Journal articles on the topic 'Poverty – Guatemala'
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1
Iannotti, Lora L., Miguel Robles, Helena Pachón, and Cristina Chiarella. "Food Prices and Poverty Negatively Affect Micronutrient Intakes in Guatemala." Journal of Nutrition 142, no. 8 (June 13, 2012): 1568–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.111.157321.
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McIlwaine, Cathy, and Caroline Moser. "Poverty, violence and livelihood security in urban Colombia and Guatemala." Progress in Development Studies 3, no. 2 (April 2003): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/1464993403ps056ra.
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Spreckley, Mark, David Macleod, Brenda González Trampe, Andrew Smith, and Hannah Kuper. "Impact of Hearing Aids on Poverty, Quality of Life and Mental Health in Guatemala: Results of a before and after Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10 (May 15, 2020): 3470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103470.
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There are 466 million people globally with disabling hearing loss, many of whom can benefit from hearing aids. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of providing hearing aids on poverty, mental health, quality of life, and activities, among adults in Guatemala. A nonrandomised before and after study was conducted, with a comparison group to assess for secular trends. Adult cases with bilateral hearing impairment were identified within 150 km of Guatemala City, as well as age- and sex-matched comparison subjects without disabling hearing loss. All participants were interviewed with a semistructured questionnaire, and cases were offered hearing aids. Participants were reinterviewed 6–9 months later. We interviewed 135 cases and 89 comparison subjects at baseline and follow-up. At baseline, cases were poorer than comparison subjects with respect to individual income (p = 0.01), household income (p = 0.02), and per capita expenditure (PCE) (p = 0.003). After provision of hearing aids, median household income improved among cases (p = 0.03). In the comparison group, median individual income (p = 0.01) and PCE (p = 0.03) fell between baseline at follow-up. At follow-up, there were also improvements in productive time use, quality of life, and depressive symptoms among cases, but these were less apparent in the comparison group. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated a positive effect of hearing aids in improving quality of life, economic circumstances and mental health among Guatemalan adults.
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Henry, Candise L., Justin S. Baker, Brooke K. Shaw, Andrew J. Kondash, Benjamín Leiva, Edwin Castellanos, Christopher M. Wade, Benjamin Lord, George Van Houtven, and Jennifer Hoponick Redmon. "How will renewable energy development goals affect energy poverty in Guatemala?" Energy Economics 104 (December 2021): 105665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105665.
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Shakespeare, Tom. "Disability and poverty in the Global South: renegotiating development in Guatemala." Disability & Society 31, no. 8 (September 13, 2016): 1153–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2016.1214425.
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Ramírez, Ivan J., and Jieun Lee. "Mapping Ecosyndemic Risk and Social Vulnerability in Guatemala during the 2014–2016 El Niño: An Exploratory GIS Analysis." Proceedings 44, no. 1 (November 5, 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecehs-2-06393.
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El Niño is a climatic cycle originating in the tropical Pacific Ocean that impacts countries in Latin America. It is often associated with water-based infectious diseases, many of which are also poverty-related. In this study we explore ecosyndemic risk and social vulnerability in Guatemala during the 2014–2016 El Niño. An ecosyndemic is a cluster of diseases, associated with environmental changes, set within a wider context of socioeconomic inequities. Using GIS, we examined six infectious diseases and ecosyndemic risk in Guatemala from 2014 to 2016 and factors of social risk at the department level. Preliminary results and policy implications are discussed.
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Walsh, Shannon Drysdale, and Cecilia Menjívar. "“What Guarantees Do We Have?” Legal Tolls and Persistent Impunity for Feminicide in Guatemala." Latin American Politics and Society 58, no. 4 (2016): 31–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/laps.12001.
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AbstractGuatemala has one of the highest levels of killings of women and impunity for violence against women in the world. Despite laws created to protect women, Guatemala, like other countries, generally fails at implementation. This article examines justice system obstacles in contemporary Guatemala to processing cases of feminicide—killings of women because they are women in a context of impunity—comparing two recent feminicide cases. It argues that the sociopolitical context in Guatemala, including structural violence, widespread poverty, inequality, corruption, and normalization of gender violence against women, generates penalties, or “legal tolls,” that are imposed on victims' families and contribute to impunity through undermining victims' attempts to navigate the justice system. The analysis focuses on the tolls of fear and time: the need to overcome fear of retaliation and the extraordinary time and effort it takes to do so in a corrupt and broken system.
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Santillán, Oscar S., Karla G. Cedano, and Manuel Martínez. "Analysis of Energy Poverty in 7 Latin American Countries Using Multidimensional Energy Poverty Index." Energies 13, no. 7 (April 1, 2020): 1608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071608.
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Energy poverty is a serious problem affecting many people in the world. To address it and alleviate it, the first action is to identify and measure the intensity of the population living in this condition. This paper seeks to generate information regarding the actual state of energy poverty by answering the research question: is it possible to measure the intensity of energy poverty between different Latin American countries with sufficient and equivalent data? To achieve this, the Multidimensional Energy Poverty Index (MEPI), proposed by Nussbaumer et al., was used. The results present two levels of lack of access to energy services: Energy Poverty (EP) and Extreme Energy Poverty (EEP). The last one, is a concept introduced by the authors to evaluate energy poverty using MEPI. Results of people living on EP (EEP within parentheses) are as follow: Colombia 29% (18%), Dominican Republic 32% (14%), Guatemala 76% (61%), Haiti 98% (91%), Honduras 72% (59%), Mexico 30% (17%) and Peru 65% (42%). A clear correlation between the Human Development Index (HDI) and MEPI is displayed, however some countries have relatively high values for the HDI, but do not perform so well in the MEPI and vice versa. Further investigation is needed.
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Flood, David. "Poverty, Genocide, and Superbugs: A Carbapenem-Resistant Wound Infection in Rural Guatemala." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 99, no. 3 (September 5, 2018): 561–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.18-0260.
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Robles, Miguel, and Meagan Keefe. "The effects of changing food prices on welfare and poverty in Guatemala." Development in Practice 21, no. 4-5 (June 2011): 578–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2011.561293.
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Vanegas, Manuel. "The triangle of poverty, economic growth, and inequality in Central America: does tourism matter?" Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 6, no. 3 (June 3, 2014): 277–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/whatt-03-2014-0014.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the link between tourism, economic growth, inequality, and poverty reduction in the five countries of Central America (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua). Design/methodology/approach – The study represents the first application of panel data modeling of poverty, economic growth and inequality as related to Central America. Unbalanced panel data are employed for the five Central America countries for the period 1980-2012. Findings – The findings reveal three results: the relationship between poverty, inequality and economic growth varies relatively very little for different measures of economic growth; the null hypothesis that economic growth and inequality does not matter is rejected at the 1 percent level, and the coefficients are highly significant and with the expected signs; tourism matters for poverty reduction in Central America. Originality/value – The paper represents the first application of panel data modeling poverty, economic growth, inequality, and tourism development in the context of Central America. Additionally, the study puts together the largest number of comparable observations on poverty, income, and income distribution for Central America during the period 1980-2012.
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Hellin, Jon, Rachael Cox, and Santiago López-Ridaura. "Maize Diversity, Market Access, and Poverty Reduction in the Western Highlands of Guatemala." Mountain Research and Development 37, no. 2 (May 2017): 188–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/mrd-journal-d-16-00065.1.
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Pinilla-Roncancio, Mónica, Islay Mactaggart, Hannah Kuper, Carlos Dionicio, Jonathan Naber, G. V. S. Murthy, and Sarah Polack. "Multidimensional poverty and disability: A case control study in India, Cameroon, and Guatemala." SSM - Population Health 11 (August 2020): 100591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100591.
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Rodríguez Díaz, Jorge Luis. "POBREZA, HAMBRE Y ABIGEATO: OTRAS FORMAS DE RESISTENCIA EN SACATEPÉQUEZ DECIMONÓNICO." Revista Pueblos y fronteras digital 9, no. 17 (June 1, 2014): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/cimsur.18704115e.2014.17.67.
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En el corazón de la Guatemala rural que nutre a la sociedad colonial con su producción agrícola y a la Corona con sustanciosos tributos, la pobreza genera un aumento en la incidencia de robo de ganado, el cual representa un recurso preciado. El abigeato se vislumbra como una suerte de resistencia por parte de los sectores marginados, que ven violados sus derechos consuetudinarios por el crecimiento de la hacienda y las consecuencias que esta trae a la tradición agrícola local. Esta investigación pone de manifiesto la criminalidad como una forma de resistencia a un sistema opresor y excluyente.
