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1
Du, Bin, Shi Sheng Zhou, and Nan Wang. "Influences of Surfactants on Gloss of Aluminum Paste Printing Ink." Advanced Materials Research 181-182 (January 2011): 679–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.181-182.679.
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In reflection to the fact that aluminum paste printing ink has lower gloss and poor masking power in China, it can not meet the requirements of printing production. In this paper, through the surface modification of coated aluminum powder, five kinds of single surfactant were coated on the surface of aluminum powder by wet method in different proportions. The wettability, the floating property and the gloss of the coated aluminum powder were measured, and the influence mechanisms of the surfactants on the wettability and floating property of the aluminum powders and gloss of the aluminum paste printing ink were analyzed as well. The results showed that the wettability of the aluminum powder coated by 1% Oleic acid has the largest decrease, the floating property of the aluminum powder coated by 3% Tween-80 has the largest increase and the aluminum powder coated by 1% Polyvinyl alcohol has the highest gloss. The gloss of the coated aluminum powder increases to 73.8. Modified aluminum paste printing ink has higher gloss and stronger masking, thus can meet the printing requirements for aluminum paste printing ink.
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Whyte, Daniel, Benjamin J. Allardyce, Abbas Z. Kouzani, Xungai Wang, and Rangam Rajkhowa. "Understanding Morphology, Bulk Properties, and Binding of Silk Particles for 3D Printing." Powders 1, no. 2 (June 18, 2022): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/powders1020009.
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Silk fibroin has emerged as a leading biomaterial for biomedical applications. 3D printing has been successfully used for printing with silk fibroin, albeit in the form of a bioink, in direct-write 3D printers. However, in the form of bioinks, stability and mechanical attributes of silk are lost. An innovative alternative to producing 3D printed solid silk constructs is silk milled into powder for printing in a binder jetting printer. In this work, we focus on characteristics of silk powder to determine suitability for use in 3D printing. Two different silk powders are compared with hydroxyapatite powder, a known biomaterial for biomedical constructs. We have investigated powder size and shape by Camsizer X2 and Scanning Electron Microscope and bulk behaviour, dynamic flow behaviour, and shear behaviour by FT4 powder rheometer. Preliminary printing tests were conducted in an in-house custom-built printer designed for silk powder. It was found that silk powder has low flowability and stability. Therefore, to print solely out of silk powder, a 3D printer design will need sophisticated techniques to produce flow to ensure even distribution and consistent thickness of powder layers during the printing process. It was also found that high concentrations of formic acid (>75 to 99 wt.%) can fuse particles and therefore be used as a binder ink for 3D printing. The printer design challenges for silk powder are discussed.
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Ermakova, Lydia V., Valery V. Dubov, Rasim R. Saifutyarov, Daria E. Kuznetsova, Maria S. Malozovskaya, Petr V. Karpyuk, Georgy A. Dosovitskiy, and Petr S. Sokolov. "Influence of Luminescent Properties of Powders on the Fabrication of Scintillation Ceramics by Stereolithography 3D Printing." Ceramics 6, no. 1 (January 7, 2023): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010004.
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Luminescent and scintillation ceramic materials with complex shapes, which can be created by stereolithography 3D printing, are of interest for special phosphor and detector applications. Starting powders for such ceramics may possess UV absorption bands; therefore, it is important to study the possible influence of the powders’ luminescent properties on the printing process. This paper deals with complex garnet oxides, Y3Al5O12 and Gd3Al2Ga3O12—well-known hosts for luminescent materials. The photopolymerization rates of slurries based on the luminescent powders produced by various chemical routes are studied, as well as available printing regimes. The slurries containing Ce-doped powders with a broad absorption band in UV have significantly lower photopolymerization rates compared to the undoped ones; a high Ce doping virtually hinders printing with layers thicker than 25–50 μm. Furthermore, the choice of powder synthesis method is shown to influence the printing process. Slurries with Tb-doped powder, with absorption lines at shorter wavelengths, have good photopolymerization activity, close to that of the undoped powder, and can be printed with layer thicknesses of 25–100 μm.
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Mokshina, N. Ya, V. V. Khripushin, and M. S. Shcherbakova. "Colorometric study of polyamide-12 powder aging." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 86, no. 10 (October 14, 2020): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2020-86-10-31-35.
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The key point of 3D printing by selective laser sintering is the necessity of complete filling of the working chamber of the printer with a powder material. Since the powder is not completely consumed during the printing process, 25 – 30 wt.% of secondary (unused in the previous cycle) power is added to the primary material in each cycle. Repeated recirculation leads to degradation of the properties of the working powder mixture and increases the probability of rejects. We present the results of a colorimetric study of aging of polyamide-12 powder used in 3D printing by the method of selective laser sintering. Scanning and computer processing of digital images of primary and secondary polyamide powders obtained by colorimetry were performed using MathLab program package. Colorimetric analysis included the expression of the sample color using the parameters of color models applied in digital technologies for synthesizing colored images. The number of cycles before the onset of intensive destruction is no more than three, which is consistent with the practical experience in printing by selective laser sintering. The results characterizing change in the color of the secondary powder depending on the duration of thermal exposure and the gas medium are presented. It is shown that long-term storage of the powder for subsequent use is not advisable, since the initiators of destruction are already present in the material. Thermal oxidative destruction is shown to be a critical factor limiting the use of secondary powder along with changes in the crystallinity and fractional composition of particles. Computer processing of images of polymer powder obtained by the colorimetric method can be used to control the aging process of consumables and to predict the probability of rejections in 3D printing.
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Du, Bin, Shi Sheng Zhou, and Nan Wang. "Modification of Printing Aluminum Powders by Wet Covering Method with Composite Surfactants." Advanced Materials Research 179-180 (January 2011): 596–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.179-180.596.
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Considering the fact of low gloss and masking power of aluminum powder, the aluminum powder is chemically modified by wet covering with eight kinds of single surfactants such as Oleic acid, Stearic acid, Sodium dodecyl sulfonate, Sodium stearate, Polyvinyl alcohol, Polyethylene glycol, Tween-80 and Emulsifier-OP in different proportions on the surface of aluminum powder and the gloss of aluminum paste printing ink concocted with the covered aluminum powder is tested. The results show that the gloss of the aluminum powder covered by one percent Polyvinyl alcohol increases most significant. In order to upgrade the gloss of the aluminum paste printing ink, an orthogonal experiment is carried out by choosing four surfactants such as Polyvinyl alcohol as influencing factors and their addition amounts as researched levels. The optimal surface modification formula is obtained based on the experiment. The dosage of surfactant is one percent of the aluminum powder, Sodium dodecyl sulfonate accounts for 25.00% of the total surfactant’s weight, Sodium stearate accounts for 37.50% of the total surfactant’s weight, Tween-80 accounts for 12.50% of the total surfactant and Polyvinyl alcohol accounts for 25.00% of the total surfactant’s weight. The prescription can concoct the commodity aluminum powder and passed 1200 mesh to the aluminum paste printing ink with commodity ink to satisfy the request of relief printing and intaglio printing. The gloss of the printed aluminum paste printing ink reaches 81.3.
