Relevant bibliographies by topics / Poverty in Australia

Academic literature on the topic 'Poverty in Australia'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Poverty in Australia"

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Walsh, Tamara. "Poverty in Australia." Alternative Law Journal 32, no. 2 (June 2007): 108–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x0703200210.

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Rodgers, J. R., and J. L. Rodgers. "Poverty Intensity in Australia." Australian Economic Review 33, no. 3 (September 2000): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.00151.

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Laugharne, Jonathan. "Poverty and mental health in Aboriginal Australia." Psychiatric Bulletin 23, no. 6 (June 1999): 364–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.23.6.364.

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When the Australian Governor General, Sir William Deane, referred in a speech in 1996 to the “appalling problems relating to Aboriginal health” he was not exaggerating. The Australia Bureau of Statistics report on The Health and Welfare of Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples (McLennan & Madden, 1997) outlines the following statistics. The life expectancy for Aboriginal Australians is 15 to 20 years lower than for non-Aboriginal Australians, and is lower than for most countries of the world with the exception of central Africa and India. Aboriginal babies are two to three times more likely to be of lower birth weight and two to four times more likely to die at birth than non-Aboriginal babies. Hospitalisation rates are two to three times higher for Aboriginal than non-Aboriginal Australians. Death rates from infectious diseases are 15 times higher among Aboriginal Australians than non-Aboriginal Australians. Rates for heart disease, diabetes, injury and respiratory diseases are also all higher among Aboriginals – and so the list goes on. It is fair to say that Aboriginal people have higher rates for almost every type of illness for which statistics are currently recorded.
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Vemuri, Sivaram, and Julian Tyacke Gorman. "Poverty Alleviation in Indigenous Australia." International Journal of Sustainability in Economic, Social, and Cultural Context 8, no. 2 (2013): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2325-1115/cgp/v08i02/55175.

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Frier, Amanda, and Sue Devine. "Poverty and inequality in Australia." Australian Journal of Rural Health 28, no. 1 (February 2020): 94–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajr.12571.

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Bradbury, Bruce, Chris Rossiter, and Joan Vipond. "Housing and Poverty in Australia." Urban Studies 24, no. 2 (April 1987): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713703869.

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McClelland, Alison. "Poverty in Australia - Beyond Rhetoric." Australian Social Work 57, no. 2 (June 2004): 205–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0312-407x.2004.00140.x.

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Hollingworth, Peter. "Declaring War on Family Poverty." Children Australia 10, no. 4 (1986): 17–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0312897000016647.

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The great challenge in the mid 1980's is to find ways to insulate children from the lingering political and economic malaise which has overtaken many families in Australia.Family poverty, as many of you will know, has overtaken the poverty of the aged with which Australian society and welfare organisations were so familiar until the 1970's.Nevertheless it came as a shock to me to see in black and white from the Social Security Department the figures which showed that the number of children living in poor families had quadrupled between 1973 and 1983 to the point where nearly one in five children in Australia is being raised in poverty.
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SAUNDERS, PETER, and LAURA ADELMAN. "Income Poverty, Deprivation and Exclusion: A Comparative Study of Australia and Britain." Journal of Social Policy 35, no. 4 (September 4, 2006): 559–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279406000080.

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Poverty research has a long history in both Australia and Britain, but its influence on policy remains subject to political priorities and ideology. This can partly be explained by the limitations of defining poverty as low income and measuring it using an income poverty line. This article examines two national data sets that allow the income poverty profile to be compared with, and enriched by, the incidence of deprivation and social exclusion, measured using data that directly reflect experience. Although a degree of care must be applied when interpreting these new indicators within and between countries, a validated poverty measure is developed that reflects both low income and the experience of deprivation and exclusion. When results for the two countries are compared, they reveal stark differences between the alternative indicators. Britain has the higher income poverty rate and, although the incidence of both deprivation and exclusion are higher in Australia, Britain still has more validated poverty. The distributional profiles of deprivation and exclusion are shown to be very different in the two countries. These differences are explained by the very low incomes of low-income households in Britain, relative to other British households and relative to their Australian counterparts. Despite these differences, the results indicate that the same three groups face the greatest risk in both countries: lone parents, single working-age people and large (couple) families.
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Courtenay Botterill, Linda. "Responding to Farm Poverty in Australia." Australian Journal of Political Science 42, no. 1 (March 2007): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10361140601158534.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Poverty in Australia"

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Johnston, Philippa. "The politics of poverty in Australia /." Title page and contents only, 1990. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arj73.pdf.

