Dissertations / Theses: 'Poverty measures'

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Mensink, Julia. "Poverty measures : from production to use." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/281/.

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This thesis uses the analogy between poverty measures and products to explore how poverty measures are designed, produced, distributed and used by different communities. Three historical case studies are analysed with this product approach: Charles Booth’s poverty surveys of London developed in the late nineteenth century, Mollie Orshansky’s poverty thresholds in the USA in the 1960s and two international measures of the Human Development Index (HDI) and the dollar-a-day in the late twentieth century. The product approach to statistical measurements offers a number of advantages. It shows how poverty measures do not provide numbers only, but packages of complementary products. Booth produced a set of innovations from his survey: numbers, maps and causal analyses; Orshansky a system for statistical and administrative use; and the UNDP a platform for human development – all three facilitating action to reduce poverty. Sometimes the products compete strongly in the market, as the UNDP’s HDI and World Bank’s dollar-a-day have done. Sometimes they help to establish new modes of social science, as Booth’s products did. Sometimes the original designs prove resistant to innovation as Orshansky’s thresholds did. More generally, this product approach places the numbers in their historical context. It demonstrates the importance of both the producers and the users in what happens to poverty measurements; it looks in particular at the way in which such measures are influenced by the interests of the different user groups and their political environment. It shows how co-production between the producers and users of poverty measures, or the lack thereof, influences the trust given to numbers.

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Trigger, David Scott, and n/a. "Does the way we measure poverty matter? : an analysis of alternative poverty measures with particular reference to changes in the level of poverty in Australia between 1975 and 1994." University of Canberra. Management & Technology, 2000. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061109.153010.

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There has been considerable controversy and debate over recent years about the most appropriate method of measuring poverty. This debate has included, among other issues, the questions of absolute versus relative poverty, the merits of money income as a measure of the standard of living and the associated selection of poverty lines and equivalence scales, and the selection of alternative indices of poverty. A review of the literature indicates that the choice of differing approaches to poverty measurement can lead to differing estimates of poverty. In the face of such results an evaluation of the impact upon poverty estimates of alternative measurement methodology is appropriate. This thesis assesses the impact upon the estimated level of poverty of variations in some of the key poverty measurement parameters. The expenditure data derived from the 1975-76, 1984 and 1993-94 Household Expenditure Surveys have been analysed to assess the sensitivity of poverty estimates, derived from a range of poverty indices, to variations in the generosity of the equivalence scales, the level of the poverty line, and the choice of the indicator of the level of resources used. The sensitivity of each poverty index to variations in these parameters is assessed at both the aggregated level and for the specified household types, while those population subgroups particularly susceptible to poverty are also identified. The poverty distributions derived for each of the survey years are compared to evaluate the impact upon changes in the level of poverty over time of variations in the underlying parameters. The thesis concludes that both poverty estimates at a point in time, and poverty trends over time are sensitive to variations in the equivalence scales, in the level of the poverty line, in the selection of the indicator of the level of resources, and in the choice of poverty index itself. In light of these results, a review of recent Australian poverty research concludes that insufficient attention has been paid to the sensitivity issues associated with the measurement of poverty.

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Kudebayeva, Alma. "Chronic poverty concepts and measures : an application to Kazakhstan." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/chronic-poverty-concepts-and-measures-an-application-to-kazakhstan(e836dffd-137b-4bd5-918c-c801bd3991ba).html.

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This thesis explores the concepts and measurements of chronic poverty, with application to Kazakhstan. A rigorous analysis of different approaches in the measurement of poverty and chronic poverty is presented in this study. Five matching techniques have been applied for the construction of unintended panel data based on KHBS 2001-2009. The substantial test of reliability, representativeness and robustness of the constructed panel data has examined. The attrition biases of the longitudinal data have been studied rigorously. The appropriate equivalence scale has been determined through regression analysis to the Kazakhstan HBS. The sensitivity of conventional and chronic poverty measures to various poverty lines and equivalence scales studied in this thesis. The stochastic dominance analysis of per adult equivalent consumption expenditures has been presented. The chronic poverty measures and determinants of chronically and transient poor have been estimated. It illustrates that the main correlates of chronic poverty are education, employment status of the head of household, household composition, the ownership of assets such as a dwelling other than main dwelling, a car, access to water in the house and location. The correlates of transient poverty are similar to chronic poverty; however some of them have opposite signs, for example the ethnicity of the head of household, household compositions, an ownership of a dwelling other than main dwelling, location in urban area and repayments of loan in 2008. The Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis of the gap in consumption expenditures between chronically and transient poor, chronically poor and non-poor explains the differences through returns to endowments. Poverty transitions analysis illustrate improvement in poverty dynamics in later period of the study in 2006-2009. Long durations of poverty prevail among singles with children and couples with children. Poverty exit rates are higher than poverty entry rates for the whole period of 2001-2009. The multivariate hazard regression models are estimated to examine differences in people's experience of poverty over a period of time. For individuals who enter poverty, the total span of time that they spend in poverty consequently depends on both the chances of exit from poverty and the chances of re-entry to poverty. The results confirm the negative duration dependence of the hazards of poverty exit and re-entry for longer lengths of state. The only factor significantly positive influence on poverty exit is a location in Almaty. Many correlates of the model estimation have the same signs for the hazard rate of poverty exit and re-entries. These facts mean that these factors are common for transient poor, who are moving in and out poverty in given period of time. As defined before the existence of children under age six will increase the hazard rate of poverty re-entry.

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Schreiber, Andrew P. "Rethinking the Poverty Line| What Alternate Measures Indicate About Urban Poverty and Its Geographic Distribution." Thesis, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1545728.

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In order to adequately address problems associated with poverty, definitions and measurements of the issue must first be understood. This goal is complex, as both the definitions and measurement of poverty are subjective and vary geographically and categorically. The commonly used American poverty measure (i.e. the "poverty line") has recently received criticism because of its limitations as an absolute measure that fails to recognize the relative nature of poverty. Such criticisms have led to the development of alternate poverty measures. However, no single measure has the ability to account for all factors associated with poverty. As such, it is important to understand the strengths and weaknesses of various poverty metrics.

The aim of this study is to identify the benefits and limitations of several alternate poverty measures by examining each measure in relation to cultural and social indicators. In this study, several alternate poverty measures are identified and applied to the St. Louis Region. Principal component analysis and multiple linear regression techniques are used in conjunction with census data from the St. Louis metropolitan statistical area to identify the social and cultural factors that are concomitant to poverty as measured by each of the alternate poverty metrics. The poverty measures are then compared based on the significance of each identified concomitant. Additionally, alternate poverty metrics are compared through an examination of maps created to show variations in geographic distribution. The distribution of poverty is measured geographically for each alternate measure and subsequently standardized for meaningful comparison between measures by mapping the variance of distribution.

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Donbavand, Steven. "Model-based approaches to the estimation of poverty measures in small areas." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2015. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/383998/.

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Mbewe, Samson. "Investigating household energy poverty in South Africa by using unidimensional and multidimensional measures." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29336.