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Zhang, Yajuan, Xiaoyan Song, Haibin Wang, and Zuoren Nie. "A novel method of preparing Ti powder for 3D printing." Rapid Prototyping Journal 24, no. 6 (August 13, 2018): 1034–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-07-2017-0151.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel method to prepare pure Ti powder for 3D printing with tailorable particle size distribution. Design/methodology/approach The main procedures of the present method consist of gas state reaction to synthesize TiH2 nanoparticles, agglomeration to obtain micronscale powder particles by spray drying, and densification of particle interior by heat treatment. Findings The prepared Ti powder has a specific bimodal particle size distribution in a range of small sizes, good sphericity and high flowability. Particularly, this new technique is capable of controlling powder purity and adjusting particle size. Originality/value To the best knowledge of the authors, the approach for preparing 3D printing metallic powders from nanoparticles has not been reported in the literature so far. This work provides a novel method that is particularly applicable to prepare 3D printing metallic powders which have small initial particle sizes and high reactivity in the air.
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Miao, Guanxiong, Mohammadamin Moghadasi, Ming Li, Zhijian Pei, and Chao Ma. "Binder Jetting Additive Manufacturing: Powder Packing in Shell Printing." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 7, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp7010004.
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Shell printing is an advantageous binder jetting technique that prints only a thin shell of the intended object to enclose the loose powder in the core. In this study, powder packing in the shell and core was investigated for the first time. By examining the density and microstructure of the printed samples, powder packing was found to be different between the shell and core. In addition, the powder particle size and layer thickness were found to affect the powder packing in the shell and core differently. At a 200 µm layer thickness, for the 10 µm and 20 µm powders, the core was less dense than the shell and had a layered microstructure. At a 200 µm layer thickness, for the 70 µm powder, the core was denser and had a homogeneous microstructure. For the 20 µm powder, by reducing the layer thickness from 200 µm to 70 µm, the core became denser than the shell, and the microstructure of the core became homogeneous. The different results could be attributed to the different scenarios of particle rearrangement between the shell and core for powders of different particle sizes and at different layer thicknesses. Considering that the core was denser and more homogeneous than the shell when the proper layer thickness and powder particle size were selected, shell printing could be a promising method to tailor density and reduce anisotropy.
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Zhang, Qingfa, Hongzhen Cai, Andong Zhang, Xiaona Lin, Weiming Yi, and Jibing Zhang. "Effects of Lubricant and Toughening Agent on the Fluidity and Toughness of Poplar Powder-Reinforced Polylactic Acid 3D Printing Materials." Polymers 10, no. 9 (August 21, 2018): 932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10090932.
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Three dimensional (3D) printing materials were manufactured with polylactic acid (PLA) and poplar powder using the twin screw extruder and 3D printing consumables extruder. Lubricant (TPW604) and toughening agent polyolefin elastomer (POE) were utilized to improve the fluidity and toughness of the materials. 3D printing materials were tested by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, melt flow rate, rheology behavior, impact and scanning electron microscope. The results show that the poplar powder could decrease impact strength of PLA, the same as TPW604. Unlike poplar powder, TPW604 can improve the fluidity of 3D printing materials. And POE can fill the voids formed by poplar powder in PLA, enhance interface compatibility between poplar powder and PLA, and effectively improve the fluidity and impact strength of 3D printing materials.
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Swiecinski, K., M. Ihle, R. Jurk, E. Dietzen, U. Partsch, and M. Eberstein. "Aerosol Jet Printing of Two Component Thick Film Resistors on LTCC." Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 10, no. 3 (July 1, 2013): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/imaps.384.
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Aerosol jet printing is a rather new technology for the deposition of thick film structures offering high line and space resolution. This method offers high potential for miniaturization for thick film structures. The advantages of this technology could be shown with inks carrying a single solid powder (e.g., silver, platinum, ceramic, or glass powder). One of the challenges in printing solid powder mixtures is the differences in the aerodynamic properties of different powders. Those differences result in changes of the mixing ratio within the aerosol jet and therefore poor reproducibility in the finished film. In this work, thick film resistors consisting of RuO2 with particle size <1 μm as the conducting phase and different glass powders with particle size around 1 μm as the isolating phase were investigated. One glass had a density rather close to RuO2, the other glass significantly lower. Inks were made from RuO2/glass powder mixtures, a solvent, and organic additives. After manufacturing, the inks are printed on LTCC and the microstructures of the dried and the fired films were visualized by FIB preparation and SEM. The resistances as well as the temperature coefficients of the resistors were measured and compared with resistor films with an identical solid composition manufactured by conventional screen printing. The results of the obtained resistors are presented and discussed in terms of powder properties, ink dispersion, and printing parameters.
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Swiecinski, K., M. Ihle, R. Jurk, E. Dietzen, U. Partsch, and M. Eberstein. "Aerosol jet printing of two component thick film resistors on LTCC." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2013, CICMT (September 1, 2013): 000240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/cicmt-tha25.
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Aerosol jet printing is a rather new technology for the deposition of thick film structures offering high line and space resolution. This offers a high potential for miniaturization for thick film structures. The advantages of this technology could be shown with inks carrying single solid powder (e.g. silver, platinum, ceramic or glass powder). Challenging is printing of solid powder mixtures due to the differences in the aerodynamic properties of different powders. Those differences result in changes of the mixing ratio within the aerosol jet and therefore poor reproducibility in the final film properties is obtained. In this work, thick film resistors consisting of RuO2 with particle size < 1 μm as the conducting phase and different glass powders with particle size around 1 μm as the isolating phase were investigated. One glass had a density rather close to RuO2, the other glass significantly lower. Inks were made from RuO2/glass powder mixtures, a solvent and organic additives. After manufacturing the inks are printed on LTCC and the microstructures of the dried and the fired films were visualized by FIB preparation and SEM. The resistances as well as the temperature coefficients of the resistors were measured and compared to resistor films with an identical solid composition manufactured by conventional screen printing. The results of the obtained resistors are presented and discussed in terms of powder properties, ink dispersion and printing parameters.
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Chugunov, Svyatoslav, Andrey Smirnov, Anastasia Kholodkova, Andrey Tikhonov, Oleg Dubinin, and Igor Shishkovsky. "Evaluation of Stereolithography-Based Additive Manufacturing Technology for BaTiO3 Ceramics at 465 nm." Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12010412.
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A piezoceramic BaTiO3 material that is difficult for 3D printing was tested with a homemade laser-based stereolithography (SLA) setup. The high light absorbance of BaTiO3 in the spectral range of 350–410 nm makes this material hardly usable with most commercial SLA 3D printers. The typical polymerization depth of BaTiO3 ceramic pastes in this spectral range hardly reaches 30–50 µm for 40 vol % powder loading. A spectral change to 465 nm was realized in this work via a robot-based experimental SLA setup to improve the 3D printing efficiency. The ceramic paste was prepared from a preconditioned commercial BaTiO3 powder and used for 3D printing. The paste’s polymerization was investigated with variation of powder fraction (10–55 vol %), speed of a laser beam (1–10 mm/s, at constant laser power), and a hatching spacing (100–1000 µm). The polymerization depths of over 100 µm were routinely reached with the 465 nm SLA for pastes having 55 vol % powder loading. The spectral shift from 350–410 nm spectral region to 465 nm reduced the light absorption by BaTiO3 and remedied the photopolymerization process, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive optical analysis of prospective powders in SLA technology. Two multi-layered objects were 3D-printed to demonstrate the positive effect of the spectral shift.