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Trigger, David Scott, and n/a. "Does the way we measure poverty matter? : an analysis of alternative poverty measures with particular reference to changes in the level of poverty in Australia between 1975 and 1994." University of Canberra. Management & Technology, 2000. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061109.153010.

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There has been considerable controversy and debate over recent years about the most appropriate method of measuring poverty. This debate has included, among other issues, the questions of absolute versus relative poverty, the merits of money income as a measure of the standard of living and the associated selection of poverty lines and equivalence scales, and the selection of alternative indices of poverty. A review of the literature indicates that the choice of differing approaches to poverty measurement can lead to differing estimates of poverty. In the face of such results an evaluation of the impact upon poverty estimates of alternative measurement methodology is appropriate. This thesis assesses the impact upon the estimated level of poverty of variations in some of the key poverty measurement parameters. The expenditure data derived from the 1975-76, 1984 and 1993-94 Household Expenditure Surveys have been analysed to assess the sensitivity of poverty estimates, derived from a range of poverty indices, to variations in the generosity of the equivalence scales, the level of the poverty line, and the choice of the indicator of the level of resources used. The sensitivity of each poverty index to variations in these parameters is assessed at both the aggregated level and for the specified household types, while those population subgroups particularly susceptible to poverty are also identified. The poverty distributions derived for each of the survey years are compared to evaluate the impact upon changes in the level of poverty over time of variations in the underlying parameters. The thesis concludes that both poverty estimates at a point in time, and poverty trends over time are sensitive to variations in the equivalence scales, in the level of the poverty line, in the selection of the indicator of the level of resources, and in the choice of poverty index itself. In light of these results, a review of recent Australian poverty research concludes that insufficient attention has been paid to the sensitivity issues associated with the measurement of poverty.
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D'Arcy, Brett. "Faster, better, meaner: understanding poverty and globalisation in contemporary Australia." Thesis, Curtin University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/457.

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This thesis asks the question: What is the relationship between poverty and globalisation in modern Australia? It is framed by an understanding of globalisation as one of the important and contentious legacies of the twentieth centuries. While an acceleration in the processes of globalisation may be responsible for unprecedented economic growth, at the same time. the divide between the "haves" and "have-nots" of society has widened to such an extent that, in Australia, we now have an underclass of approximately two million people. With poverty resurfacing as a major social issue in an era of comparative prosperity and low unemployment, many critics and theorists are questioning the ethics and practices associated with globalisation. Consisting of exegesis, "Have-Nots," and a novel, Deviations from the Perfect State, this thesis examines the nexus between poverty and globalisation and how the phenomena interact in modern Australia.Central to this research is an understanding of globalisation as a contemporary phase in the neoliberal model of capitalism, the development of which is not necessarily linear or representative of a single condition. Rather, globalisation can be best conceptualised as an interconnected network of concurrent transformation processes operating at many social, political and economic levels. If these processes have definable impacts all around the world, to view globalisation as global consolidation or integration is misleading. Although it is a global phenomenon, by reason of such factors as its complexity, its effects are highly differentiated, and this uneveness has fostered growing inequality between, and within, nation states. While inequality does not necessarily equate to poverty - though it can signal the phenomenon - there is evidence to suggest that, in its current nondemocratic form, globalisation will continue to affect people in different situations in different ways, at an alarming and ever increasing rate.This matter of uneven social outcomes is one of the principal focal points of the thesis, which argues that neoliberal-style globalisation perpetuates and/or generates poverty within Australian communities. The exegesis contends that this is evident via an examination of several related issues: the historical and socio-political circumstances under which poverty and globalisation have evolved; competing definitions of poverty and globalisation; and the debate in Australia colloquially known as the 'poverty wars." Drawing on these and other related issues for its central themes and considerations, the accompanying novel offers a fictional context through which to view the arguments and findings discussed in the research component of the thesis. The mutually informing research methods of the exegesis and the novel are intended to contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between poverty and globalisation, and the importance of equality, effective democracy and sustainable development as a means to justice for all Australians.
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Taylor, Fiona May Social Sciences &amp International Studies Faculty of Arts &amp Social Sciences UNSW. "The "safety net" and human capital formation in Australia." Awarded By:University of New South Wales. Social Sciences & International Studies, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43269.

