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1
Suwardi, Akbar. "Pengeluaran Pemerintah Daerah, Produktivitas Pertanian, dan Kemiskinan di Indonesia." Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia 12, no. 1 (July 1, 2011): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21002/jepi.v12i1.287.
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This study aims to determine the relationship between local government spending, agricultural productivity, and poverty in Indonesia for the period of 2005-2008. Using econometric models of the panel and panelsimultaneous, this study find the evidence that local government spending on infrastructure and education significantly affect agricultural productivity and poverty. The study also found that the value of multiplier effect of local government spending on poverty, roads is the largest, followed by education (the literacy rate) and irrigation.
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Mensah, Owusu Samuel, Chen Jianlin, Fu Chuambo, and Hu Qio. "Revisiting the Relationship between Poverty and Environmental Sustainability in Sub-Saharan African Countries using Dynamic Econometric Models." Economy 8, no. 2 (November 15, 2021): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20448/journal.502.2021.82.16.25.
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Sustainable development remains an important issue in the quest to achieve a safe and a better world. The expansion of the 8 millennium development goals into the 17 sustainable development goals is a testament of the conscious desire to improve the human environment to ensure better quality of life for its citizens. This study assembles a collection of four sophisticated econometric models to determine the impact of poverty and other variables on two indicators of environmental sustainability. Beside, economic development, the study confirmed the negative impact of poverty on both indicators of sustainable development. The results prove that poverty in sub-Saharan Africa is a threat to environmental quality and its consequential challenges. The call to promote environmentally responsible behaviours should not be focused on developed countries alone. Poverty is also associated with high levels of pollution and poor countries including countries in sub-Saharan Africa contributes must equally restrategise for effective environmental goals. The study further discloses that poverty is one of the strongest factors that affect environmental sustainability. This observation is not a contradiction to the well-established fact that prosperity or economic growth is a major precursor of unsustainable environment. On the contrary the evidence in this paper amplifies a consequence of a social crisis if they fester at both ends. In one breath, whereas economic growth or economic prosperity can compromise the quality of the environment. In conclusion, this result implies that African countries in their pursuit of economic growth, education and effective healthcare to ameliorate poverty must incorporate other aggressive strategies to hasten poverty reduction.
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Fang, Conglong, Qingen Gai, Chaofei He, and Qinghua Shi. "The Experience of Poverty Reduction in Rural China." SAGE Open 10, no. 4 (October 2020): 215824402098228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020982288.
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Since 1978, China has greatly reduced the rural poverty rate. This article provides an overview of the experience of China’s poverty reduction. Using panel data from 1996 to 2013 to calculate farmers’ income dynamics, we found that the pace of poverty reduction was relatively slow from 1996 to 2002 and that the rate of reversion to poverty was high. Since 2003, the pace of poverty reduction has accelerated, whereas the rate of reversion has decreased. Using econometric ordinary least squares and probit models, we explore the factors that drive poverty reduction. We found correlational evidence that the main reasons for poverty reduction in China since 1996 have been the increase in income from household farms and migrant work. In addition, rural public insurance prevented farmers from falling into poverty.
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Enders, Walter, and Gary A. Hoover. "The Nonlinear Relationship between Terrorism and Poverty." American Economic Review 102, no. 3 (May 1, 2012): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.3.267.
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In spite of the common wisdom that poverty breeds terrorism, econometric tests usually find that terrorism is influenced by population and various measures of democratic freedom, but not per capita GDP. Unlike previous studies, we use a data set containing separate measures of domestic and transnational terrorism and estimate models allowing for a nonlinear relationship between terrorism and poverty. When we account for the nonlinearities in the data and distinguish between the two types of terrorist events, we find that poverty has as a very strong influence on domestic terrorism and a small, but significant, effect on transnational terrorism.
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Pant, Krishna P. "Effects of Labour Migration on Poverty and Agricultural Growth in Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 14 (December 1, 2013): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v14i0.19789.
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Increasing labour shortage in agriculture sector and contribution of remittance on poverty reduction has raised the importance of studies on employment, poverty and agricultural growth nexus. The study explores the effects of foreign employment on poverty and agricultural growth. The study using time series secondary data for 19 years fitted econometric models at sectoral level to establish the effects of migration on poverty and agricultural production. It also compares agricultural output elasticity of foreign employment and assesses the role of foreign employment on the relationships between growth, poverty and agricultural development. The results show that migration decreases poverty and at the same time decreases agriculture production. But, the decrease in agriculture gross domestic product per unit of labour migrated is smaller than the per capita remittance. The study does not dwell on the social and cultural effects of the labour migration. The results will be useful for decision makers to devise sound policies on migration, poverty and agricultural development.
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Kacem, Rami B. H. "Poverty index vs richness index: a new way to analyze the determinants of poverty." African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 10, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-04-2018-0110.
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Purpose The analysis of poverty is fundamentally focused on examining the well-being condition of the poor. We usually neglect the information provided by the rich. Nevertheless, perhaps the non-considered information indicating the determinants of non-poverty is also useful for fighting against poverty. The purpose of this paper is to analyze poverty under a new angle i.e. focusing on the information provided by the non-poor instead of the poor. For that a richness index is calculated in order to estimate econometric models regressing both indices i.e. poverty and richness indices on same selected characteristics. Thus, the comparison of the determinants of poverty and non-poverty for Tunisian case have allowed the classification of the selected explanatory variables with significant effect into four categories: the variables having significant effect on both sides (permanent effect), the variables having significant effect on the poor but not on the non-poor (transitory effect), the variables having significant effect on the non-poor but not on the poor (insurance effect) and the variables without any effect on both cases (neutral effect). This procedure is thus important given that it provides additional information and new way to enhance the targeting efficiency of the poor and fighting against poverty. Design/methodology/approach Using Tunisian data, an original procedure is proposed for calculating a richness index, defined based on the common formula of calculating the poverty index. Next econometric models are estimated regressing both the indices i.e. poverty and richness index on same selected characteristics. Findings The comparison of the determinants of poverty and non-poverty have allowed the classification of the selected explanatory variables with significant effect into four categories: the variables having significant effect on both sides (permanent effect), the variables having significant effect on the poor but not on the non-poor (transitory effect), the variables having significant effect on the non-poor but not on the poor (insurance effect) and the variables without any effect on both cases (neutral effect). Originality/value The analysis and the classification of the determinants of poverty according to the determinants of non-poverty is never made before in the litterature. This procedure is important given that it provides additional information and a new way to enhance the efficiency of targeting the poor and fighting against poverty.
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González-Val, Rafael. "House Prices and Marriage in Spain." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (March 1, 2022): 2848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14052848.
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The aim of this study is to examine the link between house prices and marriage in Spain. We consider data from 50 Spanish provinces (NUTS III regions) and from local civil registries in 282 cities with populations greater than 25,000 inhabitants. The regional data cover the 1995–2018 period, whereas the local sample includes information from 2005 to 2018. The marriage rate is defined as the annual absolute number of marriages per thousand inhabitants in each region or city. We used data on Spain because the Spanish housing market experienced a strong rise in house prices until 2006, when the housing bubble ended and prices dramatically decreased. By using different econometric techniques (panel data models with fixed effects and dynamic panel data models), our results reveal that there is a significant negative relationship between house prices and the marriage rate at both the regional and local levels. Overall, this study highlights the important consequences of rising house prices on family formations. Therefore, public authorities should try to reduce fluctuations in house prices and to facilitate access to home ownership for young couples.
