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Academic literature on the topic 'Povertà relativa'

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Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Povertà relativa"

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D’Ambrosio, Maria, and Giovanni Laino. "Educatori come designer degli spazi perFormativi. Asili nido come ‘fabbriche' di cittadinanza e innovazione sociale." WELFARE E ERGONOMIA, no. 1 (June 2020): 39–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/we2020-001005.

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Il saggio apre uno spazio di riflessione sul tema della povertà educativa attraverso una pro-posta teorica e metodologica che investe le politiche e i servizi per l'infanzia di un ruolo stra-tegico nel ridisegno di un ecosistema territoriale in grado di qualificare in chiave pedagogica gli spazi e le attività rivolte ai minori e alla genitorialità. Una qualità pedagogica che passa per i professionisti dell'educazione, quindi per la loro formazione e per la loro postura da ricercatori in situazione, e anche per una pianificazione urbanistica strategica in grado di coniugarsi con una ‘visione' di città che contenga l'idea di spazio urbano e di relativa comu-nità educante, attenta alla complessità delle dinamiche che producono diseguaglianze, mar-ginalità e le molte forme di povertà. In questo senso, e recuperando una responsabilità istitu-zionale connessa alla responsabilità di ciascun professionista, il saggio fa emergere anche quanto pensato e sperimentato nell'attuazione del progetto IRIS (Interventi per Riqualificare e Innovare la Scuola) riferito agli asili nido e ai servizi per l'infanzia del Comune di Napoli. Politiche socio-educative e politiche urbane vengono lette come strumenti per connettere e articolare in chiave pedagogica, emancipativa, trasformativa, le azioni strutturali e integrate in grado di rispondere ai bisogni dell'infanzia e al ruolo dei professionisti dell'educazione, perché proprio a partire da questi professionisti si possa nutrire e potenziare la loro capacità/necessità di partecipazione alla vita e alla costruzione-rigenerazione dei legami sociali/territoriali, in chiave di contrasto alla povertà educativa. Si tratta cioè di recuperare per le professioni socio-educative e per i decisori istituzionali e i pianificatori delle politiche e dei servizi educativi, quella ‘sensibilità' e quella operosità, e quindi quella Vita Activa, rintraccia-ta dalla Arendt (1958) come specifica della condizione umana. Una condizione, quella sensi-bile e activa, quindi altamente interattiva e partecipativa, che ciascuno è chiamato a recupe-rare e a nutrire, proprio attraverso una qualità del gesto e della pratica educante che va ben oltre gli ‘spazi' destinati all'educazione. "L'educazione non è un'isola", sosteneva Jerome Bruner (1996), e in questo senso le politiche e i servizi educativi si devono riconnettere a una più estesa e complessa cultura dell'educazione che emerge proprio dalle dinamiche urbane, sociali, culturali, e trova nello spazio extra-quotidiano dell'educativo una possibilità concreta di innovazione e di nuova traiettoria. La qualità (pedagogica) dei servizi educativi in un qua-dro istituzionale di Welfare, è dunque quella possibilità della policy di tradursi in agency e di generare innovazione sociale ovvero variazioni sul piano della povertà educativa e dei feno-meni con cui si manifesta. La qualità (pedagogica) ha necessità di prendere corpo e di farsi spazio rigenerandosi in nuove pratiche che lavorino proprio sul nesso tra corpi e spazi, e sulla loro reciproca capacità di interazione. Lo scritto è dunque attraversato da un evidente sguardo epigenetico che tiene insieme rifles-sione epistemologica e sua istanza metodologica e qualifica le pratiche educative come ‘pale-stre' di cittadinanza e di coesione sociale in chiave trasformativa e rigenerativa, sia sul piano individuale che su quello politico e delle politiche, così da far emergere la metodologia ‘em-bodied' (Bongard-Pfeifer, 2007) come approccio bio-politico al governo ‘sensibile' del ‘vivente': perché l'educazione e la politica possono insieme ridisegnare un nuovo ecosistema per il process generativo della creatura vivente/living creature (Dewey, 1934).
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Della Puppa, A., P. Drigo, I. Mammi, P. Amistà, R. Iavicoli, P. A. Battistella, and C. Carollo. "Angiomi cavernosi multipli cerebrali ed epatici." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 6, no. 4 (November 1993): 419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/197140099300600407.