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The ability to access affordable, reliable and modern energy services presents a pathway to social and economic development. Yet, the lack of access to modern energy services is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa and developing Asia. Following the declaration to achieve universal access to energy by 2030 in the United Nation’s Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals – several tools have emerged tracking and monitoring energy access and energy poverty. Earlier efforts have focused on measuring energy poverty from a unidimensional perspective while recent efforts have focused on a multidimensional measurement. However, the growing trend in tracking and monitoring energy poverty using multidimensional indicators has been applied limitedly in the context of South Africa. Part of this has been associated with the lack of detailed and reliable survey data. With access to detailed survey data, this study aimed to evaluate household energy poverty in South Africa by using both unidimensional and multidimensional measures. This study constructed the energy budget share, also known as Tenth-Percentile Rule (TPR) (unidimensional) and the multidimensional energy poverty index (MEPI) using data from wave 1 (2008) and wave 4 (2014-2015) of the National Income Dynamic Study (NIDS) of South Africa. A 10 percent threshold was used for the energy-budget share while a 0.3 cutoff point was used for the MEPI. This study first computed national-level estimates of household energy poverty, and subsequently decomposed these estimates by province, household income poverty status and household location (urban versus rural). A sensitivity analysis was performed to test for the stability in ranking of provinces when the energy poverty threshold of the TPR was varied from 7 to 13 percent, and the energy poverty cutoff k of the MEPI was changed from 0.2 to 0.4. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient was determined for each pair of ranking of provinces to establish the strength of correlation. Based on the TPR measure, results show that 21 and 13 percent of South African households lived in energy poverty in 2008 and 2014-2015, respectively. The MEPI measure indicates that 37 and 19 percent of the households lived in energy poverty in 2008 and 2014- 2015, respectively. Limpopo province had the highest rates of energy poverty in 2014-2015 with values of 25 percent (using TPR) and 52 percent (using MEPI). This study also found that by 2014-2015, only 23 percent (using the TPR) and 46 percent (using the MEPI) of energy poor households lived below the food poverty line of R430. Further, this study found that household energy poverty has reduced in rural areas and by 2014-2015, only 18 percent (using TPR) and 49 percent (using MEPI) of households located in rural areas lived in energy poverty. The lowest observed value of the Spearman rank correlation coefficient was 0.90. It is concluded that the overall household energy poverty has reduced in South Africa between 2008 and 2014-2015. The TPR gives lower estimates of energy poverty than the corresponding values obtained from the MEPI measure. There is negligible effect of varying the threshold values (within the studied range) of the TPR and k.

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Bakardijeva, Radostina, and Christoph Sowada. "The employment crisis, pensions and poverty in Bulgaria 1990-1998 : trends – consequences – preventative measures." Universität Potsdam, 1999. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/4889/.

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After promising beginnings towards transformation, in 1991 the Bulgarian economy fell into deep crisis in the period from 1995 to 1997. Social policy, already overstrained due to the demands of transition, was unable to cope effectively with the rapidly spreading state of emergency. The following essay analyses the development of the social indicators and instruments of social security in the years 1990 to 1998. In addition to unemployment and unemployment insurance, the issue of pensions and poverty will also be examined.

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Ragno, Luigi. "Linking protection and promotion in poor households : social pension scheme and poverty reduction in urban Bangladesh : do cash-based social assistance measures promote more investments towards poverty exit?" Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/linking-protection-and-promotion-in-poor-households-social-pension-scheme-and-poverty-reduction-in-urban-bangladeshdo-cashbased-social-assistance-measures-promote-more-investments-towards-poverty-exit(c427494d-41a5-424b-9e05-ad9448082f16).html.

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Social Protection, and in particular social assistance, has emerged as a key area of international development policy. Recognition of the important role of social protection policies is aligned to a growing consensus on their role in reducing poverty and vulnerability and in preventing people from falling into poverty and facilitating exit from poverty. In the late 1990s, the World Bank (WB) developed the Social Risk Management (SRM) framework as a new conceptual framework for analysing social protection in developing countries. In the SRM, risk taking, the proactive management of risk at household level, was argued to be essential in enabling poor households to invest and grasp opportunities for economic development and poverty reduction. This research examines and conceptualizes the why and the how of investment by households in poverty. The research also examines the extent to which access to social assistance interventions may play a positive or negative role in the process. The thesis argues that the SRM oversimplifies and underestimates a variety of factors and processes that play a role in the household’s investment behaviour in three dimensions of their life, namely savings, education and health. In the research, household decision making is conceptualised as a two stage process of ‘constructing’ investment preferences (what they are willing to do), and of ‘realizing’ or ‘revealing’ household choices (what they actually do). The empirical findings indicate that access to social assistance did not appear to have a role in constructing investment preferences. However, it had limited role under certain circumstances in favouring the realization of households’ investment preferences. The research suggests that the SRM fails to encapsulate the complexity of household investment decisions, crucial to exiting poverty. Building on some of the concepts emerged in the research, I develop a ‘behavioural’ variation of the ‘risk taking /poverty exit’ component of the SRM in an attempt to improve the explanatory capacity of this framework. The research utilises the grounded theory framework (GT), adapted to a low income country context, and investigates the role of social assistance in household behaviour through an extensive field work in Bangladesh with urban households targeted by the Old Age Allowance Scheme (OAA), one of the largest social assistance schemes in Bangladesh.

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Dawood, Ghalieb. "Applying fuzzy-set theoretic poverty measures within a developmental local government context : the Khayelitsha - Mitchell's Plain case study." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6759.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-108).
This paper attempts to demonstrate the importance of the linkage between the presence of poverty and the nature of governance, something largely omitted from poverty studies in South Africa. The context of this investigation was the establishment of the new local government model (i.e. Developmental Local Government), which puts governance at the forefront of addressing poverty effectively. The new governance model adopts a multidimensional poverty paradigm in its Integrated Development Planning (IDP). However, in this study we have examined whether the approach adopted (i.e. Basic Needs) is necessarily the best multidimensional approach available. We have given preference to the capabilities approach with its emphasis on well-being where people are the beneficiaries of development rather than the basic needs approach where the emphasis is on goods and services as a means to good life. Sen's Capabilities Approach was operationalised by adopting a relatively new methodology (Le. fuzzy-set theoretic poverty measures) for measuring multidimensional poverty in the Khayelitsha Mitchell's Plain (KMP) magisterial district using the Census 2001 dataset. Our results show that unemployment, housing and low incomes need the most attention in KMP. Furthermore, the fuzzy-set measures, which view poverty as opaque and vague, yield more detailed policy information, thus preventing the single-policy response dominating many IDPs at present. As a medium term policy response, it is suggested that the implementation of the extended public works programme in KMP has the potential to significantly address both the material and non-material capability failure existing in KMP.

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Mahmood, Tahir [Verfasser], Xiaohua [Akademischer Betreuer] Yu, Stephan [Gutachter] Klasen, and Sebastian [Gutachter] Vollmer. "Essays on Comparing Poverty Measures, Gender Differences in Subjective Well-being, Food Insecurity and Malnutrition in Pakistan : Do the Poor really Feel Poor? Comparing Objective Poverty with Subjective Poverty in Pakistan / Tahir Mahmood ; Gutachter: Stephan Klasen, Sebastian Vollmer ; Betreuer: Xiaohua Yu." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1164231189/34.