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This study explores the validity of key assumptions and arguments about the nature, extent, depth, causes, and consequences of poverty that underpinned the statements and policy of the Howard Government during its decade in office. One important assumption appeared to be that an inability to afford the essentials of life plays a relatively unimportant, even negligible role in generating the low levels of human capital and school achievement exhibited by many ??poor?? parents and their children. Drawing on extensive secondary evidence from disciplines as diverse as economics, sociology, neurobiology, epidemiology and developmental psychology, the study demonstrates that these assumptions and arguments do not stand up to close empirical scrutiny. The adequacy of income support payments as a ??safety net?? from poverty, and the validity of various poverty ??lines?? are examined against the costs of obtaining the ??essentials?? that Australians believe no citizen should have to go without. This analysis reveals that the depth and prevalence of poverty in Australia is considerably more serious than has been admitted by the Howard Government and in many academic analyses. Next, the study demonstrates that the rise in so-called ??welfare dependence?? is a product of economic, rather than cultural developments; that income support ??customer?? data contradicts the claim that poverty is mostly a transitory phenomenon; and that ??work first welfare to work policies?? are not a solution to poverty, even during an economic boom. The second half of the thesis explores evidence from a variety of disciplines that suggests that the financial stress and material hardship associated with poverty have direct, indirect and cumulative impacts which commonly include compromised brain function and development and a reduced capacity for physiological and behavioural self-regulation. These consequences undermine physical and mental health, inter-personal relationships, parenting and health behaviours, learning capacities, and the development and maintenance of cognitive and non-cognitive abilities that are valued in the labour market. Contrary to the policy conclusions that flow from mis-characterisation of these consequences as symptoms of the intrinsic deficits of the poor, the multi-disciplinary evidence suggests that the real economic costs of allowing poverty to continue are likely to be higher than the costs of preventing it.
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Murray, Eamon. "A comparison between the theological approach of the 1992 Australian Catholic bishops' statement on the distribution of wealth in Australia, Common wealth for the common good, and some selected theological types." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 1995. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1161.

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The Bishops of the Australian Catholic Church have been issuing annual statements on political, economic and social issues since 1940. The focus of this thesis, the 1992 Bishops' Statement, Common Wealth for the Common Good, has as its main theme the distribution of wealth in Australia. It is the culmination of a five year process of consultation and drafting by the Bishops' Committee for Justice, Development and Peace (BCJDP), under the direction of its Executive Secretary, Dr Michael Costigan. This thesis attempts to identify the theological approach, or perhaps approaches. of the Bishops' Statement by comparing it to five selected theological types. Tile instrument used to assist in the comparison is comprised of a number of theological and socio-economic disciplines. Each of the types and the Bishops' Statement are analysed according to their use of the disciplines and then the Bishops' Statement is compared to the types to conclude whether it matches any one type in particular. This thesis concludes that the Bishops' Statement does in fact correlate almost exactly with one of the selected theological types.
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Slagter, Marcelle. "Poverty in perception : a study of the twentieth-century prime ministers of Australia and New Zealand." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2009. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/32090/1/Marcelle_Slagter_Thesis.pdf.

