Relevant bibliographies by topics / Poverty – Guatemala

Academic literature on the topic 'Poverty – Guatemala'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Poverty – Guatemala"

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Iannotti, Lora L., Miguel Robles, Helena Pachón, and Cristina Chiarella. "Food Prices and Poverty Negatively Affect Micronutrient Intakes in Guatemala." Journal of Nutrition 142, no. 8 (June 13, 2012): 1568–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.111.157321.

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McIlwaine, Cathy, and Caroline Moser. "Poverty, violence and livelihood security in urban Colombia and Guatemala." Progress in Development Studies 3, no. 2 (April 2003): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/1464993403ps056ra.

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Spreckley, Mark, David Macleod, Brenda González Trampe, Andrew Smith, and Hannah Kuper. "Impact of Hearing Aids on Poverty, Quality of Life and Mental Health in Guatemala: Results of a before and after Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10 (May 15, 2020): 3470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103470.

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There are 466 million people globally with disabling hearing loss, many of whom can benefit from hearing aids. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of providing hearing aids on poverty, mental health, quality of life, and activities, among adults in Guatemala. A nonrandomised before and after study was conducted, with a comparison group to assess for secular trends. Adult cases with bilateral hearing impairment were identified within 150 km of Guatemala City, as well as age- and sex-matched comparison subjects without disabling hearing loss. All participants were interviewed with a semistructured questionnaire, and cases were offered hearing aids. Participants were reinterviewed 6–9 months later. We interviewed 135 cases and 89 comparison subjects at baseline and follow-up. At baseline, cases were poorer than comparison subjects with respect to individual income (p = 0.01), household income (p = 0.02), and per capita expenditure (PCE) (p = 0.003). After provision of hearing aids, median household income improved among cases (p = 0.03). In the comparison group, median individual income (p = 0.01) and PCE (p = 0.03) fell between baseline at follow-up. At follow-up, there were also improvements in productive time use, quality of life, and depressive symptoms among cases, but these were less apparent in the comparison group. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated a positive effect of hearing aids in improving quality of life, economic circumstances and mental health among Guatemalan adults.
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Henry, Candise L., Justin S. Baker, Brooke K. Shaw, Andrew J. Kondash, Benjamín Leiva, Edwin Castellanos, Christopher M. Wade, Benjamin Lord, George Van Houtven, and Jennifer Hoponick Redmon. "How will renewable energy development goals affect energy poverty in Guatemala?" Energy Economics 104 (December 2021): 105665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105665.

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Shakespeare, Tom. "Disability and poverty in the Global South: renegotiating development in Guatemala." Disability & Society 31, no. 8 (September 13, 2016): 1153–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2016.1214425.

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Ramírez, Ivan J., and Jieun Lee. "Mapping Ecosyndemic Risk and Social Vulnerability in Guatemala during the 2014–2016 El Niño: An Exploratory GIS Analysis." Proceedings 44, no. 1 (November 5, 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecehs-2-06393.

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El Niño is a climatic cycle originating in the tropical Pacific Ocean that impacts countries in Latin America. It is often associated with water-based infectious diseases, many of which are also poverty-related. In this study we explore ecosyndemic risk and social vulnerability in Guatemala during the 2014–2016 El Niño. An ecosyndemic is a cluster of diseases, associated with environmental changes, set within a wider context of socioeconomic inequities. Using GIS, we examined six infectious diseases and ecosyndemic risk in Guatemala from 2014 to 2016 and factors of social risk at the department level. Preliminary results and policy implications are discussed.
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Walsh, Shannon Drysdale, and Cecilia Menjívar. "“What Guarantees Do We Have?” Legal Tolls and Persistent Impunity for Feminicide in Guatemala." Latin American Politics and Society 58, no. 4 (2016): 31–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/laps.12001.

