do aço inoxidável sinterizado, sem cavaco, determinado através do Módulo de Ruptura (MOR). A média máxima do MOR das amostras sem cavaco, foi de 457 MPa; com 5% de cavaco, de 358 MPa e com 25% de cavaco, 174MPa. Os resultados alcançados mostraram significativos valores, demonstrando ser esta uma rota alternativa para a reciclagem de cavaco de materiais metálicos, aliado à racionalização da utilização de energia e benefícios para o meio ambiente
Abstract: In the present work, samples of the mixture of 316-stainless steel chip and its powder have been sinterized. The chip weight percentage, in this particular case, has varied from zero to 25%, in increments of 5. After having been compacted under a pressure of 600MPa, all the samples were simultaneously sinterized in just one furnace batch under a temperature of 1473K. The mechanical behavior of the final product was assessed through the assays of transversal rupture test as recommended and regulated by Metal Powder Industries Federation - MPIF and by American Society for Testing and Materials ¿ ASTM. Analyses of these sinterized samples carried out by conventional quantitative metallography show areas of intense diffusion, therefore, areas of long sintered range. The mechanical strength of the assayed samples was compared to those made of sintered stainless steel, without chip. The Modulus of Rupture (MOR) achieved for samples wich contain 5%, 25% of chip and without chip were respectively 358MPa, 174MPa and 457MPa. The results achieved have overcome the expectations and there are strong evidences of the feasibility of this procedure
Doutorado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica
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Pattis, Reto. "Utilisation des polyuréthanes recyclés comme substitut des colles PMDI dans la production des panneaux dérivés bois." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10030/document.
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La poudre de polyuréthane à base de déchets de mousse de polyuréthane a des capacités de liant classique sous certaines conditions. Ceci est très intéressant du point de vue écologique car cela permet de rallonger le cycle de vie du polyuréthane et d’économiser le premier substituant de la colle classique qui est produit à partir de 100% de matière première. Le but de cette étude était d’améliorer l’application de la poudre de polyuréthane, comme substituant de la colle pMDI, dans la production des panneaux OSB. Une importante partie de ce travail était de mieux comprendre la réactivation de la poudre de polyuréthane et les conditions nécessaires pour que la poudre puisse fonctionner de façon optimale. Des résultats de recherche ont montré que l’uréthane est dégradé à une température de 165°C en groupements d’isocyanate et de polyols. La formation d’isocyanate à pu être démontrée par plusieurs méthodes. Le savoir a été généré dans des laboratoires et confirmé avec des essais pratiques sur des lignes industrielles. Un des objectifs principaux de ce travail était de baisser la température de décomposition de la poudre de polyuréthane à un niveau suffisamment bas pour que la poudre puisse être utilisée non seulement dans les couches externes mais aussi dans la couche médiane du panneau. Dans la première phase de ce travail la poudre de polyuréthane sans additifs a été analysée. Ensuite une sélection entre différents catalyseurs utilisés dans la production de mousse de polyuréthane a été effectuée. Pour pouvoir quantifier la capacité du catalyseur une machine permettant de produire des disques à base de polyuréthane pur a été développée. Cette machine a fourni la base pour pouvoir sélectionner le catalyseur le plus performant. Ainsi cette machine donne à l’entreprise Mobius Technologies une très bonne et simple solution pour déterminer les propriétés de la poudre de polyuréthane traitée ou non traitée et pour en déterminer la qualité. Enfin, les résultats de la recherche ont pu être mis en application à l’échelle industrielle sur des lignes industrielles d’OSB chez les entreprises Kronoply, Kronofrance et chez un producteur d’outre-mer qui reste anonyme dans ce document pour des raisons de discrétion liée à l’entreprise Mobius Technologies. Il a été possible de baisser la température de décomposition de la poudre jusqu’à 147°C, grâce au catalyseur employé. L’objectif de 120°C comme température de décomposition n’a donc pas été atteintThe polyurethane powder based on recycled material or polyurethane slab stocks shows bonding properties under certain circumstances. This is interesting from the ecological point of view, because the product life cycle of the polyurethane is prolonged. In addition to that the powder can be used as substitute for standard adhesives which are produced on 100% non renewable recourses. The goal of this project was the improvement of the application of polyurethane powder, as substitute of pMDI-adhesives, which are used in the production of OSB boards. One mayor aspect of the study was the understanding of the reactivation of the polyurethane powder and to find out the conditions for an optimized use of the powder. The results of the research demonstrated that at the degradation temperature of about 165°C the urethane bond is decomposed in to isocyanates and polyols, which is already well known in polyurethane chemistry. The reverse reaction to polyurethanes could be proved by several methods. This was than in lab scale and also under industrial conditions. The main objective of the present study was to lower the activation temperature of the polyurethane powder as pMDI adhesive substitute in the core and the surface layer of wood based panels. In the start-up phase the polyurethane powder was used an analysed without any additives. Later on a selection of different typical polyurethane catalysts were used. To quantify the efficiency of different catalysts a special machine was constructed. This new developed machine provided us with the results to select the most performing catalyst. In addition this machine was used as an easy and efficient quality control tool of Mobius Technologies. The results were used to apply the polyurethane powder on industrial production units of Kronoply (Germany), Kronofrance (France) and unstated OSB-producer in overseas. It was possible to lower the activation temperature by the use of a catalyst to about 147°C. The ambitious intent to reach a temperature of 120°C was not achieved
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Pereira, Luiz Alberto Tavares. "Desenvolvimento de processos de reciclagem de cavacos de Zircaloy via refusão em forno elétrico a arco e metalurgia do pó." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-27052014-090225/.
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Reatores PWR empregam, como combustível nuclear, pastilhas de UO2 acondicionadas em tubos de ligas de zircônio, chamados de encamisamento. Na sua fabricação são gerados cavacos de usinagem que não podem ser descartados, pois a reciclagem deste material é estratégica quanto aos aspectos de tecnologia nuclear, econômicos e ambientais. As ligas nucleares têm altíssimo custo e não são produzidas no Brasil, sendo importadas para a fabricação do combustível nuclear. Neste trabalho são abordados dois métodos para reciclar os cavacos de Zircaloy. No primeiro, os cavacos foram fundidos utilizando um forno elétrico a arco para obter lingotes. O segundo usa a técnica da metalurgia do pó, onde os cavacos foram submetidos à hidretação e o pó resultante foi moído e isostaticamente prensado e, a seguir, sinterizado a vácuo. A composição química, as fases presentes e a dureza no material foram determinadas. Os lingotes foram tratados termicamente e laminados, sendo que as microestruturas foram caracterizadas por microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados para ambos os métodos mostraram que a composição do Zircaloy reciclado cumpre as especificações químicas e apresentaram microestrutura adequada para uso nuclear. Os bons resultados do método de metalurgia do pó sugerem a possibilidade de produzir pequenas peças, como as tampas do encamisamento - end-caps, usando a sinterização no formato quase final (near net shape).PWR reactors employ, as nuclear fuel, UO2 pellets with Zircaloy clad. In the fabrication of fuel element parts, machining chips from the alloys are generated. As the Zircaloy chips cannot be discarded as ordinary metallic waste, the recycling of this material is important for the Brazilian Nuclear Policy, which targets the reprocess of Zircaloy residues for economic and environmental aspects. This work presents two methods developed in order to recycle Zircaloy chips. In one of the methods, Zircaloy machining chips were refused using an electric-arc furnace to obtain small laboratory ingots. The second one uses powder metallurgy techniques, where the chips were submitted to hydriding process and the resulting material was milled, isostatically pressed and vacuum sintered. The ingots were heat-treated by vacuum annealing. The microstructures resulting from both processing methods were characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopies. Chemical composition, crystal phases and hardness were also determined. The results showed that the composition of recycled Zircaloy comply with the chemical specifications and presented adequate microstructure for nuclear use. The good results of the powder metallurgy method suggest the possibility of producing small parts, like cladding end-caps, using near net shape sintering.
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Skriňáková, Eva. "Optimalizace složení betonů s využitím plniv z recyklovaných betonů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240222.
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Concrete as a building material is subject to continuous innovation and thanks to advanced technology and quantum of research, its properties are still improved. It is logical that the more concrete we produce, the more waste it arises. The volume of this waste can not be stored in landfills endlessly, nowadays most of the waste economies in the world are trying to recycle concrete rubble. The recycling is not such a problem, the technology has been long verified but the quality of the recycled concrete aggregate is unquestionably one of the primary assumption which leads to accomplish required properties of concrete. In fact, the recycling process is „crushing“ the concrete into particles with an effort to eliminate the cement paste on the surface of the aggregate. An ideal solution would be create a resistant and firm coating that would adhere perfectly to the cement matrix. This diploma thesis is focused on the properties of recycled concrete aggregate and methods of improvement and optimization of the concrete mix composition.
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Larsson, Henric. "Economic and environmental conditions for extraction and recycling of ground power cables." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-103346.
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In the thesis the costs for extracting ground power cables from grass, asphalt or cobblestone using excavator or Kabel-X is examined. This is then compared to the sale value of the cable to a recycling company. The cables examined are 2 plastic (PVC) cables, 1 paper cable and 1 oil cable. The environmental perspective in the form of CO2, SO2, PO4, C2H4 and CFC11 is also examined where emissions from the extraction and the recycling process is compared to the avoided emissions from reusing the materials in the cables instead of extracting and processing new materials. In the thesis the costs for extracting ground power cables from grass, asphalt or cobblestone using excavator or Kabel-X is examined. This is then compared to the sale value of the cable to a recycling company. The cables examined are 2 plastic (PVC) cables, 1 paper cable and 1 oil cable. The environmental perspective in the form of CO2, SO2, PO4, C2H4 and CFC11 is also examined where emissions from the extraction and the recycling process is compared to the avoided emissions from reusing the materials in the cables instead of extracting and processing new materials. From an environmental point of view there is an incentive to extract the cables since the avoided emissions are greater than the combined emissions from the extraction and recycling.