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Australia and New Zealand, as English-speaking nations with dominant white populations, present an ethnic anomaly not only in South East Asia, but also in the Southern Hemisphere. Colonised by predominantly workingclass British immigrants from the late eighteenth century, an ethnic and cultural connection grew between these two countries even though their indigenous populations and ecological environments were otherwise very different. Building a new life in Australia and New Zealand, the colonists shared similar historic perceptions of poverty – perceptions from their homelands that they did not want to see replicated in their new adopted countries. Dreams of a better life shaped their aspirations, self-identity and nationalistic outlook. By the twentieth century, national independence and self-government had replaced British colonial rule. The inveterate occurrence of poverty in Australia and New Zealand had created new local perspectives and different perceptions of, and about, poverty. This study analyses what relationship existed between the political directions adopted by the twentieth-century prime ministers of Australia and New Zealand and their perceptions of poverty. Using the existential phenomenological theory and methodology of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, the study adds to the body of knowledge about poverty in Australia and New Zealand by revealing the structure and origin of the poverty perceptions of the twentieth-century prime ministers.
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Noble, Jonathan Philip. "World Vision's partners in participatory development projects : where does the environment fit? /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1992. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envn749.pdf.

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Mathew, Athakattu Santhosh. "State incapacity by design : unused grants, poverty and electoral success in Bihar." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/7599/.

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This thesis offers a perspective on why majority-poor democracies might fail to pursue pro-poor policies. In particular, it discusses why in Bihar, the Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) party led by Lalu Prasad Yadav, which claimed to represent the poor and under-privileged, did not claim and spend large amounts of centre–state fiscal transfers that could have reduced poverty, provided employment and benefitted core supporters. Despite this failure, the RJD and Yadav enjoyed repeated electoral success between 1990 and 2005, in a context of credible elections and a majority of poor voters. I have called this combination of events the ‘Bihar paradox'. I explore this paradox by: 1. Creating two panel data sets on fiscal transfers in the form of Centrally Sponsored Schemes and State Plan Allocations made from the Government of India to sixteen main states over an eight-year period from 1997-98 to 2004-05. 2. Using the panel data sets to show that, during this period: a) Poor states in India claimed and spent less of the centre–state fiscal transfers available to them than wealthier states b) Relative to other states, the Government of Bihar claimed and spent less fiscal transfers than expected of a state at its level of poverty. 3. Explaining how Yadav's electoral strategy contributed to this under-claiming and under-spending. For Yadav, the political imperative was to marginalize the upper castes and provide selective benefits to key supporters. This led to large numbers of public sector vacancies which eroded state administrative capacity in all but a few ‘pockets of productivity', which in turn led to poor results for general development outcomes. The Bihar story is relevant to areas of research variously labelled as ‘state-building', ‘capacity development' and ‘public sector reform'. It is another warning about how easy it is to foster pessimism by attributing governance problems in poor countries to deeply embedded historical or cultural factors, when they may have more immediate, political and tractable causes.
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Burgis, Paul Lindsay Education Faculty of Arts &amp Social Sciences UNSW. "The role of secondary schools in the development of student knowledge about poverty in Australia, The Philippines and Zimbabwe." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Education, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/25483.

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This thesis examined student knowledge about the nature, scope, causes and responses to poverty, student perceptions of the emphasis in the school curricula on poverty and development, student attitudes to poverty and the factors that influence such knowledge and attitudes. Knowledge and attitudes at the end of primary school were compared with those after four years of secondary school in three nations, Australia. The Philippines and Zimbabwe, involving 1296 surveys and 188 interviews. The investigation draws on earlier work in Ireland (Regan, 1996). and is a response to the recent emphasis on the role of schools in development education in Europe (Lemmers, 2001) and the call for a greater emphasis in Australia on this area (Simons. Hart and WTalsh, 1997). The survey compared student understanding with current 'knowledge' in the literature and the interview allowed an examination of the stories students constructed about people in poverty, including their cognitive and affective responses to people in poverty. Results showed that whilst almost all students recognised that poverty exists, they were more likely to define it simply as a lack of income than as a phenomenon involving social power and self esteem. Few students were aware that the majority of the world's poor are female. Nationality was an important predictor of student knowledge and values. Australian students considered nationally based causes (e.g., government, education) to be more important than personal qualities (e.g., laziness) or international causes (e.g., powerful countries). Australian students were also more likely to value hedonism, but it could not be demonstrated conclusively that this affected the ways that they defined poverty and its causes. Filipino students were more likely to perceive poverty as being the fault of the person experiencing poverty and were more pejorative towards the poor. Whilst Filipino and Zimbabwean students considered that they had learnt a lot about poverty, few Australian students thought this to be the case. Students in senior secondary school were not well informed of current understandings about poverty and development and did not possess a significantly greater knowledge than primary school students on these matters. Specifically. current school practices allow students to perceive poverty as primarily income related and do not place due emphasis on internationally related causes.
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Mulley, Melinda Ann. "We hear nothing but gold, gold, gold : women and poverty in South Australia during the gold rushes 1850-1855 /." Title page, table of contents and introduction only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arm9589.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Poverty in Australia"