POVERTY, HUNGER AND CATTLE RUSTLING: OTHER FORMS OF RESISTANCE IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY SACATEPÉQUEZ
In the heart of rural Guatemala that nourished nineteenth-century Colonial society with agricultural production, and provided the Spanish Crown with substantial tribute, poverty generated an increase in cattle rustling. In those times, cattle represented a highly valued resource. In this study, cattle rustling is seen as a form of resistance by the marginalized sectors whose customary rights were violated with the expansion of Colonial farms known as haciendas and the consequences this imprinted on local agricultural. This piece of research evidences criminality as a form of resistance to a system based on oppression and exclusion.
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Grech, Shaun. "Disabled Families: The Impacts of Disability and Care on Family Labour and Poverty in Rural Guatemala." Societies 9, no. 4 (November 8, 2019): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc9040076.
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An increasing body of literature has started to look at how disability impacts and shifts poverty in the global South in and through a range of areas, including health, education, and livelihoods. However, much of this research is limited to disabled individuals, while qualitative research focusing on and articulating the circumstances, needs and demands of rural families remains scarce, especially research focusing on Latin America. This paper reports on a qualitative study looking at how disability affects family labouring patterns in rural Guatemala, with a special focus on women carers of people with acquired physical impairments, in the bid to contribute to a more inclusive understanding of the disability and poverty relationship and its gendered dimensions. Findings highlight how in rural communities already living in dire poverty, the fragmentation of labour input of the disabled person, costs (notably health care) and intensified collective poverty, push fragile families with no safety nets into a set of dynamic responses in the bid to ensure survival of the family unit. These include harder and longer work patterns, interruption of paid labour, and/or induction into exploitative and perilous labour, not only for women, but also children. These responses are erosive and have severe personal, social, cultural and economic consequences, strengthening a deep, multidimensional, chronic and intergenerational impoverishment, transforming these families into ‘disabled families’, among the poorest of the poor. This paper concludes that research, policy and services need to move beyond the disabled individual to understand and address the needs and demands of whole families, notably women, and safeguard their livelihoods, because ultimately, these are the units that singlehandedly care for and ensure the well-being and survival of disabled people. It is also within these units that disability is constructed, shaped, and can ultimately be understood.
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Valley, Taryn M., Allison Foreman, and Sean Duffy. "INDIGENOUS WOMEN’S PERSPECTIVES ON CONTRACEPTION IN RURAL GUATEMALA." Practicing Anthropology 44, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/0888-4552.44.3.20.
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Abstract In rural, Indigenous Guatemala, women’s healthcare is fragmented and inadequate. Our interdisciplinary, multinational research team aimed to 1) describe reproductive health in one rural Indigenous community; 2) explore contraceptive use; and 3) learn about and prioritize Indigenous Maya women’s reproductive health beliefs and needs. Our study team conducted mixed-methods surveys with 62 women, led focus groups with 20 community health workers, and analyzed data using concurrent mixed methods analysis. We found that 51% of women surveyed reported current family planning, with 33% using a biomedical method. We found high mean fertility, 6.9 live births per woman aged 40–49 (national average 4.7), with significant socioeconomic variation. We also found that poverty correlated with total fertility, while education inversely correlated. Our research found that contraceptive use had a strong association with access to healthcare and with women’s reported sexual autonomy (which we instrumentalized based on women’s answers to the question “can you refuse to have sex with your husband?”). Many women we spoke to feared contraception, specifically concerned it could cause cancer. Overall, Guatemalan Indigenous women expressed unease seeking reproductive healthcare within health systems that have historically and currently excluded and mistreated Indigenous communities. Our research documented unexplored influences on contraceptive use, including the relationship between sexual autonomy and contraception and widespread concern of cancer with contraceptive use. We conclude, moving forward, that we and other researchers should continue to collaborate with communities to improve Indigenous women’s reproductive healthcare.
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Ruiz Estrada, Mario Arturo. "How COVID-19 Quarantine(s) Can Generate Poverty?" Contemporary Economics 15, no. 3 (September 8, 2021): 332–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.453.
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This research paper attempts to show visually how the COVID-19 quarantines can generate massive unemployment, constant expansion of inflation, reduction of the purchasing power parity, and poverty expansion from a multidimensional perspective. This visualization is only possible by creating a new multivariate graphical modeling called “The Multidimensional Poverty Kaleidoscope Graph.” The multidimensional poverty kaleidoscope graph is not intended to use a forecasting model in any case. However, its application is not limited to the study of a particular group of countries. It is not constrained by issues about the region or countries interested in applying the multidimensional poverty kaleidoscope graph. There are four primary phases in the implementation of the multidimensional poverty kaleidoscope graph. The first phase is the design of the input-output-table. The second phase is divided into two sections of analysis: the first section of analysis assumes that the COVID-19 quarantine time framework growth rate (Y = Independent variable) impacts directly on our four variables in analysis, such as the inflation growth rate (X1); the unemployment growth rate (X2); purchasing power parity growth rate (X3); the government budget deficit (X4). In the second section of the analysis, the last past four variables in analysis became our dependent variables and directly affected the poverty growth rate (Z). The third phase is the construction of the multidimensional poverty kaleidoscope graph. Finally, the multidimensional poverty kaleidoscope graph was applied to three countries, such as the U.S., Malaysia, and Guatemala.
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Bandeira, Pablo, and Jose Maria Sumpsi. "Rural poverty and access to land in developing countries: theory and evidence from Guatemala." Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue canadienne d'études du développement 32, no. 2 (June 2011): 139–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02255189.2011.596025.
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Galemba, Rebecca, Katie Dingeman, Kaelyn DeVries, and Yvette Servin. "Paradoxes of Protection: Compassionate Repression at the Mexico–Guatemala Border." Journal on Migration and Human Security 7, no. 3 (July 29, 2019): 62–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2331502419862239.
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Executive Summary Anti-immigrant rhetoric and constricting avenues for asylum in the United States, amid continuing high rates of poverty, environmental crisis, and violence in Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador, have led many migrants from these countries to remain in Mexico. Yet despite opportunities for humanitarian relief in Mexico, since the early 2000s the Mexican government, under growing pressure from the United States, has pursued enforcement-first initiatives to stem northward migration from Central America. In July 2014, Mexico introduced the Southern Border Program (SBP) with support from the United States. The SBP dramatically expanded Mexico’s immigration enforcement efforts, especially in its southern border states, leading to rising deportations. Far from reducing migration or migrant smuggling, these policies have trapped migrants for longer in Mexico, made them increasingly susceptible to crimes by a wide range of state and nonstate actors, and exacerbated risk along the entire migrant trail. In recognition of rising crimes against migrants and heeding calls from civil society to protect migrant rights, Mexico’s 2011 revision to its Migration Law expanded legal avenues for granting humanitarian protection to migrants who are victims of crimes in Mexico, including the provision of a one-year humanitarian visa so that migrants can collaborate with the prosecutor’s office in the investigation of crimes committed against them. The new humanitarian visa laws were a significant achievement and represent a victory by civil society keen on protecting migrants as they travel through Mexico. The wider atmosphere of impunity, however, alongside the Mexican government’s prioritization of detaining and deporting migrants, facilitates abuses, obscures transparent accounting of crimes, and limits access to justice. In practice, the laws are not achieving their intended outcomes. They also fail to recognize how Mexico’s securitized migration policies subject migrants to risk throughout their journeys, including at border checkpoints between Guatemala and Honduras, along critical transit corridors in Guatemala, and on the Guatemalan side of Mexico’s southern border. In this article, we examine a novel set of data from migrant shelters — 16 qualitative interviews with migrants and nine with staff and advocates in the Mexico–Guatemala border region, as well as 118 complaints of abuses committed along migrants’ journeys — informally filed by migrants at a shelter on the Guatemalan side of the border, and an additional eight complaints filed at a shelter on the Mexican side of the border. We document and analyze the nature, location, and perpetrators of these alleged abuses, using a framework of “compassionate repression” (Fassin 2012) to examine the obstacles that migrants encounter in denouncing abuses and seeking protection. We contend that while humanitarian visas can provide necessary protection for abuses committed in Mexico, they are limited by their temporary nature, by being nested within a migration system that prioritizes migrant removal, and because they recognize only crimes that occur in Mexico. The paradox between humanitarian concerns and repressive migration governance in a context of high impunity shapes institutional and practical obstacles to reporting crimes, receiving visas, and accessing justice. In this context, a variety of actors recognize that they can exploit and profit from migrants’ lack of mobility, legal vulnerability, and uncertain access to protection, leading to a commodification of access to humanitarian protection along the route.