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Cox, Astrid. "Development of Components for a Heat Recycling Shower System." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-13381.
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Given the unstable state of the environment, there is an undeniable need for the development of sustainable technologies. This need affects all areas of everyday life, even the shower. Modern shower systems result in energy waste in the form of heat, which can be minimized through the implementation of a heat exchanger. In cooperation with Consat SES this project developed a system to implement a heat exchanger using an in-shower water transportation pipe. A fitting non-electrical pump and motor were also chosen. To develop these elements a general design methodology of defining the problem, identifying the solution space, developing concepts, testing concepts and proposing a design, was used with adaptations for the component at hand. By following this strategy for each component and then reviewing the system as a whole, a new shower system was developed with a trapezoidal water transport pipe, a wing pump, and a turgo turbine.
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Lane, Jonathan. "An investigation into the novel application of high power ultrasound on the deinking of mixed office waste paper." Thesis, Open University, 1998. http://oro.open.ac.uk/57872/.
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The current paper recycling processes are surveyed pointing out the major stages and the variety of chemical/mechanical treatments the fibres undergo. The reduction or replacement of chemical/mechanical treatments presents possible advantages in prolonging fibre life. The results from recycled office waste which has been treated with ultrasound show a change in the particle size distribution of toner particles - making these particles easier to remove using established flotation techniques. Particle size distributions were measured using image analysis on thin (20gsm) paper handsheets. To establish the affect of sonication on fibres, a variety of virgin fibres were obtained from UK Paper, Sittingbourne. Results from virgin fibres which have been treated using ultrasound indicate an absence of cutting compared to conventional techniques. Fibres were found to have the same average length (0.6mm) after ultrasound treatment as the control sample, refined fibres were reduced to approximately 0.3 mm in length. Freeness decreased in both virgin sonicated and refined sonicated samples. The decrease in freeness was accompanied by an increase in the strength properties of both categories of fibres. Experiments with a prepared office waste furnish showed that ultrasonic treatment could decrease the size distribution of fused toner particles. The control sample had an average size of 80.9 um, after 1 minute sonication this was decreased to 54.9) um, decreasing further to 46.8)um after 2 minutes sonication. After demonstrating that ultrasound could decrease the particle distribution of the prepared office waste a more realistic and variable furnish was used. The experiments were conducted at room temperature, 50°C and 75°C. These temperatures were chosen to study the behaviour of fused toners as it approaches and exceeds its glass transition point, essentially the melting point of an amorphous polymer. It was found that the toner is easier to remove as the glass transition temperature is approached. Ultrasound is effective in breaking up large toner particles and detaching particles smaller than 25 microns in diameter.
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王翠玲 and Cuiling Wang. "Study on the gasification of scrap tyre." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31241128.
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Massard, Quentin. "Compréhension et maîtrise de la mise en oeuvre en fabrication additive d’aciers à haute teneur en carbone tel que le 100Cr6 par fusion sélective par laser sur lit de poudre." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ECDL0024.
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De nos jours, la production de pièces en acier par fabrication additive (FA) est un sujet central dans le monde de l’industrie, y compris l’automobile. En effet, les possibilités qu’offrent la fabrication additive sont diverses et nombreuses (allègement, formes complexes, …). Le 100Cr6 est un acier à hautes performances mécaniques, principalement utilisé pour la production de roulements à billes, en raison de son importante dureté et résistance à la fatigue. Une étude de processabilité de l’acier 100Cr6 par fusion selective par laser sur lit de poudre a tout d’abord été réalisée. Après avoir caractérisé les propriétés physiques et chimiques du matériau, des échantillons denses et non fissurés ont pu être produits au travers d’une optimisation paramétrique. Un cycle de post-traitement a pu être défini et des essais de traction plane et de fatigue par flexion rotative ont pu être réalisés.Afin de comprendre et maîtriser le phénomène de fissuration du 100Cr6 lors de son emploi par L-PBF une étude métallurgique approfondie (microdureté, imagerie optique, MEB, DRX, EBSD) a pu être menée. L’influence de l’emploi du plateau chauffant quant à la formation de Bainite et de Martensite et leur impacte sur la fissuration a pu être mis en évidence.Enfin, une étude de recyclabilité de la poudre de 100Cr6 oxydée a pu être réalisée à travers l’utilisation d’une machine de sphéroïdisation par plasma radiofréquence. Un débit d’alimentation de poudre dans le plasma permettant de régénérer les propriétés physiques et rhéologiques de la poudre a pu être défini. Une méthode de nettoyage permettant d’améliorer les propriétés chimiques de la poudre a également été proposéNowadays, the production of steel parts by additive manufacturing (AM) is a central topic in the world of industry, including automotive. Indeed, the possibilities offered by additive manufacturing are diverse and numerous (weight reduction, complex shapes, ...). 100Cr6 is a high mechanical performance steel, mainly used for the production of ball bearings, due to its high hardness and fatigue resistance. A processability study of 100Cr6 steel produced by selective laser melting on powder bed was first performed. After having characterized the physical and chemical properties of the material, dense and non-cracked samples were produced through a parametric optimization. A post-treatment cycle was defined and plane tensile tests and rotary bending fatigue tests were performed.In order to understand and control the cracking phenomenon of 100Cr6 when used in L-PBF, a thorough metallurgical study (microhardness, optical imaging, SEM, XRD, EBSD) was conducted. The influence of the use of the heating plate on the formation of Bainite and Martensite and their impact on cracking was highlighted.Finally, a recyclability study of the oxidized 100Cr6 powder was carried out through the use of a radiofrequency plasma spheroidization machine. A powder feed rate in the plasma allowing to regenerate the physical and rheological properties of the powder was defined. A cleaning method to improve the chemical properties of the powder was also proposed
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Олефиренко, Андрей Юрьевич, Татьяна Викторовна Федорченко, and Евгений Александрович Семенов. "Переработка и утилизация отходов энергетических установок." Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2001. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/29954.
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Проведенные исследования позволили предложить технологию по переработке и утилизации отходов тепловых электростанций, которая обладает такими достоинствами: замкнутость цикла, полная утилизация отходов, практическое отсутствие газообразных выбросов и стоков, доступность сырья и низкая себестоимость получаемого продукта.The conducted researches made it possible to propose a technology for processing and recycling waste from thermal power plants, which has such advantages: cycle closure, complete waste disposal, practical absence of gaseous emissions and effluents, availability of raw materials and low cost of the product.
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Chites, Raquel. "Gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos em Novo Hamburgo/RS : seus espaços e agentes." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/128032.
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Esta dissertação tem como tema central a gestão e o espaço dos resíduos sólidos urbanos em Novo Hamburgo/RS. A partir da análise histórica e atual desta gestão, procuramos compreender transformações espaciais e do valor da terra no município. O trabalho com os resíduos sólidos urbanos, sua destinação e tratamento, tem local definido dentro de uma cidade: a periferia. O mapeamento dos antigos locais de destinação dos RSU e um levantamento histórico da urbanização de Novo Hamburgo permitiram analisar suas influências recíprocas. Os espaços ocupados foram áreas verdes, afastadas do centro e de propriedade da prefeitura. Sucessivas expansões da mancha urbana, remanejaram os lixões para locais cada vez mais distantes do centro. De maneira geral, marcas das localizações anteriores podem ser observadas na desvalorização atual de tais locais. Assim, os locais antigos e atuais dos RSU em Novo Hamburgo, caracteristicamente capitalista, são periféricos, como se pode notar no bairro Santo Afonso, em vilas do bairro Primavera e no entorno do antigo lixão da Roselândia. Porém, em alguns casos, como na Vila Kroeff, com a expansão de vias de transporte, ou no Buraco do Raio, com a construção de equipamentos de lazer, esta tendência não se concretiza. Além de conhecer os locais dos resíduos sólidos urbanos no passado e no presente, a pesquisa voltou-se a analisar os agentes envolvidos na cadeia da reciclagem e suas relações com as transformações espaciais em Novo Hamburgo. Um agente relevante é o poder público municipal, regulador e gestor do trabalho na base da cadeia da reciclagem. Outros protagonistas na gestão dos RSU são as cooperativas e associações de reciclagem, que buscam a melhoria do seu trabalho; os intermediários, que influenciam nos preços; e a população em geral, em sua relação com os resíduos sólidos, através da separação e destinação. A gestão dos RSU sempre foi algo secundário na história da administração pública de Novo Hamburgo: existiram projetos que não saíram do papel, longos períodos de exploração de trabalhadores no lixão da cidade, além de um histórico de irregularidades nos serviços de coleta terceirizada. O atual programa CataVida foi uma mudança positiva na gestão dos RSU no município, voltando-se para a inclusão de catadores no mercado de trabalho formal.This dissertation has as main subject the urban solid waste management and its space, in the city of Novo Hamburgo/RS. Considering a historical and current analysis of this management, it is aimed to comprehend the main changes in land value and spatial aspect in the city. The work with solid urban waste, its destination and treatment, has a very specific place into the city: periphery. Mapping old places destined to solid waste destination and an urban historical research, from Novo Hamburgo, allowed us to analyze mutual influences. The occupied spaces were green areas, secluded from the downtown and from city hall‟s ownership. Successive urban sprawl relocated the dumps to far more distant places from the downtown. Generally, traces of the former places could be observed in the current devaluation of such parts of the city. Therefore, the old and current places destined to solid urban waste at Novo Hamburgo, peculiarly capitalist, are peripheral, as noticed at Santo Afonso‟s neighborhood, in villages of Primavera‟s neighborhood and around of the old Roselandia‟s landfill site. However, in some cases, as Kroeff village, with the transport expansion, or at “Buraco do Raio”, with leisure equipment‟s building, this tendency does not confirms. Besides knowing the places destined to solid urban waste – past and present – at Novo Hamburgo, this research analyzed which agents are involved in the recycling chain and their relations with spatial changes at Novo Hamburgo. A relevant agent is the city hall‟s public authority, the one who regulates and manages the work at the ground works of the recycling chain. Other leading figures in the solid urban waste management are the recycling associations and cooperatives which seek to improve its work; the intermediaries, the ones that influence the prices; and the general population and its relation with solid waste, through waste proper selection and destination. The solid urban waste management was always secondary, in the history of public governance from Novo Hamburgo: there were projects that never saw the light of the day, long periods of landfill site exploited workers, beside an irregularities‟ history in the outsourced collection services. The current program “CataVida” was a positive change at the solid urban waste management in the city, focused on the collectors inclusion at the formal labor market.