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Khripushin, V. V., S. N. Trostyansky, N. Ya Mokshina, I. O. Baklanov, and M. S. Shcherbakova. "Study of the fractional composition of powders for 3D printing based on polyamide-12 using statistical methods of dimensional ranking." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 88, no. 3 (March 27, 2022): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2022-88-3-35-40.
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The quality of 3D printing depends on the properties of consumables, in particular, on the chemical composition of the powders, the size and shape of their particles. To eliminate printing defects, the working mixture of primary and secondary powders based on polyamide-12 should contain no more than 30% of the secondary powder. We present the results of studying the fractional composition of powders by the methods of statistical analysis. Digital images of polymer samples including morphological parameters of particle images were analyzed. To assess the fractional composition of the particles of primary and secondary powders, a statistical method of dimensional ranking and a differential method for determining the boundaries of fractions were used. It is shown that the particle area is the parameter most sensitive to changes in the structure of powders. The results of statistical ranking of effective particle radii are obtained proceeding from the histograms of the particle area distribution. The boundaries of the conditioned fraction are determined by the magnitude of the effective radii. A comparison of the fractional composition of primary and secondary powders, as well as calculation of the percentage of fine, working and large fractions were carried out taking into account the assessment of the fraction boundaries. It is revealed that the content of fractions of powder particles with conditioned dimensions should be about 64% of the total volume of the powder. Reduction of the amount of primary powder can lead to defects in 3D printing. The results obtained can be used to increase the degree of recovery of polyamide-12 based powders during 3D printing.
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Boyle, Bret M., Panupoan T. Xiong, Tara E. Mensch, Timothy J. Werder, and Garret M. Miyake. "3D printing using powder melt extrusion." Additive Manufacturing 29 (October 2019): 100811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.100811.
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Tepparin, Supaluk, Sae Be Porntip, Suesat Jantip, and Sirisin Chum Rum. "Preparation of Tamarind-Seed Thickener for Pigment Printing on Cotton." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 1388–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.1388.
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This research studied the potential and efficiency of tamarind kernel powder as a thickener for pigment printing on cotton fabric in comparison with the commercial synthetic thickener. Two kinds of tamarind seed were studied. Both of tamarind seeds contained about 30% based on dry weight of outer seed coating and 70% of dry weight of tamarind kernel powder. The approximate composition of tamarind kernel powder were 2.39 – 3.19% fat, 16.43 – 17.07% protein, 1.20 – 1.68% crude fiber and 3.42-3.74% moisture based on weight of tamarind kernel powders. Two different extraction techniques were studied viz., boiling in water and using microwave. Tamarind kernel powder extracted by microwave method was suited for use as a thickener rather than those obtained by boiling in water method. As the tamarind kernel powder from microwave method was easier dissolved and the printing paste was smoother than those from boiling in water. The optimum concentration of tamarind kernel powder for pigment printing on cotton was 5% tamarind kernel powder obtained from the seed in relatively round shape and smooth surface because the color yield and rubbing fastness was similar to the commercial synthetic thickener.
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Diegel, Olaf, Andrew Withell, Deon de Beer, Johan Potgieter, and Frazer Noble. "Low-Cost 3D Printing of Controlled Porosity Ceramic Parts." International Journal of Automation Technology 6, no. 5 (September 5, 2012): 618–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2012.p0618.
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This research was initiated to develop low cost powders that could be used on 3D printers. The paper describes experiments that were undertaken with different compositions of clay-based powders, and different print saturation settings. An unexpected sideeffect of printing ceramic parts was the ability to control the part porosity by varying the powder recipe and print parameters. The cost of clay-based powder was, depending on the specific ingredients used, around US$2.00/Kg.
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Shi, Jing Min, Jian Wei Wang, and Wei Xiao. "Research Progress of Preparation Technology of Nano Copper Powder for 3D Printing." Key Engineering Materials 777 (August 2018): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.777.150.
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Nanocopper has become one of the research hotspots of metal powder for 3D printing, due to its excellent properties. In this paper, technical methods, process flow and research progress were systematically introduced of nanocopper powder for 3D printing. Preparation of nano-copper powder for 3D printing are mainly physical and chemical methods. Physical methods include atomization method, physical vapor deposition method, grinding method, electric explosion method. Chemical methods include sol-gel method, radiation chemistry, plasma, microemulsion, hydrothermal, liquid reduction and so on. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods were compared in detail, and the future development direction of nano-copper powder for 3D printing was look forward to.
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Gomes, Pedro C., Oscar G. Piñeiro, Alexandra C. Alves, and Olga S. Carneiro. "On the Reuse of SLS Polyamide 12 Powder." Materials 15, no. 16 (August 10, 2022): 5486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15165486.
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In the Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) technique, the great majority of the powder involved is not included in the final printed parts, being just used as a support material. However, the quality of this powder is negatively affected during the process since it is subjected to high temperatures (close to its melting temperature) during a long time, i.e., the printing cycle time, especially in the neighborhood of the printed part contour. This type of powder is relatively expensive and large amounts of used powder result after each printing cycle. The present paper focuses on the reuse of Polyamide 12 (PA 12) powder. For this sake, the same PA 12 powder was used in consecutive printing cycles. After each cycle, the remaining non-used powder was milled and filtered before subsequent use. Properties of the powder and corresponding prints were characterized in each cycle, using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), computed tomography (CT), and tensile tests. It was concluded that subjecting the same powder to multiple SLS printing cycles affects the properties of the printed parts essentially regarding their morphology (voids content), mechanical properties reproducibility, and aesthetical aspect. However, post-processing treatment of the powder enabled to maintain the mechanical performance of the prints during the first six printing cycles without the need to add virgin powder.
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Ondrej, Staš, Ernest Gondár, Marian Tolnay, and Peter Surový. "Adaptation of Control System for 3D Printing Device with the Use of Hot Gas Powder Sintering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 282 (January 2013): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.282.242.
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The article explains adaptation of control system for 3D printing device with the use of hot gas powder sintering. The work especially focuses on the use of special powder sintering, where the properties of powder material are unstable, or the printing process has to adapt the change of material volume during printing process. The main principles or main peculiarities of this system are explained, where positioning system is reacting on the material properties by algorithms creating change of control program flow of printing system generated from CAM processors.
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Sachs, E., M. Cima, P. Williams, D. Brancazio, and J. Cornie. "Three Dimensional Printing: Rapid Tooling and Prototypes Directly from a CAD Model." Journal of Engineering for Industry 114, no. 4 (November 1, 1992): 481–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2900701.
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Three Dimensional Printing is a process for the manufacture of tooling and functional prototype parts directly from computer models. Three Dimensional Printing functions by the deposition of powdered material in layers and the selective binding of the powder by “ink-jet” printing of a binder material. Following the sequential application of layers, the unbound power is removed, resulting in a complex three-dimensional part. The process may be applied to the production of metal, ceramic, and metal-ceramic composite parts. An experiment employing continuous-jet ink-jet printing technology has produced a three-dimensional ceramic part constructed of 50 layers, each 0.005 in. thick. The powder is alumina and the binder is colloidal silica. The minimum feature size is 0.017 in., and features intended to be 0.5000 in. apart average 0.4997 in. apart in the green state and 0.5012 in. apart in the cured state, with standard deviations of 0.0005 in. and 0.0018 in., respectively. Future research will be directed toward the direct fabrication of cores and shells for metal casting, and toward the fabrication of porous ceramic preforms for metal-ceramic composite parts.