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Gli angiomi cavernosi cerebrali (ACC) sono una delle malformazioni vascolari del SNC meno frequenti. É nota peraltro la possibilità di ricorrenza familiare con modalità di trasmissione autosomica dominante. Presentiamo una famiglia italiana, seguita lungamente nel tempo, in cui 10 soggetti in 4 generazioni presentano ACC. Il reperto cerebrale era associato ad angioma cavernoso epatico (ACE) in 2 soggetti e ad angioma cavernoso retinico (ACR) in uno. La TC, eseguita in 9 soggetti, ha dimostrato una maggior capacità rispetto alla RM di rilevare le calcificazioni spesso presenti in queste malformazioni; la RM ha evidenziato d'altra parte un numero maggiore di cavernomi, soprattutto in sede sottotentoriale. 7 pazienti sono stati sottoposti ad esame angiografico con tecnica digitale sottrattiva. In nessun caso è stata dimostrata malformazione angiomatosa di tipo artero-venoso ed in 1 solo caso è stata rilevata una lieve persistenza di contrasto nelle fasi capillare-venose. Riteniamo meritevole di segnalazione questa famiglia per: l'associazione di ACC con ACE segnalata in 1 solo caso in letteratura (Filling - Katz) e la contemporanea associazione, pur in un solo paziente, di ACR; la costante molteplicità delle lesioni cerebrali, quasi sempre presenti sia in sede sopra che sottotentoriale; il contrasto tra la povertà dei sintomi e l'imponenza del quadro radiologico e la sua variabilità espressiva nelle diverse generazioni; l'elevato numero di soggetti affetti rispetto ad altre famiglie riportate in letteratura. I rilievi clinico-radiologici nella presente casistica ed i dati riportati dalla letteratura suggeriscono la necessità di uno studio neuroradiologico complementare TC ed RM nei soggetti affetti da ACC e nei familiari. Va peraltro tenuta presente la possibilità attuale di selezionare i pazienti da sottoporre ad angiografia tradizionale sulla base dei reperti ottenibili con angio-RM. Va sottolineata infine l'opportunità di una attenta e ponderata valutazione della terapia chirurgica proposta da molti autori, data la relativa benignità del decorso clinico riscontrata nei soggetti della nostra serie casistica.
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Nielsen, Lynge. "Global Relative Poverty." IMF Working Papers 09, no. 93 (2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451872408.001.

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Ravallion, Martin, and Shaohua Chen. "Weakly Relative Poverty." Review of Economics and Statistics 93, no. 4 (November 2011): 1251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00127.

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Mehdi, Tahsin. "Poverty comparisons with common relative poverty lines." Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods 46, no. 4 (March 22, 2016): 2029–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03610926.2015.1040504.

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LAYTE, RICHARD, BRIAN NOLAN, and CHRISTOPHER T. WHELAN. "Targeting Poverty: Lessons from Monitoring Ireland's National Anti-Poverty Strategy." Journal of Social Policy 29, no. 4 (October 2000): 553–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400006073.

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In 1997 the Irish government adopted the National Anti-Poverty Strategy (NAPS), a global target for the reduction of poverty which illuminates a range of issues relating to official poverty targets. The Irish target is framed in terms of a relative poverty measure incorporating both relative income and direct measures of deprivation based on data on the extent of poverty from 1994. Since 1994 Ireland has experienced an unprecedented period of economic growth that makes it particularly important to assess whether the target has been achieved, but in doing so we cannot avoid asking some underlying questions about how poverty should be measured and monitored over time. After briefly outlining the nature of the NAPS measure, this article examines trends in poverty in Ireland between 1987 and 1997. Results show that the relative income and deprivation components of the NAPS measure reveal differential trends with increasing relative income poverty, but decreasing deprivation. However, this differential could be due to the fact that the direct measures of deprivation upon which NAPS is based have not been updated to take account of changes in real living standards and increasing expectations. To test whether this is so, we examine the extent to which expectations about living standards and the structure of deprivation have changed over time using confirmatory factor analysis and tests of criterion validity using different definitions of deprivation. Results show that the combined income and deprivation measure, as originally constituted, continues to identify a set of households experiencing generalised deprivation resulting from a lack of resources.
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SHAW, BEVERLEY. "Poverty: absolute or relative?" Journal of Applied Philosophy 5, no. 1 (March 1988): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5930.1988.tb00226.x.

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Katikireddi, S. Vittal, and Ruth Dundas. "Relative poverty still matters." Lancet Public Health 2, no. 3 (March 2017): e126-e127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(17)30029-4.