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Rocha, Patricio. "Cap-and-Trade Modeling and Analysis for Electric Power Generation Systems." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3316.
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Cap-and-trade is the most discussed CO2 emissions control scheme in the U.S. It is a market-based mechanism that has been used previously to successfully reduce the levels of SO2 and NOx emitted by power generators. Since electricity generators are responsible for about 40% of the CO2 emissions in the U.S., the implementation of CO2 cap-and-trade will have a significant impact on electric power generation systems. In particular, cap-and-trade will influence the investment decisions made by power generators. These decisions in turn, will affect electricity prices and demand. If the allowances (or emission permits) created by a cap-and-trade program are auctioned, the government will collect a significant amount of money that can be redistributed back to the electricity market participants to mitigate increases on electricity prices due to cap-and-trade and also, to increase the market share of low-emission generators.
In this dissertation, we develop two models to analyze the impact of CO2 cap-and-trade on electric power generation systems. The first model is intended to be used by power generators in a restructured market to evaluate investment decisions under different CO2 cap-and-trade programs for a given time horizon and a given forecast in demand growth. The second model is intended to aid policymakers in developing optimal CO2 revenue redistribution policies via subsidies for low-emission generators.
Through the development of these two models, our underlying objective is to provide analysis tools for policymakers and market participants so that they can make informed decisions about the design of cap-and-trade programs and about the market actions they
can take if such programs are implemented.
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Sigvardsson, Martin. "Energiåtervinning från gjuteriprocess till fastighet, undersökning för ökat utnyttjande av spillvärme." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-4499.
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This diploma work on D-level is made in cooperation with Varnäsföretagen AB in Eskilstuna. The company performs contract manufactured aluminium goods. This work is a continuation on earlier diploma work in Varnäsföretagen AB. Even if the industry process consumes much energy for melting the aluminium goods, they consume a great amount of oil to warm up the building. The purpose of this work is to examine some places in the building and the process to see how much energy it is possible to recycles to the heating system and reduce the costs for heating. The places have all a big heat excess and recycling will get more acceptable thermal comfort for the staff.
Studies of efficiency, the variation in power and temperatures is made to see how much energy it is possible to recycle. Many systems could with small measures be more efficient.
A general problem for many places is that the energy is in the indoor air and has low temperature. It means that most of the energy is difficult to use in other places than for preheating of the intake air in the air handling units.
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Shaddock, Daniel Anthony, and Daniel Shaddock@jpl nasa gov. "Advanced Interferometry for Gravitational Wave Detection." The Australian National University. Faculty of Science, 2001. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20020227.171850.
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In this thesis we investigate advanced techniques for the readout and control of various interferometers. In particular, we present experimental investigations of interferometer configurations and control techniques to be used in second generation interferometric gravitational wave detectors. We also present a new technique, tilt locking, for the readout and control of optical interferometers.
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We report the first experimental demonstration of a Sagnac interferometer with resonant sideband extraction (RSE). We measure the frequency response to modulation of the length of the arms and demonstrate an increase in signal bandwidth of by a factor of 6.5 compared to the Sagnac with arm cavities only. We compare Sagnac interferometers based on optical cavities with cavity-based Michelson interferometers and find that the Sagnac configuration has little overall advantage in a cavity-based system.
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A system for the control and signal extraction of a power recycled Michelson interferometer with RSE is presented. This control system employs a frontal modulation scheme requiring a phase modulated carrier field and a phase modulated subcarrier field. The system is capable of locking all 5 length degrees of freedom and allows the signal cavity to be detuned over the entire range of possibilities, in principle, whilst maintaining lock. We analytically investigate the modulation/demodulation techniques used to obtain these error signals, presenting an introductory explanation of single sideband modulation/demodulation and double demodulation.
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This control system is implemented on a benchtop prototype interferometer. We discuss technical problems associated with production of the input beam modulation components and present several solutions. Operation of the interferometer is demonstrated for a wide range of detunings. The frequency response of the interferometer is measured for various detuned points and we observe good agreement with theoretical predictions. The ability of the control system to maintain lock as the interferometer is detuned is experimentally demonstrated.
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Tilt locking, a new technique to obtain an error signal to lock a laser to an optical cavity, is presented. This technique produces an error signal by efficient measurement of the interference between the TEM00 and TEM10 modes. We perform experimental and theoretical comparisons with the widely used Pound-Drever-Hall (PDH) technique. We derive the quantum noise limit to the sensitivity of a measurement of the beam position, and using this result calculate the shot noise limited sensitivity of tilt locking. We show that tilt locking has a quantum efficiency of 80%, compared to 82% for the PDH technique.
We present experimental demonstrations of tilt locking in several applications including frequency stabilisation, continuous-wave second harmonic generation, and injection locking of a Nd:YAG slab laser. In each of these cases, we demonstrate that the performance of tilt locking is not the limiting factor of the lock stability, and show that it achieves similar performance to the PDH based system.
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Finally, we discuss how tilt locking can be effectively applied to two beam interferometers. We show experimentally how a two beam interferometer typically gives excellent isolation against errors arising from changes in the photodetector position, and experimentally demonstrate the use of tilt locking as a signal readout system for a Sagnac interferometer.
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Almeida, Antônio Fabrício de. "Desempenho de grupo motor gerador alimentado com misturas de óleo residual de frituras e diesel sob cargas variadas." Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2016. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/627.
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The residual oil frying (ORF), when disposed of incorrectly, cause negative impacts on the environment. However, its use as biofuel, generates great benefits of social, economic and environmental order. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of a group cycle diesel engine-generator powered by diesel and mineral diesel blends with residual oil frying. The trials were conducted in machines Instrumentation Laboratory and Agricultural Mechanization (Limma) of the Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid (UFERSA) in Mossoró-RN, using a completely randomized design in factorial 4 x 5, with four replications. The treatments were diesel (DI) of oil and mixtures of diesel and residual oil frying (ORF) in the proportions: 50% DI and 50% ORF; DI 75% and 25% ORF; DI 90% and 10% ORF; 100% DI. The resistive loads used were 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 kW. The engine oil temperature remains within the recommended operating range (85-95 ° C), indicating no lubricating oil contamination. All mixtures ORF had lower values for the exhaust temperature to the commercial diesel. The lower values of specific fuel consumption (EC) were obtained with higher loads, particularly at loads of 12 and 15 kW. The ORF25 mixture was the one with the lowest power generated and the EC farther diesel for all applied loads. Among the binary mixtures, ORF presented SE 10 similar to diesel in loads of 12 and 15 kW and the ORF50, the loads of 3, 9 and 12 kW; demonstrating that such mixing proportions, the ORF can replace mineral diesel
O óleo residual de fritura (ORF), quando descartado de maneira incorreta, causa impactos negativos ao meio ambiente. Todavia, a sua utilização como biocombustível gera grandes benefícios de ordem social, econômica e ambiental. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o desempenho de um grupo motor-gerador de ciclo diesel, alimentado com diesel mineral e misturas de diesel com óleo residual de frituras. Os ensaios foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Instrumentação de Máquinas e Mecanização Agrícola (LIMMA) da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), em Mossoró-RN, utilizando delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 x 5, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos utilizados foram o óleo diesel mineral (DI) e misturas de diesel e óleo residual de fritura (ORF) nas proporções: 50% DI e 50% ORF; 75% DI e 25% ORF; 90% DI e 10% ORF; 100% DI. As cargas resistivas aplicadas foram de 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15 kW. A temperatura do óleo do motor se manteve dentro da faixa de trabalho recomendada (85-95 °C), indicativo de que não houve contaminação do óleo lubrificante. Todas as misturas de ORF apresentaram valores inferiores para temperatura de escapamento em relação ao diesel comercial. Os menores valores de consumo específico (CE) foram obtidos com as maiores cargas, sobretudo nas cargas de 12 e 15 kW. A mistura ORF25 foi a que apresentou a menor potência gerada e o CE mais distante do diesel para todas as cargas aplicadas. Dentre as misturas binárias, a ORF10 apresentou CE semelhante ao do diesel nas cargas de 12 e 15 kW, e a ORF50, nas cargas de 3, 9 e 12 kW; demonstrando que, nessas proporções de mistura, o ORF pode substituir o óleo diesel mineral
2016-11-14
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Papírek, Jan. "Možnosti likvidace a recyklace fotovoltaických panelů v ČR." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-413548.