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Gu, Hao, Fayez AlFayez, Toseef Ahmed, and Zahir Bashir. "Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Powder—A Versatile Material for Additive Manufacturing." Polymers 11, no. 12 (December 9, 2019): 2041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11122041.
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The 3D printing of articles by the effect of a directed laser beam on a plastic powder is a demanding process, and unlike injection molding, very few polymers work well enough with it. Recently, we reported that poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) powder has intrinsically good properties for 3D printing. Basic mechanical properties were shown earlier and it was demonstrated that unfused but heat-exposed PET powder does not degrade quickly allowing good re-use potential. In this work, we conducted a detailed comparison of the mechanical properties of PET and polyamide 12 from different build orientations. PET powders with two different molecular weights were used. With the high molecular weight powder, the processing parameters were optimized, and the printed bars showed little difference between the different orientations, which means there is low anisotropy in mechanical properties of built parts. Based on processing experience of the first powder, the second powder with a lower molecular weight was also very printable and complex parts were made with ease from the initial printing trials; since the process parameters were not optimized then, lower mechanical properties were obtained. While the intrinsic material properties of PET (melting and re-crystallization kinetics) are not the best for injection molding, PET is eminently suitable for powder bed fusion.
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Goulas, Athanasios, and Ross J. Friel. "3D printing with moondust." Rapid Prototyping Journal 22, no. 6 (October 17, 2016): 864–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-02-2015-0022.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of the main process parameters of laser melting (LM) type additive manufacturing (AM) on multi-layered structures manufactured from JSC-1A Lunar regolith (Moondust) simulant powder. Design/methodology/approach Laser diffraction technology was used to analyse and confirm the simulant powder material particle sizes and distribution. Geometrical shapes were then manufactured on a Realizer SLM™ 100 using the simulant powder. The laser-processed samples were analysed via scanning electron microscopy to evaluate surface and internal morphologies, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy to analyse the chemical composition after processing, and the samples were mechanically investigated via Vickers micro-hardness testing. Findings A combination of process parameters resulting in an energy density value of 1.011 J/mm2 allowed the successful production of components directly from Lunar regolith simulant. An internal relative porosity of 40.8 per cent, material hardness of 670 ± 11 HV and a dimensional accuracy of 99.8 per cent were observed in the fabricated samples. Originality/value This research paper is investigating the novel application of a powder bed fusion AM process category as a potential on-site manufacturing approach for manufacturing structures/components out of Lunar regolith (Moondust). It was shown that this AM process category has the capability to directly manufacture multi-layered parts out of Lunar regolith, which has potential applicability to future moon colonization.
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Gaisin, Al F., R. R. Kayumov, А. I. Kuputdinova, and R. R. Mardanov. "Plasma-liquid recycling of metal powder for 3D printing." Physics and Chemistry of Materials Treatment 1 (2023): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30791/0015-3214-2023-1-37-44.
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The limits and prospects of plasma-liquid recycling of EOS StainlessSteel PH1 powder by processing products made by selective laser melting (SLM) on an Electro Optical Systems (EOS) 3D printer were studied. The current-voltage characteristics (CVC), types and forms of combustion of gas-discharge plasma in the process of processing products of additive manufacturing have been studied. Microphotographs of the powder were obtained by scanning electron microscopy, and the elemental and granulometric composition of the obtained powders were determined. It has been established that plasma-liquid recycling makes it possible to obtain metalic powders for the 3D printing in range from 10 to 120 microns by size.
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Liu, Ren-Hao, and Wen-Bin Young. "The application of carbon black and printing ink technology in molded interconnect devices." Journal of Polymer Engineering 34, no. 5 (July 1, 2014): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2013-0292.
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Abstract In this article, the processing of molded interconnect devices (MIDs) was studied via in-mold decoration (IMD) molding technology. A screen printing process using carbon black and printing ink was proposed in the study. For comparison, various conductivity materials such as copper powder, iron powder, carbon black and silver composite were studied with the screen printing method. The results show that there is no electrical conductivity for the ink containing copper or iron powder up to 90% concentration. The low cost carbon black with printing ink was shown to be successful for the IMD process.
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Bai, D. Y., Y. D. Yao, J. P. Liu, S. Xu, L. M. Kang, D. B. Liu, Y. M. Luo, and Y. Li. "Study on the safety of modified aluminum powder in 3D printing process." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2478, no. 3 (June 1, 2023): 032081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2478/3/032081.
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Abstract The application of 3D printing technology in the field of explosives has been a research hotspot in recent years. As the most common explosive additive, how to improve the reactivity of aluminum powder has been widely concerned by many scholars. In order to explore the influence of coating modification process on the safety of aluminum powder in 3D printing process, Hartmann tube and Ignition temperature test system were used to study the sensitivity of dust samples to energy and temperature. The results show that the sensitivity of coated aluminum powder to electrostatic energy is significantly reduced, and the sensitivity to temperature is slightly increased. Better modification technology improves the safety of aluminum powder in 3D printing process. And the flame front propagation law is studied, the results show that the modified aluminum powder has more excellent reactivity. It provides basic theoretical data support for the safe application of the modification technology of aluminum powder in the 3D printing process, which has important reference value for the future application research of 3D printing technology in the field of explosives, and is also one of the key development directions in the future. in constructing both.
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Zárybnická, Lucie, Jana Petrů, Pavel Krpec, and Marek Pagáč. "Effect of Additives and Print Orientation on the Properties of Laser Sintering-Printed Polyamide 12 Components." Polymers 14, no. 6 (March 15, 2022): 1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14061172.
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3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is becoming increasingly popular for prototype processing in industrial practice. Laser sintering, which is a laser powder bed fusion technique, is a versatile and common 3D printing technology, which enables compact and high-quality products. Polyamide 12, a popular 3D printing material, provides reliable mechanical and thermal properties. Weaknesses in applying this technology for polyamide 12 include incomplete information regarding the application of various types of additives and different printing orientations with respect to the properties. This study aimed to investigate the influence of various additives (including carbon fiber, glass fiber, flame retardant, and aluminum powder) combined with polyamide 12, using processing of predefined powder refreshing mixture on the properties of a finished product. The thermal, surface, and mechanical properties of samples printed with five different polyamides 12-based powders at three different print orientations were investigated. It was found that the inclusion of additives decreases the tensile strength and increases the surface roughness of printed components—however, the toughness increases. The results can assist designers in selecting an appropriate material that will produce a finished part with the required properties for a given application.
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Lille, Martina, Anni Kortekangas, Raija-Liisa Heiniö, and Nesli Sozer. "Structural and Textural Characteristics of 3D-Printed Protein- and Dietary Fibre-Rich Snacks Made of Milk Powder and Wholegrain Rye Flour." Foods 9, no. 11 (October 23, 2020): 1527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9111527.