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Zou, Wei, Xiaopei Cheng, Zengzeng Fan, and Chuhao Lin. "Measuring and Decomposing Relative Poverty in China." Land 12, no. 2 (January 23, 2023): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12020316.

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Poverty is a critical issue in sustainable development, and the study of poverty has gradually shifted from absolute to relative poverty. This paper measures three types of relative poverty—strongly relative poverty (50% of median income), strongly relative poverty (50% of mean income), and weakly relative poverty. Then this paper decomposes the change of relative poverty into the growth component, redistribution component, and poverty line change component. Further, the intra- and inter-group decompositions of relative poverty change are carried out by considering the urban and rural population mobility components. We apply the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) data from 1989 to 2015 for an empirical study. The results show that: (1) In recent years, the change in relative poverty in China has shown a trend of low fluctuation (1989–1997), rising fluctuation (1997–2006), and high fluctuation (2006–2015). (2) In the decomposition of relative poverty change, the growth component has the most excellent effect on alleviating relative poverty, the redistribution component exacerbates the occurrence of relative poverty in most years and reduces it in a few years, and the poverty line change component offsets the poverty reduction effect of the growth component. (3) The change in relative poverty is decomposed by urban and rural sub-groups, and it is found that the population mobility from rural to urban can reduce the national relative poverty.
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Zheng, Buhong. "Statistical inference for poverty measures with relative poverty lines." Journal of Econometrics 101, no. 2 (April 2001): 337–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4076(00)00088-9.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Povertà relativa"

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CARRA, ARIANNA. "Metodi statistici per lo studio della povertà. Applicazioni e analisi della realtà milanese." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/19872.

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L’originalità del lavoro consiste, principalmente, nell’aver applicato il metodo tradizionalmente impiegato dall’Istituto Nazionale di Statistica per la stima della povertà in Italia ad una realtà circoscritta ma comunque rilevante, quale può essere, ad esempio, quella della popolazione residente in un contesto urbano ampio e sviluppato sotto il profilo socio-economico. I dati raccolti attraverso l’indagine campionaria che, nel corso del 2007, è stata condotta dalla Camera di Commercio e dal Comune di Milano sui consumi delle famiglie milanesi, in modo analogo a quella che l’Istat compie annualmente sui bilanci delle famiglie italiane, hanno fornito la base “ideale” per la ricerca. Quest’ultima, volta, come anticipato, a testare gli effetti della metodologia applicata a livello ufficiale per quantificare la povertà relativa in ambiti ristretti ma comunque rilevanti e significativi, potrebbe essere valutata ed interpretata anche nella prospettiva di un reimpiego della medesima procedura in altri contesti simili, quali potrebbero essere, ad esempio, gli “agglomerati” urbani di Genova, Bologna, Torino, Roma e altri ancora. I primi, sorprendenti, risultati ottenuti in fase di analisi, successivamente hanno indotto, innanzitutto, a compiere qualche verifica più approfondita in merito alla “bontà di adattamento” della base di dati a disposizione all’universo delle famiglie residenti a Milano che era chiamata a rappresentare. Assodata, per quanto possibile, la validità dei dati utilizzati per l’analisi e, quindi, accettati i risultati apparentemente alquanto “discutibili”, che mostravano una notevole diffusione della povertà relativa intesa in senso economico e stimata in base alla spesa per consumi delle famiglie, la ricerca è stata “reindirizzata” e diretta sia verso l’elaborazione di ulteriori linee di povertà relativa, basate sulla spesa per consumi mediana ed in grado di offrire possibili stime “alternative” circa l’incidenza del fenomeno della deprivazione economica nel capoluogo lombardo (e che hanno consentito, in fase di esame dei risultati, di intraprendere una sorta di “analisi di sensibilità”), sia interrogandosi circa l’opportunità di attribuire validità, a livello ufficiale, ad un’unica linea di povertà, dal momento che questa pare mediare eccessivamente tra contesti troppo differenti tra loro. Difatti, come anche altri studi hanno evidenziato, il ricorso ad un’unica soglia di povertà provoca una forte sottostima del disagio economico al Nord e, in generale, nei grandi contesti urbani italiani e sovrastima la povertà al Sud e negli ambiti rurali. Concretamente, nella ricerca in questione, la discussione è stata condotta dapprima applicando alla base di dati le linee di povertà assolute elaborate dall’Istat in base alla nuova metodologia, che ha prodotto batterie di soglie di povertà a partire dal 2005 in avanti, e, successivamente, confrontando i diversi valori ottenuti per l’headcount ratio in funzione dei diversi criteri adottati per definire l’insieme dei “poveri”. In particolare, le riflessioni che più hanno indotto a ritenere valide le elaborazioni compiute sui dati campionari sono derivate dall’osservazione che l’indice di diffusione della povertà assoluta per le famiglie milanesi nel 2007 era notevolmente più elevato (8,03%) di quello “ufficiale” calcolato per il comparto del Nord Italia (3,5%) e, comunque, decisamente ridotto rispetto a quello di incidenza della deprivazione relativa elaborato sempre per le sole famiglie residenti a Milano nel 2007 (17,05%). Una volta preso atto che, soprattutto nella specificità della popolazione residente a Milano, la linea di povertà relativa tende ad individuare, principalmente, le unità che non manifestano un comportamento di spesa per consumi “conforme” allo standard emergente nella collettività di cui costituiscono comunque parte integrante, lo studio ha trovato la sua “naturale” conclusione nell’elaborazione di un “profilo della povertà” milanese in corrispondenza di ogni batteria di soglie di deprivazione elaborata, evidenziando i tratti sociali, demografici ma anche economici (si pensi, ad esempio, al livello della spesa media per consumi delle unità qualificate come “povere”) che caratterizzano le famiglie che si collocano sotto la linea di povertà.
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Trigger, David Scott, and n/a. "Does the way we measure poverty matter? : an analysis of alternative poverty measures with particular reference to changes in the level of poverty in Australia between 1975 and 1994." University of Canberra. Management & Technology, 2000. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061109.153010.