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This diploma thesis is focused on the assessment of the possibilities of disposal of photovoltaic panels installed in the Czech Republic. In addition to the basic theory of photovoltaic cells and panels, the theoretical parts describe legislation, subsidies in the field of photovoltaics and the development of photovoltaics in the Czech Republic. As part of recycling, their methods, work with the collective system, as well as the impact on the environment are analyzed. In the experimental part, using the data of the installed capacity and the average weights of the panels, various projections of the disposal of the panels over time are made, which take into account factors such as the life of the power plant or the capacity of the recycling line. Furthermore, according to the available literature, an analysis of the revenue from the sale of recycled materials contained in panels installed in our territory is performed. Subsequently, the needs of future implementers of proven estimates of labor and logical demands were assessed. Finally, an economic evaluation of the fundamental aspects of the FRELP recycling process was performed and the net prices of different recycling directions were determined.
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Blanc, Toinou. "Fabrication additive par dépôt laser direct de TA6V : étude expérimentale dans des régimes de forte productivité, modèles de comportement et recyclage de la poudre." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEM047.
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La fabrication additive, ou impression 3D, regroupe plusieurs procédés permettant d’obtenir des pièces par empilement de couches de matière à partir de modèles CAO, sans outillage spécifique. En l’espace d’une dizaine d’années, les procédés additifs ont vu leur notoriété croître bien plus rapidement que la rentabilité de leurs applications industrielles.En effet, ces technologies doivent encore gagner en maturité, en particulier pour les applications métalliques. C’est l’enjeu du projet FUI-9 FALAFEL dans lequel s’inscrit cette thèse, menée en partenariat avec plusieurs acteurs industriels et académiques. Elle a pour but d’accompagner le développement du procédé de dépôt laser direct (DLD), aussi appelé dépôt de métal assisté par laser (LMD).Celui-ci consiste à projeter et à fondre de la poudre métallique sur un substrat suivant un motif défini, couche après couche. Il permet d’obtenir des pièces de grandes dimensions peu complexes avec un état de surface moyen et une productivité correcte, mais encore insuffisante pour son industrialisation.La spécificité de ce travail est d’étudier le procédé DLD avec l’alliage de titane TA6V, dans des régimes opératoires permettant d’atteindre des débits volumiques de construction élevés (> 100 cm3/h).Les recherches sont orientées suivant deux axes. En premier lieu, on s’attache à améliorer la compréhension et la maîtrise du procédé, en établissant les relations entre paramètres opératoires, critères géométriques, stabilité du bain de fusion, rendement massique et microstructure générée.Dans un deuxième temps, on s’intéresse à la possibilité de réutiliser les poudres projetées non fondues. On étudie jusqu’à 3 niveaux de recyclage de la poudre, sans dilution avec de la poudre neuve, puis on vérifie que les propriétés mécaniques sont en accord avec les exigences aéronautiquesAdditive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, aggregates several processes that allows to build parts by stacking layers of a given material, directly from CAD models, without specific tools. Over the past decade, additive processes have gained in notoriety much more rapidly than their industrial applications gained in profitability.Indeed, these technologies must still mature, especially for metallic applications. This is the challenge of the project FUI-9 FALAFEL, in which this thesis takes place, carried out in partnership with several industrial and academic actors. It aims to accompany the development of the direct laser deposition process (DLD), also known as laser metal deposition (LMD).This consists in projecting and melting metal powder on a substrate in a defined pattern, layer by layer. It allows to obtain large size and low complexity parts with high roughness and a proper productivity, despite being still insufficient for industrialization.The specificity of the present work is to study the DLD process in operating modes that allow to reach high build rates (> 100 cc/h), in application to the titanium alloy TA6V.This work is driven by two research focus. In the first place, we try to improve the understanding and control of the process by establishing the relationships between operating parameters, geometric criteria, melt pool stability, process efficiency and generated microstructure.In a second stage, we focus on the possibility to reuse powders that remain unmelted after deposition. Up to 3 levels of powder recycling are studied, without dilution with new powder. We then carried out tests to check that the mechanical properties were in accordance with the aeronautical requirements
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KIYAN, LUDMILA de Y. P. "Aplicação da radiação gama para incorporação do pó de borracha em formulações de borracha EPDM e nitrílica." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2014. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/23177.
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Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Johansson, Jimmy. "Power-Efficient Settling Time Reduction Techniques for a Folded-Cascode Amplifier in 1.8 V, 0.18 um CMOS." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Elektroniska Kretsar och System, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-138446.
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Testability is crucial in today’s complex industrial system on chips (SoCs), where sensitive on-chip analog voltages need to be measured. In such cases, an operational amplifier (opamp) is required to sufficiently buffer the signals before they can drive the chip pad and probe parasitics. A single-stage opamp offers an attractive choice since it is power efficient and eliminates the need for frequency compensation. However, it has to satisfy demanding specifications on its stability, input common mode range, output swing, settling time, closed-loop gain and offset voltage. In this work, the settling time performance of a conventional folded-cascode (FC) opamp is substantially improved. Settling time of an opamp consists of two major components, namely the slewing period and the linear settling period. In order to reduce the settling time significantly without incurring excessive area and power penalty, a prudent circuit implementation that minimizes both these constituents is essential. In this work, three different slew rate enhancement (SRE) circuits have been evaluated through extensive simulations. The SRE candidate providing robust slew rate improvement was combined with a current recycling folded cascode structure, resulting in lower slewing and linear settling time periods. Exhaustive simulations on a FC cascode amplifier with complementary inputs illustrate the effectiveness of these techniques in settling time reduction over all envisaged operating conditions.
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Florez, Parra Daniela Carolina. "Effects of the presence of recycled tire powders on the kinetics of the radical polymerization of styrene and the properties of the resulting materials." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0347.
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Le recyclage des matériaux dérivés des pneus usagés est considéré comme une approche durable de la gestion de ces déchets. La phase caoutchouc de ces pneus est considérée comme une source importante car elle consiste en une phase élastomère renforcée et réticulée, qui présente des propriétés mécaniques intéressantes, telles qu'une extensibilité et une élasticité élevées. L’une des alternatives pour le recyclage des caoutchoucs de pneus usagés consiste à les broyer en poudres fines plus connues comme « GTR » (ground tire rubber). Ces dernières peuvent être dispersées dans des polymères thermoplastiques afin d'améliorer certaines de leurs propriétés telles que la résistance aux chocs. Ce travail vise à utiliser le GTR comme agent de renforcement pour renforcer les polymères fragiles tels que le polystyrène (PS). Il est composé de trois parties. Dans la première partie, l’effet de la présence de GTR sur la cinétique de la polymérisation radicalaire du styrène est étudié par DSC. Au cours de la polymérisation du styrène en présence de GTR, le styrène est partiellement homopolymérisé, conduisant à la formation de PS libre, et partiellement greffé sur le GTR, ce qui conduit à un PS greffé sur le GTR. Le peroxyde de benzoyle et le 2,2-azobis (2-méthylbutyronitrile) sont utilisés comme amorceurs de radicaux libres. En général, la présence de GTR montre un effet négatif sur la conversion finale du monomère en polymère. De plus, cela peut avoir un impact positif ou négatif sur le taux de polymérisation. Ces effets peuvent être plus ou moins prononcés, en fonction du type d'amorceur utilisé. Dans la deuxième partie du travail, un modèle mécanistique est développé pour décrire la polymérisation radicalaire du styrène pur dans un réacteur discontinu. Le modèle permet de prédire l'évolution de la conversion totale du monomère et celle des masses molaires moyennes du PS. La validité du modèle est démontrée par la comparaison avec des données expérimentales générées par une série d'analyses DSC ainsi que par des essais dans un réacteur pilote. Subséquemment, ce modèle est modifié pour prendre en compte les réactions se produisant en présence de GTR. La troisième partie du travail porte sur le développement d'une nouvelle méthodologie pour préparer un PS renforcé avec du GTR. L’application de cette méthodologie a démontré que la résistance au choc Charpy (sur éprouvette entaillée) du PS pur peut être augmentée d’un facteur de 2 en ajoutant 50% en poids de GTR. En outre, un mélange PS/GTR contenant 70% en poids de GTR présente une performance similaire à celle d'un vulcanisat d'élastomère thermoplastique et son élongation à la rupture peut atteindre 120%Recycling of end-of-life tire-derived materials is considered a sustainable approach to managing these wastes. The rubber phase of these tires is considered as a valuable source because it consists of a sulfur-crosslinked reinforced elastomer phase which displays interesting mechanical properties such as high extensibility and elasticity. One of the alternatives for used tire rubber recycling consists in grinding it into fine powders, commercially called ground tire rubber or GTR. The latter can be dispersed in thermoplastic polymers in order to improve some of their properties such as impact strength. This work aims to use GTR as a reinforcing agent to toughen brittle polymers such as polystyrene (PS). It is composed of three parts. In the first part, the effect of the presence of GTR on the kinetics of the free-radical polymerization of styrene is studied by DSC. During the polymerization of styrene in the presence of GTR, styrene is partly homopolymerized, leading to free PS, and partly grafted onto GTR, leading to PS grafted onto GTR. Benzoyl peroxide and 2,2-azobis(2-methylbutyronitrile) are used as free radical initiators. In general, the presence of GTR shows a negative effect on the ultimate monomer conversion to polymer. Moreover, it may have a positive or negative impact on the rate of polymerization. These effects can be more or less pronounced, depending on the type of initiator used. In the second part of the work, a mechanistic model is developed to describe the free-radical polymerization of pure styrene in a batch reactor. The model allows predicting the evolution of the total monomer conversion and that of the average molecular weight of PS. The validity of the model is demonstrated via comparison with experimental data generated through a series of DSC analyses as well as pilot-scale reactor runs. Subsequently, the same model is modified to take into account the reactions occurring in the presence of GTR. The third part of the work addresses the development of a new methodology combining two processes to prepare GTR toughened PS. These processes involve the free-radical polymerization of styrene in the presence of GTR and compounding of the resulting product in a twin-screw extruder. The grafting of styrene onto GTR ensures good interfacial adhesion between PS and GTR and compounding favors fine dispersion of GTR in the PS matrix. Results show that the notched Charpy impact strength of neat PS can be increased by a factor of 2 by adding 50 wt% of GTR. Moreover, a PS/GTR blend containing 70 wt% of GTR displays a performance similar to that of a thermoplastic elastomer vulcanizate (TPV) and its strain at break can reach 120%
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Мартинюк, Валерій Володимирович, and Valeriy Martynyuk. "Автоматизована система електроживлення мобільної установки переробки пластикових відходів." Master's thesis, Тернопільський національний технічний університет ім. І. Пулюя, Факультет прикладних інформаційних технологій та електроінженерії, Кафедра автоматизації технологічних процесів і виробництв, 2021. http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/36752.