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This study addressed the potential of 3D printing as a processing technology for delivering personalized healthy eating solutions to consumers. Extrusion-based 3D printing was studied as a tool to produce protein- and dietary fibre-rich snack products from whole milk powder and wholegrain rye flour. Aqueous pastes were prepared from the raw materials at various ratios, grid-like samples printed from the pastes at ambient temperature and the printed samples post-processed by oven baking at 150 °C. Printing pastes were characterized by rheological measurements and the baked samples by X-ray micro tomography, texture measurements and sensory analysis. All formulations showed good printability and shape stability after printing. During baking, the milk powder-based samples expanded to a level that caused a total collapse of the printed multiple-layer samples. Shape retention during baking was greatly improved by adding rye flour to the milk formulation. Sensory evaluation revealed that the volume, glossiness, sweetness and saltiness of the baked samples increased with an increasing level of milk powder in the printing paste. A mixture of milk powder and rye flour shows great potential as a formulation for healthy snack products produced by extrusion-based 3D printing.
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Li, Junchao, Ran Yan, Yanan Yang, and Feng Xie. "Water-based binder preparation and full-color printing implementation of a self-developed 3D printer." Rapid Prototyping Journal 27, no. 3 (February 4, 2021): 530–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-12-2019-0305.
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Purpose The purpose of this study was to prepare water-based binders, which aimed to avoid printhead blockage and to improve dimensional accuracy of inkjet 3D printing (3DP) technology, and a feasible algorithm of full-color printing was realized. Design/methodology/approach A self-developed color 3D printer was made by using a piezoelectric printhead of Epson Dx-5. Several water-based binders and corresponding gypsum composite powders were prepared, and the optimum binder-powder assembly was then determined through elementary adhesive testing and roller paving testing. Full-color printing was implemented based on halftoning algorithms that used different threshold matrices for different ink channels, and the performances of various algorithms were evaluated in terms of both subjective and objective indices. Findings The optimum binder-powder assembly can solve the jamming problem of printhead and realize agreeable dimensional accuracy with the relative error less than 2.5% owing to the satisfying boundary diffusion control ability. And the determined halftone algorithm was verified to be agreeable for 3D color printing. Originality/value The prepared approach of water-based binders and gypsum composite powders can be applied to similar 3DP systems even if different materials are introduced. And the used halftone algorithms provide feasible guidelines to the implementation of 3D full-color printing.
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Voney, Vera, Pietro Odaglia, Filippo Schenker, Coralie Brumaud, Benjamin Dillenburger, and Guillaume Habert. "Powder bed 3D printing with quarry waste." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 588 (November 21, 2020): 042056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/588/4/042056.
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Duriagina, Zoia, Alexander Pankratov, Tetyana Romanova, Igor Litvinchev, Julia Bennell, Igor Lemishka, and Sergiy Maximov. "Optimized Packing Titanium Alloy Powder Particles." Computation 11, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation11020022.
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To obtain high-quality and durable parts by 3D printing, specific characteristics (porosity and proportion of various sizes of particles) in the mixture used for printing or sintering must be assured. To predict these characteristics, a mathematical model of optimized packing polyhedral objects (particles of titanium alloys) in a cuboidal container is presented, and a solution algorithm is developed. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the results obtained by the algorithm are very close to experimental findings. This justifies using numerical simulation instead of expensive experimentation.
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Gharaie, Saleh H., Yos Morsi, and S. H. Masood. "Tensile Properties of Processed 3D Printer ZP150 Powder Material." Advanced Materials Research 699 (May 2013): 813–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.699.813.
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3D Printing is one of the few powder-bed type rapid prototyping (RP) technologies, which allows fabrication of parts using powder materials. Understanding of mechanical properties of 3D parts made by this process is essential to explore more applications of this technology. In general, the mechanical properties of many RP produced parts depend on the process parameters andalso on post-processing methods of that RP process. Very few studies have been made to characterize the mechanical properties of 3D Printing processed parts. This paper presents an experimental investigation on how tensile properties of parts fabricated by 3D Printing is affected by 3D Printing build orientation, and by post-processing methods of infiltration process and drying of parts. Results obtained forvarious parameters are compared to investigate the optimum procedure to achieve the highest tensile strength using ZP150 powder material.
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Ozerskoi, Nikolai, Alexey Silin, Nikolay Razumov, and Anatoly Popovich. "Optimization of EI961 steel spheroidization process for subsequent use in additive manufacturing: Effect of plasma treatment on the properties of EI961 powder." REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE 60, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 936–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rams-2021-0078.
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Abstract For use in additive manufacturing (AM), powders that have a spherical shape, high fluidity, and packing density are required. One of the methods for producing spherical powders is spheroidization using inductively coupled plasma. In this work, the powder of steel grade EI961 was used. To obtain the powder for subsequent use in 3D printing, the selection of modes was carried out with the change in various parameters of the unit: different power, powder feed rate to the plasma as well as the height of feed rate. The optimal spheroidization mode is as follows: power of 15 kW, pressure of 1 atm, feed rate height of 0 mm, and powder feed rate of 28 g·min−1. The temperature distribution over the plasma torch cross section was calculated and the maximum plasma temperature was also determined. In addition, the effect of plasma treatment on the granulometric composition, phase composition, and chemical composition was studied.
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Chin, Seow Yong, Vishwesh Dikshit, Balasankar Meera Priyadarshini, and Yi Zhang. "Powder-Based 3D Printing for the Fabrication of Device with Micro and Mesoscale Features." Micromachines 11, no. 7 (June 30, 2020): 658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11070658.
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Customized manufacturing of a miniaturized device with micro and mesoscale features is a key requirement of mechanical, electrical, electronic and medical devices. Powder-based 3D-printing processes offer a strong candidate for micromanufacturing due to the wide range of materials, fast production and high accuracy. This study presents a comprehensive review of the powder-based three-dimensional (3D)-printing processes and how these processes impact the creation of devices with micro and mesoscale features. This review also focuses on applications of devices with micro and mesoscale size features that are created by powder-based 3D-printing technology.
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Čech Barabaszová, Karla, Aleš Slíva, Gabriela Kratošová, Sylva Holešová, Anastasia Volodarskaja, Tugrul Cetinkaya, Silvie Brožová, Libor Kozubek, and Gražyna Simha Martynková. "Phase Transformation after Heat Treatment of Cr-Ni Stainless Steel Powder for 3D Printing." Materials 15, no. 15 (August 3, 2022): 5343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15155343.
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Today, Ni-Cr steel is used for advanced applications in the high-temperature and electrical industries, medical equipment, food industry, agriculture and is applied in food and beverage packaging and kitchenware, automotive or mesh. A study of input steel powder from various stages of the recycling process intended for 3D printing was conducted. In addition to the precise evaluation of the morphology, particle size and composition of the powders used for laser 3D printing, special testing and evaluation of the heat-treated powders were carried out. Heat treatment up to 950 °C in an air atmosphere revealed the properties of powders that can appear during laser sintering. The powders in the oxidizing atmosphere change the phase composition and the original FeNiCr stainless steel changes to a two-phase system of Fe3Ni and Cr2O3, as evaluated by X-ray diffraction analysis. Observation of the morphology showed the separation of the oxidic phase in the sense of a brittle shell. The inner part of the powder particle is a porous compact core. The particle size is generally reduced due to the peeling of the oxide shell. This effect can be critical to 3D printing processing, causing defects on the printed parts, as well as reducing the usability of the precursor powder and can also change the properties of the printed part.