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Shah, Imtiyaz Ahmad, and Imtiyaz ul Haq. "The Impact of Tourism Development and Economic Growth on Poverty Reduction in Kazakhstan." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Economics and Business 10, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auseb-2022-0005.
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Abstract The paper examines the long-run relationship between poverty reduction, economic growth, and tourism development in Kazakhstan during the period of 2001–2017. We expand the basic model by including other poverty determinants such as inequality, unemployment, and spending on health. We use the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach to test the co-integration of variables, as the ARDL bound test of co-integration is less restrictive and provides more reliable coefficients than other time series econometric models. The ARDL bound test results show that there exists a long-run relationship between the said variables. The coefficients of all variables have the expected signs in the long run.
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Castillo-Manzano, José I., Lourdes López-Valpuesta, Fernando Gonzalez-Laxe, and Diego J. Pedregal. "An econometric analysis of the Spanish fresh fish market." ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, no. 3 (November 14, 2013): 628–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst186.
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Abstract This article seeks to analyse the factors that determine the dynamics of the balance between supply and demand in the Spanish fresh fish market. For this, the time-series of fresh fish landed in the 1973–2009 period is analysed through an estimation of the series of transfer function models. Among other things, the findings in the Spanish case show a complex relationship between the amount of fish landed and price; a clear substitution relationship between fresh fish and aquaculture; a negative impact of labour costs in a manual labour-intensive sector such as fishing, which in developed countries is being affected by an exodus of manpower to other sectors where there is less uncertainty surrounding labour conditions; the impact of Spain being barred from international fishing grounds a result of the delimitation of exclusive economic zones (EEZs); and the dwindling importance of fisheries traffic as a result of the port devolution process begun in Spain in the early 1990s. The non-significance of a priori key factors, such as the price of oil and Spain's entry into the EEC, can be explained by widespread energy subsidies and contradictions in the objectives of the Common Fisheries Policy, respectively.
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Chen, Xueyan, Tao Zhou, and Di Wang. "The Impact of Multidimensional Health Levels on Rural Poverty: Evidence from Rural China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7 (March 29, 2022): 4065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074065.
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Poor health and poverty interact and restrict each other. While this relationship is acknowledged, little is known about the extent of its impact. By integrating multisource data, this study used spatial econometric models to quantitatively reveal the relationship between health and rural poverty and explore its intrinsic mechanisms. The results indicated that health-care system input, individual health status, and individual health-seeking behavior have a significantly positive effect on the eradication of rural poverty. The health-care system input is characterized by spatial spillover, significantly contributing to rural poverty alleviation in the region and neighboring regions, as well. However, the effect of health-care system services’ capability was negative. Thus, it is necessary to increase investment in the health-care system and pay attention to both the health status and healthy behaviors of rural residents. Moreover, further effort should be given to the supply-side reform of health services as a breakthrough point.
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Loría, Eduardo. "Poverty trap in Mexico, 1992-2016." International Journal of Development Issues 19, no. 3 (July 9, 2020): 277–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-11-2019-0192.
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Purpose The paper aims to prove that between 1992 and 2016, people in poverty as a proportion of the total population has not been reduced. In particular, food poverty (FP) represented an average of 22%, despite the fact that gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and GDP, social development expenditure and food programme expenditure (both as GDP proportion) grew by 0.96%, 1.9%, 2.7% and −17.4% on an annual average, respectively. Design/methodology/approach There are non-linear relationships between economic growth and food poverty expenditure to reduce poverty. Three econometric models were estimated as follows: a linear model [ordinary least squares (OLS)] that addresses the capability of the economic growth to reduce FP (which detects a structural change in 2007) and three models of regime change (Markov–Switching Regression) that prove the existence of two different regimes. Findings The author proved that economic growth has lost the capability to reduce poverty and that there are decreasing effects of expenditure in addressing poverty since 2007. These results point out that Mexico is in a poverty trap and suggests that for the economy as for life and even more in the case of social (public) policies, more is not necessarily better than less. Therefore, the author suggests that the resources allocated in response to poverty may well have generated perverse incentives that yielded the opposite results. Originality/value There is no official measure of the public expenditure for poverty. Therefore, an accurate series was built to estimate the government effort and do the econometrics that proves the main hypothesis. This is another contribution.
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Veselinović, Nevena, Ivan Mišić, and Petar Veselinović. "Тhe Impact of Economic Reforms on Poverty in the Republic of Serbia." Economic Themes 57, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 287–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ethemes-2019-0017.
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AbstractThe aim of the paper is to identify the key determinants of poverty in the Republic of Serbia. The secondary goal is to show that poverty can be reduced if the classic concept of treating poverty is abandoned and the concept of social exclusion accepted, the benefits of which are to look at causes and provide a basis for preventing the problem of poverty, rather than just attempting to remedy the consequences. In the paper, statistical-econometric models are applied which correspond to the defined goal of the empirical research, but also to the selected variables. Part of the data analysis was carried out on data collected through the Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC). It is an instrument that is among the most relevant when it comes to monitoring poverty, inequality, social inclusion and living standards. The contribution of work is reflected in the development of the poverty research in the Republic of Serbia with the aim of complementing the scientific knowledge fund on the implementation of state measures and instruments in the context of stimulating economic growth and increasing the living standard of the population.
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Akhmad, Akhmad, Amir Amir, Syafiuddin Saleh, and Zainal Abidin. "Effectiveness of Regional Government Expenditure in Reducing Unemployment and Poverty Rate." European Journal of Development Studies 2, no. 4 (October 27, 2022): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejdevelop.2022.2.4.129.
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Poverty rate in Indonesia is currently relatively high that requires real action from the government to reduce it. The government efforts to reduce the poverty rate are reflected in the government expenditure. This research reveals the regional government expenditure effectiveness in reducing poverty and unemployment rate in South Sulawesi Province. Data used in the research are panel data, which is a combination of cross-section data of 24 regencies and city and time series data in 2009-2018. The data will be analyzed using econometric models with simultaneous equation system. The research finds that private investment has a significant influence in reducing poverty rate, whereas capital expenditure has a significant influence in increasing private investment. Moreover, investment has a significant influence in improving gross regional domestic product in industrial sector as well as other sectors. Population has a positive influence in improving poverty rate indicating that regional government should support the planned family policy. The result of policy simulation indicates that an increase in capital expenditure, total government expenditure, and goods and services expenditure by the regional government, brings positive impact on economic growth and poverty reduction.
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Misini, Shkumbin, and Bashkim Mustafa. "The relationship between economic growth, unemployment and poverty." Corporate Governance and Organizational Behavior Review 6, no. 4 (2022): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cgobrv6i4p5.
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The independent variable in this paper will be nominal GDP in the context of economic growth, while the dependent variables in this study and analysis are unemployment and poverty. The paper provides secondary data from 2004–2019. Based on the results of Chuttoo (2020), the economic growth of 4% has an unemployment rate of 1%. Empirical findings of the study by Shah, Shabbir, and Parveen (2022) show that economic growth has led to the reduction of unemployment. The methodology of the work will take care of two econometric models: in Model 1 the economic growth within the GDP will be analyzed in relation to unemployment, and in Model 2 the nominal GDP growth in relation to poverty will be analyzed. In the paper, we will have graph analysis, descriptive statistics, correlations, as well as linear regressions. The empirical findings of the study have shown that the economic growth within the nominal GDP has a negative relationship to unemployment and poverty in Kosovo, but the effect of this growth has not affected the reduction of the rate of unemployment and poverty in Kosovo
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OKWUDILI, WALTER UGWUOKE. "AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGS) ON POVERTY REDUCTION." WILBERFORCE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 2, no. 1 (March 10, 2017): 32–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/wjss/7102.20.0130.