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Jeannette, Johnson. Poverty in Australia: Measuring community attitudes. Fitzroy, VIC: Brotherhood of St Laurence, 2000.

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Peter, Saunders. Poverty in Australia: Beyond the rhetoric. St Leonards, N.S.W: Centre for Independent Studies, 2002.

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Johnson, David Thomas. Poverty, Inequality and Social Welfare in Australia. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-12729-2.

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Down and out: Poverty and exclusion in Australia. Bristol, U.K: Policy Press, 2011.

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Marcuse, Peter. Is Australia different?: Globalization and the new urban poverty. Melbourne: Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute, 1996.

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Encel, Diana. Poverty and aspects of inequality in Australia: An annotated bibliography, 1963-1987. Kensington, NSW: Social Welfare Research Centre, 1988.

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1946-, Richardson Sue, ed. Living decently: Material well-being in Australia. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1993.

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Conference, Australian Catholic Bishops', ed. Common wealth for the common good: A statement on the distribution of wealth in Australia. North Blackburn, Vic: Collins Dove, 1992.

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Peter, Saunders. Welfare and inequality: National and international perspectives on the Australian welfare state. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

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Taskforce, International Year for the Eradication of Poverty (1996). Community choices - individual lives: A report to the Government of Western Australia through the Minister for Family and Children's Services. West Perth, W.A: The Taskforce, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Poverty in Australia"

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Johnson, David Thomas. "New Estimates of Poverty in Australia." In Contributions to Economics, 63–81. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-12729-2_6.

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Horn, Stephen, and Peter Whiteford. "Assessing Trends in Poverty in Australia." In Rich and Poor, 45–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0257-8_4.

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Pollard, Christina, Andrea Begley, and Tim Landrigan. "The Rise of Food Inequality in Australia." In Food Poverty and Insecurity: International Food Inequalities, 89–103. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23859-3_9.

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Burnett, Bruce, and Jo Lampert. "Re-thinking Teacher Quality in High-Poverty Schools in Australia." In Education, Equity, Economy, 51–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21644-7_3.

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Burnett, Bruce, and Jo Lampert. "Teacher Education for High-Poverty Schools in Australia: The National Exceptional Teachers for Disadvantaged Schools Program." In Teacher Education for High Poverty Schools, 73–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22059-8_5.

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McNamara, Patricia. "Young People at Risk of Lifelong Poverty: Youth Homelessness in Australia." In Children’s Well-Being: Indicators and Research, 217–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17506-5_14.

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Kakwani, Nanak, and Gustavo Piga. "Economic Growth, Poverty and Government. Income Support Programmes with Applications to Australia." In Equity, Efficiency and Growth, 277–325. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24649-6_12.

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Tilbury, Clare. "Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Families in Australia: Poverty and Child Welfare Involvement." In Children’s Well-Being: Indicators and Research, 273–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17506-5_17.

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Altman, Jon, and Francis Markham. "Disruption as Reprieve?" In Beyond Global Food Supply Chains, 125–37. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3155-0_10.