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AbstractGuatemala has one of the highest levels of killings of women and impunity for violence against women in the world. Despite laws created to protect women, Guatemala, like other countries, generally fails at implementation. This article examines justice system obstacles in contemporary Guatemala to processing cases of feminicide—killings of women because they are women in a context of impunity—comparing two recent feminicide cases. It argues that the sociopolitical context in Guatemala, including structural violence, widespread poverty, inequality, corruption, and normalization of gender violence against women, generates penalties, or “legal tolls,” that are imposed on victims' families and contribute to impunity through undermining victims' attempts to navigate the justice system. The analysis focuses on the tolls of fear and time: the need to overcome fear of retaliation and the extraordinary time and effort it takes to do so in a corrupt and broken system.
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Santillán, Oscar S., Karla G. Cedano, and Manuel Martínez. "Analysis of Energy Poverty in 7 Latin American Countries Using Multidimensional Energy Poverty Index." Energies 13, no. 7 (April 1, 2020): 1608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071608.

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Energy poverty is a serious problem affecting many people in the world. To address it and alleviate it, the first action is to identify and measure the intensity of the population living in this condition. This paper seeks to generate information regarding the actual state of energy poverty by answering the research question: is it possible to measure the intensity of energy poverty between different Latin American countries with sufficient and equivalent data? To achieve this, the Multidimensional Energy Poverty Index (MEPI), proposed by Nussbaumer et al., was used. The results present two levels of lack of access to energy services: Energy Poverty (EP) and Extreme Energy Poverty (EEP). The last one, is a concept introduced by the authors to evaluate energy poverty using MEPI. Results of people living on EP (EEP within parentheses) are as follow: Colombia 29% (18%), Dominican Republic 32% (14%), Guatemala 76% (61%), Haiti 98% (91%), Honduras 72% (59%), Mexico 30% (17%) and Peru 65% (42%). A clear correlation between the Human Development Index (HDI) and MEPI is displayed, however some countries have relatively high values for the HDI, but do not perform so well in the MEPI and vice versa. Further investigation is needed.
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Flood, David. "Poverty, Genocide, and Superbugs: A Carbapenem-Resistant Wound Infection in Rural Guatemala." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 99, no. 3 (September 5, 2018): 561–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.18-0260.

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Robles, Miguel, and Meagan Keefe. "The effects of changing food prices on welfare and poverty in Guatemala." Development in Practice 21, no. 4-5 (June 2011): 578–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2011.561293.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Poverty – Guatemala"

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Van, Meter Lucas Paine. "Growth in Guatemala a mixed blessing for the poor /." Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/3648.

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King, Thomas J. "Proclaiming "peace and good" a communidad eclesial de base program for Dios Con Nosotros Parish /." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2002. http://www.tren.com.

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Grech, Shaun. "Disability in the folds of poverty : exploring connections and transitions in Guatemala." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.540546.

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Sperling, Julie. "The Influence of Poverty and Violence on the Therapeutic Landscapes of the Kaqchikel." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/982.

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Therapeutic landscapes are places that contribute positively to a healing experience or to the maintenance of an individual's health and wellbeing. The literature on therapeutic landscapes has been growing steadily since the early 1990s, but researchers have yet to sufficiently explore both non-Western and gendered perspectives. The research presented in this thesis addresses these two gaps by examining how Kaqchikel men and women in the municipality of San Lucas Tolimán, Guatemala, differ in their construction and use of the therapeutic landscapes that surround them in their daily lives.

This research is broadly informed by feminist thought and methodologies, and the specific strategy of reflexivity was employed throughout the research process. In terms of gathering data, the two specific methods used were photovoice and structured interviews. Photovoice, it is argued, is an ideal method for studying therapeutic landscapes (particularly in a cross-cultural setting) because it gives participants the opportunity to reflect on their therapeutic landscapes before explaining them. The photographs also act as a visual cue that enhances interviews and can also bridge different experiences of reality. In total, 28 key informants were recruited through snowball sampling, with an equal number of male and female participants. Issues of foreign language research and translation are also addressed and some strategies for dealing with working in a foreign language are suggested.