Full textAbstract:
Робота виконана на кафедрі автоматизації технологічних процесів і виробництв факультету прикладних інформаційних технологій та електроінженерії Тернопільського національного технічного університету імені Івана Пулюя Міністерства освіти і науки України. Захист відбудеться «24» грудня 2021р. о 9.00год. на засіданні екзаменаційної комісії №22 у Тернопільському національному технічному університеті імені Івана Пулюя.У кваліфікаційній роботі розроблена та досліджена автоматизована система електроживлення мобільної установки переробки пластикових відходів, що складається з фотоелектричних модулів, дизельгенератора, акумуляторних батарей, суперконденсаторних батарей, перетворювача постійного струму у постійний струм та інвертора. На відміну від описаних вище відомих підходів, в кваліфікаційній роботі визначальними ідеями для збільшення ефективності автоматизованої системи електроживлення мобільної установки переробки пластикових відходів є автоматизований контроль відбору енергії від фотоелектричних модулів завдяки забезпечення їх генерації в точці максимальної потужності та позиціонування фотоелектричних модулів під кутом 90° до падаючого сонячного випромінювання. У випадку, коли одержуваної від фотоелектричних модулів електричної енергії занадто багато для живлення навантажень, її надлишок буде перенаправлено на заряд акумуляторнмх батарей та суперконденсаторних батарей акумуляторнмх батарей та суперконденсаторних батарей, в основному, буде використовуватися для надійного забезпечення необхідної потужності у випадку недостатнього рівня інсоляції сонячного випромінювання. Також передбачено можливість заряд акумуляторних батарей і живлення навантаження від дизельгенератора у випадку нестачі або відсутності сонячної та акумульованої енергії.
In the qualification work the automated power supply system of the mobile plastic waste processing unit consisting of photovoltaic modules, diesel generator, rechargeable batteries, supercapacitor batteries, direct current to direct current converter and inverter is developed and investigated. In contrast to the above-described approaches, in the qualifying work the key ideas for increasing the efficiency of the automated power supply system of a mobile plastic waste recycling plant are automated control of energy recovery from photovoltaic modules by ensuring their generation at maximum power and positioning photovoltaic modules at an angle of 90 ° solar radiation. In case that the electricity received from photovoltaic modules is too much to supply loads, its excess will be redirected to charge batteries and supercapacitor batteries. It is also possible to charge batteries and power the load from the diesel generator in the absence or absence of solar and stored energy.
ВСТУП 1 АНАЛІТИЧНА ЧАСТИНА 1.1 Аналіз стану питання за літературними та іншими джерелами 1.2 Актуальність виконання роботи 1.3 Методи вирішення поставленої задачі 1.4 Висновки та постановка задач на кваліфікаційну роботу магістра 2 ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНА ЧАСТИНА 2.1 Характеристика виробу та його призначення 2.2 Розробка технологічного процесу виготовлення виробу 3 КОНСТРУКТОРСЬКА ЧАСТИНА 3.1 Аналіз вихідних даних на проектування базового варіанту автоматизованої системи електроживлення мобільної установки переробки пластикових відходів.. 3.2 Підбір серійного обладнання, уточнення компоновки автоматизованої система електроживлення мобільної установки переробки пластикових відходів на основі паспортних даних серійного обладнання 3.3 Обґрунтування необхідності проектування, вимог і технічних показників нестандартного обладнання, що входить в автоматизовану систему електроживлення мобільної установки переробки пластикових відходів 4 НАУКОВО-ДОСЛІДНА ЧАСТИНА 4.1 Характеристика об’єкту та предмету дослідження 4.2 Імітаційна модель автоматизованої системи електроживлення мобільної установки переробки пластикових відходів 5 СПЕЦІАЛЬНА ЧАСТИНА 5.1 Алгоритм керуючої програми відслідковування точки максимальної потужності 5.2 Симуляція керуючої програми відслідковування точки максимальної потужності фотоелектричного модуля 6 ОХОРОНА ПРАЦІ ТА БЕЗПЕКА В НАДЗВИЧАЙНИХ СИТУАЦІЯХ 6.1 Вимоги до охорони праці при виготовлені автоматизованої системи електроживлення мобільної установки переробки пластикових відходів 6.2 Екологічні вимоги при виготовленні та експлуатації автоматизованої системи електроживлення мобільної установки переробки пластикових відходів 6.3 Розрахунок місцевої витяжної вентиляції на робочому місці монтажника автоматизованої системи електроживлення мобільної установки переробки пластикових відходів 6.4 Безпека в надзвичайних ситуаціях на малому підприємстві по виробництву автоматизованої системи електроживлення мобільної установки переробки пластикових відходів ВИСНОВКИ ПЕРЕЛІК ПОСИЛАНЬ
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Gunnars, Hans, and Gustav Magnusson. "Återvinning av rökgaskondensat på Moskogen : Ett investeringsunderlag för minskad vattenkonsumtion på ett kraftvärmeverk." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Sjöfartshögskolan (SJÖ), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-95159.
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Det här projektet har varit på uppdrag av Kalmar Energi AB och har utförts på kraftvärmeanläggningen Moskogen. Projektet syftade till att undersöka om återvinning av rökgaskondensat till spädvatten var möjlig och ekonomiskt försvarbart. Denna åtgärd skulle potentiellt kunna minska anläggningens råvattenkonsumtion och det skulle leda till en ekonomisk besparing. Åtgärden skulle även bidra till att anläggningen blev mer självförsörjande och mindre känslig vid störningar på det lokala råvattennätet. Mätningar av flöden på rökgaskondensatsproduktionen, halter av föroreningar och råvattenkonsumtionen gav viktiga parametrar för kontakt med leverantör av reningssystem. Samarbete upprättades med Eurowater AB där två olika reningsanläggningar togs fram och delgavs Kalmar Energi AB. Kostnaden för de två olika förslagen och respektive råvattenbesparing gav två avskrivningstider för investeringarna. Slutsatsen som drogs av projektet var att en installation av en reningsanläggning för återvinning av rökgaskondensatet var möjlig.This project has been commissioned by Kalmar Energi AB and has been carried out at the CHP plant Moskogen. The project aimed to investigate whether recycling of flue gas condensate was possible and economically justifiable. This measure could potentially reduce the plant´s raw water consumption and would result in economic savings. The measure would also help the plant become more self-sufficient and less sensitive to disturbances on the local raw water distribution net. Measurements of the flow of flue gas condensate, levels of pollution and raw water consumption gave important parameters for contact with the purification supplier. We entered a collaboration with Eurowater AB where two different purification plants were presented to Kalmar Energi AB. The cost of the two different proposals and their respective raw water savings gave two different payback periods in which the initial investment would be recouped by the client. The conclusion drawn from the project is that the installation of a purification plant for recycling of flue gas condensate was possible.
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Ngueya, Wandji Steve. "Conception de circuits mémoires flash pour plateforme ultra faible consommation." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0586.