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AbstractIt is a truism that the impacts of any crisis always fall unevenly. In this chapter, we focus on the experience of COVID-19 by a particular population group, Indigenous Australians living in extremely remote circumstances. Here key responses to the disruption wrought by the pandemic have paradoxically registered as reprieve. In Australia, remote-living Indigenous peoples live in deep poverty and were anticipated to be highly vulnerable to food insecurity and supply chain disruption. Surprisingly, the pandemic served to disrupt in other ways. The hegemonic characterization of welfare-dependent Indigenous peoples as morally deficient subjects in need of discipline and control could not be sustained as the country “locked down” and over a million others became “welfare dependent” overnight. Unemployment benefits were temporarily doubled, and onerous work-for-the-dole mutual obligations eased. This essay explores potential positive changes to systems of food provisioning caused by government responses to COVID-19. The remote food security “crisis” is shown to be mainly an artefact of government policies designed to punish the poor and push unemployed remote-community residents into jobs. We propose permanent reform to the social security system that will enhance food security and liberate Indigenous peoples to more effectively self-provision and exercise “food sovereignty”.
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Tazreiter, Claudia. "Asylum Seekers as Pariahs in the Australian State." In Poverty, International Migration and Asylum, 371–88. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230522534_17.

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Conference papers on the topic "Poverty in Australia"

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Fahey, Nichole. "Training to Overcome Electronic-Information Poverty. An Australian Experience." In 2001 Informing Science Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2365.

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The rise of the information revolution has led to information becoming a major producer of wealth. This revolution has increased the importance of being able to access and utilise information from a variety of sources, including information published electronically. The Skills.net program was designed to increase electronic- information literacy skills by providing "free or low cost access to training in on-line services and the Internet for those in the community who are least likely to have access.” (Cavill and Miller, 1998) This study found that the Skills.net program did increase electronic- information literacy. However the program was not as successful as it could have been, as it did not adequately address the accepted training needs of its participants.
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Reports on the topic "Poverty in Australia"

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Botello, Cheryl, Martin Drum, and Robbie Busch. Poverty, Homelessness and Migrants in Western Australia. The University of Notre Dame Australia and the Catholic Archdiocese of Perth, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.32613/csos/2019.1.

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Cavaille, Charlotte, Federica Liberini, Michela Redoano, Anandi Mani, Vera E. Troeger, Helen Miller, Ioana Marinescu, et al. Which Way Now? Economic Policy after a Decade of Upheaval: A CAGE Policy Report. Edited by Vera E. Troeger. The Social Market Foundation, February 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/978-1-910683-41-5.

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Most, if not all advanced economies have suffered gravely from the 2008 global financial crisis. Growth, productivity, real income and consumption have plunged and inequality, and in some cases poverty, spiked. Some countries, like Germany and Australia, were better able to cope with the consequences but austerity has taken its toll even on the strongest economies. The UK is no exception and the more recent period of economic recovery might be halted or even reversed by the political, economic, and policy uncertainty created by the Brexit referendum. This uncertainty related risk to growth could be even greater if the UK leaves the economic and legal framework provided by the EU. This CAGE policy report offers proposals from different perspectives to answer the overarching question: What is the role of a government in a modern economy after the global financial crisis and the Brexit vote? We report on economic and social challenges in the UK and discuss potential policy responses for the government to consider. Foreword by: Lord O’Donnell of Clapham.
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McKenna, Patrick, and Mark Evans. Emergency Relief and complex service delivery: Towards better outcomes. Queensland University of Technology, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.211133.