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Mahmood, Tahir Verfasser], Xiaohua [Akademischer Betreuer] [Yu, Stephan [Gutachter] Klasen, and Sebastian [Gutachter] Vollmer. "Essays on Comparing Poverty Measures, Gender Differences in Subjective Well-being, Food Insecurity and Malnutrition in Pakistan : Do the Poor really Feel Poor? Comparing Objective Poverty with Subjective Poverty in Pakistan / Tahir Mahmood ; Gutachter: Stephan Klasen, Sebastian Vollmer ; Betreuer: Xiaohua Yu." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:7-11858/00-1735-0000-002E-E476-A-8.

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Johnson, Wayne Paul Hickrod G. Alan. "The equity impact of alternate poverty measures in the Illinois state aid formula distribution of funds to Illinois public school districts." Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1989. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p9014748.

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Thesis (Ed. D.)--Illinois State University, 1989.
Title from title page screen, viewed October 24, 2005. Dissertation Committee: G. Alan Hickrod (chair), Robert L. Arnold, Ramesh B. Chaudhari, Chris Eisele, William L. Hinrichs. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 75-78) and abstract. Also available in print.

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Bedük, Selçuk. "Measuring poverty in the EU : investigating and improving the empirical validity in deprivation scales of poverty." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:22f61b32-32a3-4fb3-b0ce-67b1b8fe8c00.

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Non-monetary deprivation indicators are now widely used for studying and measuring poverty in Europe. However, despite their prevalence, the empirical performance of existing deprivation scales has rarely been examined. This thesis i) identifies possible conceptual problems of existing deprivation scales such as indexing, missing dimensions and threshold; ii) empirically assesses the extent of possible error in measurement related to these conceptual problems; and iii) offer an alternative way for constructing deprivation measures to mitigate the identified conceptual problems. The thesis consists of four stand-alone papers, accompanied by an overarching introduction and conclusion. The first three papers provide empirical evidence on the empirical consequences of the missing dimensions and threshold problems for the measurement and analysis of poverty, while the fourth paper exemplifies a concept-led multidimensional design that can reduce the error introduced by these conceptual problems. The analysis is generally held for 25 EU countries using European Survey of Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC); only in the second paper, the analysis is done for the UK using British Household Panel Survey (BHPS).

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Mokhele, Daphney Nontuthuzelo. "Impact of the taxi recapitalisation strategy on the expenditure patterns and poverty levels of taxi-mode commuters in the Vaal / by Daphney Nontuthuzelo Dlamini-Mokhele." Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2288.

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The minibus taxi industry serves approximately 68% of the South Africans using public transport. It is credited with supporting black South African communities by providing a more accessible alternative to the public transportation. It has also been a primary activity for black entrepreneurship since the early 1970s up to the present. It also provides a strong example of enterprise serving as a platform for creating employment and for fighting poverty. However, its growth and prosperity is hindered by a number of challenges, some of which emanated from the past apartheid laws that restricted black economic policies. Some are related to the industry, such as continuing problems of persistent violence, at times resulting in death and safety concerns. In an effort to address these challenges, the National Department of Transport published a Taxi Recapitalisation Strategy (TRS). The TRS is not only about the replacement of old vehicles with new and safe vehicles, but presents the government with an opportunity to transform, empower and regulate the industry. The key pillars of the TRS are the scrapping of old taxi vehicles, the introduction of new and safe vehicles, effective regulations, empowerment of the taxi industry and law enforcement. This study measures the impact of the TRS on poverty levels and expenditure patterns of the taxi-mode commuters of the Vaal, situated south of Gauteng. It focuses mainly on the few townships identified; where the taxis are the most frequently used mode of transport. It has been shown that regulation of the taxi industry through the implementation of the TRS would lead to a rise in taxi fares and other consequences for the owners and users (passengers). Subsequently, this would result in increased levels of poverty and a change in expenditure patterns of most of the Vaal households. Although the levels of poverty have decreased in the townships of the Vaal as compared to 2003, the severity of poverty still remains in some households. Using the Household Subsistence Level (HSL) as the household's respective poverty line, 45.4% of the households have an income that is less than 50% of their HSL amount, indicating severe poverty. The headcount index was determined at 0.59 in 2006, indicating that 59% of households live below their poverty lines. The poverty gap index was determined at 0.45, reflecting that households lack on average 45% of income to attain a level equal to their poverty line. The impact of increases in taxi fares would then directly have a negative effect on the average standard of living of the Vaal households. To measure the impact of the TRS on expenditure patterns, affordability levels of the households of the Vaal were considered. The three scenarios used (taxi fares increase by 10%, 15%, and 20%) showed that the average monthly transport costs would rise by 9.9%, 10.3% and 10.6% respectively, following the implementation of the TRS. If user-targeted subsidies could be offered that would result in the taxi fare reduction, it could have an impact on expenditure patterns and poverty levels of the Vaal households. Applying the impact assessment model to households living below their poverty lines in the Vaal, increased government subsidy would supplement the existing incomes of these households. For instance, if a subsidy of 20% on taxi fares is offered, that is to make the taxi fare lower than the current fare, the poverty gap would decrease from 0.45 to 0.31 and the headcount index would be reduced from 0.59 to 0.48. This would reflect that households lacking income to attain a level equal to their poverty line is reduced by 14%.This suggests that the recapitalisation of the taxi fleet which is supported by a taxi fare subsidy is critical to ensure the provision of safe, affordable and efficient minibus taxis. In the case of even higher government subsidies, reduction in the cost of transport through government subsidies may supplement the existing income of households to such an extent that the headcount indexes for the population decreases even more. The study therefore concludes that poverty alleviation and improved standards of living among the Vaal households can only be achieved if appropriate subsidies which may lead to the reduction in the taxi fares can be provided.
Thesis (Ph.D. (Economics))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2008.

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Vazquez-Guzman, David. "Measurement of income inequality in Mexico : methodology, assessment and empirical relationship with poverty and human development." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/446.