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This paper set out to provide answers to the question, t Can the agricultural sector stimulate the economic average growth rate needed to achieve MDGs Goal one of poverty reduction in the post 2015 era? using co integration test, Granger Causality test and vector error correction model ( VECM).The findings from the above econometric models used showed that agricultural sector proxy by Agricultural Export Earnings (AEE) has direct relationship to economic growth proxy by (GDP) in Nigeria. The implication is that earnings from agricultural sector are capable of stimulating growth that will ensure the achievement of MDGs Goal of poverty reduction. The result of the Vector Error Correction Mechanism (VECM) revealed that AEE and GDP will converge towards long run equilibrium thereby confirming the result of our granger causality test. The paper, therefore, submits that there is need for integrated development objectives in agricultural sector that will ensure inclusive growth, increased employment, enhance per capita income and by extension achieve MDGs of poverty reduction.
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Ivanov, Stanislav, and Craig Webster. "Measuring the Impact of Tourism on Economic Growth." Tourism Economics 13, no. 3 (September 2007): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000007781497773.
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This paper presents a methodology for measuring the contribution of tourism to an economy's growth, which is tested with data for Cyprus, Greece and Spain. The authors use the growth of real GDP per capita as a measure of economic growth and disaggregate it into economic growth generated by tourism and economic growth generated by other industries. The methodology is compared with other existing methodologies; namely, Tourism Satellite Account, Computable General Equilibrium models and econometric modelling of economic growth.
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Ponce, Pablo, Nathalie Aguirre-Padilla, Cristiana Oliveira, José Álvarez-García, and María de la Cruz del Río-Rama. "The Spatial Externalities of Tourism Activities in Poverty Reduction." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (July 30, 2020): 6138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156138.
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Poverty is one of the main indicators of economic development worldwide, in such a way that one of the Sustainable Development Goals is to eradicate poverty in all its forms worldwide. The objective of this research was to examine the effect of the gross value added (GVA) of tourism on poverty in the 198 contiguous Ecuadorian cantons. The methodology used was the application of a set of spatial econometric models to capture the regional effect of tourism on poverty. Data were obtained from the Central Bank of Ecuador and the National Survey of Employment, Unemployment and Under-Employment of the National Institute of Statistics and Census (INEC). The results show that tourism activities and regional poverty are negatively related; thus, a 1% increase in tourism-related economic activity decreases the regional poverty of the canton itself by 4.31%, and that of neighboring cantons by between 0.7% and 2.4%. The inclusion of the control variables shows that schooling and the mestizo population contribute to reducing the canton’s poverty, since the regions with a high GVA of tourism have high levels of schooling and a mestizo population. Thus, regional poverty increases when the level of schooling increases in neighboring cantons. On the other hand, in cantons with a high Mestizo population, compared to the African-American population, the poverty of the canton and its neighboring regions decreases. Public policy measures which aim at reducing poverty must take into account spatial spills from tourist activity in the cantons.
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García del Hoyo, Juan José, David Castilla Espino, and Ramón Jiménez Toribio. "Determination of technical efficiency of fisheries by stochastic frontier models: a case on the Gulf of Cádiz (Spain)." ICES Journal of Marine Science 61, no. 3 (January 1, 2004): 416–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.02.003.
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Abstract We give a broad review of a variety of econometric procedures to estimate technical efficiency and compare the results of several of them based on an application to the purse-seine fishery operating in the Gulf of Cádiz in 1998 and 1999. As these approaches provide different technical efficiency estimates, they might have different policy implications. Two conclusions are obtained: firstly, the higher the useful life of vessels is, the smaller the technical efficiency is; and secondly, the present total allowable catch regime based only on vessels larger than 12 m is unsuitable for this fishery.
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Bolkesjø, Torjus Folsland, Michael Obersteiner, and Birger Solberg. "Information technology and the newsprint demand in Western Europe: a Bayesian approach." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 9 (September 1, 2003): 1644–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-083.
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This paper focuses on the impacts of new information technology on newsprint demand in a sample of West European countries (Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom). It is hypothesized that information technology, through the ready and free availability of news content on the Internet, could induce a structural shift in the newsprint consumption pattern in these markets. Econometric analyses based on historical data for the four countries mentioned above do not yet support this hypothesis. Based on evidence from the United States, where Internet penetration is higher, and several recently published market studies, there is, however, reason to expect stagnating newsprint consumption in Western Europe. By using Bayesian demand models, we try to incorporate prior information from these market studies in the econometric analysis. A classical demand model, based solely on historical data from 1971 to 1999, is estimated for comparison with the Bayesian models. Predictions for newsprint consumption based on the Bayesian approach show lower future consumption levels than those predicted by the classical models, which are commonly used in forest product demand studies. We conclude that Bayesian models carry the potential to improve the quality of forest products demand analyses when a structural break can be expected and sufficient information on its dynamics is available.
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Heredia-Carroza, Jesús, Luis Palma Martos, and Alejandro Marín. "Determinants of attendance frequency to flamenco shows in Spain. A cultural economic approach." Revista de Métodos Cuantitativos para la Economía y la Empresa 29 (February 24, 2020): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.46661/revmetodoscuanteconempresa.3751.
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This article aims to determine which variables have effect on the attendance frequency to live flamenco shows. Firstly we have done interviews to flamenco and music industry experts to achieve new-fangled variables in our analysis. Secondly, these variables were valued by flamenco consumers through surveys. Afterwards, with these data, we used a methodology based on different econometric models to obtain the coefficients of the variables. The results show how variables such as educational level, the way the music is listened or the valuation of the performer, amongst others, have an influence on the attendance frequency to flamenco live shows. The article contributes to the scarce empirical literature relating attendance frequency determinants to traditional popular genres by adding never studied before variables, focusing on the flamenco case.
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Topan, Ligia, César Castro, Miguel Jerez, and Andrés Barge-Gil. "Oil price pass-through into inflation in Spain at national and regional level." SERIEs 11, no. 4 (October 20, 2020): 561–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13209-020-00222-4.
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AbstractOil price showed sharp fluctuations in recent years which revived the interest in its effect on inflation. In this paper, we discuss the relationship between oil price and inflation in Spain, at national and regional levels, and making the distinction between energy and non-energy inflation. To this end, we fit econometric models to measure the effect of oil price shocks on inflation and to predict them under different scenarios. Our results show that almost half of the volatility of changes in total inflation is explained by changes in oil price. As could be expected, the energy component of inflation drives this effect. We also find that, under the most likely scenarios, 1-year ahead total inflation will be moderate, with relevant differences across regions.
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Rankovic, Nenad, Branko Glavonjic, Leon Oblak, and Slavica Petrovic. "Trends of wood window and door consumption in Spain, France and Germany as elements of strategy for their export from Serbia." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 96 (2007): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0796083r.
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The paper gives results of the analysis of econometric models and trends of wood window and door consumption in Spain, France and Germany in the period 2008-2012. The results of the analysis are important for the process of creating export strategy for the chosen wood products from Serbia on the markets of the chosen countries. For each of the abovementioned markets, main recommendations in view of the possibilities for wood windows and doors export from Serbia are given, as well as the recommendations for the appearance of domestic producers on each of the chosen markets.