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Abstract:
Emergency Relief (ER) is a Department of Social Services (DSS) funded program, delivered by 197 community organisations (ER Providers) across Australia, to assist people facing a financial crisis with financial/material aid and referrals to other support programs. ER has been playing this important role in Australian communities since 1979. Without ER, more people living in Australia who experience a financial crisis might face further harm such as crippling debt or homelessness. The Emergency Relief National Coordination Group (NCG) was established in April 2020 at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to advise the Minister for Families and Social Services on the implementation of ER. To inform its advice to the Minister, the NCG partnered with the Institute for Governance at the University of Canberra to conduct research to understand the issues and challenges faced by ER Providers and Service Users in local contexts across Australia. The research involved a desktop review of the existing literature on ER service provision, a large survey which all Commonwealth ER Providers were invited to participate in (and 122 responses were received), interviews with a purposive sample of 18 ER Providers, and the development of a program logic and theory of change for the Commonwealth ER program to assess progress. The surveys and interviews focussed on ER Provider perceptions of the strengths, weaknesses, future challenges, and areas of improvement for current ER provision. The trend of increasing case complexity, the effectiveness of ER service delivery models in achieving outcomes for Service Users, and the significance of volunteering in the sector were investigated. Separately, an evaluation of the performance of the NCG was conducted and a summary of the evaluation is provided as an appendix to this report. Several themes emerged from the review of the existing literature such as service delivery shortcomings in dealing with case complexity, the effectiveness of case management, and repeat requests for service. Interviews with ER workers and Service Users found that an uplift in workforce capability was required to deal with increasing case complexity, leading to recommendations for more training and service standards. Several service evaluations found that ER delivered with case management led to high Service User satisfaction, played an integral role in transforming the lives of people with complex needs, and lowered repeat requests for service. A large longitudinal quantitative study revealed that more time spent with participants substantially decreased the number of repeat requests for service; and, given that repeat requests for service can be an indicator of entrenched poverty, not accessing further services is likely to suggest improvement. The interviews identified the main strengths of ER to be the rapid response and flexible use of funds to stabilise crisis situations and connect people to other supports through strong local networks. Service Users trusted the system because of these strengths, and ER was often an access point to holistic support. There were three main weaknesses identified. First, funding contracts were too short and did not cover the full costs of the program—in particular, case management for complex cases. Second, many Service Users were dependent on ER which was inconsistent with the definition and intent of the program. Third, there was inconsistency in the level of service received by Service Users in different geographic locations. These weaknesses can be improved upon with a joined-up approach featuring co-design and collaborative governance, leading to the successful commissioning of social services. The survey confirmed that volunteers were significant for ER, making up 92% of all workers and 51% of all hours worked in respondent ER programs. Of the 122 respondents, volunteers amounted to 554 full-time equivalents, a contribution valued at $39.4 million. In total there were 8,316 volunteers working in the 122 respondent ER programs. The sector can support and upskill these volunteers (and employees in addition) by developing scalable training solutions such as online training modules, updating ER service standards, and engaging in collaborative learning arrangements where large and small ER Providers share resources. More engagement with peak bodies such as Volunteering Australia might also assist the sector to improve the focus on volunteer engagement. Integrated services achieve better outcomes for complex ER cases—97% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. The research identified the dimensions of service integration most relevant to ER Providers to be case management, referrals, the breadth of services offered internally, co-location with interrelated service providers, an established network of support, workforce capability, and Service User engagement. Providers can individually focus on increasing the level of service integration for their ER program to improve their ability to deal with complex cases, which are clearly on the rise. At the system level, a more joined-up approach can also improve service integration across Australia. The key dimensions of this finding are discussed next in more detail. Case management is key for achieving Service User outcomes for complex cases—89% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. Interviewees most frequently said they would provide more case management if they could change their service model. Case management allows for more time spent with the Service User, follow up with referral partners, and a higher level of expertise in service delivery to support complex cases. Of course, it is a costly model and not currently funded for all Service Users through ER. Where case management is not available as part of ER, it might be available through a related service that is part of a network of support. Where possible, ER Providers should facilitate access to case management for Service Users who would benefit. At a system level, ER models with a greater component of case management could be implemented as test cases. Referral systems are also key for achieving Service User outcomes, which is reflected in the ER Program Logic presented on page 31. The survey and interview data show that referrals within an integrated service (internal) or in a service hub (co-located) are most effective. Where this is not possible, warm referrals within a trusted network of support are more effective than cold referrals leading to higher take-up and beneficial Service User outcomes. However, cold referrals are most common, pointing to a weakness in ER referral systems. This is because ER Providers do not operate or co-locate with interrelated services in many cases, nor do they have the case management capacity to provide warm referrals in many other cases. For mental illness support, which interviewees identified as one of the most difficult issues to deal with, ER Providers offer an integrated service only 23% of the time, warm referrals 34% of the time, and cold referrals 43% of the time. A focus on referral systems at the individual ER Provider level, and system level through a joined-up approach, might lead to better outcomes for Service Users. The program logic and theory of change for ER have been documented with input from the research findings and included in Section 4.3 on page 31. These show that ER helps people facing a financial crisis to meet their immediate needs, avoid further harm, and access a path to recovery. The research demonstrates that ER is fundamental to supporting vulnerable people in Australia and should therefore continue to be funded by government.
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