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The intended contribution of this work is to systematically discuss a selection of methodological topics and some of the empirical and technical issues that have been driving the measurement of inequality in Mexico so far. This discussion has two strands: firstly, the general case, and second, the particular case of Mexico. The general case include some philosophical concerns, along with a review of the traditional inequality measurement, the most common operational decisions in empirical calculations, and the recent methodological contribution of development literature that is mostly centered around the capability approach of Sen (1985b). The philosophical part contrasted with other approaches and rejected the Marxist view of economic inequality, which is mostly viewed as an outcome of exploitation. The distributional judgments are compared with more ancient schools of thought in regards to justice. Another methodological issue is such that social inequality, approximated by income inequality, might be considered as an additional functioning that measures the degree of social cohesion in the country, this finding is an implication that comes from the definition of functionings within the capability approach; then, social inequality is a functioning that is different in nature from other measures of destitution, and it is also different from the destitution that is captured by absolute poverty measurement. Our general case includes a review of the most popular ways to measure inequality, such as normative and pragmatic inequality measures that are mentioned with their properties, with their rankings of the distributions provided by the use of stochastic dominance and quantile comparisons, and the construction of statistical models and some graphic representations of income economic inequality; the approach of inequality concerns included in the measurement of relative poverty is rejected for the sake of clarity. Then this general view would guide us to a better understanding of the Mexican literature for the consideration of income distribution. The measurement of destitution provided by governmental offices is necessary to discuss, because there might be some lack of coherence between the design of the measurement and the complex legal system in Mexico. We also consider a set of regulatory concerns that might not be unique to the Mexican law, but may be generalized for developing countries as a whole. Some of the methodological discussions that show how the Mexican research has been influenced by the international literature about human destitution will be good to clarify, looking at the value judgments that have been automatically accepted by the researchers. A sensitivity analysis was performed to the empirical calculation of inequality in Mexico, so the measurement showed to be different in regards to a variety of operational concerns: the recipient unit, the different data from income and consumption-expenditure surveys, various non-responses and underreported biases, the inclusion of a regional price index, among other things. In this work was also covered the reasons why it might be the case that destitution and poverty assessment was studied more deeply than inequality itself, so the possible ambiguity of inequality with poverty measurement is challenged in this work with a variety of theoretical remarks and empirical arguments. The final topic for the particular case of Mexico is to shed light in regards to the context of the capability approach and the use of equivalence scales, because these methodological approaches consider respectively directly and indirectly the assessment of distributional judgments. This discussion is followed by an empirical assessment of inequality measures that is related with a set of functionings and services, where a direct relationship of measures of inequality with other measures of destitution is made clear.

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Naidoo, Arulsivanathan Ganas Varadappa. "A multi-dimensional measure of poverty in South Africa." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06092008-165345.

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Niemietz, Kristian. "Constructing a new measure of poverty for the UK." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2014. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/constructing-a-new-measure-of-poverty-for-the-uk(0dfa4ee8-1866-41a8-8238-0001e47107e6).html.

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This thesis will present a theoretical case for a new indicator of poverty, and construct a specific version of this indicator for the UK. It will calculate the actual poverty line, analyse its components, and discuss its implications. The thesis will begin by demonstrating that the outcomes of poverty studies are highly sensitive to the choice the indicator. It will document the history of poverty measurement in the UK, concentrating on the interaction of theory and measurement in different periods. Since current poverty indicators are not strongly connected to the underlying living standards, this thesis will also provide a new account of how living standards of the least well-off have evolved over the past decades, concentrating especially on recent research findings on measurement issues in this field. This documentation prepares the ground for the actual poverty indicator to be constructed in later chapters. The thesis will proceed to a discussion of the macroeconomic policy implications following from different poverty definitions, integrating the poverty literature into the wider economic literature. This step will identify the existence of problematic trade-offs in poverty policies, providing a case for scrutinising poverty indicators more carefully for their robustness and plausibility. It will move on to perform a ‘robustness test’ on existing measures, and highlight their shortcomings. The critique of existing measures will then be turned into a blueprint for the construction of an alternative measure. This measure will then be constructed with data from a variety of sources. Its results will be presented, and its implications discussed.

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Balsa, Odete Pereira. "Pobreza e as medidas de proteção social: o caso dos beneficiários do rendimento social de inserção no distrito de Évora." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/17704.

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O presente relatório de estágio enquadra-se no âmbito da conclusão do Mestrado em Sociologia, com especialização em Recursos Humanos e Desenvolvimento Sustentável realizado na Universidade de Évora. Como tal, foi realizado um estágio na Segurança Social, no Centro Distrital de Évora com o objetivo de caraterizar os beneficiários do Rendimento Social de Inserção (RSI) do distrito de Évora, a partir do momento que esta medida de proteção social entrou em vigor, até ao presente (2003-2014). Para proceder à análise dos beneficiários e para a elaboração do presente relatório de estágio participei e assisti a reuniões de âmbito informativo bem como de âmbito analítico, tal como em reuniões do Núcleo Local de Inserção (NLI) onde se analisam casos práticos e individuais de cada beneficiário desta prestação e reuniões com alguns técnicos superiores que integram as diferentes medidas/programas de proteção social. Foi-me disponibilizada uma base de dados pertencente aos serviços centrais do Instituto da Segurança Social (ISS, IP.) com indicadores, que possibilitam uma análise evolutiva dos beneficiários. O número de beneficiários de RSI tem-se mantido estável, porém, verificando que a população não cresceu no distrito, na última década, havendo até concelhos onde diminuiu, é possível concluir que o universo dos beneficiários de RSI não tem conseguido alterar as suas condições, apesar de estar a beneficiar de uma medida de proteção social. Os beneficiários no distrito são maioritariamente mulheres e crianças, o que acresce a atenção sobre este grupo uma vez que na cultura portuguesa o papel das mulheres como principais cuidadoras das crianças ficará mais comprometido pela fragilidade da sua condição socioeconómica; Abstract: Poverty and measures of social protection: the case of beneficiaries of the Social Insertion Income in Évora District This internship report falls within the framework of the completion of the Master in Sociology with a specialization in Human Resources and Sustainable Development held at the University of Évora. As such, an internship at Social Security was held in the District of Évora center in order to characterize the beneficiaries of the Social Insertion Income (RSI) of the District of Évora, from the moment that this measure of social protection came into force, Until now (2002-2014) To undertake analysis of the beneficiaries and for the preparation of this internship report participated and watched the informative level meetings as well as analytical framework, as in meetings of the Insert Location Center (NLI) which analyze practical and individual cases of each beneficiary of this provision and meetings with some senior technicians to integrate the various measures / social protection programs. I was provided a database belonging to the central services of the Social Security Institute (ISS, IP.) With indicators that enable an evolutionary analysis of the beneficiaries. The number of RSI beneficiaries has remained stable, however, finding that the population has not grown in the District in the last decade, with up to municipalities which decreased, it is possible to conclude that the universe of RSI recipients have not been able to change their conditions despite being to benefit from a measure of social protection. The beneficiaries in the district are mostly women and children, in addition attention to this group since the Portuguese culture the role of women as primary caregivers of children will be most affected by the weakness of their socio-economic condition.

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Bennett, Robert Michael Jr. "Enhancing Our Understanding of Human Poverty: An Examination of the Relationship Between Income Poverty and Material Hardship." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1499951912807792.

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Boate, Kwame Safo. "Public Housing as a Poverty Intervention Measure: Examining the Usefulness of Poverty Threshold Method as a Measure of Affordability, the Case of Summit County, Ohio." Akron, OH : University of Akron, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=akron1239045399.

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Dissertation (Ph. D.)--University of Akron, Dept. of Public Administration and Urban Studies , 2009.
"May, 2009." Title from electronic dissertation title page (viewed 11/18/2009) Advisor, Raymond W. Cox III; Committee members, RaJade M. Berry-James, Ralph P. Hummel, Michael Nelson, Sylvester Murray; Interim Department Chair, Raymond W. Cox III; Dean of the College, Chand Midha; Dean of the Graduate School, George R. Newkome. Includes bibliographical references.