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Pineo, Ronn. "Immigration Crisis: The United States Under President Donald J. Trump." Journal of Developing Societies 36, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 7–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x19896905.
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Rising crime, homicide, economic despair, infant mortality. The common narrative of the situation in the Northern Triangle nations of Central America, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador, points to these grim circumstances to explain the exodus of families leaving for America. But it is not the case that conditions have worsened there in recent years; the best available data show improvement in many socioeconomic measures. This article draws upon the best sources from the Northern Triangle, Mexico, US, and international organizations. Socioeconomic studies and analysis by universities, policy groups, and government agencies from the region provide details on the day-to-day experiences of ordinary people, the realities of poverty, crime, and violence. The conclusions from these studies do not always match common suppositions. Homicides are down, but El Salvador and Honduras remain two of the most dangerous countries in the world. In the Northern Triangle, economic growth has been above the regional average, while the percentage of families living in poverty in Guatemala is actually increasing as income distribution worsens. More Central American families are migrating to the USA than ever before, but far fewer total immigrants are coming to America as the immigration from Mexico has declined. This article concludes with policy recommendations. Since the US economy is creating more jobs than entrants into the workforce. US immigration policies should be adjusted to match economic needs and must be changed to reflect its highest humanitarian values.
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Ibáñez-Alfonso, Joaquín A., Rosalba Company-Córdoba, Claudia García de la Cadena, Ian C. Simpson, Diego Rivera, and Antonio Sianes. "Normative Data for Ten Neuropsychological Tests for the Guatemalan Pediatric Population Updated to Account for Vulnerability." Brain Sciences 11, no. 7 (June 25, 2021): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11070842.
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The Guatemalan pediatric population is affected by a high incidence of poverty and violence. The previous literature showed that these experiences may ultimately impact cognitive performance. The aim of this article is to update the standardized scores for ten neuropsychological tests commonly used in Guatemala considering vulnerability. A total of 347 healthy children and adolescents from 6 to 17 years of age (M = 10.83, SD = 3) were assessed, controlling for intelligence, mental health and neuropsychological history. The standard scores were created using multiple linear regression and standard deviations from residual values. The predictors included were the following: age, age squared (age2), mean parental education (MPE), mean parental education squared (MPE2), gender, and vulnerability, as well as their interaction. The vulnerability status was significant in the scores for language, attention and executive functions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that includes the condition of vulnerability in the calculation of neuropsychological standard scores. The utility of this update is to help in the early detection of special needs in this disadvantaged population, promoting more accurate interventions in order to alleviate the negative effects that living in vulnerable conditions has on children and adolescents.
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Leenen, Iwin, Martha Givaudan, Susan Pick, Tere Venguer, Judith Vera, and Ype H. Poortinga. "Effectiveness of a Mexican Health Education Program in a Poverty-Stricken Rural Area of Guatemala." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 39, no. 2 (March 2008): 198–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022107312588.
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Luna, Max, David Chen, Álvaro Rivera-Andrade, Jessica González, David Burt, Carlos Mendoza-Montano, and James Patrie. "Prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases in an indigenous community in Santiago Atitlán, Guatemala." Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 41 (February 8, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2017.7.
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Objective. To describe the prevalence of noncommunicable disease (NCD) risk factors and assess knowledge of those risk factors in the indigenous community of Santiago Atitlán in Guatemala, a lower-middle income country. Methods. A population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted using a modified version of the World Health Organization’s STEPS protocol. Adults aged 20–65 years were surveyed regarding demographics and NCD risk factors, and the survey was followed by anthropometric and biochemical measurements. Results. Out of 501 screened individuals, 350 respondents were enrolled. The mean age was 36.7 years, and 72.3% were women. Over 90% reported earning less than US$ 65 per month. Almost 80% were stunted. Among women, 37.3% were obese and over three-quarters had central obesity. Over three-quarters of the entire group had dyslipidemia and 18.3% had hypertension, but only 3.0% had diabetes. Overall, 36.0% of participants met criteria for metabolic syndrome. There was no significant association between participants’ education and NCD risk factors except for an inverse association with obesity by percent body fat. Conclusions. Santiago Atitlán is a rural, indigenous Guatemalan community with high rates of poverty and stunting coexisting alongside high rates of obesity, particularly among women. Additionally, high rates of hypertension and dyslipidemia were found, but a low rate of diabetes mellitus. Knowledge of NCDs and their risk factors was low, suggesting that educational interventions may be a high-yield, low-cost approach to combating NCDs in this community.
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Nuñez, Pedro Danilo Ponciano, Iago Portela-Pino, and María José Martínez-Patiño. "Understanding the Characteristics of at-Risk Youths in Guatemala: Evidence from a Sports for Human Development Program." Children 10, no. 1 (January 10, 2023): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children10010134.
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Guatemala is a multiethnic and multicultural country that has suffered from poverty and violence. Sports can serve as tool to foster development across the country; however, there is limited research on the use of sports as a tool for promoting broader social benefits in Guatemala. The purpose of this study was to compare sports and the health and physiological characteristics of at-risk youths in Guatemala. The research objectives were achieved through a quantitative approach and the participation of 90 youths involved in an educational organization through sports and 91 youths who have not been influenced by any organization. The results showed that urban at-risk youths involved in a sports for education organization develop more self-esteem; they have higher levels of physical activity than their peers who are not involved in an educational organization; the socioemotional competencies of self-regulation and motivation are higher in urban areas; empathy is higher in men than in women; the level of the self-perception of health is lower and health literacy higher. However, the at-risk youths who are not involved in an educational organization showed that their self-regulation was higher, and the level of health literacy was higher for all factors. This was through a set of attitudes and skills as a result of their historical development and sociocultural strategies transmitted from generation to generation to foster health and physical activity.
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GOLDÍN, LILIANA, BRENDA ROSENBAUM, and SAMANTHA EGGLESTON. "Women's Participation in Non-Government Organizations: Implications for Poverty Reduction in Precarious Settlements of Guatemala City." City & Society 18, no. 2 (December 2006): 260–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/city.2006.18.2.260.
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Piegorsch, Karen. "An Ergonomic Bench for Indigenous Weavers." Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications 17, no. 4 (October 2009): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/106480409x12587547656769.
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FEATURE AT A GLANCE: In this article I describe how an ergonomic bench was designed for indigenous weavers in Guatemala in the presence of long-standing economic poverty, gender inequality, and racial prejudice. The bench helps women increase their ability to earn a living through enhanced productivity and improved textile quality, while also preventing cumulative trauma to their bodies and preserving important aspects of their traditions. The systems approach that enabled user-centered ergonomic design of the bench also stimulated self-awareness among end-users, empowering them to create meaningful change in a culture in which kneeling, rather than sitting, is the norm for women.
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Roberts, Bryan R. "From Marginality to Social Exclusion: From Laissez Faire to Pervasive Engagement." Latin American Research Review 39, no. 1 (2004): 195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100039042.
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In comparing the urban poverty and marginality of the 1960s with their equivalents today, my assessment is necessarily influenced both by where I began my studies and by where I am doing research today. The contrast is both geographical, as well as in terms of levels of economic development. I began working in Guatemala City in the 1960s, one of the poorest Latin American countries with very low levels of urbanization, but with a rapid and highly concentrated urban growth. Today, I am looking at urban poverty in the Southern cone countries, which, in the 1960s, were already substantially urbanized and industrialized and which, with the exception of Chile, have experienced worsening poverty in recent decades. This highlights one important source of difference in the meaning of the “new” urban poverty in different Latin American countries. In comparison with countries such as Brazil, Central America, Mexico, and Peru, the working-and middle-class populations of Argentina and Uruguay are confrontinga much more severe deterioration in living standards, a more dramatic reconfiguration of job opportunities and, importantly, a memory of much better times. The urban populations of many Latin American countries, in contrast, have no “golden” benchmarks in the past with which to evaluate present crises. They have always struggled for survival. The ways in which these differences affect politics and the formal and informal ways in which people cope with crisis pose interesting research topics.