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There has been considerable controversy and debate over recent years about the most appropriate method of measuring poverty. This debate has included, among other issues, the questions of absolute versus relative poverty, the merits of money income as a measure of the standard of living and the associated selection of poverty lines and equivalence scales, and the selection of alternative indices of poverty. A review of the literature indicates that the choice of differing approaches to poverty measurement can lead to differing estimates of poverty. In the face of such results an evaluation of the impact upon poverty estimates of alternative measurement methodology is appropriate. This thesis assesses the impact upon the estimated level of poverty of variations in some of the key poverty measurement parameters. The expenditure data derived from the 1975-76, 1984 and 1993-94 Household Expenditure Surveys have been analysed to assess the sensitivity of poverty estimates, derived from a range of poverty indices, to variations in the generosity of the equivalence scales, the level of the poverty line, and the choice of the indicator of the level of resources used. The sensitivity of each poverty index to variations in these parameters is assessed at both the aggregated level and for the specified household types, while those population subgroups particularly susceptible to poverty are also identified. The poverty distributions derived for each of the survey years are compared to evaluate the impact upon changes in the level of poverty over time of variations in the underlying parameters. The thesis concludes that both poverty estimates at a point in time, and poverty trends over time are sensitive to variations in the equivalence scales, in the level of the poverty line, in the selection of the indicator of the level of resources, and in the choice of poverty index itself. In light of these results, a review of recent Australian poverty research concludes that insufficient attention has been paid to the sensitivity issues associated with the measurement of poverty.
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Stenbäcken, Rasmus. "Do Self-Sustainable MFI:s help alleviate relative poverty?" Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6406.

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The subject of this paper is microfinance and the question: Do self-sustainable MFI:s alleviate poverty?.

A MFI is a micro financial institution, a regular bank or a NGO that has transformed into a licensed financial institutions, focused on microenterprises. To answer the question data has been gathered in Ecuador, South America. South America have a large amount of self sustainable MFI:s. Ecuador was selected as the country to be studied as it has an intermediate level of market penetration in the micro financial sector. To determine relative poverty before and after the access to microcredit, interviews were used. The data retrieved in the interviews was used to determine the impact of micro credit on different aspects of relative poverty using the Difference in Difference method.

Significant differences are found between old and new clients as well as for the change over time. But no significant results are found for the difference in change over time for clients compared to the non-clients. The author argues that the insignificant result can either be a result of a too small sample size, disturbances in the sample selection or that this specific kind of institution have little or no affect on the current clients economical development.

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Cookson, Jr John Anthony. "The Relative Poverty of American Indian Reservations: Why Does Reservation Poverty Persist Despite Rich Neighbors?" Thesis, Montana State University, 2006. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2006/cookson/CooksonJ0506.pdf.