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Fernandes, Rita Maria Sousa. "A pobreza Infantil e os direitos humanos." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/18924.

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Mestrado em Economia e Política Social
O objectivo desta dissertação é construir um conceito de pobreza infantil na perspectiva dos direitos humanos das crianças, a partir do qual se possa contribuir para a reflexão teórica em termos de conceptualização e medição do fenómeno. Nesta dissertação, a pobreza infantil é entendida como a negação dos direitos humanos fundamentais das crianças, resultante da escassez ou ausência de recursos económicos, materiais e imateriais. A pobreza infantil é encarada como um estado de privação em termos de bem-estar definido em função desses direitos humanos. O ponto de partida desta investigação consistiu na formulação de três questões essenciais para o estudo do fenómeno: 1) Quais são as especificidades da criança e da infância que justificam o estudo da pobreza infantil de forma autónoma ao da pobreza em geral? 2) Qual o conceito de pobreza infantil? 3) Quais os indicadores mais relevantes para medir a pobreza infantil de acordo com o conceito definido? Na primeira parte desta dissertação, apresentam-se algumas das principais abordagens sobre a criança e a infância, essenciais para compreender a análise sobre a pobreza infantil. Esta opção alerta para a necessidade de desenvolver abordagens mais amplas do fenómeno, onde a escassez de rendimento é apenas um dos aspectos relevantes. Na segunda parte, constrói-se o conceito de pobreza infantil na perspectiva dos direitos humanos das crianças. A Convenção sobre os Direitos da Criança das Nações Unidas faculta o quadro legal necessário para a abordagem multidimensional do fenómeno. A avaliação da situação de pobreza infantil, enquanto estado de privação, pressupõe a observação directa do bem-estar das crianças, no sentido de identificar as que estão abaixo de um padrão de bem-estar mínimo socialmente aceite. Assim, na terceira e, última parte, apresenta-se um conjunto de indicadores específicos com vista à aferição directa das situações de privação existentes.
The purpose of this dissertation is to elaborate a concept of child poverty based on the human rights of children. The main goal is to contributo to the theoretical thinking of the conceptualisation and measurement of the phenomenon. In the following dissertation, the concept of child poverty refers to the denial of children s fundamental human rights, resulting from lack of access to economic, material and non- material resources. Child poverty is understood as a situation of deprivation from a standard well-being, which is determined according to those human rights. Three questions essential to the study of the phenomenon frame the starting point of this research: 1) which are the specificities of the child and their childhood justifying an approach to child poverty different and independent from poverty analysis? 4) What is the concept of child poverty? 3) Which are the most relevant indicators for child poverty measurement, more adequate to the concept presented? The first part of this dissertation presents the main approaches on the child and their childhood, essential to understand the relevance of a concrete analysis of child poverty. This option emphasises the need for development of wider approaches, where low income is but one dimension. The second part develops the concept of child poverty based on the human rights of children. The 1989 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child sets the required normative framework for the multidimensional approach of the phenomenon, The identification of a situation of child poverty as a state of deprivation implies a direct observation of children s well-being. The aim is to identify those children bellow a socially accepted minimum standard of well-being. Hence, the third and last part of the dissertation focuses on the presentation of a set of specific indicators to measure existing situations of deprivation.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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Wang, Tingyan, and 王婷豔. "A new measure of child poverty in urban China : from a perspective of deprivation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206476.

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Childhood is a critical period of the life of human beings, and experiencing poverty at this stage can seriously hinder children’s development. A reliable measure of child poverty is the essential prerequisite for monitoring children’s living situations and for providing government with sound evidence for policy making. Despite the importance of the issue of child poverty, to date there has been no effective measure of child poverty in urban China. This study is an effort to fill this gap. In contrast to the conventional income-based approach to poverty, the deprivation approach initiated by Peter Townsend in the 1970s is able to offer a direct, non-monetary, and multidimensional lens through which to examine child poverty. On the basis of international definition of child poverty and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, in this current study the author constructed a child poverty measure — Child Deprivation Indicators (CDIs) — in China’s urban context. A quantitative approach was used and a survey called Child Poverty in Urban China was carried out in Beijing from October 2011 to March 2012. Employing a multistage sampling method, 1,000 households with children were selected to participate in the survey, and the response rate was 91%. After a process of indicator selection, survey, and threshold setting, 34 indicators covering six dimensions of children’s basic needs were chosen to constitute the CDIs. The six dimensions are diet, clothing, housing conditions, household facilities, education, and social interaction. Children lacking five or more indicators because of economic constraint would be identified as being deprived. According to the study findings, 12.7% of children were living in deprivation at the time of survey. The 34 items showed differing degrees of deprivation, ranging from 0.4% to 14.0%. Education and social interaction were the two dimensions demonstrating the widest deprivation. Significant and considerable differences were found between local and migrant children both in terms of deprivation rate and severity. Migrant children are seriously disadvantaged compared with their urban peers but they are not entitled to social assistance in cities. To further examine the newly constructed child poverty measure, the author compared the CDIs with two conventional poverty measures which are based on social assistance recipient status and on family income. Findings showed that they identified different groups of poor children with moderate degrees of overlap. In spite of this, the deprivation severities of children receiving social assistance or living in low-income families were significantly higher than those of non-recipient children and children from normal-income families, implying that these three different child poverty measures are closely related to each other. Several suggestions were generated to inform policy making and practice. First, government should raise the standards of social assistance and introduce child-specific assistance programmes. Second, migrant children should be treated equally to urban children and be entitled to social assistance. Third, in practice different child poverty measures should be utilized in conjunction with each other. Finally, with minor adjustments the CDIs can be utilized in other cities.
published_or_final_version
Social Work and Social Administration
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

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Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho. ""Obesidade e fatores associados numa amostra de mulheres em área de exclusão social, na cidade de São Paulo: correlação com índices antropométricos"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5159/tde-27042005-160127/.