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de Moraes, Diego A., Mohamed Abdelhamid, and Aleksander Czekanski. "A Finite Element Analysis of the Effects of Preheating Substrate Temperature and Power Input on Selective Laser Melting." Metals 12, no. 10 (October 12, 2022): 1707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12101707.
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Several parameters are defined before the Selective Laser Melting printing process, which may depend on the manufacturer of the equipment, but in general, we commonly encounter hatch distance, scanning speed, layer thickness, laser power input, scanning strategy, overlap distance, and substrate preheating temperature as the parameters that mainly define the printing process. The last parameter is the focus of this study, which is applied to a finite element model to simulate temperature distributions over one layer thickness of the powder bed. The substrate temperature and power input affect the cooling rates and temperature gradients imposed on the powder bed, consequently influencing the component’s final property, surface finishing, and accuracy (dimensioning tolerances). The current FEM model showed that the preheat substrate temperature played different roles depending on which power input is used; however, there is an observed trend that is the reduction in temperature gradients in the powder bed overall when higher substrate temperatures are used.
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Królewski, Krzysztof, Aleksandra Wieloszyńska, Aleksandra Maria Kamińska, and Katarzyna Kardacz. "Optical properties of daylight curable resin doped with nanodiamond powder." Photonics Letters of Poland 11, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v11i3.930.
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In this paper creating optical elements with the use of 3D printing technology was elaborated on. A special focus was put on the properties of nanodiamond and possibilities of applying it in 3D printing process in a mixture with the standard 3D printing resin. Several printouts have been completed, starting from the calibration printouts and ending with optical flats and both cylindrical and spherical lenses. The printouts have been tested for their abilities to transmit and absorb light in a wide spectrum of wavelengths. Full Text: PDF ReferencesL. Ding, R. Wei, and H. Che, Development of a BIM-based automated construction system, Procedia Engineering 85, 123-131 (2014). CrossRef L. Fang, T. Chen, R. Li, S. Liu, Application of embedded fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors in monitoring health to 3D printing structures, IEEE Sensors Journal, 16(17), 6604-6610 (2016). CrossRef G. B. Kim, S. Lee, H. Kim, D. H. Yang, Y. H. Kim, Y. S. Kyung, et al., Three-dimensional printing: basic principles and applications in medicine and radiology, Korean Journal of Radiology, 17(2), 182-197 (2016). CrossRef J. W. Stansbury, M. J. Idacavage, 3D printing with polymers: Challenges among expanding options and opportunities, Dental Materials, 32(1), 54-64 (2016). CrossRef G. H. Wu, S. H. Hsu, Polymeric-based 3D printing for tissue engineering, Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering, 35(3), 285-292 (2015). CrossRef https://www.thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=6973&tabname=N-BK7 DirectLink https://www.thorlabs.com/images/TabImages/UVFS_Transmission_780.gif DirectLink U. Kalsoom, A. Peristyy, P. N. Nesterenko, B. Paull, A 3D printable diamond polymer composite: a novel material for fabrication of low cost thermally conducting devices, RSC Advances, 6(44), 38140-38147 (2016). CrossRef K. M. El-Say, Nanodiamond as a drug delivery system: Applications and prospective, Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 01(06), 29-39 (2011). DirectLink K. Królewski, MA thesis, 3D printing of optical elements from diamond powders, (2018).
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Sen, Koyel, Tanu Mehta, Anson W.K.Ma, and Bodhisattwa Chaudhuri. "DEM based investigation of powder packing in 3D printing of pharmaceutical tablets." EPJ Web of Conferences 249 (2021): 14012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202124914012.
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3D printing is emerging as one of the most promising methods to manufacture Pharmaceutical dosage forms as it offers multiple advantages such as personalization of dosage forms, polypill, fabrication of complex dosage forms etc. 3D printing came into existence in 1980s but its use was extended recently to pharmaceutical industry along with the approval of first 3D printed tablet Spritam by FDA in 2015. Spritam was manufactured by Aprecia pharmaceuticals using binder jetting technology. Binder jet 3D printing involves a hopper for powder discharge and printheads for ink jetting. The properties of tablets are highly dependent upon the discharge quality of powder mixture from the hopper and jetting of the ink/binder solution from the printhead nozzle. In this study, numerical models were developed using Discrete element method (DEM) to gain better understanding of the binder jet 3D printing process. The DEM modeling of hopper discharge was performed using in-house DEM code to study the effect of raw material attributes such as powder bed packing density (i.e. particle size, particle density etc) on the printing process, especially during powder bed preparation. This DEM model was further validated experimentally, and the model demonstrated good agreement with experimental results.
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Ng, Kei Hoa, and Hasan Zuhudi Abdullah. "Preliminary Studies of the Effects of Polyethylene Glycol/Hydroxyapatite Powder-Binder System for 3D Printing Application." Advanced Materials Research 1087 (February 2015): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1087.345.
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The role of binder in powder system has gained its importance lately in 3D printing (3DP) applications. This research aims to investigate the effect of powder system developed from incorporation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) onto hydroxyapatite (HAP) powder for 3D printing application. Simple spray method was used to incorporate mixture of PEG into HAP powder. Raw commercial HAP powder was determined by using particle size analyser. The morphology and crystallinity of raw HAP powder and powder mixture were characterised by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffractive (XRD) analysis. Mean particle size of raw HAP was found to be 4.77 μm which is suitable for 3D printing and in good agreement with SEM micrographs. Based on the SEM micrographs, the powder mixture was found in agglomerated and small particle form. Small amount of PEG (2 wt. % to 7 wt. %) incorporation onto HAP powder exhibited absence of new phases on XRD analysis, demonstrating good chemical compatibility. Based on this study, it can be concluded that incorporating PEG onto HAP powder is able to maintain the initial characteristic of HAP and can work together as powder system.
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Żrodowski, Łukasz, Rafał Wróblewski, Tomasz Choma, Bartosz Morończyk, Mateusz Ostrysz, Marcin Leonowicz, Wojciech Łacisz, et al. "Novel Cold Crucible Ultrasonic Atomization Powder Production Method for 3D Printing." Materials 14, no. 10 (May 13, 2021): 2541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14102541.
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A new powder production method has been developed to speed up the search for novel alloys for additive manufacturing. The technique involves an ultrasonically agitated cold crucible installed at the top of a 20 kHz ultrasonic sonotrode. The material is melted with an electric arc and undergoes pulverization with standing wave vibrations. Several different alloys in various forms, including noble and metallic glass alloys, were chosen to test the process. The atomized particles showed exceptional sphericity, while powder output suitable for additive manufacturing reached up to 60%. The AMZ4 metallic glass powder remained amorphous below the 50 μm fraction, while tungsten addition led to crystallization in each fraction. Minor contamination and high Mn and Zn evaporation, especially in the finest particles, was observed in atomized powders. The innovative ultrasonic atomization method appears as a promising tool for material scientists to develop powders with tailored chemical composition, size and structure.
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Chen, Guangxue, Xiaochun Wang, Haozhi Chen, and Chen Chen. "Realization of Rapid Large-Size 3D Printing Based on Full-Color Powder-Based 3DP Technique." Molecules 25, no. 9 (April 27, 2020): 2037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25092037.