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Le marché des objets connectés sécurisés est en plein essor et nécessite des plateformes de développement faible consommation pour des applications sans contact dans des facteurs de forme réduits. La réduction du facteur de forme impacte l’antenne et entraîne une baisse de l’énergie disponible dans la puce, qui, pour travailler à performances égales, doit voir sa consommation diminuer drastiquement. Un des principaux contributeurs à la consommation est la mémoire non-volatile embarquée (eNVM) utilisée pour le stockage et l’exécution du code. Il faut donc, pour une technologie donnée, être capable de concevoir des blocs périphériques du plan mémoire de manière à réduire la consommation au maximum. L’objectif de la thèse est donc de sélectionner une technologie eNVM très faible consommation compatible avec le procédé technologie CMOS classique, d’identifier les blocs critiques lors des opérations de la mémoire, et enfin de proposer des solutions de minimisation de la consommation pour chaque bloc critique. Pour ce faire, une étude de toutes les mémoires non volatiles embarquées disponibles sur le marché est réalisée. Il en ressort que la technologie Flash, en particulier la Flash NOR embarquée de type SuperFlash® ESF3, est la mieux adaptée pour les systèmes télé-alimentés. L’étude de la macro Flash NOR montre que durant l’écriture et l’effacement, la consommation du système est en partie liée à la génération de la haute tension par les pompes de charge. Par contre, durant la lecture, les performances globales du système sont déterminées par l’amplificateur de lecture. Ainsi, un travail de conception de chaque bloc individuel est mis en oeuvre pour réduire la consommationThe market of secure connected devices is booming and requires low power development platforms for contactless applications in reduced form factors. The reduction in the form factor impacts the antenna size and thus leads to a decrease of the energy available in the chip, which should reduce drastically its consumption while keeping performances. One of the main contributors to the chip consumption is the embedded non-volatile memory (eNVM) used for storage and code execution. Therefore, for a given technology, it is necessary to design peripheral blocks of the memory array under strong consumption constraints. The aim of the thesis is to select a very low-power embedded nonvolatile memory technology compatible with the classical CMOS process, to identify the critical blocks during the operations of the memory, and finally to propose solutions to minimize the power consumption of each critical block.In order to do this, a study of all the embedded non-volatile memories available on the market is carried out. It emerges that the Flash technology, in particular the SuperFlash® ESF3 based NOR Flash technology, is best suited for remote-powered systems. The study of the NOR Flash macrocell shows that during write and erase operations, the system consumption is mainly related to the high voltage generation by charge pumps. However, during a read operation, overall performances of the system is determined by the sense amplifier. A design work for each individual block is then implemented to reduce consumption
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David, Sylvain. "Capacités des réacteurs hybrides au plomb pour la production d'énergie et l'incinération avec multirecyclage des combustibles : évolution des paramètres physiques : radiotoxicités induites." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10042.
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Le concept des reacteurs sous-critiques pilotes par accelerateur (reacteurs hybrides), relance au debut des annees 90 par c. Rubbia et c. D. Bowman, permet d'ouvrir des voies nouvelles quant a la gestion des dechets nucleaires, qu'il s'agisse des dechets actuels ou de la production d'energie plus propre basee sur l'utilisation du cycle du thorium. Dans un premier temps, ce travail concerne l'etude des caracteristiques de la multiplication neutronique dans un cur de reacteur sous-critique et met en evidence les differences fondamentales existant avec les systemes critiques et les avantages qui en decoulent. Cette etude est liee aux series de mesures realisees a cadarache (experiences muse) dont les premiers resultats sont presentes. La sous-criticite d'un reacteur hybride rend ce systeme tres flexible, et permet d'envisager differentes utilisations, comme la production d'energie ou l'incineration de dechets. La deuxieme partie de ce travail concerne donc l'etude par simulation monte carlo, des capacites des systemes hybrides a spectre rapide et refroidis au plomb, a produire de l'energie en utilisant differents cycles de combustible (uranium et thorium), tout en assurant la regeneration de la matiere fissile et le maintien de la reactivite sans intervention exterieure. Nous envisageons differents types de multirecyclage du combustible. Les resultats permettent de quantifier les avantages lies a l'utilisation de la filiere thorium, en terme de reduction de radiotoxicite notamment. L'etude des phases transitoires necessaires pour aboutir a cette filiere a partir des combustibles actuels (plutonium issu des reacteurs thermiques et uranium enrichi) propose une gestion efficace des actinides produits par les reacteurs actuels en tant que matiere fissile d'appoint. Enfin, l'incineration des actinides en fin de cycle (scenario d'arret de la filiere) est envisagee et permet de decrire les avantages des systemes hybrides refroidis au plomb pour la reduction de la radiotoxicite d'un inventaire en fin de cycle.
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Chu, Wei, and 朱葦. "Study on the Recycling of Phosphor Powder of Spent Lighting Lamps." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52713808744919027310.
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碩士國立屏東科技大學
環境工程與科學系所
96
In Taiwan the spent lighting lamps has been expected about 90 million per year, and it will generate near 675 ton per year recycled phosphor powder. The recycled phosphor powder contains mercury and needs to be properly treated, in order to avoid the pollution of environment and health danger. Currently it is treated by dispose landfilling after detoxification or centric storage. If we can find new recycle mode for phosphor powders, for example, application on the preparation of sewage tube and building roadway, it would be helpful for treating phosphor powders. This study use recycle phosphor powders, cement and epoxy resin to prepar plastic concrete. The synthesized composites were charactered by unconfined compressive strength tester, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared, Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and elemental analyzer. In addition the induced couple plasma was used to analyze the concentrations of ions in leachate of the concrete. In the case of the prepared concrete with a ratio of phosphor powder 67 %, it shows the highest single-axial compression strength of 902 kg/cm2. The best ratio of added phosphor is commanded to be 40 % basing on the thermal property. As the content of phosphor powder in phosphor-containing polymeric concrete is increases, the concrete shows a harder surface. This observation was consisted with the single-axial compression strength data. The results of induced couple analysis of synthetic concrete is far below the regulatory standard of Taiwan EPA, therefore it is feasible for de-mercury phosphor powder to the manufacture of plastic concrete.
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Chang, Wei-Che, and 張維哲. "Research Of Yttrium Recycling From Fluorescent Powder In The Exhaust Fluorescent Tube." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92642799241953248651.
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碩士遠東科技大學
材料科學與工程研究所
102
Recycling and reuse are currently an important research in the advanced countries. It is an essential indicator for sustainable development of the earth. In the present study, yttrium element is obtained from waste fluorescent lamp. The recycling processes involves acid reflux to erosion, pH adjustment, selective precipitation and electrolysis to remove impurities. The raw materials is obtained from domestic legal fluorescent tube recycling companies. The main compound in the ingredient is calcium oxide (71.96 wt.%). The content of yttrium and european are 7.89 wt.% and 0.34 wt.%, respectively. The raw materials also contain sodium, aluminum, silver, zinc, silicon, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese, indium and nickel. Experimental results show that hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and sulfuric acid have the nearly same ability to etch yttrium from waste fluorescent powder. The fewer calcium is remained in the precipitation for sulfuric acid as the aching agent. This is due to the fewer solubility product constant of calcium sulphate . The amount of element is increasing in the precipitation with the increase of the etching time. In acidic environments, some impurities can reduce by the electrolysis method. As the pH value is between 2.5 and 3.0, the addition of oxalate acid into the aching solution can obtain the yttrium oxalate, and the yttrium recovery and purity can reach 80% and 95%, respectively.
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Yu, Deng-Ping, and 游登評. "A Characteristics Study and Recycling of Phosphor Powder from the Spent Fluorescent Lamps." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/epe9a2.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
環境工程與管理研究所
97
The government has declared recycling for waste fluorescent lamps since Jan 1st in 2002. Distinguished results are very well, and though the waste fluorescent light tubes have been recycled and reused, the resource material- glass, mercury, and aluminum are reused. However, phosphor powder final disposal is still landfill. In Taiwan, there were 100 millions fluorescent lamps be used every year. On the other hand, there were 400 tons phosphor powder which disposal form waste lamps. The phosphor powder recycling could be save the material, protecting environment, and promoting of the value addition. This study uses spectral analysis to analyze that mixed fluorescent powder which virgin phosphor powder and recycled phosphor powder. Moreover, the author also uses XRD, SEM, ICP-MS to analyze the base compound of the powder. According to the result in this research, the luminous intensity of mixed powder was increased as the ratio of raw tri-band and halophosphare phosphor powder increased, respectively. When the ratio of raw phosphor powder and recycled phosphor powder was 3:1, the integral intensity of mixed powder was percentages of 95.5 and 97 as raw phosphor powder when wavelength band was 400-700nm. In this result, this study indicated that the optimum mixed powder was3:1 as raw powder and recycle. This study also separated the lamps as three stages by length to discuss the characteristics. In the result, it found that the stage A was worst among stage B and C. Moreover, the structure of stage A doesn’t have a good components and efficiency of lighting. It found that the integral strength of stage A and B were only 16% and 93% compared with stage C. In the stage A of tri-band lamp, no matter or components lighting efficiency were similar to stage B and C. The integral strength of stage A and C got 99% strength compared with stage B.
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Hou, Po-Chen, and 侯博震. "Reuse of Waste Glass Powder for substitution of Fine Aggregate in the recycling Asphalt Concrete." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/91261792262127694019.
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碩士國立雲林科技大學
營建工程系碩士班
92
permanent development, environmental protection and resource conservation are the world kid issues begin pursed by every country .The reduction of rubbishes and the permanent development of resource are also a major concer of human begin. In Taiwan, the amount of rubbishes is approximately 7.84million tones per year, which consists of large quantity of recycling wastages, like papers 26% ~37%, plastics 17% ~21%, metals 4% ~8% and glasses 4% ~8%; There will be a major contribution for the environmental protection, if the wastages can be recycled. Furthermore, 13.2million of Asphalts are needed on road constructions annually for development and protection, apart from having large amount of sands and stones, about 5million of eradicated wastages are also left per year, which cause the damage to the environment. Due to the shortage of the sands and the stones, if the eradicated wastages can be recycled, then extractions of sands and stones and the damage to environment can be reduced This research is based on using recycled gravel glasses, by having 5%, 10% and 15% in the material; the concentration of gravel glasses is dependent of the weight of the material. This replaces the molecules in Asphalt, then while an appropriate adjustment and Marshall testing are being done, the Asphalt recycling rule in chapter02966 published by the Public Construction Committee is followed to evaluate the level of Recycling Agents and the suitable concentration of oil for each replaced amount. At last, by using each parameter of the Marshall testing bodies and the corresponding objects, then have a comparison of the mechanics and the durable characteristics of Asphalt of each gravel glasses concentration in order to investigate the recycling Asphalt of best gravel glasses concentration
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Jhan-Cyue, Lin, and 林展全. "A Study on the Mechanical and Electricity Properties of Cement Mortar Added With recycling materials and Piezoelectric Powder." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45735621308327708410.