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American Indian reservations have per capita incomes $9,000 lower than adjacent counties. This paper seeks to explain why using an approach akin to the analysis of country-level data. I estimate differences in levels of income and income growth for a decade where Indian economies were transformed greatly by casino gambling - the 1990s. I test several recent innovations in the theory of economic growth within the context of American Indian economies and assess how economic performance depends on veto players, human capital investment, and windfall wealth. I find that measures of rule of law, rent seeking, and human capital are the most economically significant predictors of the per capita income gap. In addition, the size of Indian casinos is strongly correlated with convergence and economic growth, suggesting that tribal investment in Indian casinos plays an important role in reservation economies. From the work done here, promoting economic growth through enhancing a stable investment climate appears to be the most successful development strategy. Moreover, this study contributes to the broader literature on economic growth by providing new insight into the way institutional quality affects the speed of, or potentially lack of, convergence.
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Gomez, Katya Rodriguez. "Poverty in Mexico : the development of a relative poverty line for the twenty first century." Thesis, University of Essex, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.495564.

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Poverty is a severe problem in Mexico. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, approximately half of the Mexican population suffers from poverty, according to official estimates. In 2000, for the first time in Mexican history, the government calculated an official poverty line. At first glance, the existence of an official poverty line may be seen as helpful not only because it indicates an official recognition of the problem, but also because it could serve as a benchmark for measuring any potential improvement in the battle against poverty. However, in practice this situation is not so straightforward. I demonstrate in this study that the official poverty line is misleading regarding the patterns of poverty in Mexico, in terms of the definition and measurement of the condition of poverty, and the necessary policy actions to overcome it. In order to challenge the governmental approach I review the academic debates on poverty, in particular in 'North' countries, and the analysis of current academic practices in Mexico. According to these theoretical bases, this study applies for the first time concerning the Mexican case a conception of poverty as relative deprivation using the sociological notion of citizenship as an indicator to define 'normal' standards of living, and taking it as a benchmark to measure poverty. Based on this alternative concept of poverty, this thesis analyses the failure of antipoverty policies in Mexico, and proposes guidelines for alternative policy making.
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Larsson, Malin. "Development of Chilean Poverty : Evidence from 1990 - 2009." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-155054.

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Larsson, Daniel. "Exposure to crime as a consequence of poverty : five investigations about relative deprivation, poverty and exposure to crime." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of Sociology, Umeå University, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-832.

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Hjalmarsson, Simon. "Socially poorer than peers? : Economic resources and school class friendship relations." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-116957.

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That a lack of economic resources negatively affects the social relations of children is often assumed, sometimes described, but rarely tested using methods allowing generalization. When addressing this issue, previous research has largely been limited to self-reported data on social relations. This thesis uses peer reported measures of social relations in combination with survey and register data to examine the effect of economic resources on the probability of social isolation and on the number of school class friendships of Swedish adolescents. While not entirely unambiguous, the results indicate that a lack of economic resources negatively affects the social relations of children, at least in regards to the school class social relations of adolescents. The results point to the importance for adolescent’s social relations of having the economic and material possibilities to participate in the social life and in the activities undertaken by peers.
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Bradbury, Bruce William Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. "Family Size and Relative Need." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Economics, 1997. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/17174.

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This thesis examines three questions concerned with the relative income needs of families of different sizes - often summarised by indices known as ???equivalence scales???. The first is the extent to which researchers and policy makers should offset the costs of family composition (eg the expenditure costs of children) with the benefits associated with demographic choice (eg the ???joys of parenthood???). Chapter 2 concludes that there are demographic and financial market constraints that will often make a narrow focus on expenditure costs appropriate for distributional research and tax/transfer policies. However, this will not always be the case. One implication of this result is that it may be reasonable for distributional research to use different equivalence scales for adults and children in the same household. Part 2 of the thesis introduces a new method for the estimation of the within-household income distribution and expenditure costs of different family types. This is based upon the household welfare model of Samuelson together with Lau???s method for modelling the joint consumption of household goods. In Chapter 4, this method is applied to the estimation of equivalence scales for older singles and married couples. The estimation is based upon a detailed set of assumptions about the extent of joint consumption for 17 different commodity groups. The main conclusions are that: the theoretical model fits the observed behaviour well (with the exception of some home production effects); that aged couples share their income relatively evenly; and that the relative rate of pension for aged singles in Australia is probably too low. In Part 3, the thesis examines how changes in poverty can be estimated when there is uncertainty about the equivalence scale. The thesis proposes a new method which permits a set of upper and lower bounds for the equivalence scale to be assumed, which in turn determine upper and lower bounds for the increase in poverty. This method is applied to measure the change in poverty in Australia during the 1980s. Equivalence scales can be found that imply either an increase or a decrease in poverty.
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Tessema, Ermyas Arega. "The relation between ICT and poverty reduction : the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5275.