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The powder-based 3DP (3D printing) technique has developed rapidly in creative and customized industries on account of it’s uniqueness, such as low energy consumption, cheap consumables, and non-existent exhaust emissions. Moreover, it could actualize full-color 3D printing. However, the printing time and size are both in need of upgrade using ready printers, especially for large-size 3D printing objects. Given the above issues, the effects of height and monolayer area on printing time were explored and the quantitative relationship was given in this paper conducted on the specimens with a certain gradient. On this basis, an XYX rotation method was proposed to minimize the printing time. The mechanical tests were conducted with three impregnation types as well as seven printing angles and combined with the characterization of surface structure based on the scanning electron microscope (SEM) digital images to explore the optimum parameters of cutting-bonding frame (CBF) applied to powder-based 3D printing. Then, four adhesives were compared in terms of the width of bonded gap and chromatic aberration. The results revealed that ColorBond impregnated specimens showed excellent mechanical properties which reached maximum when printed at 45° to Z axis, and α-cyanoacrylate is the most suitable adhesive to bond full-color powder-based models. Finally, an operation technological process was summarized to realize the rapid manufacturing of large-size full-color 3D printed objects.
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Nguyen, Khanh T. T., Franca F. M. Heijningen, Daan Zillen, Kjeld J. C. van Bommel, Renz J. van Ee, Henderik W. Frijlink, and Wouter L. J. Hinrichs. "Formulation of a 3D Printed Biopharmaceutical: The Development of an Alkaline Phosphatase Containing Tablet with Ileo-Colonic Release Profile to Treat Ulcerative Colitis." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 10 (October 13, 2022): 2179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14102179.
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Powder bed printing is a 3D-printing process that creates freeform geometries from powders, with increasing traction for personalized medicine potential. Little is known about its applications for biopharmaceuticals. In this study, the production of tablets containing alkaline phosphatase using powder bed printing for the potential treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) was investigated, as was the coating of these tablets to obtain ileo-colonic targeting. The printing process was studied, revealing line spacing as a critical factor affecting tablet physical properties when using hydroxypropyl cellulose as the binder. Increasing line spacing yielded tablets with higher porosity. The enzymatic activity of alkaline phosphatase (formulated in inulin glass) remained over 95% after 2 weeks of storage at 45 °C. The subsequent application of a colonic targeting coating required a PEG 1500 sub-coating. In vitro release experiments, using a gastrointestinal simulated system, indicated that the desired ileo-colonic release was achieved. Less than 8% of the methylene blue, a release marker, was released in the terminal ileum phase, followed by a fast release in the colon phase. No significant impact from the coating process on the enzymatic activity was found. These tablets are the first to achieve both biopharmaceutical incorporation in powder bed printed tablets and ileo-colonic targeting, thus might be suitable for on-demand patient-centric treatment of UC.
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Wang, Yue, Zhiyao Xu, Dingdi Wu, and Jiaming Bai. "Current Status and Prospects of Polymer Powder 3D Printing Technologies." Materials 13, no. 10 (May 23, 2020): 2406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13102406.
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3D printing technology, which greatly simplifies the manufacturing of complex parts by a two-dimensional layer-upon-layer process, has flourished in recent years. As one of the most advanced technology, polymer powder 3D printing has many advantages such as high materials utilization rate, free of support structure, great design freedom, and large available materials, which has shown great potential and prospects in various industry applications. With the launch of the Multi jet Fusion system from HP, polymer powder 3D printing has been attracting more attention from industries and researchers. In this work, a comprehensive review of the main polymer powder-based 3D printing methods including binder jetting, selective laser sintering, high-speed sintering were carried out. Their forming mechanism, advantages and drawbacks, materials, and developments were presented, compared, and discussed respectively. In addition, this paper also gives suggestions on the process selection by comparing typical equipment parameters and features of each technology.
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Hsiang, Hsing-I., Kai-H. Chuang, and Wen-H. Lee. "FeSiCr Alloy Powder to Carbonyl Iron Powder Mixing Ratio Effects on the Magnetic Properties of the Iron-Based Alloy Powder Cores Prepared Using Screen Printing." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 22, 2021): 1034. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14041034.
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A screen printing process was used to substitute dry molding to solve the uneven compaction problem in the coil center column during molding in this study. FeSiCr alloy powders (FSC) with a large particle size were mixed with fine spherical carbonyl iron powder to increase the compaction density. FSC to carbonyl iron powder (CIP) mixing ratio effects on magnetic paste rheological behaviors and magnetic properties of the molding coil prepared using screen printing were investigated. A magnetic paste with the lowest viscosity can be obtained using 3C7F (30% CIP + 70% FSC) due to the small-sized CIP adsorbed onto the FSC surface. This process reduces the interlocked network formation resulting from the CIP. The toroidal core with 3C7F exhibited the highest relative density and highest inductance. The coils with pure CIP and higher CIP content exhibited the better DC superposition characteristic. The toroidal core loss increased rapidly as the FSC content was increased. A proper trade-off between the inductance, DC-bias superposition characteristic, and magnetic core loss can be reached by choosing a suitable powder mixing ratio.
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Chen, Jialiang, Jinghao Xu, Mikael Segersäll, Eduard Hryha, Ru Lin Peng, and Johan Moverare. "Cyclic Deformation Behavior of Additive-Manufactured IN738LC Superalloys from Virgin and Reused Powders." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 14, 2022): 8925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15248925.
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In laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), most powders are not melted in the chamber and collected after the printing process. Powder reuse is appreciable without sacrificing the mechanical properties of target components. To understand the influences of powder reuse on mechanical performance, a nickel-based superalloy, IN738LC, was investigated. Powder morphology, microstructure and chemical compositions of virgin and reused powders were characterized. An increase in oxygen content, generally metallic oxides, was located on the surface of powders. Monotonic tensile and cyclic fatigue were tested. Negligible deterioration in strength and tensile ductility were found, while scattered fatigue performance with regard to fatigue life was shown. Deformation and fatigue crack propagation mechanisms were discussed for describing the powder degradation effects.
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Çıkrıkcı Erünsal, Sevil, and Ayça Aydoğdu Emir. "Antioxidant Properties of SLA Printed Hydrogels Enriched with Pomegranate Powder." European Journal of Research and Development 2, no. 2 (June 7, 2022): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.56038/ejrnd.v2i2.27.
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3D printing (3DP) is a powerful platform for fabrication of complex or personalized geometries. Hydrogels as attractive candidates for wound dressing, soft implant, encapsulation of phenolic compounds, drug delivery, etc. could be manufactured by using different 3D printing techniques. In this study, encapsulation of pomegranate powder into PEGDMA gel by Stereolithography (SLA) printing was investigated and then antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of printed gels with varying shapes were examined to see the effect of different geometry and process conditions. According to the results, pomegranate based blend was successfully incorporated into gel matrix and printed with high printability ratio at optimized 3D printing conditions. UV induced gelation did not prevent existence of phenolic compounds and allowed retention of antioxidant potential in printed samples. Obtained hydrogels represent promising biomaterials with great potential for the use in different applications such as antioxidant gel for tissue engineering, wound healing or as a nutraceutical carrier.
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Uesugi, Ryuji, Hironori Uno, Masayuki Ishikawa, Akihiro Masuda, Hiroki Muraoka, Yousuke Kawamura, Sho Nakagawa, and Kanji Kuba. "Super Fine Lead-Free Solder Powder for Fine Pitch Bump Applications." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2012, DPC (January 1, 2012): 001016–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2012dpc-tp26.