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Burt, Susan. "Extending the Vision of Short-Term Medical Teams." Journal of Doctoral Nursing Practice 10, no. 2 (2017): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/2380-9418.10.2.144.
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Short-term medical teams (STMTs), serving for a week or two, often do not partner with the local health care system. As a result, nationals receive poor care coordination and duplication of medical services (Green, Green, Scandlyn, & Kestler, 2009). This article offers a care model and collaboration alternatives to support coordinated care. Experience: An STMT composed of 15 health care professionals provided care at a local camp in rural Guatemala. The pre-trip preparation included securing supplies and communicating with another STMT that visits the camp each year. Results: The Guatemala medical team treated 494 patients and dispensed 989 medications. Despite communication with a previous STMT, possible duplication of services occurred with an absence of medical follow-up. Analysis: Evaluation of the STMT’s experience involved analyzing the number of people seen and medications dispensed, reflecting on conversations with local health care providers and patient. Discussion: The STMT’s goal was to provide care to people living in poverty. Unfortunately, team members learned that their unfamiliarity with the local medical system resulted in duplication of services. If sustainable care is to occur, future teams should use a care model and collaborate with the local health care professionals.
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Seiler-Martinez, Alene, Theresa Pesl Murphrey, Gary Wingenbach, and Leonardo Lombardini. "Barrier Analysis as a Tool to Inform Extension Activity Planning: Insights from Guatemala." Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education 25, no. 2 (August 15, 2018): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5191/jiaee.2018.25201.
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Over the past decade, renewed emphasis has been placed on extension services in developing countries to reduce rural poverty and improve food security. Despite this emphasis, complex physical, political, and socioeconomic environments in developing countries pose significant difficulties to extension agents’ success rates of adoption of new practices and/or behavior change among rural populations. In addition, agents have meager resources at their disposal. Development programs in the health sector have had success with employing behavior change theories for program design, driven by the Barrier Analysis as a method for gathering data about target populations. Theory and research suggest this method provides key information about why a target population might adopt new practices. If extension agents in developing countries such as Guatemala had access to such information, they might intentionally design interventions that lead to adoption. This paper provides an examination of examples from the field in Guatemala that illuminate ways in which extension agents can gain formative data that when analyzed, may shape how they encourage adoption of new practices. The implications of this paper suggest that using formative data gathering for planning interventions can lead to the behavior change extension agents and their governments seek.
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Bereza, Beata. "¿Desintegración o reconstrucción de la identidad? Los aspectos socio-culturales de la actividad de la Iglesia pentecostal en América Central." Estudios Latinoamericanos 22 (December 31, 2002): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.36447/estudios2002.v22.art12.
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The article deals with the presence of the Pentecostal church in Central American countries (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama). The Pentecostal church has grown in great numbers in the later part of the 20th century and now constitutes a majority of the protestants and large minorities in those countries. The article describes how the rise of this new religious movement had ambiguous influence on Central Americans’ identity. While it brings new ideas in place of old ones, such replacements help to revive some ideas of Central American identities, which ended up ‘damaged’ through 20th century civil wars and poverty in the region.
Short description written by Michał Gilewski
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Vásquez, William F. "Understanding bottled water consumption in a high-poverty context: empirical evidence from a small town in Guatemala." International Journal of Consumer Studies 41, no. 2 (November 10, 2016): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12327.
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Martorell, Reynaldo, Fernando S. Mendoza, and Ricardo O. Castillo. "Genetic and Environmental Determinants of Growth in Mexican-Americans." Pediatrics 84, no. 5 (November 1, 1989): 864–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.84.5.864.
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Height and weight data from the Mexican-American portion of the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES) are shown for children of ages 2 to 17 years and compared with data for non-Hispanic white children from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and with the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) reference curves. Differences in stature between the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the reference populations were minor prior to adolescence and could be entirely attributed to the greater poverty of Mexican-Americans. However, differences increased during adolescence (ie, median stature was less than the 25th percentile of the NCHS reference population at 17 years of age) and, in contrast with earlier ages, were independent of poverty. Similar growth patterns were observed in samples of upper-class subjects from Mexico and Guatemala. Nonetheless, the extent to which the short stature of Mexican-American adolescents is genetic is unclear because there is an apparent time trend toward greater stature in the Mexican-American population. In conclusion, the NCHS reference curves are appropriate growth standards for preadolescent Mexican-American children. Whether they are valid for Mexican-American adolescents remains unclear.
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Kliuchnyk, Ruslan, and Elvina Lymonova. "THE PECULIARITIES OF POVERTY RESEARCH IN THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD." Academic Review 2, no. 57 (November 25, 2022): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32342/2074-5354-2022-2-57-2.
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The article attempts to generalize some features of the study of poverty in the modern world. The use of various indicators that demonstrate the level of poverty has been shown. It has been explained that GDP per capita is one of the most accurate ways of assessing the economic development of the state. It has been demonstrated that all the poorest countries are located on the African continent. Almost all of them used to be colonies of European empires, and now they face political instability, civil wars, natural disasters, etc. These problems have been considered on the examples of Niger and Egypt. Another indicator of poverty is the percentage of people living below the poverty line. The difficulty of using this indicator is that national poverty lines in different countries can differ significantly. According to this indicator, 8 African and 2 Latin American countries (Guatemala and Haiti) are in the top ten. The Global Hunger Index (GHI) has been considered, according to which African countries and Syria are among the top ten starving countries. It should be noted that for some countries there is very little data on the number and share of the hungry. When studying the situation in some countries (North Korea, Turkmenistan, Somalia, etc.), it should be borne in mind that the governments of these countries do not always publish real official statistics, and those data that get into the mass media are not always true. It has been proven that the Human Development Index (HDI) is an integrated indicator that can be used to study the problem of poverty. It has been shown that 10 countries with the lowest HDI are located in Africa. Their place in this ranking is influenced not only by material factors, but also by the average life expectancy and education. Africa is still a continent with a large number of illiterate people. The Corruption Perceptions Index is also important for the study of poverty, because corruption slows down reforms and harms transparent market relations. Therefore, it becomes one of the factors of poverty. Using the statistics provided by Transparency International, we have found out that the most corrupt countries are more evenly distributed around the globe, among them are not only African ones, but also Asian and Latin American states. It can be summarized that the nature of poverty is different in the developed and developing countries. In the developing countries, natural conditions, peculiarities of the organization of socioeconomic life, the political system and even the personality of political leaders are important. In the developed countries, poverty is mostly a consequence of individual psychological characteristics, behaviour, specific life circumstances, etc. In these countries, poverty can be easily overcome.
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Seligson, Mitchell A. "Thirty Years of Transformation in the Agrarian Structure of El Salvador, 1961–1991." Latin American Research Review 30, no. 3 (1995): 43–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100017532.
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Inequality in the distribution of land has long been viewed as the social dynamite that has set off many peasant uprisings in the twentieth century. The most extensive study to date of modern guerrilla wars in Latin America, by Timothy Wickham-Crowley, found land tenure and the overall agrarian structure to be a common element in upheaval in Cuba, Venezuela, Guatemala, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, and El Salvador (Wickham-Crowley 1992, 306–7). Samuel Huntington's classic book on development and stability articulated the explanation for these agrarian insurrections: “Where the conditions of landownership are equitable and provide a viable living for the peasant, revolution is unlikely. Where they are inequitable and where the peasant lives in poverty and suffering, revolution is likely, if not inevitable, unless the government takes prompt measures to remedy these conditions” (Huntington 1968, 375).
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Gooren, Henri. "Catholic and Non‐Catholic Theologies of Liberation: Poverty, Self‐Improvement, and Ethics Among Small‐Scale Entrepreneurs in Guatemala City." Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 41, no. 1 (March 2002): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-5906.00098.
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Hellin, Jon, and Eleanor Fisher. "Climate-Smart Agriculture and Non-Agricultural Livelihood Transformation." Climate 7, no. 4 (March 31, 2019): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli7040048.