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碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
土木工程與防災科技研究所
101
Environmental concerns regarding energy savings and carbon reduction have been promoted worldwide to mitigate the greenhouse effect. Taiwan, which is located in the plate junction, experiences frequent earthquakes, abundant rainfall during the typhoon season, and frequent natural disasters. Improvements in the intelligent disaster prevention functions of buildings are imperative. This study employs the volumetric method. In the control group, cement was replaced by Fly ash, GGBFS (ground granulated blast furnace slag),TFT-LCD glass powder; in the PZT group, 5% of the fine aggregatewas replaced with piezoelectric powder to create cement mortar. The mechanical and electricity properties were tested to assess the correlations among flow, compressive strength, water absorption,UPV, and electricity at 50V and 100V. And Mode of linear regression relationship between each other. Experimental results show that the mobility test, then only replace piezoelectric group recycled materials 0% (19.5cm), less than the design flow degrees 20cm, recycled materials instead of increased mobility were increased. Compressive strength of fly ash decreased with increasing substitution, GGBFS at the age of 7 days produce pozzolanic reaction of slag replacements 30% (32.9MPa) highest intensity, TFT-LCD Glass powder 20% (31.8MPa) is replaced by the amount of tiny pores can be filled more, prompting rapid hydration plus more. Add GGBFS and TFT-LCD Glass powder helps reduce water absorption reduce internal porosity, fly ash is replaced with increased water absorption increased. 50V electric field environment, the resistance value of the resistance value is higher than 100V, shown at a higher voltage environment, the transfer process is generated by the resistance value decreased. The fly ash and GGBFS electricity increases with compressive strength in a SSD state, whereas the electricity decreases as the compressive strength increases in an OD state. But TFT-LCD Glass powder and the SSD-state resistance value of OD are replaced with the amount of the increase. 50V-SSD and 50V-OD resistance and compressive strength proportional relationship between the winning good, While water absorption and resistance values are adequately negative than the relationship. Show the R2 value was greater than 0.7, are highly correlated.
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Li, Chen-Wei, and 李辰偉. "On the Investigation of Advanced Cemented Carbide Material Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting Process and the Recycling and Reuse of Alloy Powder." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/am9hk3.
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Xiao, Chiuan-Tai, and 蕭荃泰. "Low Power Charge Recycling PLA Design and Analysis." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36549970158254811209.
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碩士國立彰化師範大學
積體電路設計研究所
98
The chip is advancement of manufacturing process in nowadays, it to increase design complication of digital circuit, and the transistor amount to increase in circuit, the requests of the design to power and speed are comparatively higher than before, too. The digital logic design using programmable logic array (PLA) circuit to implementation, and static PLA isn’t desirable on operation speed and chip area. This thesis using dynamic PLA circuit to design and analysis, because of dynamic PLA has high speed and predictable routing delay, and therefore it become popular in designing high performance microprocessors. In deep-submicron fabricating, the internal wire parasitic capacitance greater than transistor parasitic capacitance in the circuit, and the density increase of transistor, the wire routing length in proportion to increase, at this time, the circuit properties isn’t predictive of prior structure. Therefore, we discuss focus of analysis previous dynamic PLA structure, and presentation advantage and drawback of various structures. This thesis proposes a method of charge recycling technology of PLA which is implemented by using the parasitic capacitance of product-lines and input-lines. This scheme can reduce voltage swing on product-lines and input-lines to decrease power consumption and speed up operation. The circuit was designed by the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) 0.18-μm 1P6M CMOS and 0.35-μm 2P4M CMOS technology, and analysis and compare with various dynamic PLA by simulation. Therefore, the proposed scheme can reach to low power and high speed.
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Chang, Chun-Wei, and 張峻瑋. "An Efficiency Improved Balanced Power Amplifier UsingPower- Recycling Technique." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/20914683553410303165.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
工程科學及海洋工程學研究所
99
In general, the power amplifier ( PA ) is one of the most power-hungry devices in a wireless transceiver. Therefore, the longer the mobile devices can operate when the higher the PA efficiency. Linearity and efficiency are two key parameters to determine the performance of wireless transmitters, so linearity and efficiency must be traded-off in the PA. That is, we got more efficiency while the linearity is decreased. This thesis is a method for improving the efficiency of a balanced PA under load mismatch by recycling the reflected power. The reflected power will be directed to the isolated port of a 90° hybrid coupler. The reflected power can then by rectified and converted back to dc power to assist in supplying the PA. A prototype system was built to validate the concept and tested under various phase angles with 2:1 and 4:1 VSWR using a W-CDMA voice signal at 836.5 MHz. Measurement results show that the power recycling technique improves the overall efficiency by as much as 14.7% and 22.1 % when 2:1 and 4:1 VSWR of the output power level is 25 dBm. The proposed an efficiency improved balanced PA using power recycling technique, we believe our designs are valid and effective directions to achieve improving the efficiency of PAs.
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Hsu, Chih-Che, and 徐智哲. "Charge Recycling Match Technique for Low Power Display Column Drivers." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36543865732449627158.
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碩士國立交通大學
電機學院電子與光電學程
100
The charge recycling match (CRM) technique is proposed to reduce dynamic power dissipation in display column drivers. The CRM technique can save much power in same polarity operations, which are not easy to have charge recycling in conventional techniques. Theoretical analysis and simulation result show maximum dynamic power reduction of 12% and 30% in column inversion panel with R/G/B stripe pixel arrangement and Zigzag panel, respectively. The proposed method is suitable for voltage mode driving scheme and capacitive loading display column driver. Specially, it also works in thin-film-transistor (TFT) liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and active mode organic light-emission-diode (AMOLED) display. A complete method application including circuit structure, principle, and operation flow are demonstrated in TFT-LCD application. The software provides the theoretical analysis. Besides, the Hardware resource of implementation is implemented by RTL and tested by FPGA to show the correctness of the proposed technique.
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Lin, Hsin-Tzu, and 林欣慈. "Integration of Energy-Recycling Logic and Wireless Power Transfer for Ultralow-Power Biomedical Implants." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/sg4arn.
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Xu, Yin-Qi, and 徐寅棋. "Design and Implementation of Electric Motor Emulator and Power Recycling System." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/y7an42.
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YANG, SHAO-HUNG, and 楊少宏. "Study on Thermoelectric Power Generation Device for Recycling Waste Heat Generate Electricity." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9znpws.
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碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
電機工程系博碩士班
105
According to Traditional Chinese Medicine, there are many acupoints in human’s body. The twelve main meridians and Ren Du Channels consist of the lines linking all acupoints. The organs in human’s body are matched by meridians and conception vessel. As the saying goes that opening the access of meridians could make the body stronger and healthier. Contemporary medical science proves that by electrical treatment stimulation, the brain would produce endorphin which can ease muscle strain. In Chinese culture, it is called acupoint release. However, most electrical treatment device is merely used to certain position of acupoint nowadays. This thesis is trying to develop a device for helping operation of meridian which can be used with the electrical treatment devices in the market, applying to the whole meridians in human’s body. Following the circulation direction of meridians, cure every acupoint, stimulate the blood circulation, and release the stocking acupoint, can be cured. As the human society moves faster than ever, people get more and more stress. Some people even suffer from insomnia. It is important to get enough sleep for every daily work to do. In the study of meridians, the stimulation of gallbladder meridian could help sleep and detoxication. This study takes stimulation of use thermoelectric power generation device will be discharged from the waste heat utilization to generate electricity. Assuming that the outlet steam is at 325°C, the temperature difference can be changed by 6% conversion efficiency at room temperature of 25°C, which can be because the thermal power plant chimney and the temperature of the discharge of heat equivalent to the energy consumption of Taiwan's total of 1.5 times the energy, if the 6% efficiency into all the electricity, the equivalent of Taiwan's electricity consumption 9%,while the conversion of the temperature reduction required to reduce the need to reduce the temperature and reduce the power consumption in the factory to improve power generation efficiency.
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Chen, Li-Zhong, and 陳立中. "An Isolated Power Factor Corrector with Energy Recycling and Wide Voltage Gain." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6dn285.
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碩士國立高雄科技大學
電子工程系
107
An Isolated power factor corrector (PFC) with recycling leakage inductance energy and wide voltage gain is proposed in this thesis. The proposed PFC circuit is a derivative of SEPIC and Flyback. The main features are as followed: low input ripple voltage, no extra passive or active circuit to recycle the energy of leakage inductance, galvanic isolation and wide range of voltage gain. Additionally, the proposed PFC approach all the functions with only an active switch. Theoretical analysis, formula derivation, operation principle and non ideal analysis of the proposed PFC are described in the thesis. Moreover, experiment results validate the correctness and feasibility of the proposed power factor corrector.
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Guo, Pao-Lin, and 郭寶麟. "A Multi-Phase Charge-Recycling Technique for Low-Power TFT LCD Column Driver." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89651990713491705912.