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Thesis (MPhil (Information Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: National Statistical offices (NSOs) are the sources of wide ranges of socio-economic, demographic and agricultural data and information that are used to monitor and evaluate development programs and formulate policies. The data generated by NSOs is used as basis for making decisions and also used to assess the extent and causes of poverty. Various stakeholders such as researchers, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the UN, and various NGOs prepare and release research materials and annual reports using data and information obtained from NSOs and line ministries. For example, Deneulin and Shahani state that one of the intentions of the annual Human Development Report (HDR) prepared by the UNDP is “to assess the quality of life of a population and be an advocacy tool for its improvement with a political purpose of raising awareness and generating debate on public issues and concerns which would otherwise not be on the political agenda”1. Based on the different approaches to poverty, different sets of data and information are produced and used for poverty measurement. Mostly, poverty is measured using data obtained from nationally representative household surveys which focus on income and expenditure, ownership, access to and use of some basic services. Another approach uses data on mental satisfaction; still others assume poverty to be multi-dimensional and argue that income alone is not enough. They view poverty as deprivation of basic capabilities due to high rates of mortality, illiteracy, malnourishment, unemployment, ill health, lack of education and social exclusion, etc2. The quality of data and information (such as integrity, methodological soundness, accuracy and reliability, serviceability and accessibility) generated by data-producingagencies therefore needs to be preserved and improved in order to obtain meaningful results from the measurement of poverty in any of the approaches and to satisfy the growing data quality demands of stakeholders. Loshin states that “strategic decisions based on untrustworthy information are likely to result in poor decisions”3. This study focuses on the role played by national statistical offices in poverty reduction in general. It examines the various activities, players, interactions, and ICTs used at the various stages of the statistical process in the Ethiopian Central Statistical Agency (CSA) to generate poverty-related data and information and how the quality of this data can be preserved and improved. The purpose of this research is therefore to identify poverty related data quality problems with respect to the IMF’s DQAF and assess where in the statistical process specific types of ICTs can improve data quality. For this reason interpretive case study method with the researcher as participant observer was adopted to study how poverty related data and information is produced. It was found out that some of the data quality problems can be addressed using appropriate ICTs with the availability of reliable power infrastructures.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Nasionale Statistiekkantore (NSOs) is die bron van ‘n wye reeks sosio-ekonomiese, demografiese en landboukundige data en inligting wat gebruik word om ontwikkelingsprogramme te monitor en te evalueer. Die data wat deur NSOs geskep word, word aangewend as grondslag vir besluitneming. Die data word ook gebruik om die omvang en oorsake van armoede te bepaal. Verskeie betrokkenes soos navorsers, die Wêreldbank (WB), Internasionale Monetêre Fonds (IMF) en die VN en NSOs skep en versprei verskillende navorsingsuitsette en jaarverslae wat gebruik maak van die data en inligting wat verkry word van NSOs en ministeries. So konstateer Deneulin en Shahani dat een van die doelstellings van die Verslag op Menslike Ontwikkeling (HDR), soos opgestel deur die VNDP, is om “die lewensgehalte van ‘n bevolking te skat en om as werktuig en voorspraak vir die verbetering daarvan op te tree, met die politiese doelwit om bewustheid te verhoog en debatvoering oor openbare sake en kwessies, wat andersins nie op die agenda sou verskyn nie, aan te voor”.4. Na gelang van die verskillende benaderings tot armoede word verskillende stelle data en inligting geproduseer en gebruik vir die meting van armoede. Armoede word gewoonlik gemeet deur data te gebruik wat bekom word van landswye opnames van huishoudings en ingestel is op inkomste en besteding, besitreg, toegang tot en die gebruik van ‘n paar basiese dienste. ‘n Ander benadering gebruik data oor geestelike bevrediging; ander weer aanvaar dat armoede multidimensioneel is en voer aan dat inkomste alleen nie genoeg is nie. Hulle beskou armoede as die ontbering van basiese vermoëns weens ‘n hoë sterftesyfer, ongeletterdheid, ondervoeding, siekte, gebrekkige onderwys, sosiale uitsluiting en dies meer5. Die gehalte van data en inligting (soos integriteit, metodologiese deeglikheid, akkuraatheid en betroubaarheid, bruikbaarheid en toeganklikheid) wat deur agentskappe opgelewer word moet dus bewaar en verbeter word ten einde ‘n beduidende resultaat te bekom uit die meting van armoede deur enige van die benaderings en ook om belanghebbendes se groeiende aandrang op datagehalte te bevredig. Loshin beweer dat “strategiese besluite gebaseer op onbetroubare inligting waarskynlik swak besluitneming tot gevolg sal hê”.6. Hierdie ondersoek konsentreer op die rol wat gespeel word deur nasionale statistiekkantore in die algemene bekamping van armoede. Dit ondersoek die verskillende aktiwiteite, rolspelers, interaksies en ICTs wat op verskeie stadiums van die statistiese proses deur die Etiopiese Sentrale Statistiekagentskap (CSA) gebruik word om data en inligting oor armoede te skep en hoe die betroubaarheid van data behou en verbeter kan word. Die doel van hierdie navorsing is dus om kwaliteitsprobleme wat verband hou met armoededata ten opsigte van die IMF se DQAF te identifiseer en om te besluit waar in die statistiese proses bepaalde soort ICT’s die gehalte van data kan identifiseer. Om hierdie rede is die interpretiewe gevallestudiemetode aanvaar om te bepaal hoe armoede-verwante data en inligting geskep word. Die slotsom was dat sommige van die probleme in datagehalte aangespreek kan word deur die gebruik van gepaste ICT’s met die beskikbaarheid van betroubare mag-infrakstrukture.
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Books on the topic "Povertà relativa"