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Smintinica, Catalina, and María José Romero Ródenas. "De la Seguridad Social para prevenir el riesgo de pobreza y exclusión social: su especial consideración a personas con discapacidad." IUSLabor. Revista d'anàlisi de Dret del Treball, no. 2 (July 9, 2021): 170–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31009/iuslabor.2021.i2.06.
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The health emergency has highlighted the need to articulate cross-cutting social measures so that both the most vulnerable people and productive sectors are not left behind, with the risk of timeliness and increased poverty appreciated in the future if not acted immediately. Within this context, a new minimum income called Minimum Vital Income was born, in an accelerated but necessary way, whose objective is to correct the high levels of inequality, un subsidized unemployment and extreme poverty in Spain, levels that, until now, have not been fully corrected with the regional models of minimum income that have also been aggravated by the Covid-19 health crisis. This new non-contributory benefit embodies an objective and fundamental advance in the model of the Social State that the Spanish Constitution proclaims in article 1.1. We are facing a new social right of a subjective nature of Spanish citizens and people legally resident in Spain, linked to the state of need, whose objective is to prevent the risk of poverty and social exclusion. This study analyses the minimum living income with special attention in the collective with disabilities.
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Dudek, Hanna. "SUBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT OF FINANCIAL DISTRESS IN PURCHASING A SUFFICIENT AMOUNT OF FOOD. ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF POLISH MICRODATA." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 16, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2017.16.1.01.
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The paper analyses subjective aspects of food poverty in Poland. It deals with households’ assessment of financial difficulties in purchasing a sufficient amount of food in the period 2009–2015. The study is based on Social Diagnosis data. Its purpose is to identify the socio-economic factors affecting financial distress among Polish households. The study also aims to test whether the probability of experiencing financial difficulties is persistent over time. In econometric analysis binary choice models for panel data are applied. The findings state that apart from equivalent incomes and owned savings, loans or debts, factors having a significant impact on the final results are places of residence and biological types of households.
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Halkos, George, and Eleni-Christina Gkampoura. "Assessing Fossil Fuels and Renewables’ Impact on Energy Poverty Conditions in Europe." Energies 16, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010560.
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The disadvantages of fossil fuels and their impact on the environment have made the transition to renewable energy sources essential to cover our energy needs. However, different energy resources have a different impact on energy poverty conditions in the world, an issue that is important to examine and properly address. This study examines the impact that fossil fuels final energy consumption in households per capita and renewables and biofuels final energy consumption in households per capita have on energy poverty conditions in Europe, using panel data from 28 European countries for the time period 2004–2019 and static and dynamic regression models, while also performing various econometric tests. The findings indicate that GDP per capita and fossil fuels are linked to an inverse relationship to energy poverty conditions. Renewables and biofuels are also linked to an inverse relationship to the inability to keep homes adequately warm and the presence of leaks, damp, or rot in the dwelling, but they could be considered a driver of arrears on utility bills. In addition, a comparative analysis between Sweden, Germany, and Greece and their conditions on energy poverty and energy transition was conducted, highlighting the differences existing between the three European countries. The findings of the research can be useful for governments and policy makers to develop strategies that promote energy transition while protecting energy consumers.
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Davia, María A., and Nuria Legazpe. "Decisiones laborales de las mujeres casadas o cohabitantes en España." Studies of Applied Economics 30, no. 3 (June 7, 2020): 1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/eea.v30i3.3618.
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The aim of this paper is to analyse the determinants of employment decisions (entry and exit from employment) of married or cohabiting women in Spain. We use the Fertility, Family and Values Survey of 2006, conducted by the Sociological Research Centre in 2006. The econometric technique deployed consists in different discrete-time duration models using Meyer’s application (Meyer, 1990) to Prentice-Gloeckler model (1978) that enables control for unobserved heterogeneity. The results show, among other things, that highly educated women and women from more recent cohorts are more likely to (re-)enter the labour market after marriage. Mothers of small children are more likely to exit employment than non-mothers.
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Okwu, Andy Titus, Rowland Tochukwu Obiakor, Timothy Chidi Obiwuru, Margret N. Kabuoh, and Emeka Okoro Akpa. "Public family spending, labour productivity, income inequality and poverty gap in the group of seven countries." Review of innovation and competitiveness 6, no. 1 (November 24, 2020): 49–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32728/ric.2020.61/3.
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Purpose. Comparable data on distribution of family income provide reference point for determining economic performance of any country, opportunity to assess effects of income inequality and poverty drivers that are either country- or region-specific. This study analysed the effectiveness of composite indices of public spending on family benefits, labour productivity, macroeconomic performance indicators and moderating factors in reducing income inequality and poverty gap in the Group of Seven (G7) countries from 1980 to 2019. Methodology. The study employed fixed effects Least Squares regression model in panel environment within the framework of empirical econometric methodologies. The composite indices comprised public spending on family benefits in cash and kind, unemployment allowance payments, tax on personal income, labour productivity, harmonised unemployment rate, consumer price index, real GDP growth rate, GDP per capita and per hour worked, fertility rate and trade. After graphical analysis of the data, order of integration was via unit root tests. Hausman test was carried out to choose between fixed and random effects models. Subsequently, parameters of the models were estimated and evaluated for significance at the 0.05 critical level. Findings. The results showed that percentage changes in income inequality and poverty gap indices differed for same percentage change in components of the composite indices. Some variable-specific percentage changes in income inequality and poverty gap were statistically significant, while others were not. However, the overall percentage changes was statistically significant. The paper concluded that while some specific effectiveness of the explanatory variables in reducing income inequality and poverty gap was not significant, their joint effectiveness significantly reduced poverty. Therefore, it is pertinent that family-oriented fiscal policy thrusts should be strengthened and sustained so as to continually reduce income inequality and, ultimately, narrow poverty gap in the countries. Limitations. The study considered the G7 countries for a period of 40 years. The limitations were that the variables considered to influence income inequality and poverty gap in the countries were both exhaustive. Also, the results were conditioned to the method used, and different methods can alternatively be used by other researchers and the results compared with this. Originality. The study is original research paper. It has neither been published in any other peer-reviewed journal not under consideration for publication by any other journal.
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Fan, Jing, Hironori Kato, Xinghua Liu, Ye Li, Changxi Ma, Liang Zhou, and Mingzhang Liang. "High-Speed Railway Network Development, Inter-County Accessibility Improvements, and Regional Poverty Alleviation: Evidence from China." Land 11, no. 10 (October 20, 2022): 1846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11101846.