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Agricultural researchers have developed a number of agricultural technologies and practices, known collectively as climate-smart agriculture (CSA), as part of climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts. Development practitioners invest in scaling these to have a wider impact. We use the example of the Western Highlands in Guatemala to illustrate how a focus on the number of farmers adopting CSA can foster a tendency to homogenize farmers, instead of recognizing differentiation within farming populations. Poverty is endemic in the Western Highlands, and inequitable land distribution means that farmers have, on average, access to 0.06 ha per person. For many farmers, agriculture per se does not represent a pathway out of poverty, and they are increasingly reliant on non-agricultural income sources. Ineffective targeting of CSA, hence, ignores small-scale farming households’ different capacities for livelihood transformation, which are linked to the opportunities and constraints afforded by different livelihood pathways, agricultural and non-agricultural. Climate-smart interventions will often require a broader and more radical agenda that includes supporting farm households’ ability to build non-agricultural-based livelihoods. Climate risk management options that include livelihood transformation of both agricultural and non-agricultural livelihoods will require concerted cross-disciplinary research and development that encompasses a broader set of disciplines than has tended to be the case to date within the context of CSA.
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Dye-Braumuller, Kyndall C., Marvin S. Rodríguez Aquino, Stella C. W. Self, Mufaro Kanyangarara, and Melissa S. Nolan. "Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses in Central America: The Research and Public Health Disparity among Socioeconomic Lines." Insects 13, no. 8 (July 27, 2022): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13080674.
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Tick-borne diseases including rickettsial diseases are increasing in incidence worldwide. Many rickettsial pathogens can cause disease which is commonly underdiagnosed and underreported; Rickettsia pathogens in the spotted fever group (SFGR) are thus classified as neglected bacterial pathogens. The Central American region shoulders a large proportion of the global neglected disease burden; however, little is known regarding SFGR disease here. Although development varies, four of the seven countries in this region have both the highest poverty rates and SFGR disease burdens (El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, and Nicaragua), compared to Belize, Panama, and Costa Rica. Utilizing the Human Development Index (HDI), we compared published articles related to SFGR Rickettsia prevalence in the lowest-HDI-scoring countries to the highest-HDI-scoring countries. Our analysis identified a distinct dichotomy in publication, and by proxy, potentially awareness and knowledge of SFGR tick-borne disease in Central America, where the least-developed countries are at the highest risk for, yet the most vulnerable to, SFGR disease.
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Vazquez-Maguirre, Mario, and Luis Portales. "Profits and purpose: Organizational tensions in social enterprises." Intangible Capital 14, no. 4 (October 29, 2018): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/ic.1208.
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Purpose: This paper aims to explore the way in which three indigenous social enterprises from Guatemala, Mexico and Peru, solve the paradox of simultaneously producing social and economic value, which creates organizational tensions.Design/methodology/approach: This research follows a qualitative method based on a case study research strategy. Three different data collection techniques are applied: Analysis of internal reports, direct observation, and semi-structured interviews with relevant stakeholder, mainly employees and managers.Findings: Indigenous social enterprises deal with organizational tensions by adopting different organizational structures and privileging one dimension over the other (social or economic) in decision making Social implications. Indigenous social enterprises generate quality of life and reduce historical exclusion patterns by strengthening local economy dynamics through social innovation.Originality/value: Social innovations, appreciated in different organizational structures, contribute to alleviate the tension that arises from managing entities with double purpose. Also, this research provides evidence of how marginalized groups can overcome exclusion and poverty conditions by creating indigenous social enterprises.
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Gassmann, Franziska, Richard de Groot, Stephan Dietrich, Eszter Timar, Florencia Jaccoud, Lorena Giuberti, Giulio Bordon, et al. "Determinants and drivers of young children’s diets in Latin America and the Caribbean: Findings from a regional analysis." PLOS Global Public Health 2, no. 7 (July 19, 2022): e0000260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000260.
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The Latin America and Caribbean region exhibit some of the lowest undernutrition rates globally. Yet, disparities exist between and within countries and countries in the region increasingly face other pressing nutritional concerns, including overweight, micronutrient deficiencies and inadequate child feeding practices. This paper reports findings from a regional analysis to identify the determinants and drivers of children’s diets, with a focus on the complementary feeding window between the age of 6–23 months. The analysis consists of a narrative review and descriptive data analysis, complemented with qualitative interviews with key informants in four countries: Guatemala, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay. Findings indicate that poverty and inequality (disparities within countries by wealth and residence), unequal access to services, inadequate coverage of social programmes and lack of awareness on appropriate feeding practices are important drivers for inadequate diets. We conclude that countries in the region need to invest in policies to tackle overweight and micronutrient deficiencies in young children, considering inequalities between and within countries, enhance coverage of social protection programmes, improve coordination between sectors to improve children’s diets and expand the coverage and intensity of awareness campaigns on feeding practices, using iterative programme designs.
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Sarkar, Radha. "religious agency in Latin America’s hinterland." Feminist Review 129, no. 1 (November 2021): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01417789211041600.
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Does religiosity help or hinder the exercise of agency? This article brings new evidence to bear on this long-standing debate, examining the life and work of the indigenous activist and follower of liberation theology, Rigoberta Menchú, in Guatemala, and the experiences of a millenarian community in Brazil, particularly one of its leaders, Dona Dodô. The two cases elucidate the dynamics of agency and piety, challenging the idea that pious individuals lack agency. In particular, the article interrogates the construction of pious women as doubly oppressed by the forces of religion and patriarchy, and argues that, on the contrary, it was in the course of religious observance that Menchú and members of the millenarian community mounted challenges to ecclesiastical as well as political orders. Thus, the article underscores the possibilities for resistance and contention through piety rather than at odds with it. In studying these historical figures, the article looks beyond the Global North, which has inspired much of the theorising on religion and agency, to women and men marginalised by their ethnicity, poverty and rurality. In doing so, it demonstrates how religion can enable action among those far from traditional centres of power.
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González Acero, Carolina, Sebastian Martinez, Ana Pérez-Expósito, and Solis Winters. "Effect of an innovative behavioural change strategy and small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements on stunting and obesity in children in Baja Verapaz, Guatemala: protocol for a randomised control trial." BMJ Open 10, no. 7 (July 2020): e035528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035528.
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IntroductionIn Latin America, a rapid increase in obesity alongside persistent malnutrition has resulted in a double burden of disease that affects the most vulnerable segments of the population. Infant and young child feeding practices are important factors that affect both sides of the growth curve. Interventions such as behavioural change strategies and home fortification using products like small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNS) have the potential to reduce the presence of both these conditions, especially if they are implemented during the first 1000 days of life. This paper details the protocol for Sustained Programme for Improving Nutrition (SPOON), an innovative strategy to prevent stunting and reduce risk for obesity in children under 24 months old in high-poverty areas in Baja Verapaz, Guatemala.Methods and analysisSPOON Guatemala is a three-arm randomised control trial: treatment group 1 will receive the SPOON behavioural change strategy and SQ-LNS, treatment group 2 will receive the SPOON behavioural change strategy and micronutrient powders; the control group will receive the standard of care provided by the Ministry of Health, which includes micronutrient powders. A modified formula of SQ-LNS has been especially developed for this trial. A total of 76 communities are included in the study and 1628 households with a pregnant woman in the third trimester or a child under 4.5 months were recruited at baseline. Baseline data were collected between September and November 2018. Follow-up data will be collected 2 years after the start of the intervention. The primary outcomes of interest are related to mothers’ infant feeding knowledge and practice, and indicators of children’s nutritional status and growth including height, weight, weight gain rate and prevalence of stunting, overweight, obesity and anaemia. After follow-up data have been collected, differences of simple means and regression models including covariates such as child’s age and sex, characteristics of the primary caregiver and household socioeconomic indicators will be estimated. Heterogeneous effects will also be estimated within subgroups of age at exposure, sex, caregiver characteristics and household socioeconomic status.Ethics and disseminationThis study was approved by the National Health Ethics Committee of the Ministry of Health of Guatemala (resolution 10–2018). Informed consent was obtained from all mothers and caregivers prior to enrolment in the programme. Results will be submitted to a peer-reviewed medical or public health journal, and disseminated internally at the Inter-American Development Bank, with the Government and Stakeholders in Guatemala and through international conferences and seminars.Trial registration numberNCT03399617
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Banerjee, Abhijit V., and Esther Duflo. "The Economic Lives of the Poor." Journal of Economic Perspectives 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 141–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.21.1.141.