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碩士大葉大學
電機工程研究所
90
To reduce the power consumption of the TFT-LCD column driver，a novel multi-phase charge-recycling technique that doesn’t require any external capacitor for charge conservation is proposed. Based on this method, the voltage swing is reduced to (1/2n + 1/4)VSWING, where “n” is the number of data lines in one group. If n is larger, voltage swing will become smaller in order to achieve lower power consumption goal. Comparing with original circuit (without any charge-recycling) and charge sharing one, the proposed method can reduce the power consumption about 65.7% ~ 13.3% respectively for n=8.
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Su, Chao-Hsuan, and 蘇炤亘. "Technology for Recycling of Waste Powders Emitted from Drilling Processes in Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14260801604300231079.
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碩士元智大學
機械工程學系
94
Abstract The objective of this study is intended to collect the drilling powders from printed circuit board (PCB) industry to synthesize cupric oxide and filling stuff of paint from utilizing a method of gravity sedimentation to recycle copper and epoxy resin/glass fiber separately. The waste powders were sized and dried, and then determine their properties. After a series processes of separation, sedimentation, determine the content of copper and the effect of recycling and economy. Then utilizing different concentration of acid and reaction temperature to synthesize cupric oxide, determine their content of copper and characteristic of surface. After synthesizing paint filling by epoxy resin/glass fiber, determine their fundamental characteristic. Results show that the C content in waste powders was only 24 %, which shows that the powders were complicated. The most 3 top chemicals were Cu (6.71 wt.%), Mg, and Al. After sedimentation test, it shows that there were about 91 % copper in collection tank 1 and 38 % in collection tank 2. All the epoxy resin/glass fiber in collection tank 3, 4, 5 and 6 were conforming to the standard of TCLP test to replace Kaolin to be filled stuff. The mass balance figure shows that there were about 66.3 g (purity up to 90 %) of copper recycled and about 850 g of epoxy resin/glass fiber recycled. The economic value of recycling from waste PCB drilling powders is up to 15000 dollars. One gram of copper could synthesize about 1.2 g cupric oxide (78.91 % copper ion content) in the optimum condition, the economic value of cupric oxide is twice as copper.
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Tsui, Fu-Chieh, and 崔芙潔. "A study on recycling silicon carbide powders as a sintering substrate from wire-saw slurry." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/yx5wh4.
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碩士國立屏東科技大學
材料工程研究所
105
In this study, we effectively reused recycling SiC powders which are came from cutting waste oil in the electronics industry. The main purpose is to make recycling SiC powders as high temperature substrates. Waste oil mainly contains silicon mud which includes the silicon carbide, silicon and silicon oxide. If silicon mud can be reused effectively, the treatment cost should be decreased, and environment impacting should be also reduced. High temperature sintering substrate is made by recycling SiC powders, then coating a layer of yttrium stabilized zirconia on the surface. In the experiment, the powders self-grinding were carried out in order to reduce the particle size and the acute angle. After self-grinding, SiC powders were successfully made into a substrate. The SiC disc was sintered at a high temperature from 1400 °C to 1550 °C. The specimens were analyzed such as phase evolution, microstructure, component, thermal expansion rate etc. The SiO2 was coated by sol-gel method as middle layer.We used spin coating to coat the SiO2 sol-gel, spin coating speed is 500 rpm, 1000 rpm, 1500 rpm and 2000 rpm. The middle layer’s heat treatment temperature is 1050 °C, 1200 °C and 1350 °C. The Y-ZrO2 layer was coated on the SiC substrates. SiO2 middle layer was successfully to improve the mismatch between ZrO2 coatings and SiC substrates. In this study, ZrO2 was also sprayed on SiC by using plasma spraying. We compared the difference between the plasma spraying and the spraying.
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Lu, Che-Wei, and 呂哲瑋. "The Effect of Waste Recycling for Incineration Power by Life Cycle Assessment and Uncertainty Analysis." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/69867393913570697070.
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碩士嘉南藥理科技大學
環境工程與科學系暨研究所
98
This study is based on the need of the product life cycle assessment (LCA) and waste management strategy for Taiwan. The methodology are applied for the waste incineration case study of Taipei by life cycle assessment, perturbation analysis and uncertainty analysis. LCA studies focused on greenhouse, acidification, eutrophication, heavy metals and solid waste by LCA functional unit of waste (ton) and electrical power(KWh). Furthermore, greenhouses gases emission estimated using perturbation and uncertainty analysis for waste recycling scenarios on paper, plastic, food waste and water content. The results are including three parts, LCA and interpretation of incineration, perturbation analysis of recycling scenarios, and uncertainty analysis. The relevant findings would provide information for future reference on LCA databases and the decision-making of waste management. The further results as follows, The case of Taipei, the end-of-life carbon footprint of paper, plastic, and food waste were 0.96 kg CO2-eq./kg, 1.79 kg CO2-eq./kg and 0.67 kg CO2-eq./kg, respectively. For the perturbation analysis results, the paper was the most benefit on the GHGs reduction for recycling ratio by 30%. The value will reduce by the recycling ratio increasing. For the perturbation analysis results of recycling ratio by 30%, the GHG emissions were from 2.39 kgCO2-eq./KWh to 2.44 kgCO2-eq./KWh and 2.69 kgCO2-eq./KWh for paper and plastic recycling, respectively. The food waste recycling was from 2.39 kgCO2-eq./KWh to 2.31 kgCO2-eq./KWh. For the perturbation analysis results of recycling ratio by 30%, the eco-efficiency was the best with 4.17 $NT/kgCO2-eq. for paper recycling. The next was 2.40 $NT/kgCO2-eq. for plastic recycling. For the perturbation analysis results of water content with 12% decreasing ratio, the greenhouse gas emissions will reduce with the water content reducing. The LCA functional unit was from 2.39 kgCO2-eq. / KWh to 1.80kg CO2-eq./KWh. Reducing waste water content showed a better benefit on greenhouse gas emissions reduction.
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Yang, Cheng-kai, and 楊政凱. "Application and Benefit of Recycling Thermal Wastewater to Save Power in the Hairdressing Salon Industry." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38m3x6.
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碩士國立勤益科技大學
冷凍空調系
105
To meet business needs, the hairdressing salon industry offers such services as hair washing and is an industry which has great demand for hot water every day. Nevertheless, generating hot water with gas or electricity would consume much energy. Therefore, relevant enterprises feel troublesome for paying for the energy. Despite the trend that the efficient air-cooling heat pump-driven water heater has become increasingly popular, thermal sources are highly inaccessible during winter due to the low-temperature outdoor environment. As a result, an electric heater is usually adopted to support heating. But such a practice would eliminate the energy conservation effect as claimed by a heat pump-driven water heater. Taking a hairdressing salon in Changhua City as a case study, this study recycled the thermal wastewater which derived from hair washing and would be discharged in most cases. Moreover, the self-developed “heat exchange energy-efficient system” was used to heat the water of normal temperature with the thermal energy released from the recycled thermal wastewater after heat exchange. After the temperature of water of normal temperature increased, the heating equipment was adopted to reduce the energy and time consumed, so as to achieve effective energy conservation. According to the empirical results, the temperature of the water of normal temperature for the heating equipment could increase to 4.1 ℃ on average after the heat exchange based on the “heat exchange energy-efficient system”; in the case study, the demand for daily hot water was more than 1.5 metric tons. The number was used for the evaluation and analysis. If the water was applied with the electric water heater, about NTD 38.6 would be saved in electricity on a daily basis. In this way, about NTD 1,004 would be saved for a month (26 days); moreover, the overall energy conservation efficiency would be over 16%. As up to NTD 12,048 would be saved every year, the balance between income and expenditure could be struck for a recycling year of only 10 months. In conclusion, such practice not only fulfills the objective of “making full use of energy on a cumulative basis” but also serves as the best way to promote the implementation of the scheme of energy conservation and carbon reduction in a later stage.
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Tsai, Yueh-Chang, and 蔡岳璋. "An Energy-Recycling (ER) Technique for Reducing Power Consumption of Field Sequential Color (FSC) RGB LEDs Backlight Module." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75940491897364195665.
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碩士國立交通大學
電機學院碩士在職專班電機與控制組
98
The field sequential color (FSC) technology with RGB-LED backlight modules can achieve high color saturation and better color gamut compared to conventional cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) backlight. Owing to the remove of color filter, the display brightness can be promoted to about three times that of the original one with color filter. Besides, both display power consumption and cost can be decreased greatly due to the disappearance of color filter. The proposed energy-recycling (ER) technique for the FSC display with RGB-LED backlight modules can dynamically switch the output voltage to 36 V for twelve green/blue LEDs in series or 24 V for twelve red LEDs in series according to each color sequence in the FSC technique. As a result, it can reduce 13% of total energy during the red color display period. The current commercial chip can’t satisfy all the functions in the ER technique; thus, a fabricated ER-controller with a commercial IR-2184 driver, which is used to drive independent high/low side power MOSFET with a fixed dead time, synchronous rectification (SR) control function, can implement the ER technique to meet the basic requirement of system. The ER control, which is used to replace the commercial AC-DC converter control further, can operate at the boundary current mode (BCM) with a zero current detection (ZCD) function to trigger the next switching cycle. The ZCD function is achieved by the enhanced current sensing (ECS) circuit, which can satisfy the need of system control to prove the feasibility of the ER technique. The proposed ER technology can accelerate the settling time of the output voltage since the energy that needs to be dissipated by load or leakage is stored to an energy-recycling capacitor from the output capacitor when the driving voltage is switched from 36 V to 24 V; that is it can further reduce 17% of dissipation energy. Specially, it only uses one recycling capacitor and one Schottky diode connected at the power structure of synchronous buck-boost converter.