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The rapid expansion of the high-speed railway (HSR) network in China has significantly shortened the space–time distance between cities. China is striving to enter an anti-poverty era, which is increasing the importance of research on the poverty reduction effect created by upgrading transportation infrastructure, in particular, HSR development. Describing the characteristics of accessibility and the mechanisms by which that accessibility reduces poverty could provide the insights needed for determining suitable anti-poverty paths. By using data for 2341 counties and equivalents in China during 2007–2018, this study analyses the railway accessibility improvements and the poverty reduction effect created by HSR development. On average, HSR in China contributed to a significant increase in potential economic accessibility (317.8%) and a decrease in weighted average travel time (39.9%) for counties. Based on accessibility calculations, the Theil index was used to measure the disparity level of regional accessibility and regional poverty measured based on the income of rural residents. The results indicate that HSR leads to an increase in inequality in terms of travel time and potential economic accessibility at a national level. Pearson coefficients reveal a strong correlation between disparities in accessibility and in rural income among provinces. Furthermore, using the full sample, and sub-samples of poor and non-poor counties in China, the association between regional accessibility and poverty was examined by using two-way fixed effect models and spatial econometric models. The estimated results show that a 1% improvement in potential economic accessibility leads to an aggregate rural income improvement of 0.03–0.17%; the ratio of rural income to urban income increases by 0.04–0.12% and a larger effect is observed in poor counties. The weighted average travel time reduction also leads to improvement in rural income and reduction in the urban–rural income gap. The empirical results obtained by different robust test methods, including different sample groups, different estimated methods and accessibility indicators, are shown to be robust. These findings can help transportation departments formulate poverty-alleviation-oriented transportation planning and investment policies and inform future policies for countries planning to construct HSRs.
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Hobza, Tomáš, and Domingo Morales. "Empirical Best Prediction Under Unit-Level Logit Mixed Models." Journal of Official Statistics 32, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 661–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jos-2016-0034.
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Abstract The article applies unit-level logit mixed models to estimating small-area weighted sums of probabilities. The model parameters are estimated by the method of simulated moments (MSM). The empirical best predictor (EBP) of weighted sums of probabilities is calculated and compared with plug-in estimators. An approximation to the mean-squared error (MSE) of the EBP is derived and a bias-corrected MSE estimator is given and compared with parametric bootstrap alternatives. Some simulation experiments are carried out to study the empirical behavior of the model parameter MSM estimators, the EBP and plug-in estimators and the MSE estimators. An application to the estimation of poverty proportions in the counties of the region of Valencia, Spain, is given.
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Nejati, Mehdi, Alireza Shakibaei, and Mostafa Gholami. "Investigating the Relationship between Population Structure and Poverty." Social Welfare 22, no. 87 (February 26, 2023): 35–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/refahj.22.87.3957.1.
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Introduction: Poverty reduction is one of the important macroeconomic goals of any country, but achieving this important issue requires examining the factors affecting it. Changing the age structure of the population is one of the effective factors in reducing poverty in countries. Therefore, governments can make the most of their population, given the capacity of countries and providing the necessary conditions, and as a result, achieve high growth and development among countries. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the effect of population age structure on poverty in Iran. Method: The method of this research is analytical-descriptive. First, theoretical topics and experimental studies and research data are collected, and the appropriate analysis model is selected. Then, with the Generalized Method of Momen for Iran since 1975 until 2017, the desired research models have been estimated, and finally, using statistical and econometric inferences, the research results have been studied. Findings: In general, according to the results, it can be concluded that the dependent population of the child and years of schooling have a negative and significant relationship with the dependent variable, the elderly dependent population has a negative and significant relationship with the dependent variable and also the percentage of trade in GDP and Physical capital inventories have a negative relationship with the dependent variable. Discussion: In this study, the years of schooling, the percentage of trade in GDP, as well as capital stock are based on a coefficient that agrees with the theory. The positive effect of the elderly population on poverty reduction indicates the existence of high savings in old age. Paying attention to the growth of highly educated employees as well as employing specialized personnel increases the productivity of the labor force and also creates the possibility of creating new production methods that have significant effects on poverty reduction.
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Noja, Gratiela Georgiana, Mirela Cristea, Nicoleta Sirghi, Camelia-Daniela Hategan, and Paolo D’Anselmi. "Promoting Good Public Governance and Environmental Support for Sustainable Economic Development." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24 (December 6, 2019): 4940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244940.
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Good governance promotes the fundamental grounds of participation and democracy in contemporary public administration, whilst institution building and the (in)effectiveness of public administration is linked to economic growth. This synergy brings forth sheer implications on the sustainable economic development. On this composite setting, the paper examines several fundamental credentials of public administration in the European Union (EU) countries, in relation to economic development, but also poverty, research, and development support, as representative socio-economic credentials. The empirical analysis is based on data covering the 1995–2017 lapse of time, processed through three econometric procedures, namely robust regression, structural equation modeling, and Gaussian graphical models. The main results emphasize that there are significant joint implications of public administration on the considered socio-economic dimensions. General government spending and, particularly, the environmental support, have positive implications on the European Union economies, leading to significant increases in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and downsize in poverty risk (more emphasized in regard to the government expenditures than the environmental protection). Overall, the quality of governance in EU countries requires an additional effort dedicated to leverage good public governance in order to support the long-term economic development.
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Banik, Arindam, Tirthankar Nag, Sahana Roy Chowdhury, and Rajashri Chatterjee. "Why Do COVID-19 Fatality Rates Differ Across Countries? An Explorative Cross-country Study Based on Select Indicators." Global Business Review 21, no. 3 (May 14, 2020): 607–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972150920929897.
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In this article, we analyse the factors that determine the fatality rates across 29 economies spread across both the developing and developed world. Recent emerging literature and expert opinions in popular media have indicated various factors that may explain cross-country difference in fatality rates. These factors range from access to public health infrastructure, BCG vaccination policies, demographic structure, restrictive policy interventions and the weather. In addition, articles are examining different kinds of fatality rates that can be explained. Progressing beyond fragmented databases and anecdotal evidence, we have developed a database for such factors, have explored various econometric models to test the explanatory power of these factors in explaining several kinds of fatality rates. Based on available data, our study reveals that factors such as public health system, population age structure, poverty level and BCG vaccination are powerful contributory factors in determining fatality rates. Interactions between factors such as poverty level and BCG vaccination provide interesting insights into the complex interplay of factors. Our analysis suggests that poor citizens’ access to the public healthcare system are worse in many countries irrespective of whether they are developed or developing countries.
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Gil, M., A. Garrido, and N. Hernández-Mora. "Direct and indirect economic impacts of drought in the agri-food sector in the Ebro River basin (Spain)." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 10 (October 28, 2013): 2679–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-2679-2013.
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Abstract. The economic evaluation of drought impacts is essential in order to define efficient and sustainable management and mitigation strategies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the economic impacts of a drought event on the agricultural sector and measure how they are transmitted from primary production to industrial output and related employment. We fit econometric models to determine the magnitude of the economic loss attributable to water storage. The direct impacts of drought on agricultural productivity are measured through a direct attribution model. Indirect impacts on agricultural employment and the agri-food industry are evaluated through a nested indirect attribution model. The transmission of water scarcity effects from agricultural production to macroeconomic variables is measured through chained elasticities. The models allow for differentiating the impacts deriving from water scarcity from other sources of economic losses. Results show that the importance of drought impacts are less relevant at the macroeconomic level, but are more significant for those activities directly dependent on water abstractions and precipitation. From a management perspective, implications of these findings are important to develop effective mitigation strategies to reduce drought risk exposure.
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Araújo, Antônio Maria Henri Beyle de, Paulo Roberto Barbosa Lustosa, and Edilson Paulo. "The cyclicality of loan loss provisions under three different accounting models: the United Kingdom, Spain, and Brazil." Revista Contabilidade & Finanças 29, no. 76 (November 6, 2017): 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1808-057x201804490.