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Introdução: há vários relatos na literatura que referem o aumento progressivo da obesidade em mulheres de nível sócio-econômico baixo das áreas urbanas. Os fatores que podem estar relacionados à transição nutricional nesse estrato da sociedade ainda são muito controversos. Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a freqüência de obesidade, e fatores associados em mulheres numa área de exclusão social da cidade de São Paulo. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo transversal, entre o período de junho de 2002 a abril de 2004, em 116 mulheres moradoras de favelas na periferia e região metropolitana de São Paulo. O desfecho antropométrico primário foi o índice de massa corpórea (IMC). As mulheres foram categorizadas em três estratos de índice de massa corpórea [IMC] (= 25.0 kg/m2; 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m2; and = 30.0 kg/m2). Os grupos foram comparados entre si, quanto às características referentes às variáveis de provável exclusão social, hábitos de vida e clínico laboratoriais (medidas antropométricas e fatores de risco cardiovasculares). O modelo logístico usado analisou as variáveis independentes associadas ao sobrepeso e obesidade. Resultados: a freqüência de obesidade nessa amostra (28.4%), foi maior que a observada em outros estudos brasileiros. Após o ajuste multivariado, comparadas às mulheres magras (IMC < 25 kg/m2), as que possuíam história de três ou mais partos foram mais sobrepeso (Razão de chance [RC], 3.4; 95% Intervalo de confiança [95% IC], 1.2-9.6) e obesas (razão de chance [RC], 5,3; 95% Intervalo de confiança [95% IC], 1,6-17,5). Mulheres brancas comparadas com o grupo de referência (magras e negras) foram mais obesas. (RC, 9.9; 95% IC, 1.5-64.6). Comparadas às magras, mulheres obesas apresentaram maiores níveis de dislipidemia por HDL-colesterol baixo (RC, 10; IC 95%, 2.5-50) e hipertrigliceridemia (RC, 8.4; IC95%, 1.5-48). Nessas mulheres de baixo nível sócio-econômico, paridade e raça foram os mais importantes fatores associados à obesidade. Mulheres com cor da pele branca foram claramente mais obesas que as de cor negra e parda.
To evaluate the prevalence and associated risk factors for obesity in low-income women living in a metropolitan area of the city of São Paulo. Methods: Cross-sectional study (116 women) living in slums. Women were categorized in three body-mass index strata [BMI] (=25.0 kg/m 2 ; 25 to 29.9 kg/m2; and = 30.0 kg/m2). Groups were compared regarding variables of social inequalities and clinical assessment: anthropometric measurements and cardiovascular risk factors. A logistic model was used to analyze the independent variables associated with overweight and obesity. Results: Frequency of obesity of 28.4% was higher than in other Brazilian samples. After multivariate adjustment, compared to lean, women with three or more childbearing were more overweight (Odds Ratio [OR], 3.4; 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI], 1.2-9.6) and obese (Odds Ratio [OR], 5,3; 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI], 1,6-17,5). White women compared to reference group (lean and African American women) were also more obese. (OR, 9.9; 95% CI, 1.5-64.6). Compared to lean, obese women had lower HDL-cholesterol levels (OR, 10; 95% CI, 2.5-50) and hypertriglyceridemia (OR, 8.4; 95% CI, 1.5-48). In these low-income women, parity and race were the most important factors associated to obesity. White women were clearly more obese than mullato and African American women.

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McConnell, Brad. "There's no cost like home using a more accurate measure to effectively combat poverty in America /." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1961/3637.

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On, Robert. "Data-driven Development| Essays on the Use of Mobile Phone Data and Information to Measure and Reduce Poverty." Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13421115.

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Mobile phone ubiquity in much of the developing world has turned from a question of when rather than if. Some of the poorest and most remote parts of the world are being connected to the global telecommunications network to enable an unprecedented ability to both observe and interact with previously hard-to-reach populations at scale. While many mobile phone owners adopt this technology for basic phone use, the connectedness this expansive ownership enables presents an opportunity to the study and practice of economic development that extend beyond simple peer-to-peer communication. The modern information technology sector and its underlying network infrastructure presented this same opportunity during its own formation. The network was not only valuable for the communication it enabled, but also for the data it produced from those who utilized its services. It also serves as a platform for a deluge of information systems and services that have become a part of our everyday lives and has spurred significant economic growth over the past few decades. This "data revolution" is well underway in the developed economies but is diminishing in its returns, solving increasingly marginal problems. This same transformation is relatively nascent in developing economies where more salient challenges, such as poverty, have yet to be overcome. In this dissertation, we explore a data-driven approach that leverages mobile phone technology to better measure and address poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. Our approach starts with the identification of a problem: in this case, poverty. In the first chapter, we apply novel machine learning methods to analyze roughly ten terabytes of data of mobile phone use from Rwanda's largest telecommunications operator to measure poverty at a national scale. We demonstrate that an individual's history of mobile phone usage can be used to infer his or her socioeconomic status. Using this individual model of mobile phone use and socioeconomic status, we can predict poverty and wealth across the entire network and accurately reconstruct national and regional distributions of wealth. Once we obtain this measure of poverty, we can then focus our efforts in regions that are most afflicted. The second chapter helps moves us from diagnosis to a potential cure. Predictions may be helpful to provide some guidance on which regions or populations to target but does not provide much in the way of what to do to have impact. In three years of field research in poor regions of rural Kenya and Rwanda, it was clear that much of the world's poor thrive and survive on subsistence agriculture, but many of these farmers also own mobile phones. Having such a platform enabled the ability to provide potentially welfare-improving information at scale. This chapter presents the research design and analyzes the results of of six randomized controlled trials testing the welfare effects of sending hundreds of text message formulations encouraging agricultural experimentation to over 500,000 farmers in Kenya and Rwanda. Targeting farmers with the right messaging and delivery characteristics was a focus of these trials. We find statistically significant effects on agricultural technology adoption and high rates of return on welfare outcomes by providing information over this medium. This mirrors the digital advertising industry in many developed economies and reminds us that advertisements as information can have very large welfare effects in poor information environments. The third chapter dives deeper into one of the six studies where the research design focused on information spillover in Rwanda where mobile phone ownership was about half of what it was in Kenya. We find that information does indeed spillover onto other farmers within the same group, and those farmers who don't have phones experience the largest percentage increases in adoptions when others within the same group receive a text message. This has large implications on the effectiveness and cost efficiency of information treatments to regions with lower mobile phone adoption. Not only were these interventions effective, they were also very inexpensive and resulted in network effects, further improving agricultural technology adoption, increasing food production and reducing poverty. The chapters in this dissertation develop a theory and methods for understanding how to leverage mobile technologies to measure and reduce poverty. It serves as a guide for both research and practitioners to approach solving problems in development that is grounded in measurement, data, collaboration, impact and scale.

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Barger, Brett. "A Quantitative Study of Educational Poverty, School Location, and Student Achievement Measured by the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA)." Thesis, Lindenwood University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3668688.

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The performance of the United States' students on international tests remains an ongoing source of concern, division, and anxiety for government, educational, and business leaders, teachers (and their unions), as well as the general public. These selfsame test results have been used as evidence to support diametrically opposed political and educational strategy and policy for decades. All too often the performance of students is discussed with a single test score number that is used to represent the entirety of the education system's students without accounting for geographical, demographic, or socioeconomic differences among the student test takers. The contributing factors of the national level performance are often summed up simplistically as resulting from underfunded school systems or under qualified teachers. These generalized assessments and underlying national angst are also often based on the mistaken perception that the United States once led the world in international testing and that the declining performance is a grave indicator of the nation's economic and social future.

Researchers have begun to produce studies showing a far more nuanced interpretation of national level scores that point to much different contributing factors; in particular, poverty. Somewhat unexpectedly for the world's largest economy, the United States' poverty level is nearly the highest of all nations taking standardized international tests. These studies show that when international test results are controlled for certain socioeconomic factors that the United States scores are at, or very near, the top of the international tables. This study supported the body of evidence that poverty is the greatest hindrance to the academic achievement of the nation's students and sought to better understand the unique contributors to achievement of the nation's poor on the mathematics portion of the Program for International Student Assessment test depending upon the socioeconomic composition and geographical location of a student's school.