Four main themes emerged from the data, and these themes revealed that Kaqchikel therapeutic landscapes are heavily driven by the poverty and violence experienced by the majority of participants. These four themes were: daily survival, community development, 'escape', and negative landscapes. Through these themes it was shown that the therapeutic landscapes of the Kaqchikel differ greatly between men and women due to traditional gender roles and relationships as well as the disproportional effect of violence on women, which restricts their mobility and ability to access their therapeutic landscapes. Finally, these themes reveal that Kaqchikel therapeutic landscapes span multiple generations and are multilayered, highly dynamic, and contingent on the social, political, and economic climates of the day.
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Chester, Winston C. "Examining the Impacts of Microfinance Programs in Guatemala: A Case Study of Loan Borrowers in San Antonio Aguas Calientes." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1404117953.

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Gennrich, Nicolas. "The impact of microenterprises on poverty reduction in rural areas the case of El Quiché, Guatemala /." Kassel : Kassel Univ. Press, 2002. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=969579489.

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Morris, Kaitlin. "The Poverty-Reinforcing Violence Trap in Guatemala: The Cost of the Drug Trade and Prohibitionist Drug Policies." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/647.

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Guatemala, the most populous country in Central America, is haunted by the legacy of violence, political instability, poverty, corruption, and persisting, relentless inequality. Narco-trafficking routes through Central America became firmly established after air- and sea-based routes were disrupted by U.S. and Mexican drug enforcement efforts in the 1990s. Guatemala and its Central American neighbors were highly vulnerable to incursion by the drug trade, ideally-located between production sources and major consumers, its people and governments weakened by long-standing armed conflict. Evidence shows the drug trade disproportionately impacts Guatemala in comparison to the rest of the region. Its neighbors share similarly well-located geography and the legacy of armed conflicts, but Guatemala lacks the institutional strength and ability to combat the cartels. This paper posits that U.S. prohibitionist policies are ineffective and harmful to Guatemala’s people, based on a supply-reduction model and a review of previous literature and anecdotal evidence. Narco-trafficking and the United States’ drug enforcement efforts, strategies and policies, intensify existing violence, poverty, inequality and corruption within Guatemala, ensnaring its people in a recurring cycle of violence which reinforces barriers to escaping poverty and crime.
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Gerlicz, Andrew. "Diversification Strategies and Contributions of Coffee Income to Poverty Alleviation Among Smallholders in Northern Huehuetenango and Quiche Departments, Guatemala." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2016. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/605.

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In the past two decades, Mesoamerican smallholder coffee farmers have had to confront several stressors and shocks, such as price crises and natural disasters, with debilitating impacts on the viability of their livelihoods. More recently, many farmers have suffered crop losses in the wake of the spread of coffee leaf rust disease, and researchers are predicting that some areas will become less suitable for coffee growing in the near future as a result of climate change. In response to these conditions and in the context of the withdrawal of the state from provision of agricultural services, development practitioners have mainly pursued a strategy of helping farmers gain access to specialty markets, including those purchasing coffee from farmers with organic and Fair Trade certifications. They have also promoted farmer organization into marketing cooperatives, which have in turn provided various services to their members, including credit and technical assistance. However, there are doubts as to whether these schemes are sufficient in increasing and stabilizing smallholder incomes, and some have predicted declining returns from these strategies in the future. For these reasons, many have called for the promotion of livelihood diversification as an additional component of rural development programs. This thesis studies both the shortfalls in coffee incomes compared to poverty lines and the current uses and perceptions of different diversification activities. In the first study, the shortfalls are calculated through construction of individual and average enterprise budgets based on grower records and interviews with four organic and organized growers and three conventional growers. It concludes that while some growers have coffee incomes approaching that poverty line, they are all currently below the line. There is wide variation within both groups. The second study uses content analysis of transcripts from 15 interviews with members of a regional coffee cooperative, Asociación Barillense de Agricultores (ASOBAGRI), based on four different interview guides. It concludes that coffee remains the primary livelihood strategy of the respondents, whereas most other activities offer relatively small contributions to incomes, with the exception of honey and a small sewing shop, and some reflect coping rather than risk management. The study also identified other themes mediating diversification, including income-smoothing, optimization, familiarity, social networks, and influences from external actors.
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Gennrich, Nicolas [Verfasser]. "The impact of microenterprises on poverty reduction in rural areas : the case of El Quiché, Guatemala / Nicolas Gennrich." Kassel : Kassel Univ. Press, 2002. http://d-nb.info/969579489/34.