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The 1990 World Development Report from the World Bank defined the “extremely poor” people of the world as those who are currently living on no more than $1 per day per person. But how actually does one live on less than $1 per day? This essay is about the economic lives of the extremely poor: the choices they face, the constraints they grapple with, and the challenges they meet. A number of recent data sets and a body of new research allow us to start building an image of the way the extremely poor live their lives. Our discussion builds on household surveys conducted in 13 countries: Cote d'Ivoire, Guatemala, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, South Africa, Tanzania, and Timor Leste (East Timor). These surveys provide detailed information on extremely poor households around the world, from Asia to Africa to Latin America, including information on what they consume, where they work, and how they save and borrow. We consider the extremely poor—those living in households where the consumption per capita is less than $1.08 per person per day—as well as the merely “poor”—defined as those who live under $2.16 a day—using 1993 purchasing power parity as benchmark. In keeping with convention, we call these the $1 and $2 dollar poverty lines, respectively.
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Naranjo, Eduardo Jorge, and Eduardo Espinoza Medinilla. "Los mamíferos de la reserva ecológica Huitepec, Chiapas, México." Revista Mexicana de Mastozoología (Nueva Epoca) 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/ie.20074484e.2001.5.1.97.
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Resumen: En este trabajo presentamos un listado de mamíferos silvestres de la Reserva Ecológica Huitepec (136 ha), ubicada en el municipio de San Cristóbal de Las Casas, en los altos de Chiapas, México. Entre 1991 y 1998 encontramos 40 especies de mamíferos pertenecientes a 15 familias y 7 órdenes. Los órdenes con mayor número de especies fueron Rodentia (n=17 especies) y Chiroptera (n=11 especies). Dos de las especies presentes en el área de estudio ( Sorex stizodon y Preomyscus zarhynchus) son endémicas de México y Guatemala, éstas dos, más otras cinco especies se encuentran en algún estatus de riesgo, por lo que se incluyen en la NOM-ECOL-059-2000. Considerando la pequeña superficie que ocupa la Reserva Huitepec y el número relativamente alto de especies de mamíferos con presencia verificada en la misma, se infiere que esta área protegida constituye una muestra importante de la diversidad mastofaunística de la meseta central de Chiapas. Sin embargo, el acelerado incremento de la población humana local, la expansión territorial de la ciudad de San Cristóbal, y las condiciones de marginación y pobreza de la población rural de la región constituyen serios factores de riesgo para la permanencia de la REH y su biodiversidad en el futuro inmediato.Palabras clave: Bosque mesófilo, Chiapas, mamíferos, Reserva Huitepec, San Cristóbal de Las Casas.Abstract: We present a checklist of the mammals found in Huitepec Ecological Reserve, located in the municipality of San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, México. Between 1991 and 1998 we found 40 mammal species of 15 families and 7 orders. The most specious mammalian orders in the study area were Rodentia (n=17 species), and Chiroptera (n=11 species). Two of the species ( Sorex stizodon y Preomyscus zarhynchus) present in the Huitepec Reserve are endemic of México and Guatemala. These and other five species are enlisted in the Mexican Norm of Endangered Wildlife (NOM-ECOL-059-2000). Considering the small size of the Huitepec Reserve as well as its relatively high number of mammal species, it is possible to infer that this protected area constitutes an important sample of the mammalian diversity in the Chiapas highlands. However, the high growth rate of the local human population, the expansion of the city of San Cristóbal, and the conditions of poverty and abandonment suffered by the rural population in the region constitute serious threats to the persistence of the Huitepec Reserve and its biodiversity in the near future.Key words: Chiapas, cloud forest, Huitepec Reserve, mammals, Mexico, San Cristobal de Las Casas.
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Musalo, Karen, and Eunice Lee. "Seeking a Rational Approach to a Regional Refugee Crisis: Lessons from the Summer 2014 “Surge” of Central American Women and Children at the US-Mexico Border." Journal on Migration and Human Security 5, no. 1 (March 2017): 137–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/233150241700500108.
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Executive Summary2 In the early summer months of 2014, an increasing number of Central American children alone and with their parents began arriving at the US-Mexico border in search of safety and protection. The children and families by and large came from the Northern Triangle countries of El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala — three of the most dangerous countries in the world — to seek asylum and other humanitarian relief. Rampant violence and persecution within homes and communities, uncontrolled and unchecked by state authorities, compelled them to flee north for their lives. On the scale of refugee crises worldwide, the numbers were not huge. For example, 24,481 and 38,833 unaccompanied children, respectively, were apprehended by US Border Patrol (USBP) in FY 2012 and FY 2013, while 68,631 children were apprehended in FY 2014 alone (USBP 2016a). In addition, apprehensions of “family units,” or parents (primarily mothers) with children, also increased, from 15,056 families in FY 2013 to 68,684 in FY 2014 (USBP 2016b).3 While these numbers may seem large and did represent a significant increase over prior years, they are nonetheless dwarfed by refugee inflows elsewhere; for example, Turkey was host to 1.15 million Syrian refugees by year end 2014 (UNHCR 2015a), and to 2.5 million by year end 2015 (UNHCR 2016) — reflecting an influx of almost 1.5 million refugees in the course of a single year. Nevertheless, small though they are in comparison, the numbers of Central American women and children seeking asylum at our southern border, concentrated in the summer months of 2014, did reflect a jump from prior years. These increases drew heightened media attention, and both news outlets and official US government statements termed the flow a “surge” and a “crisis” (e.g., Basu 2014; Foley 2014; Negroponte 2014). The sense of crisis was heightened by the lack of preparedness by the federal government, in particular, to process and provide proper custody arrangements for unaccompanied children as required by federal law. Images of children crowded shoulder to shoulder in US Customs and Border Protection holding cells generated a sense of urgency across the political spectrum (e.g., Fraser-Chanpong 2014; Tobias 2014). Responses to this “surge,” and explanations for it, varied widely in policy, media, and government circles. Two competing narratives emerged, rooted in two very disparate views of the “crisis.” One argues that “push” factors in the home countries of El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala drove children and families to flee as bona fide asylum seekers; the other asserted that “pull” factors drew these individuals to the United States. For those adopting the “push” factor outlook, the crisis is a humanitarian one, reflecting human rights violations and deprivations in the region, and the protection needs of refugees (UNHCR 2015b; UNHCR 2014; Musalo et al. 2015). While acknowledging that reasons for migration may be mixed, this view recognizes the seriousness of regional refugee protection needs. For those focusing on “pull” factors, the crisis has its roots in border enforcement policies that were perceived as lax by potential migrants, and that thereby acted as an inducement to migration (Harding 2014; Navarette, Jr. 2014). Each narrative, in turn, suggests a very different response to the influx of women and children at US borders. If “push” factors predominately drive migration, then protective policies in accordance with international and domestic legal obligations toward refugees must predominately inform US reaction. Even apart from the legal and moral rightness of this approach, any long-term goal of lowering the number of Central American migrants at the US-Mexico border, practically speaking, would have to address the root causes of violence in their home countries. On the other hand, if “pull” factors are granted greater causal weight, it would seem that stringent enforcement policies that make coming to the US less attractive and profitable would be a more effective deterrent. In that latter case, tactics imposing human costs on migrants, such as detention, speedy return, or other harsh or cursory treatment — while perhaps not morally justified —would at least make logical sense. Immediately upon the summer influx of 2014, the Obama administration unequivocally adopted the “pull” factor narrative and enacted a spate of hostile deterrence-based policies as a result. In July 2014, President Obama asked Congress to appropriate $3.7 billion in emergency funds to address the influx of Central American women and children crossing the border (Cohen 2014). The majority of funding focused on heightened enforcement at the border — including funding for 6,300 new beds to detain families (LIRS and WRC 2014, 5). The budget also included, in yet another demonstration of a “pull”-factor-based deterrence approach, money for State Department officials to counter the supposed “misinformation” spreading in Central America regarding the possibility of obtaining legal status in the United States. The US government also funded and encouraged the governments of Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras to turn around Central American asylum seekers before they ever could reach US border (Frelick, Kysel, and Podkul 2016). Each of these policies, among other harsh practices, continues to the present day. But, by and large they have not had a deterrent effect. Although the numbers of unaccompanied children and mothers with children dropped in early 2015, the numbers began climbing again in late 2015 and remained high through 2016, exceeding in August and September 2015 the unaccompanied child and “family unit” apprehension figures for those same months in 2014 (USBP 2016a; USBP 2016b). Moreover, that temporary drop in early 2015 likely reflects US interdiction policies rather than any “deterrent” effect of harsh policies at or within US own borders, as the drop in numbers of Central American women and children arriving at the US border in the early months of 2015 corresponded largely with a spike in deportations by Mexico (WOLA 2015). In all events, in 2015, UNCHR found that the number of individuals from the Northern Triangle requesting asylum in Mexico, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Panama had increased 13-fold since 2008 (UNCHR 2015b). Thus, the Obama administration's harsh policies did not, in fact, deter Central American women and children from attempting to flee their countries. This, we argue, is because the “push” factor narrative is the correct one. The crisis we face is accordingly humanitarian in nature and regional in scope — and the migrant “surge” is undoubtedly a refugee flow. By refusing to acknowledge and address the reality of the violence and persecution in El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala, the US government has failed to lessen the refugee crisis in its own region. Nor do its actions comport with its domestic and international legal obligations towards refugees. This article proceeds in four parts. In the first section, we examine and critique the administration's “pull”-factor-based policies during and after the 2014 summer surge, in particular through the expansion of family detention, accelerated procedures, raids, and interdiction. In section two, we look to the true “push” factors behind the migration surge — namely, societal violence, violence in the home, and poverty and exclusion in El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala. Our analysis here includes an overview of the United States' responsibility for creating present conditions in these countries via decades of misguided foreign policy interventions. Our penultimate section explores the ways in which our current deterrence-based policies echo missteps of our past, particularly through constructive refoulement and the denial of protection to legitimate refugees. Finally, we conclude by offering recommendations to the US government for a more effective approach to the influx of Central American women and children at our border, one that addresses the real reasons for their flight and that furthers a sustainable solution consistent with US and international legal obligations and moral principles. Our overarching recommendation is that the US government immediately recognize the humanitarian crisis occurring in the Northern Triangle countries and the legitimate need of individuals from these countries for refugee protection. Flowing from that core recommendation are additional suggested measures, including the immediate cessation of hostile, deterrence-based policies such as raids, family detention, and interdiction; adherence to proper interpretations of asylum and refugee law; increased funding for long-term solutions to violence and poverty in these countries, and curtailment of funding for enforcement; and temporary measures to ensure that no refugees are returned to persecution in these countries.