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Guyard, Lucie. "Itinérance féminine et institutions : le vagabondage féminin dans la généralité de Rouen au XVIIIe siècle." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR140.

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Cette recherche a pour objectif d’approcher le délit de vagabondage féminin en l’observant tel qu’il est construit par différents courants de pensées, et tel qu’il est vécu par le peuple et les vagabondes elles-mêmes. Il s’agit ici de favoriser une analyse du mouvement des femmes hors de tout cadre légal, et avant son interpellation. Cette pratique s’instaure dans un quotidien que pratiquent hommes et femmes, mais que la loi cherche à définir pour mieux la sanctionner. La monarchie au XVIIIe siècle réorganise sa maréchaussée, et instaure une lieutenance générale de police, à Rouen notamment. Ces deux institutions et leur coexistence jusqu’à la Révolution ont fait naitre les archives indispensables à notre étude, et leur ressort, étendu sur la généralité de Rouen, en a défini la zone géographique. L’image de la femme itinérante se façonne à la croisée de plusieurs analyses. Elle émane de réflexions plus générales faites sur les femmes dans la société, leur place et le rôle qu’on leur attribue alors même que la monarchie cherche à figer les individus. À ces idées s’ajoute la perception de l’indigence et ce qu’elle représente dans l’esprit des contemporains. Enfin, l’image de la vagabonde se construit également autour de la conception de la personne de passage, et ce qu’elle représente pour les communautés résidantes des lieux où elle passe. Ces conceptions se confrontent à une réalité que les politiques de répression de parviennent pas à faire disparaitre : les femmes vagabondent seules ou accompagnées. À travers leurs mots retranscrits dans les archives des institutions qui doivent les interpeller transparaissent leurs propres explications quant à leur mouvement. Et ces derniers nous renseignent sur une part de leur réalité
This research aims to approach the crime of female vagrancy by observing it as it is constructed by different currents of thought, and as it is experienced by the people and the vagrants themselves. The aim here is to promote an analysis of the women's movement outside any legal framework, and before its arrest. This practice is part of a daily life practiced by men and women, but which the law seeks to define in order to better punish it. The monarchy in the 18th century reorganized its maréchaussée, and established a general police maintenance, particularly in Rouen. These two institutions and their coexistence until the Revolution gave rise to the archives essential to our study, and their scope, extended to the Rouen generality, defined the geographical area. The image of the homeless woman is shaped at the crossroads of several analyses. It emanates from more general reflections on women in society, their place and the role they are assigned at a time when the monarchy is trying to stabilise individuals. In addition to these ideas, there is the perception of indigence and what it represents in the minds of contemporaries. Finally, the image of the femal vagrant is also built around the conception of the transient, and what it represents for the communities residing in the places where she passes. These conceptions are confronted with a reality that repressive policies fail to eradicate: women wander alone or with support. Through their words transcribed in the archives of the institutions that have to call them out, their own explanations of their movement can be seen. And these last ones give us some information about their reality

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Kinuthia, Wanyee. "“Accumulation by Dispossession” by the Global Extractive Industry: The Case of Canada." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30170.

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This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.

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Rotolo, Francesco. "Strategic measures to confront energy poverty in Portugal." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/25325.

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In the last years, one of the warmest southern European countries has frequently been classified first in the EU28 ranking for levels of excess winter death. This one data is often provided by researchers when analyzing poverty of energy services in Portugal, a phenomenon emphasized by the European Commission in its “Europe 2020” strategy. The current policy of the Portuguese government obliges energy firms to fully absorb the financial burden represented by a social tariff scheme. Efficiency measures, which involve a renovation program of energy services for vulnerable households, are instead adopted by the other Member States to combat this issue. This dissertation aims at raising the awareness of energy poverty in Portugal, describing both its characteristics and a set of possible approaches to confront this social problem locally. To do so, a statistical analysis of demographic variables and energy systems allowed to study the diffusion of energy poverty among Portuguese households. The results revealed that, despite affecting a large part of the Portuguese population, homes with a monthly salary lower than 970€ are typically referable to energy-poor conditions for the lack of adequate equipment. To conclude, a benchmark with the most efficient national policies was conducted, together with main recommendations, which are intended to facilitate the creation of an adequate ecosystem in Portugal to address this condition of discomfort.
Nos últimos anos, um dos países mais quentes do Sul da Europa tem frequentemente sido classificado em primeiro lugar no ranking de excessivos níveis de mortes durante o inverno dentro da UE28. Estes dados são normalmente fornecidos por investigadores quando estes analisam a pobreza dos serviços de energia em Portugal, um fenómeno salientado pela Comissão Europeia na sua estratégia "Europa 2020". A atua política do Governo Português exige as empresas de energia a absorver na totalidade a carga financeira representada por um esquema de tarifas sociais. Medidas de eficiência, que incluem um programa de renovação dos serviços energéticos para famílias vulneráveis, são, no entanto, adotados por outros Estados-membros para combater este problema. O objetivo desta dissertação é a consciencialização sobre a Pobreza Energética em Portugal, através da descrição das suas características e da apresentação de possíveis formas para combater localmente este problema social. Para tal, será feita uma análise estatística das variáveis demográficas e dos sistemas energéticos para permitir o estudo da difusão da pobreza energética nas famílias portuguesas. Os resultados revelaram que, apesar de afetar uma grande parte da população portuguesa, famílias com salários mensais inferiores a 970€ são habitualmente associadas com pobres condições energéticas devido à falta de equipamento adequado. Para concluir, foi apresentado um benchmark com as políticas nacionais mais efetivas, juntamente com as principais recomendações, que pretendem facilitar a criação de um ecossistema adequado em Portugal, de forma a corrigir as atuais condições de desconforto.

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Hongxu, Guo. "Experiences and enlightenments from targeted poverty alleviation measures of China." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/20718.

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Poverty exists in many countries and is a worldwide problem that needs urgent solution. As the second largest economy in the world, China has successfully lifted more than 0.8 billion population out of poverty in the past decades. However, the less poor population left, more difficult to solve the problem. In 2013, the Chinese president Xi Jinping proposed “Targeted Poverty Alleviation” Measures to further instruct the poverty reduction process of China, to make sure all poor population get out of poverty in 2020. This thesis mainly focus on “Targeted Poverty Alleviation” Measures, to study the background, the conception, the mechanism, and specific using of these measures, further more to make conclusion on its characteristic to gain experiences and enlightenments.
A pobreza existe em muitos países e é um problema mundial que precisa de solução urgente. Como a segunda maior economia do mundo, a China conseguiu tirar mais de 0,8 bilhão de pessoas da pobreza nas últimas décadas. No entanto, quanto menos população pobre sobrar, mais difícil resolver o problema. Em 2013, o presidente chinês Xi Jinping propôs medidas de “Alívio Direcionado à Pobreza” para instruir ainda mais o processo de redução da pobreza na China, para garantir que toda a população pobre saia da pobreza em 2020. Esta tese concentra-se principalmente nas medidas “Alívio Direcionado à Pobreza”, para estudar os antecedentes, a concepção, o mecanismo e o uso específico dessas medidas, e ainda mais para concluir sua característica de obter experiências e esclarecimentos.