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ABSTRACT A controversy involving loan loss provisions in banks concerns their relationship with the business cycle. While international accounting standards for recognizing provisions (incurred loss model) would presumably be pro-cyclical, accentuating the effects of the current economic cycle, an alternative model, the expected loss model, has countercyclical characteristics, acting as a buffer against economic imbalances caused by expansionary or contractionary phases in the economy. In Brazil, a mixed accounting model exists, whose behavior is not known to be pro-cyclical or countercyclical. The aim of this research is to analyze the behavior of these accounting models in relation to the business cycle, using an econometric model consisting of financial and macroeconomic variables. The study allowed us to identify the impact of credit risk behavior, earnings management, capital management, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) behavior, and the behavior of the unemployment rate on provisions in countries that use different accounting models. Data from commercial banks in the United Kingdom (incurred loss), in Spain (expected loss), and in Brazil (mixed model) were used, covering the period from 2001 to 2012. Despite the accounting models of the three countries being formed by very different rules regarding possible effects on the business cycles, the results revealed a pro-cyclical behavior of provisions in each country, indicating that when GDP grows, provisions tend to fall and vice versa. The results also revealed other factors influencing the behavior of loan loss provisions, such as earning management.
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Melgar, Marija Del Carmen, and Jose Antonio Ordaz. "The Utility of Zero-Inflated Models in the Estimation of the Number of Accidents in the Automobile Insurance Industry." Equilibrium 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2010): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil.2010.034.
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The main purpose of the present paper is to provide an econometric model which estimates the number of automobile accidents that policyholders declare to their insurance companies, pointing out those variables that are significant in this process. Our empirical analysis is based on the data supplied by a private insurance company that operates in Spain, and on the zero-inflated count data models as methodology. We find a positive association between the levels of coverage and the accident rates, suggesting the existence of problems related to adverse selection and moral hazard. This result is one of the most important conclusions of our work and confirms the theoretical aspects pointed up by other empirical studies in the literature. Additionally, estimating the number of policyholders that suffered any accident but not declared, and how many these non-declared accidents are, could be very useful information for insurers to evaluate their risk planning. Our model attempts to reach this target as well.
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Urbanos-Garrido, Rosa María, and Beatriz González López-Valcárcel. "Desempleo y salud: Un análisis de la repercusión de la crisis económica sobre la salud de los españoles." Studies of Applied Economics 31, no. 2 (March 14, 2020): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/eea.v31i2.3284.
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In this paper we explore the consequences of the economic crisis on the Spanish adult health with special emphasis on the effects of unemployment. We use the conceptual model of Dahlgren and Whitehead. We analyze longitudinal microdata from the Survey of Living Conditions (ECV) 2006-2011 and cross-sectional microdata from the National Health Survey of Spain (ENSE) 2011-12, using econometric models to explain the level of physical and mental health of individuals and their changes when varying income and employment status. Our analysis of ECV concludes that while the housing conditions and needs met proxies significantly influence self-assessed health, neither variations in individual income or the shift from employment to unemployment have a significant influence. Models based on data from the ENSE, however, conclude that after controlling for other determinants of health, unemployment has a significant negative impact on physical and mental health, and that impact is stronger the longer unemployment lasts.
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Ginanneschi, Marco, and Pietro Piu. "The Role of e-Commerce in the Success of Low-cost Carriers." Scientific Annals of Economics and Business 65, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 407–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/saeb-2018-0029.
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Abstract This research aims to answer the question if e-commerce favoured in a special way the growth of low-cost carriers within the civil aviation market. After defining low-cost and traditional carriers’ business models, data on transported passengers were collected for three countries (Italy, Germany and Spain) and confronted with the number of e-consumers. Despite a significant correlation in all the three markets, only in Italy our hypothesis has been supported by Granger causality, and the regression analysis allows to forecast a future characterized by a growing dominance of LCCs. Although the definition of an econometric model will require further studies, the distinctive features of the Italian market might represent a starting point for future research on the complex relationship between e-commerce and air transport.
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Halim, Rizal Edy, Imam Wahyudi, and M. Budi Prasetyo. "Pattern of consumption budget allocation by the poor families." Journal of Economics, Business & Accountancy Ventura 18, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14414/jebav.v18i1.381.
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Various allegations towards the poverty problems are due to the issue of cultural, consumption behavior, social dynamics, and policy support. This study deals with the pattern of communities spending behavior through modeling the allocation of house-hold expenditure using secondary data published by Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistic (BPS) and offers models of household expenditure allocation appropriate and proportional. Allocation model of household expenditure is expected to be one step in formulating policies related to alleviate poverty. Time series analysis was used through modeling, econometric modeling and exposure effects going from the various patterns portrayed in the 2000-2008 period. By using National Economic Survey data (SU-SENAS) period 2000-2008, the study found that the differences in geological structure affect their livelihoods and consumption patterns, such as mountains, valleys, beaches, flood plains, lakes, and so on. The allocation of income of poor households tends to appear dominant in some categories of consumption related to housing and household facilities, various goods and services, clothes, and rice. However, other consumption categories tend not to be a priority for the consumption of poor households. Almost all categories of movement patterns of consumption have almost the same, still increasing from 2000 - 2006, except in 2005 which increased exceeding anomaly in 2006.
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SPULBAR, CRISTI, MOHAMMAD EHSANIFAR, RAMONA BIRAU, TIBERIU HORAȚIU GORUN, IULIUS DANIEL DOAGĂ, ABDULLAH EJAZ, MITHUN S. ULLAL, and CRISTIAN VALERIU STANCIU. "Is Taiwan a black swan phenomenon for local textile and clothing industry?A robust nonlinear regression-based model for stock exchange prediction." Industria Textila 71, no. 06 (December 10, 2020): 580–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.071.06.1737.
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Local apparel and textile manufacturing industry in Taiwan is a sector of great importance for sustainable economicgrowth. A stock market is an effective barometer indicating the economic health of a country and Taiwan is a case evenmore special. However, is Taiwan a black swan phenomenon for local apparel and textile manufacturing industryconsidering its economic growth and financial perspectives? In addition to existing literature, this research articleprovides a new robust nonlinear regression-based model for stock exchange prediction for Taiwan stock market. Thefinancial data series used for the econometric analysis include the period from January 2000 to July 2018 for 13 mainstock markets from countries all around the globe, such as: Taiwan, Spain, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Canada, USA,Japan, Germany, France, UK, India, and China. The final multiple regression equation provides a new prediction modelfor Taiwan’s main stock market index. A sustainable economic growth in Taiwan is necessary to achieve major objectivessuch as social justice, poverty alleviation and natural environment protection. The stock market in Taiwan plays anessential role in order to stimulate economic growth and technological progress by attracting foreign investment andforeign capital. In a globalized economy, the inter-linkages between stock markets are complex and can significantlyinfluence Taiwan’s sustainable development.
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SPULBAR, CRISTI, MOHAMMAD EHSANIFAR, RAMONA BIRAU, TIBERIU HORAȚIU GORUN, IULIUS DANIEL DOAGĂ, ABDULLAH EJAZ, MITHUN S. ULLAL, and CRISTIAN VALERIU STANCIU. "Is Taiwan a black swan phenomenon for local textile and clothing industry?A robust nonlinear regression-based model for stock exchange prediction." Industria Textila 71, no. 06 (December 10, 2020): 580–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/t.071.06.1737.