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We have successfully developed super fine lead-free and low alpha solder powder, which contains more than two elements by the method of wet chemical reduction. The size (D50) of super fine powder is around 2–3 micrometer to meet finer pitch assembly in the near future. This new method made it available to synthesize various compositions of solder powder like Sn-Ag, Sn-Cu, Sn-Ag-Cu, etc. Also, this method achieves very high yield compared to a gas atomization method. A solder paste for printing method composed of the fine solder powder has a superior printing ability because of the unique powder shape. The powder shows anisotropic shape, and it can make printed figure excellent after printing without bridge and coplanarity issues for finer pitch applications. With our super fine solder paste, we will be ready for <100um pitch of solder bumps which will come in a few years. Furthermore, the super fine powder is applied to the Cu pad pre-coat. The solder paste for pre-coat composed of the super fine powder shows an excellent coverage and solders flatness on the outer pad after reflow.
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Mehrpouya, Mehrshad, Daniel Tuma, Tom Vaneker, Mohamadreza Afrasiabi, Markus Bambach, and Ian Gibson. "Multimaterial powder bed fusion techniques." Rapid Prototyping Journal 28, no. 11 (March 15, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2022-0014.
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Purpose This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art in powder bed fusion (PBF) techniques for additive manufacturing of multiple materials. It reviews the emerging technologies in PBF multimaterial printing and summarizes the latest simulation approaches for modeling them. The topic of “multimaterial PBF techniques” is still very new, undeveloped, and of interest to academia and industry on many levels. Design/methodology/approach This is a review paper. The study approach was to carefully search for and investigate notable works and peer-reviewed publications concerning multimaterial three-dimensional printing using PBF techniques. The current methodologies, as well as their advantages and disadvantages, are cross-compared through a systematic review. Findings The results show that the development of multimaterial PBF techniques is still in its infancy as many fundamental “research” questions have yet to be addressed before production. Experimentation has many limitations and is costly; therefore, modeling and simulation can be very helpful and is, of course, possible; however, it is heavily dependent on the material data and computational power, so it needs further development in future studies. Originality/value This work investigates the multimaterial PBF techniques and discusses the novel printing methods with practical examples. Our literature survey revealed that the number of accounts on the predictive modeling of stresses and optimizing laser scan strategies in multimaterial PBF is low with a (very) limited range of applications. To facilitate future developments in this direction, the key information of the simulation efforts and the state-of-the-art computational models of multimaterial PBF are provided.
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Tkachov, Roman, Lukas Stepien, Moritz Greifzu, Anton Kiriy, Nataliya Kiriy, Tilman Schüler, Tino Schmiel, Elena López, Frank Brückner, and Christoph Leyens. "A Printable Paste Based on a Stable n-Type Poly[Ni-tto] Semiconducting Polymer." Coatings 9, no. 11 (November 18, 2019): 764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9110764.
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Polynickeltetrathiooxalate (poly[Ni-tto]) is an n-type semiconducting polymer having outstanding thermoelectric characteristics and exhibiting high stability under ambient conditions. However, its insolubility limits its use in organic electronics. This work is devoted to the production of a printable paste based on a poly[Ni-tto]/PVDF composite by thoroughly grinding the powder in a ball mill. The resulting paste has high homogeneity and is characterized by rheological properties that are well suited to the printing process. High-precision dispenser printing allows one to apply both narrow lines and films of poly[Ni-tto]-composite with a high degree of smoothness. The resulting films have slightly better thermoelectric properties compared to the original polymer powder. A flexible, fully organic double-leg thermoelectric generator with six thermocouples was printed by dispense printing using the poly[Ni-tto]-composite paste as n-type material and a commercial PEDOT-PSS paste as p-type material. A temperature gradient of 100 K produces a power output of about 20 nW.
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Halapi, David, and László Varga. "Ultrasonic Powder Atomization for Additive Manufacturing." International Journal of Engineering and Management Sciences 8, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21791/ijems.2023.2.8.
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The following article presents a special case of metal powder production, ultrasonic metal atomization. In this case, ultrasound technology is based on the capillary wave phenomenon. We verify the suitability of the produced powders for 3D metal printing with various tests. In the case of prints with a metal powder bed fusion (PBF), the properties of the raw material of the powder are extremely important. The main results of the tests carried out in the article (SEM images, EDS composition analysis, sieve analysis) were described.
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Yang, Huadong, Shiguang Li, Zhen Li, and Fengchao Ji. "Experimental and Numerical Study on the Packing Densification of Metal Powder with Gaussian Distribution." Metals 10, no. 11 (October 22, 2020): 1401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10111401.
Full textAbstract:
In the additive manufacturing of metal materials, powder bed fusion 3D laser printing is the most widely used processing method. The density of the packed bed is another important parameter that can affect the part quality; however, it is the least understood parameter and needs further study. Aiming at addressing the problem of the powder packing density in the powder tank before powder spreading, which is neglected in the existing research, a combination of numerical simulation and experimental research was used to analyze the powder particle size distribution, powder stiffness coefficient, and vibration condition. Considering the van der Waals forces between the powders, a discrete element model suitable for fine metal powders for 3D printing is proposed. At the same time, a mathematical model that takes into account the vibration state is proposed, and the factors affecting the density of the powder were analyzed. A self-designed and manufactured three-dimensional vibration test rig was used to conduct physical experiments on spherical metal powders with approximately Gaussian distributions to obtain the maximum densities. The results obtained by the numerical simulation analysis method proposed in this paper are in good agreement with the experimental results. The influence of the amplitude and vibration frequency on the powder packing density is the same; that is, it increases with an increase in amplitude or frequency, and then decreases with a further increase in amplitude or frequency after reaching the maximum. It is unreasonable to discuss the packing densification only relying on the vibration intensity. Therefore, it is necessary to combine the amplitude and frequency to analyze the factors that affect the packing density of powders.
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Li, Xin-Pei, Yan-En Wang, Ammar Ahmed, Qing-Hua Wei, Ying Guo, Kun Zhang, and Yi-Kai Shi. "The Study of Biological Glue Droplet Impact Behavior of Bioceramic Powders Applied in 3D Printing of Bone Scaffolds." Applied Sciences 12, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 1898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12041898.
Full textAbstract:
This paper aims to develop a reliable and effective model to investigate the behavior of micron-sized biological glue droplets impacting micron-sized bioceramic powder beds applied to the 3D printing process. It also endeavours to explore the common rules of droplet impact affected by particle size and the wettability of powder, which are supposed to provide process parameters guidance for the application of new materials in 3D printing. Firstly, based on the low impulse impact model, the simplified model was proposed. Then, the observation and simulation experiments of millimeter-scale droplet impacting were carried out under the same conditions to prove the effectiveness of the model. Furthermore, the characterization of a parametric experiment of a 3D printing practice was used to verify the significance and effectiveness of the simulation study method. Lastly, the method was performed to investigate the effect of wettability and particle size of the micron powder on the micron droplet impact. The results showed that the binder powder’s wettability and particle size could directly influence the droplet spreading behavior. The characterization results of samples printed in the simulation-predicted parameter showed that the amount of binder used could be reduced by 38.8~50.1%, while the green strength only lost 17.9~20%. The significance of this simulation method for prediction of 3D printing process parameters was verified.