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Ravallion, Martin. Weakly relative poverty. [Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2009.

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Federighi, Paolo, ed. Educazione in età adulta. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-752-8.

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Il volume presenta l’esito di una serie di incontri e seminari che, a più livelli, hanno contribuito alla costruzione del Convegno Internazionale La ricerca sull’Educazione in età Adulta nelle università italiane tenutosi all’Università di Firenze il 23 e 24 novembre 2017. I vari contributi hanno provato a dare risposta alla domanda sull’origine e lo sviluppo dell’educazione degli adulti in Italia all’interno dei contesti accademici. Cosa significa occuparsi di tale ambito di ricerca? Le direttrici indagate hanno riflettuto su una molteplicità di approcci di ricerca e hanno ricostruito la varietà delle teorie, dei modelli, degli autori che hanno tratteggiato lo sviluppo della disciplina in Italia negli ultimi cinquant’anni. Tra i temi trattati: accrescimento della qualità educativa dei luoghi di lavoro, comprensione dell’educazione incorporata nei luoghi di lavoro, studio delle finalità dell’educazione nei luoghi formali e informali. Si è giunti così a un tema originalmente rilevato, ma non toccato dalla letteratura nazionale, ovvero la questione delle diseguaglianze e la povertà relativa, fenomeni importanti per comprendere lo sviluppo delle società del futuro.
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Robson, B. T. Relative deprivation in Northern Ireland. Belfast: Policy, Planning and Research Unit, Department of Finance and Personnel, 1994.

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Ravallion, Martin. Who cares about relative deprivation ? [Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2005.

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Nolan, Brian. Cross-national poverty comparisons using relative poverty lines: An application and some lessons. Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute, 1989.

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Tim, Callan, and Economic and Social Research Institute., eds. Why is relative income poverty so high in Ireland? Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute, 2004.

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Tobin, James. Poverty in relation to macroeconomic trends, cycles and policies. New Haven, CN: Yale University, Cowles Foundation, 1992.

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Chowdhury, Tamgid Ahmed. Relative effectiveness of alternative microfinance-driven poverty alleviation programs in Bangladesh. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013.

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Nolan, Brian. Relative poverty lines: An application to Irish data for 1973 and 1980. Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute, 1988.

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Nolan, Brian. The distribution of income and relative income poverty in the European Community household panel. Colchester: Institute for Social and Economic Research, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Povertà relativa"

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Müller, Julia, and Christian Neuhäuser. "Relative Poverty." In Humiliation, Degradation, Dehumanization, 159–72. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9661-6_12.

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Eskelinen, Teppo. "Relative Poverty." In Encyclopedia of Global Justice, 942–43. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9160-5_182.

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Waglé, Udaya R. "Relative Poverty Rate." In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 5449–51. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_2459.

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Waglé, Udaya R. "Relative Poverty Rate." In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 1–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69909-7_2459-2.

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Saltkjel, Therese, and Ira Malmberg-Heimonen. "Absolute or relative?" In Routledge International Handbook of Poverty, 24–32. 1. Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429058103-3.