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Local apparel and textile manufacturing industry in Taiwan is a sector of great importance for sustainable economicgrowth. A stock market is an effective barometer indicating the economic health of a country and Taiwan is a case evenmore special. However, is Taiwan a black swan phenomenon for local apparel and textile manufacturing industryconsidering its economic growth and financial perspectives? In addition to existing literature, this research articleprovides a new robust nonlinear regression-based model for stock exchange prediction for Taiwan stock market. Thefinancial data series used for the econometric analysis include the period from January 2000 to July 2018 for 13 mainstock markets from countries all around the globe, such as: Taiwan, Spain, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Canada, USA,Japan, Germany, France, UK, India, and China. The final multiple regression equation provides a new prediction modelfor Taiwan’s main stock market index. A sustainable economic growth in Taiwan is necessary to achieve major objectivessuch as social justice, poverty alleviation and natural environment protection. The stock market in Taiwan plays anessential role in order to stimulate economic growth and technological progress by attracting foreign investment andforeign capital. In a globalized economy, the inter-linkages between stock markets are complex and can significantlyinfluence Taiwan’s sustainable development.
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Dimian, Gina Cristina, Mirela Ionela Aceleanu, Bogdan Vasile Ileanu, and Andreea Claudia Șerban. "UNEMPLOYMENT AND SECTORAL COMPETITIVENESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES. FACTS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS." Journal of Business Economics and Management 19, no. 3 (November 19, 2018): 474–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2018.6581.
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This article addresses the problem of the main factors driving sectoral unemployment in the Mediterranean countries most affected by this phenomenon. The choice of the four countries (Greece, Italy, Spain and Portugal) relies on the fact that they are dealing with the highest unemployment rates in the European Union and a certain typology of the economic structure. The originality of our research is offered by its direction, less tackled until now, namely the focus on the particularities of the economic sectors, trying to capture differences between them. The importance and the impact of the results are supported by the methods used to produce them, indicators and econometric models that are on trend and bring extra information to available studies. Descriptive statistics and mismatch indexes are used to outline the economic and labour market structure, while the econometric models built on panel data capture the impact of factors such as GVA growth, specialization and labour market mismatches on the unemployment rate at six economic sectors level. Our paper makes three contributions to the literature. First, we have demonstrated that agriculture is the sector of activity less sensitive to output fluctuations in terms of unemployment and can become a buffer for the jobless in times of recessions. Second, we have proved that industry, as a whole, is highly responsive to economic developments and bad specialization could worsen unemployment situation in this sector. Third, we showed that educational mismatches have a significant impact on unemployment in those sectors of activity that employ low educated workforce.
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Cuadras-Morató, Xavier, and Josep Maria Raya. "Boycott or Buycott?: Internal Politics and Consumer Choices." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 185–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2014-0111.
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Abstract Does politics affect economic relations? In particular, do political tensions significantly affect consumer choices? The main objective of the paper is to study the consequences of political conflicts between Spain and Catalonia (a region of Spain) and the subsequent boycott calls on sales of Catalan sparkling wine (cava) in the Spanish market. We use data from sales of sparkling wine in supermarkets and similar outlets. To determine with precision the boycott period we use data on the number of news on the issue that appeared in the main national Spanish daily newspapers. The results of our econometric analysis indicate that the boycott calls triggered different consumers’ reactions in different territories. While consumers in some Spanish regions followed them and reduced their purchases of Catalan cava, there was also an anti-boycott reaction of Catalan consumers which led them to increase their consumption of the product. As a consequence of this, the boycott calls had an insignificant impact at the Spanish aggregate level. These results can be rationalized by the predictions of theoretical models of boycotts that include both the free riding and animosity motives.
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Banzhaf, H. Spencer, Lala Ma, and Christopher Timmins. "Environmental Justice: Establishing Causal Relationships." Annual Review of Resource Economics 11, no. 1 (October 5, 2019): 377–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100518-094131.
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The environmental justice literature has found that the poor and people of color are disproportionately exposed to pollution. This literature has sparked a broad activist movement and several policy reforms in the United States and internationally. In this article, we review the literature documenting correlations between pollution and demographics and the history of the related movement, focusing on the United States. We then turn to the potential causal mechanisms behind the observed correlations. Given its focus on causal econometric models, we argue that economics has a comparative advantage in evaluating these mechanisms. We consider ( a) profit-maximizing decisions by firms, ( b) Tiebout-like utility-maximizing decisions by households in the presence of income disparities, ( c) Coasean negotiations between both sides, ( d) political economy explanations and governmental failures, and ( e) intergenerational transmission of poverty. Proper identification of the causal mechanisms underlying observed disproportionate exposures is critical to the design of effective policy to remedy them.
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Guadalajara, Natividad, Miguel Ángel López, Adina Iftimi, and Antonio Usai. "Influence of the Cadastral Value of the Urban Land and Neighborhood Characteristics on the Mean House Mortgage Appraisal." Land 10, no. 3 (March 2, 2021): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10030250.
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As house mortgage appraisal values have played a leading role in the 2007–2012 financial crisis, it is important to develop robust mass appraisal models that correctly estimate these values. The present paper intends to propose a methodology to examine the spatial distribution of house mortgage appraisal values. To do so, we analyzed the effect that these values, cadastral urban land values, characteristics of houses, and socioeconomic conditions and services in neighborhoods, have on house mortgage appraisal values in the 70 boroughs of Valencia (Spain). Econometric and spatial models were used, and variables were calculated as the mean and weighted values per boroughs. Our results showed that the hierarchy of cadastral values impacted mortgage appraisal values. Conversely, not all the boroughs-related variables influenced the mean mortgage values of houses, although some did anomalously. We conclude that the spatial error or autoregressive models provided very good fit results, which somewhat improved the ordinary least square model. Moreover, house mortgage appraisal values may be influenced by not only cadastral values but also by some district characteristics like mean family property size, vehicle age, distance from a metro station or from infant or primary education centers.
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Iparraguirre, Jose. "Public spending on adult social care and delayed transfers of care in England." Quality in Ageing and Older Adults 21, no. 3 (August 31, 2020): 155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qaoa-11-2019-0066.
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Purpose This paper aims to whether current public expenditure on adult social care services might be associated with the number of delayed days of care attributable to the social care system in England. Design/methodology/approach Panel econometric models on data from local authorities with adult social care responsibilities in England between 2013–2014 and 2018–2019. Findings After controlling for other organisational sources of inefficiency, the level of demand in the area and the income poverty amongst the resident older population, this paper finds that a 4.5% reduction in current spending per head on adult social care per older person in one year is associated with an increase by 0.01 delayed days per head the following year. Social implications Given the costs of adverse outcomes of delayed transfers of care reported in the literature, this paper suggests that budgetary constraints to adult social care services would represent a false economy of public funds. Originality/value This is the first paper that models the association between public spending on adult social care and delayed transfers of care due to issues originating in the social care system in England.
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Rodriguez-Fernandez, Mercedes, Sonia Fernandez-Alonso, and José Rodriguez-Rodriguez. "Board characteristics and firm performance in Spain." Corporate Governance 14, no. 4 (July 29, 2014): 485–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cg-01-2013-0013.