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Maluccio, John A., Reynaldo Martorell, and Luis Fernando Ramírez. "Household Expenditures and Wealth among Young Guatemalan Adults." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 26, no. 2_suppl1 (June 2005): S110—S119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15648265050262s111.
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In this article, we describe expenditure and wealth patterns, indicators of long-run economic well-being, for a sample of young Guatemalan adults interviewed for the Human Capital Study 2002–04, finding a number of differences across subgroups of the sample. The main difference across birth-year cohorts is that younger subjects tend to live in smaller households, with lower total annual household expenditures (and fewer durable goods), though per capita measures are similar across cohorts. This appears to be related to life-cycle fertility patterns. There is a clear positive association between parental socioeconomic status (SES) and current levels of expenditure and durable goods ownership. This association does not hold for all households, however, as there is both upward and downward “mobility” in the sample. Those living in the capital have the highest overall wealth levels, consistent with typical rural-urban patterns. Where there are expenditure differences across groups, they tend to be driven by differences in nonfood rather than food expenditures. Lastly, the study sample is relatively well off compared with their compatriots, with a poverty rate of 35% and an extreme poverty rate of only 3%, against national averages of 56% and 15%, respectively.
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Carr, David. "A tale of two roads: Land tenure, poverty, and politics on the Guatemalan frontier." Geoforum 37, no. 1 (January 2006): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2005.02.007.
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Schill, Ry, Angela Schill, and Noah Schill. "Tech Latinas: Latin American Women for Technology." Journal of Information Technology Education: Discussion Cases 7 (2021): 001–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4843.
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Aim/Purpose: The directors of Tech Latinas were happy with what they had created and the impact their company had made in Ecuador, Peru and Guatemala. Now that they had seen their vision come to fruition in ways that were astounding to them. They wanted to take the next steps in growing their business so Tech Latinas mission could spread beyond its current bounds. Before working out the logistics, the Tech Latina team expanded their vision. They wanted to scale Tech Latinas throughout Latin America. They hoped to find the best talent among the 37 million young women in these countries who were currently either unemployed or informally employed. They estimated that 1.2 million web developers in Latin America would be required that by 2025. Background: The entrepreneurial tech wave has hit Latin America hard, and it appears to be gaining momentum. A new generation of millennials and post-millennials, led by a group of early entrepreneurs in their late 30s to early 50s, believes that it can improve lives by creating new and better solutions to everyday problems. One such area is teaching coding and tech skills to women who live in middle to low-income Latin American households. Despite the advantages and opportunities, there are also great obstacles to make it all happen in Latin America. Some cultural and some systemic. Culturally, Latin Americans are very averse to risk, and most only invest in “secure” ventures such as real estate. The lack of financial education is a key factor that does not allow potential entrepreneurs to thrive. On the systemic side, corruption, lack of institutional trust and impunity are probably the biggest hurdles to surpass in the next few years. Companies need to think globally and compete against global competitors. Methodology: Data was collected through a qualitative approach with several in-depth interviews Contribution: In following trends of Latin American growth and development, the main opportunities will end up being in the technology sector as advances in education and know-how disseminate. The hope is that this knowledge gap will provide jobs for millions trying to lift themselves out of poverty. Findings: That nascent ventures in Latin America face different and unique challages. The ability to scale and the lack of capital that would invest in social causes is unfortunately scarce in the region. This makes it difficult to Recommendations for Practitioners: This case could be used for discussion around lessons from emerging market entrepreneurship. Many strategies of the struggles and triumphs of Latin American entrepreneurs are worth noting as practitioners due to the acute necessity-driven approach to many Latin American entrepreneurs toward venture success. Recommendation for Researchers: Maybe employing a scale of some sort to differentiate net impact socially and economically these tech educational training facilities Impact on Society: That there is a need to support organic entrepreneurial efforts in not only gaining returns but supporting social causes that lift societies. Also, it is a wise investment to invest in women and in emerging economies. Future Research: It would be interesting to further follow the Tech Latinas and other initiatives in this area of knowledge transfer and economic development. It would be interesting to do a study or a scale of results of impact between countries not only in Latin America but other women coding and IT training efforts around the world.
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Kerwin, Donald, José Pacas, and Robert Warren. "Ready to Stay: A Comprehensive Analysis of the US Foreign-Born Populations Eligible for Special Legal Status Programs and for Legalization Under Pending Bills." Journal on Migration and Human Security 10, no. 1 (February 4, 2022): 37–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23315024211065016.