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Ring, Madeleine. "Microfinance - for better or worse? : A study on how microfinance impacts the livelihood of families with disabled children around Lake Atitlán, Guatemala." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-46454.

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Most of the disabled people in the world live in poverty. In order to escape poverty, microfinance is said to be a solution. The Microfinance Institutions do not, however, incorporate everybody who is poor in their programs, which could be assumed. Disabled people and their families are a group which many times are not included in these programs. Since they many times already faces discrimination and also are excluded from the rest of the society they do not have a solution on how to escape from poverty. In Guatemala where the disabled people most surely also are indigenous gives them double stigmas. The purpose of this research is to identify what impacts microfinance has on the livelihoods of the families with disabled children around Lake Atitlán, Guatemala and subsequent to this what adaptations the MFIs should take when working with families within this target group. In order to collect the data a field study around Lake Atitlán, Guatemala with semi-structured interviews was done. The respondents were mothers of disabled children and employees of two NGOs. To analyze the results, DFIDs Sustainable Livelihood Framework was used. Since the frameworks give a broader spectrum than just one category of life it is easier to see what impacts the microfinance have on the livelihood and what the respondents are lacking in the microcredit program. The research demonstrates that microfinance has positive impacts on some aspects of the livelihoods of families of disabled children even if not to many MFIs within the country focus on them. Another conclusion of the study is that MFIs do not need to make big adaptions in order to work with this specific target group, they need however, inform about disabilities in order to end discrimination.
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Books on the topic "Poverty – Guatemala"

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Gragnolati, Michele. Malnutrition and poverty in Guatemala. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2003.

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Gragnolati, Michele. Health and poverty in Guatemala. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2003.

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Adams, Richard H. Remittances and poverty in guatemala. [Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2004.

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Gragnolati, Michele. Children's growth and poverty in rural Guatemala. Washington, DC (1818 H St., NW, Washington 20433): World Bank, Latin America and the Caribbean Region, Human Development Sector Unit, 1999.

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Guatemala, intimidades de la pobreza. Guatemala: Universidad Rafael Landívar, Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales, 1999.

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Pobreza y problemas sociales en Guatemala: Apuntes básicos y elementos quantitativos para el estudio del problema de la pobreza en Guatemala. Guatemala: E. Durini Cárdenas, 2006.

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Sáinz, Juan Pablo Pérez. Ciudad, subsistencia e informalidad: Tres estudios sobre el Area Metropolitana de Guatemala. Guatemala: FLACSO-Guatemala, 1990.

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Espinosa, Lair. Una experiencia de participación comunitaria en las áreas precarias de la Ciudad de Guatemala. Guatemala: Programa Integrado de Salud, 1994.

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Sergio, Flores, ed. Elite ladina, políticas públicas y pobreza indígena. Guatemala, C.A: Instituto de Estudios Interétnicos de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, 2002.

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Pariendo pobres. Ciudad de Guatemala: Armar Editores, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Poverty – Guatemala"

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Shapiro, Joseph. "Guatemala." In Indigenous Peoples, Poverty and Human Development in Latin America, 106–49. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230377226_5.