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YIN, ZHANG-NAN, and 尹中南. "On the Implementation of Targeted Measures in Poverty Alleviation of P.R.C.: the Analysis of China’s Poverty Alleviation Database." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/yefbnz.

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碩士
國防大學政治作戰學院
政治研究所
107
Since the reform and opening up, “poverty alleviation” has always been an important social policy issue for the P.R.C.. In November 2013, Xi Jin-ping put forward a new idea of helping the poor, replacing the “extensive” mode with “precision”, eliminating all the absolute poverty population in mainland China, so as to achieve the goal of “building a well-off society in an all-round way”in 2020 and realize the dream of “Chinese dream”. This paper uses Jones’s policy implementation to define the three sub sets of organizational activities, elaboration activities and application activities, and deeply explores the organization application, policy statement and implementation effect of the P.R.C’s. precise poverty alleviation policy implementation. Another policy text analysis method is used to analyze the precise poverty alleviation policy published by the Chinese Communist Party from 2014 to 2018, in order to understand the breadth and depth of the P.R.C’s. efforts to promote precision poverty alleviation. According to this article, the P.R.C achieved important poverty reduction achievements under the precise poverty alleviation policy led by the party and the government. The absolute poverty population in the rural areas of the mainland of China decreased by more than 6,850. The average annual poverty reduction was over 13 million, and the incidence of poverty dropped from 10.2% in 2012 to 3.1% in 2017. However, there are still problems in policy implementation, such as inadequate policy system, inadequate policy explanation and poor effectiveness of enforcement tools. The P.R.C must face up to relevant problems and seek solutions so as to achieve the goal of “building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way”. Keywords: Targeted Measures in Poverty Alleviation, Absolute poverty, Policy implementation, Policy text

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Mahmood, Tahir. "Essays on Comparing Poverty Measures, Gender Differences in Subjective Well-being, Food Insecurity and Malnutrition in Pakistan." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002E-E476-A.

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33

Jayasinghe, Maneka (J M. Maneka Savithri). "Equivalence Scales and Poverty Measurement: A Study of How Income, Sub-National Location, Technological Scale and Gender Impact on Food Consumption Scale Economies and Hence Lving Standards in Sri Lanka." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366259.

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Accurately identifying who in the population is the poorest of the poor is critical for developing efficient and effective poverty reduction strategies. A key part of this task is to compare household welfare across households of different sizes, compositions and sub-national locations. Yet the typical equivalence scales used in this process by most policymakers impose harsh and unrealistic assumptions on household behaviour and the extent to which households of different sizes realise economies of scale in consumption (CSE). These assumptions include the notion that household tastes are unrelated to income (homothetic preferences) and no substantial differences exist in the extent to which CSE can be realised across households located in different sub-national regions, time periods and gender compositions. This thesis focuses mainly on analysing the CSE associated with food consumption, labelled as FCSE, since expenditure on food represents the major share of household expenditure for poor households. The main objective of this thesis is to investigate how household characteristics and their behavioural choices affect the ability of these households to achieve FCSE, and thereby their poverty status, using Sri Lanka as a case study. In doing so, the relationships between FCSE and a number of household socio-economic and demographic characteristics and household behavioural choices are investigated. The characteristics considered comprise household size, location, income, and gender of the head of household; the behavioural choices considered comprise the decision to consume home-grown food, and the decision to adopt domestic technology to aid food preparation and consumption.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Austen, Tyrone. "A homelessness report card for Victoria, British Columbia: establishing the process and baseline measures to enable annual homelessness reporting." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/2940.

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Systems-level homelessness report cards are an intricate part of managing and resolving homelessness within a community. Homelessness report cards can be used to both educate communities around the complexities of homelessness and capture pertinent data required to formulate evidence-based strategies towards ending (rather than managing) homelessness. The process of developing and implementing homelessness report cards can be fraught with challenges relating to: limited resources; fragmented information; and political roadblocks. To help reduce the potential of these roadblocks, a system-level Homelessness Outcome Reporting Normative framework (the “HORN Framework”) was developed. The HORN Framework is based on a literature review and synthesis of the best-practice, systems-level homelessness report card development and implementation methods. The framework was then tested in a case study with the Greater Victoria Coalition to End Homelessness (GVCEH), through the creation of their 2010 Greater Victoria Homelessness Report Card. The framework and case study results are presented in this thesis.

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Naidoo, Arulsivanathan Ganas Varadappa. "A multi-dimensional measure of poverty in South Africa." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25366.

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Potts, David J. "Simple technology or unnecessary complication? A critique of the ‘poverty-elasticity of aid’ measure for project assessment." 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/13222.

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Mashego, Thabo Rodney. "Evaluation of the level of community participation in the implementation of the Indigent Exit Strategy as a poverty alleviation measure in the City of Tshwane." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/19611.

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The aim of the study was to evaluate the level of community participation employed by the City of Tshwane in the implementation of the Indigent Exit Strategy (IES) as a poverty alleviation measure in Olievenhoutbosch. A total of twenty two respondents participated in the research. The first group was ten beneficiaries and the second was ten that was exited from the database. Lastly, two Social Workers coordinating the programme were interviewed as well. The research findings reflect that the IES was not sufficiently rolled out as outlined in the policy and strategy. Capacity building and skills development, assistance to emerging entrepreneurships and other forms of economic development support did not reach out to the broader community as outlined in the IES. The study recommends that: the Indigent Exit Strategy interventions should be made accessible to the registered indigent households so that they can clearly know what is expected of them.
Development Studies
M. A. (Development Studies)

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Mokgopo, Tshehledi Isaac. "A legal analysis of the application of corporate governance principles in the local government sphere as a measure to improve service delivery." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1919.

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Thesis (M. Dev.) -- University of LImpopo, 2017.
The new democratic government of South Africa came into power in 1994 and it inherited a dysfunctional municipalities. In fact it inherited a country with high levels of poverty, growing levels of inequality and also social dysfunctionality. The local government sphere was established in South Africa with the main aim of addressing inequality, segregation, inequity, discrimination in the provision of municipal services and eradication poverty within communities. However, ever since the establishment of local government sphere in South Africa, the sphere of local government is fraught with many challenges which make it impossible for municipalities to render proper municipal services to the members of the public. This is evident from the protests which were observed in the country ever since the year 2008 were communities demanded better services from their municipalities. This mini-dissertation therefore discusses the application of the principles of corporate governance in delivering and improving municipal service in South Africa. It further discusses the legislative framework and the institution of government which are responsible for the effective implementation of corporate governance in the local government sphere. Pursuant to that it also explains the concept of Corporate Governance within the local government. Furthermore, it discusses the parameters of the challenges that are faced by the municipalities which are ranging from fraud, nepotism, corruption and poor financial management which result in poor service delivery.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Poverty measures'

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