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This paper offers estimates of US foreign-born populations that are eligible for special legal status programs and those that would be eligible for permanent residence (legalization) under pending bills. It seeks to provide policymakers, government agencies, community-based organizations (CBOs), researchers, and others with a unique tool to assess the potential impact, implement, and analyze the success of these programs. It views timely, comprehensive data on targeted immigrant populations as an essential pillar of legalization preparedness, implementation, and evaluation. The paper and the exhaustive estimates that underlie it, represent the first attempt to provide a detailed statistical profile of beneficiaries of proposed major US legalization programs and special, large-scale legal status programs. The paper offers the following top-line findings: Fifty-eight percent of the 10.35 million US undocumented residents had lived in the United States for 10 years or more as of 2019; 37 percent lived in homes with mortgages; 33 percent arrived at age 17 or younger; 32 percent lived in households with US citizens (the overwhelming majority of them children); and 96 percent in the labor force were employed. The Citizenship for Essential Workers Act would establish the largest population-specific legalization program discussed in the paper. 7.2 million (70 percent) of the total undocumented population would be eligible for legalization under the Act. Approximately two-thirds of undocumented essential workers reside in 20 metropolitan areas. The populations eligible for the original Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program and for permanent residence on a conditional basis and removal of the conditions on permanent residence under the Dream Act of 2021 are not only ready to integrate successfully, but in most cases have already done so. A high percentage are long-term residents, virtually all have completed high school (or attend school), a third to one-half have attended college, and the overwhelming majority live in households with incomes above the poverty level. The median household income of California, Illinois, New York, and New Jersey residents that are eligible for the original DACA program is higher than the US median household income. New York and New Jersey residents that are eligible for removal of conditions on permanent residence under the Dream Act of 2021 also have median incomes above the US median household income. The total eligible for removal of conditions on permanent residence under the Dream Act of 2021 have median household incomes that are 99 percent of the US median income. Unlike populations eligible for most special legal status and population-specific legalization programs, childhood arrivals can be found in significant numbers and concentrations in communities throughout the United States, particularly in metropolitan areas. More than 1.8 million persons from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras would be eligible for TPS if the Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) designated Guatemala for TPS and re-designated El Salvador and Honduras. Local communities can best prepare for legalization by collaborating on: (1) the hard work of assisting individual immigrants to meet their immigration needs; (2) dividing labor, integrating services, screening the undocumented for status, and building legal capacity; and (3) implementation of special legal status programs. This collective work should be viewed as a legalization program in its own right. The populations eligible for legalization and legal status under the programs analyzed in the paper have overlapping needs and large numbers of immigrants would be eligible for more than one program. However, substantial differences between these populations in size, geography, length of residency, education, socio-economic attainment, and English language proficiency argue for distinct preparedness and implementation strategies for each population. The paper also makes several broad policy recommendations regarding legalization bills, special legal status programs, and community-based preparedness and implementation efforts. In particular, it recommends that: Congress should pass broad immigration reform legislation that includes a general legalization program or, in the alternative, a series of population-specific programs for essential workers, childhood arrivals, agricultural workers, persons eligible for Temporary Protected Status (TPS) and Deferred Enforced Departure (DED), and long-term residents. In the interim, the Biden administration should also designate and re-designate additional countries for TPS. Immigration reform legislation should allow the great majority of US undocumented residents to legalize, should reform the underlying legal immigration system, and should provide for the legalization of future long-term undocumented residents through a rolling registry program. Congress, the relevant federal agencies, and advocates should ensure that any legalization program be properly structured and sufficiently funded, particularly the work of CBOs, states, and localities. Local communities should continue to build the necessary partnerships, capacities, skills, and resources to implement a legalization program. They should do so, in part, by collaborating on special legal status programs such as DACA, TPS, and naturalization campaigns, as well as through the steady-state work of assisting immigrants in their individual immigration cases and funding their representation as necessary in removal proceedings. Section I of the paper describes the populations that would be eligible for legalization under pending bills and that are potentially eligible for special legal status programs. Section II presents top-line findings based on the Center for Migration Studies’ (CMS’s) estimates and profiles of these populations. The report offers estimates of each population by characteristics — such as length of time in the country, English language proficiency, education, household income, health insurance, and homeownership — that are relevant to preparedness and implementation activities. Section III makes the case for immigration reform and a broad legalization program. Section IV offers detailed recommendations on the substance, structure, and implementation of these programs.
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Thomsen, Bastian, Olav Muurlink, Talitha Best, Jennifer Thomsen, and Kellen Copeland. "Transcultural Development." Human Organization 79, no. 1 (March 2020): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/0018-7259.79.1.43.
Full textAbstract:
In practice, development too often neglects the perspective of the impoverished when attempting to ameliorate negative socioeconomic conditions that persist. Entrepreneurs, and in particular social entrepreneurs, often attempt to solve social issues through a triple-bottom line approach but in many cases focus on the problem without greater consideration to the cultural context of their intervention. We introduce a new term, transcultural development, to advocate for the inclusion and preservation of cultural norms and rights of receiving cultures in the face of globalization, particularly when conducting projects that attempt to alleviate poverty. Presented is an applied ethnographic study conducted by two faculty members and seven undergraduate students consulting for a non-governmental organization (NGO) social enterprise over a ten-day short-term study abroad trip. The NGO and student group aimed to assist impoverished Guatemalans inhabiting the southwestern coastal plain to develop a new export crop, the pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan ). Gender norms and rights proved a focal point in demonstrating the importance of conducting social impact assessments regularly to mitigate entrenched or biased views. The transcultural development approach may optimally incorporate an applied anthropological lens to the social aspects of social entrepreneurship.
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Larson, H. Elliott. "More Than the Pandemic." Christian Journal for Global Health 7, no. 5 (December 18, 2020): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.15566/cjgh.v7i5.493.
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It is fitting for this issue of the Christian Journal for Global Health to come to you just before Christmas. We remember the birth of the Christ child, God with us. God with us not just in the ordinariness of human life, but in the calamities, defeats, and suffering entailed in that ordinariness. The coronavirus pandemic, as well as myriad of other human afflictions, is a reminder of those aspects of life. Surely the greatest spiritual lesson of the pandemic is that we are not the masters of our own destiny. The pandemic is a rebuke to the hubris of our age – that human knowledge is the remedy for all ills. Responses to the pandemic have exposed the fissures in our societies as well. While the healthcare community has responded heroically to the challenges, churches have served as a much-needed solace and source of health information, as well as, at times, sources of spread. Some who consider faith non-essential and are antagonistic to it have proposed severe restrictions to much-needed fellowship.
In the providence of God, we are able to rejoice at the arrival of effective vaccines to prevent SARS CoV-2 infection, the world-wide calamity that has dogged us for nearly an entire year. The vaccines come out-of-time, as it were, having been developed, produced, and tested with a speed that is astonishing. Hopefully, they will enable this devastating infectious disease to be put behind us. If that proves to be possible, it is salutary to ponder what is able to be anticipated and to appreciate the perspicacity of someone like Dr. Jono Quick, whose book, The End of Epidemics, foresaw in 2018 what came to pass in 2020. For additional insights, we are pleased to feature in this issue a guest editorial by Dr. Quick which surveys some of the challenges that the release, use, and equitable global distribution of the vaccines hold for us, as well as the Christian responsibility to follow the data for both individualized whole-person care and community care as acts of love for our global neighbor.
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted systemic vulnerabilities, health inequities, and the ongoing diseases and conditions that continue to threaten individuals and populations. The response to the pandemic has affected the global economy and exacerbated hunger and extreme poverty. Progress in global health to control the remaining poliovirus, HIV, malaria and tuberculosis has also been tragically impaired due to the pandemic.1
Two original articles describe efforts to evaluate health needs for chronically impoverished villages and then to train Christian health workers in the ways to most effectively service those needs. Claudia Bale reports that the results of surveying Guatemalan villages for health needs and barriers to health produced a variety of themes that provided guidance for the organizations seeking to meet these needs. Sneha Kirubakaran and colleagues evaluated a short course in global health from Australia that sought to prepare Christian health workers for international service.
This issue features three reviews. Samuel Adu-Gyamfi and his colleagues from Ghana completed an extensive systematic review of the role of missions in Sub-Saharan Africa, finding that although the scope of work changed over time, the aim of sharing the gospel motivated work in a broad scope of activities in development, education, and healthcare which continues to be relevant. Omololu Fagunwa from Nigeria provides a history lesson based on original source documents on how the 1918 influenza pandemic affected the growth of Pentecostalism in Africa. Alexander Miles, Matthew Reeve, and Nathan Grills from University of Melbourne completed a systematic literature review showing evidence of the significant effectiveness of community health workers in dealing with non-communicable diseases in India.
Two commentaries offer fresh approaches to persisting healthcare issues. Richard Thomas and Niels French describe the population health model and explain how it is particularly suited to a role in the future for mission hospitals and to address a variety of global health concerns. Melody Oereke, Kenneth David, and Ezeofor Onyedikachukwu from Nigeria offer their thoughts on how Christian pharmacists can employ a model for prayer, faith, and action in their professional calling. The coronavirus pandemic has required healthcare and aid organizations to come up with creative solutions to completely novel circumstances if they were to be able to continue their ministries. Daryn Joy Go and her colleagues from International Care Ministries describe their employment of social networking technologies in the Philippines to continue their work in extreme poverty alleviation as well as spiritual nourishment despite lockdown conditions and severe limitations on travel and communication.
Finally, Pieter Nijssen reviews Creating Shared Resilience: The Role of the church in a Hopeful Future, by David Boan and Josh Ayers. In our world of short-term gain and short attention spans, resilience is a commodity in tragically short supply. Pastor Nijssen’s discussion helpfully expands on an ongoing discussion of how faith and justice must be integrated in any faithful gospel ministry and how this, itself, promotes resilience in the face of crises.
We call our readers’ attentions to our current call for papers, Environmental Concern and Global Health. Our stewardship of the earth and its resources was part of God’s first command to Adam and Eve and an important aspect of human flourishing throughout the Bible. That stewardship has implications for global health that deserve study and explanation. Click on the link to the call for a list of the subjects we hope to see in submissions on this topic and many others within the unique and broad scope of the journal.
During this season of both widespread challenge and enduring hope, we pray for peace on earth, and good will to all people.