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Grech, Shaun. "Guatemala: Landscapes." In Disability and Poverty in the Global South, 28–52. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137307989_2.

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Grech, Shaun. "Disability, Childhood and Poverty: Critical Perspectives on Guatemala." In Disabled Children's Childhood Studies, 89–104. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137008220_8.

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Ritchie-Dunham, James L. "A Collaborative-Systemic Strategy Addressing the Dynamics of Poverty in Guatemala: Converting Seeming Impossibilities into Strategic Probabilities." In Alleviating Poverty through Business Strategy, 73–98. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230612068_5.

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Andrade, Hector, and Georges Midré. "The Merits of Consensus: Small-Scale Fisheries as a Livelihood Buffer in Livingston, Guatemala." In Poverty Mosaics: Realities and Prospects in Small-Scale Fisheries, 427–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1582-0_19.

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Colom, Alejandra, and Marcela Colom. "Poverty, Local Perceptions, and Access to Services: Understanding Obstetric Choices for Rural and Indigenous Women in Guatemala in the Twenty-First Century." In Global Maternal and Child Health, 617–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71538-4_32.

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Lustig, Nora. "Fiscal Policy, Income Redistribution and Poverty Reduction in Latin America: Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay." In Contemporary Issues in Development Economics, 11–18. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137529749_2.

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Izabela, Angela, Fajardo Barrientos, Giulia Muir, Julio Javier Madrid, Elena Baumanns, and Luisa Vanderwegen. "Guatemala’s Nutritious Green Gold from the “Tree of Life”." In Poverty Reduction Through Non-Timber Forest Products, 59–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75580-9_8.

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Sieder, Rachel. "26. Guatemala." In Politics in the Developing World. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198737438.003.0026.

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This chapter examines Guatemala’s underdevelopment in the context of social, economic, cultural, and political rights. It first provides an introduction to poverty and multiple inequalities in Guatemala before discussing patterns of state formation in the country. It then considers the 1996 peace accords, which represented an attempt to reverse historical trends, to ‘engineer development’, and to secure the human rights of all Guatemalans. It also explores human security and development in Guatemala and identifies the main contemporary causes of the country’s persistent underdevelopment: a patrimonialist and predatory state underpinned by a strong, conservative private sector, an extremely weak party system, the continued influence of active and retired members of the armed forces in politics, entrenched counterinsurgency logics, and the increasing presence of transnational organized crime.
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Foss, Sarah. "Community Development in Cold War Guatemala." In Latin America and the Global Cold War, 123–47. University of North Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469655697.003.0006.

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By the mid-1960s, Guatemalan newspapers regularly discussed the nation’s underdeveloped status, identifying it as a national embarrassment. However, the regions that the Guatemalan government identified as underdeveloped were largely rural and indigenous, thus presenting a unique set of cultural behaviors and practices that challenged the western development ideas the government wished to initiate. This chapter compares two development projects that different governmental institutes implemented in Guatemala between 1956-1976: the Plan de Mejoramiento de Tactic, Alta Verapaz and the Programa del Desarrollo de la Comunidad. The key sources that serve as evidence for the chapter’s arguments are anthropologists’ field notes, oral histories, and unpublished internal government documents. The chapter argues that as leftist guerrilla activity increased, the Guatemalan government capitalized upon international concerns with poverty, hunger, and illiteracy, and they used development as a peaceful means to fight the Cold War.
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Reports on the topic "Poverty – Guatemala"

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Hallman, Kelly, Sara Peracca, Jennifer Catino, and Marta Ruiz. Multiple disadvantages of Mayan females: The effects of gender, ethnicity, poverty, and residence on education in Guatemala. Population Council, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy2.1029.

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Hallman, Kelly, Sara Peracca, Jennifer Catino, and Marta Ruiz. Assessing the multiple disadvantages of Mayan girls: The effects of gender, ethnicity, poverty, and residence on education in Guatemala. Population Council, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy12.1027.