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Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the relationship between internal governance structure and financial performance of listed Spanish companies. The effectiveness of the board of directors is analyzed through the use of different variables: size, composition, duality, number of annual meetings and busyness of the directors. The financial performance is measured by return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE) and Tobin’s Q. Design/methodology/approach – Our study is addressed through the use of a multi-theoretical approach followed by an empirical analysis. Schematic literature review serves as a basis for setting our hypotheses. We conduct the empirical part of the study by applying these to the listed companies in the Madrid Stock Exchange. An econometric model (multiple regression) is used to test the relation between board structure and financial performance. Findings – Empirical: We conclude that in the three estimated models, two of the dependent variables, ROE and ROA, have an explanatory value. The relationship between the number of the boards of directors’ meetings and performance has proved to be negative. Theoretical: Ample literature on corporate governance leads to two conclusions: First, corporative–financial relations must be studied by a multi-theoretical approach. Second, future research must be made only on specific studies coincident with the majority of their characteristics (country, type of firm, type of statistical model […]). Research limitations/implications – Future research will try to cover gaps, expanding this study in both space and time. Practical implications – The number of Spanish companies’ boards meetings is very high. As shown in our study, holding more than one meeting a month does not guarantee greater financial returns; the board can effectively establish its strategic lines of business by meeting up to 12 times per year. Social implications – The results show a negative relationship between ROE and the number of meetings, which may be linked to the country’s business culture, which traditionally has a higher number of annual meetings when compared to neighboring countries. Perhaps, this is an indicative symptom of the inefficiency associated with the Spanish system. Originality/value – Theoretical review is performed with two aims: first, to establish our research hypotheses, and second, to reflect on future research by fine-tuning the abundant previous studies.
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Loureiro, Maria L., and Jesús Barreal. "Modelling spatial patterns and temporal trends of wildfires in Galicia (NW Spain)." Forest Systems 24, no. 2 (July 27, 2015): e022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/fs/2015242-05713.
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<p><em>Aim of study:</em> The goal of this paper is to analyse the importance of the main contributing factors to the occurrence of wildfires. <strong></strong></p><p><em>Area of study:</em> We employ data from the region of Galicia during 2001-2010; although the similarities shared between this area and other rural areas may allow extrapolation of the present results.</p><p><em>Material and Methods:</em> The spatial dependence is analysed by using the Moran’s I and LISA statistics. We also conduct an econometric analysis modelling both, the number of fires and the relative size of afflicted woodland area as dependent variables, which depend on the climatic, land cover variables, and socio-economic characteristics of the affected areas. Fixed effects and random effect models are estimated in order to control for the heterogeneity between the Forest Districts in Galicia.</p><p><em>Main results</em>: Moran’s I and LISA statistics show that there is spatial dependence in the occurrence of Galician wildfires. Econometrics models show that climatology, socioeconomic variables, and temporal trends are also important to study both, the number of wildfires and the burned-forest ratio.</p><p><em>Research highlights:</em> We conclude that in addition to direct forest actions, other agricultural or social public plans, can help to reduce wildfires in rural areas or wildland-urban areas. Based on these conclusions, a number of guidelines are provided that may foster the development of better forest management policies in order to reduce the occurrence of wildfires.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Cause-effect relationship; climatology; spatial and temporal indicators; fixed effects; random effects; socio-economic factors.</p>
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Ackah, Ishmael. "Does bad company corrupt good character? A spatial econometric analysis of oil resource management in Africa." International Journal of Energy Sector Management 11, no. 3 (September 4, 2017): 480–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-10-2016-0002.
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Purpose A widely held belief before the 1990s – referred to as the oil-blessing hypothesis – was that oil discovery and production should promote economic growth and development and lead to poverty reduction. However, the so-called ‘oil-curse’ hypothesis, postulated by Sachs and Warner in 1995, challenged this belief, thus provoking a heated debate on the theme. The oil-curse hypothesis has been traditionally tested by means of cross-sectional and panel-data models. The author goes beyond these traditional methods to test whether the presence of spatial effects can alter the hypothesis in oil-producing African countries. In particular, this paper aims to investigate the effects on economic growth of oil production, oil resources and oil revenues along with the quality of democratic institutions, investment and openness to trade. Design/methodology/approach A Durbin spatial model, a cross-sectional model and panel-data model are used. Findings First, the validity of the spatial Durbin model is vindicated. Second, consistently with the oil-curse hypothesis, oil production, resources, rent and revenues have a negative and generally significant effect on economic growth. This result is robust for across the panel data, spatial Durbin and spatial autoregressive models and for different measures of spatial proximity between countries. Third, the author finds that the extent to which the business environment is perceived as benign for investment has a positive and marginally effect on economic growth. Additionally, economic growth of a country is further stimulated by a spatial proximity of a neighbouring country if the neighbouring country has created strong institutions protecting investments. Fourth, openness to international trade has a positive and marginally significant effect on economic growth. Originality/value This paper examines theories and studies that have been done before. However, as the related literature on the growth–resource abundance nexus has rarely examined spatial effects, this study seeks to test jointly the spatial effect and the neighbouring effect on the oil curse hypothesis.
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Sinoi, Elena-Alexandra. "The impact of educated migrants and R&D expenditures on innovation." Management & Marketing. Challenges for the Knowledge Society 16, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mmcks-2021-0002.
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Abstract Migration has become a topic of great interest of the 21st century, as it triggers multiple advantages and downsides, both for the people and communities implicated, depending on the policies in place. International migration should not be perceived as an issue that needs to be solved, but rather a global phenomenon that can reduce poverty and foster inclusive growth and sustainable development, both in origin and destination countries. The most highly-skilled immigrants represent a key factor in enhancing innovation and technological change processes, which are essential aspects of social and economic development. The purpose of the study is to analyse the impact of highly educated immigrants (with tertiary-educated immigrant employees and foreign PhD students) together with R&D investments on innovative activity (proxied by the number of patents applications), in the case of the ten countries which joined the EU in 2004. The evaluated time frame is from 2011 to 2017. For the econometric analysis of the panel data, we developed fixed-effects linear regression models, at the country-level. The indicators computed are relevant to the innovative activity. The econometric estimations highlight a positive correlation between educated migrants and the number of patent applications in all ten countries. This nexus is even strengthened when we take into consideration other relevant impact factors, such as investments in R&D and human capital. Therefore, the more efforts and investments are devoted to R&D and highly educated individuals, the more predictable the innovation is.
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Tran, Tuyen Quang, Huong Van Vu, and Tinh Thanh Doan. "Factors affecting the intensity of nonfarm participation among ethnic minorities in Northwest Mountains, Vietnam." International Journal of Social Economics 43, no. 4 (April 11, 2016): 417–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-10-2014-0217.
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Purpose – Little econometric evidence exists on the determinants of nonfarm participation among ethnic minorities in Vietnam. The purpose of this paper is to examine the intensity of nonfarm participation and its correlates among ethnic minority households in Northwest Mountains – the poorest region of Vietnam. Design/methodology/approach – Factors affecting the level of nonfarm participation were examined by using a fractional logit model. In addition, regression analysis using analysis of variance models were used to compare the mean of household characteristics and assets between households with and without nonfarm employment. Findings – The study found that households depended heavily on agriculture for subsistence and their access to nonfarm employment is very limited. Households with nonfarm employment had much higher levels of education, income, assets and a much lower level of poverty than those without nonfarm participation. The intensity of nonfarm participation is positively associated with education levels, proportion of male working members and fixed assets but negatively correlated with the size of annual crop land and water surface for aquaculture. Also, the presence of nonfarm opportunities and paved roads in a commune increases the intensity of nonfarm participation for households living in that commune. Practical implications – The findings suggest that any poverty alleviation policies should aim at improving the access of ethnic minorities to education and nonfarm job opportunities. Originality/value – The study offers the first evidence of factors affecting the intensity of nonfarm participation among ethnic minorities in the study area.