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Banerjee, Onil, Martin Cicowiez, Ana Rios, and Cicero De Lima. Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture in Latin America and the Caribbean: An Application of the Integrated Economic-Environmental Modeling (IEEM) Platform. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003794.

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In this paper, we assess the economy-wide impact of Climate Change (CC) on agriculture and food security in 20 Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) countries. Specifically, we focus on the following three channels through which CC may affect agricultural and non-agricultural production: (i) agricultural yields; (ii) labor productivity in agriculture, and; (iii) economy-wide labor productivity. We implement the analysis using the Integrated Economic-Environmental Model (IEEM) and databases for 20 LAC available through the OPEN IEEM Platform. Our analysis identifies those countries most affected according to key indicators including Gross Domestic Product (GDP), international commerce, sectoral output, poverty, and emissions. Most countries experience negative impacts on GDP, with the exception of the major soybean producing countries, namely, Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. We find that CC-induced crop productivity and labor productivity changes affect countries differently. The combined impact, however, indicates that Belize, Nicaragua, Guatemala and Paraguay would fare the worst. Early identification of these hardest hit countries can enable policy makers pre-empting these effects and beginning the design of adaptation strategies early on. In terms of greenhouse gas emissions, only Argentina, Chile and Uruguay would experience small increases in emissions.
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Pritchett, Lant, and Martina Viarengo. Learning Outcomes in Developing Countries: Four Hard Lessons from PISA-D. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/069.

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The learning crisis in developing countries is increasingly acknowledged (World Bank, 2018). The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) include goals and targets for universal learning and the World Bank has adopted a goal of eliminating learning poverty. We use student level PISA-D results for seven countries (Cambodia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Paraguay, Senegal, and Zambia) to examine inequality in learning outcomes at the global, country, and student level for public school students. We examine learning inequality using five dimensions of potential social disadvantage measured in PISA: sex, rurality, home language, immigrant status, and socio-economic status (SES)—using the PISA measure of ESCS (Economic, Social, and Cultural Status) to measure SES. We document four important facts. First, with the exception of Ecuador, less than a third of the advantaged (male, urban, native, home speakers of the language of instruction) and ESCS elite (plus 2 standard deviations above the mean) children enrolled in public schools in PISA-D countries reach the SDG minimal target of PISA level 2 or higher in mathematics (with similarly low levels for reading and science). Even if learning differentials of enrolled students along all five dimensions of disadvantage were eliminated, the vast majority of children in these countries would not reach the SDG minimum targets. Second, the inequality in learning outcomes of the in-school children who were assessed by the PISA by household ESCS is mostly smaller in these less developed countries than in OECD or high-performing non-OECD countries. If the PISA-D countries had the same relationship of learning to ESCS as Denmark (as an example of a typical OECD country) or Vietnam (a high-performing developing country) their enrolled ESCS disadvantaged children would do worse, not better, than they actually do. Third, the disadvantages in learning outcomes along four characteristics: sex, rurality, home language, and being an immigrant country are absolutely large, but still small compared to the enormous gap between the advantaged, ESCS average students, and the SDG minimums. Given the massive global inequalities, remediating within-country inequalities in learning, while undoubtedly important for equity and justice, leads to only modest gains towards the SDG targets. Fourth, even including both public and private school students, there are strikingly few children in PISA-D countries at high levels of performance. The absolute number of children at PISA level 4 or above (reached by roughly 30 percent of OECD children) in the low performing PISA-D countries is less than a few thousand individuals, sometimes only a few hundred—in some subjects and countries just double or single digits. These four hard lessons from PISA-D reinforce the need to address global equity by “raising the floor” and targeting low learning levels (Crouch and Rolleston, 2017; Crouch, Rolleston, and Gustafsson, 2020). As Vietnam and other recent successes show, this can be done in developing country settings if education systems align around learning to improve the effectiveness of the teaching and learning processes to improve early learning of foundational skills.
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