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Crowley, Adam. "Relative Poverty and Slumming Simulations." In Representations of Poverty in Videogames, 35–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-00144-4_2.

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Putnam, Daniel. "Poverty as a Social Relation." In Philosophy and Poverty, 41–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31711-9_3.

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Brülle, Jan. "The Dynamics of Relative Income Poverty." In Poverty Trends in Germany and Great Britain, 205–34. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-20892-9_6.

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Shen, Yangyang. "Relieving Relative Poverty in Rural China." In Rural Poverty, Growth, and Inequality in China, 229–38. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9655-8_10.

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Ejrnæs, Anders. "Relative deprivation and subjective social position." In Routledge International Handbook of Poverty, 78–95. 1. Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429058103-7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Povertà relativa"

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Gao, Boyang. "Poverty is Relative." In 2021 4th International Conference on Humanities Education and Social Sciences (ICHESS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211220.080.

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Sadyrtdinov, Ruslan, Dmitry Rodnyansky, Ivan Makarov, and Olga Shirokova. "Relative Poverty Measurement by Equivalent Income." In International Conference on Trends of Technologies and Innovations in Economic and Social Studies 2017. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ttiess-17.2017.95.

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Madzimure, Tariro. "Determinants of Poverty Reduction: A Relative Panel Data Analysis between Positive and Negative Poverty Reduction Economies." In 2nd International Conference on Social Sciences in the 21st Century. GLOBALKS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/2nd.ics21.2020.03.121.

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Sadyrtdinov, Ruslan. "Estimation Of Relative Poverty In Russian Regions Using Equivalence Scales." In II International Scientific and Practical Conference "Individual and Society in the Modern Geopolitical Environment" Conference. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.12.04.91.

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Shi, Xinxin, and Shengji Li. "Study on poverty-causing factors of relative poverty in Jilin Province-Empirical analysis based on binary logit model." In 2022 3rd International Conference on Education, Knowledge and Information Management (ICEKIM). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icekim55072.2022.00144.

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Li, Yue. "Research on the Countermeasures of Relative Poverty Alleviation in Underdeveloped Areas." In 2021 International Conference on Social Sciences and Big Data Application (ICSSBDA 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211216.029.

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Xuelan, Wang, Cai Xiaoshen, and Chen Shuang. "Research on Hotspots and Trends in Relative Poverty Governance Based on Bibliometric Analysis." In 2021 International Conference on Management Science and Software Engineering (ICMSSE). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmsse53595.2021.00033.

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Ildırar, Mustafa, and Erhan İşcan. "Corruption, Poverty and Economic Performance: Eastern Europe and Central Asia (ECA) Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01261.

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Corruption, defined as “the misuse of public power for private benefit.” The World Bank describes corruption as one of the greatest obstacles to economic and social development. It undermines development by distorting the rule of law and weakening the institutional foundation on which economic performance depends. In past decades, many theoretical and empirical studies have presented corruption hinders investment, reduces economic growth, restricts trade, distorts government expenditures and strengthens the underground economy. In addition, they have shown a strong connection between corruption and poverty and income inequality. On the other hand, the literature on corruption points to the conclusion that corruption by itself does not lead to poverty. Rather, corruption has direct consequences on economic and governance factors, intermediaries that in turn produce poverty. Although corruption is seen in many countries in the world, it is higher and widespread in developing countries. This study investigates relation between corruption, poverty, and economic performance by using a panel consisting of countries in the Eastern Europe and Central Asia countries. It was shown that corruption affected directly economic performance and low economic performance leads to poverty. Additionally, results imply that rules against corruption could affect economic growth indirectly through their impact on the level of corruption.
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Banovcinova, Andrea, and Martina Zakova. "LABOR MARKET ACTIVITY � PROTECTIVE VS. RISK FACTOR IN RELATION TO THE WORKING POVERTY?" In 7th SWS International Scientific Conference on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS 2020 Proceedings. STEF92 Technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sws.iscss.2020.7.1/s07.43.

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Xie, Ting-ting. "An empirical study of rural civil finance and rural poverty reduction relation on Xinjiang." In 2013 IEEE International Conference on Grey Systems and Intelligent Services (GSIS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gsis.2013.6714736.

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Reports on the topic "Povertà relativa"

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Dupas, Pascaline, Marcel Fafchamps, and Deivy Houeix. Measuring Relative Poverty through Peer Rankings: Evidence from Côte D’Ivoire. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29911.

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Serneels, Pieter, and Stefan Dercon. Aspirations, Poverty and Education: Evidence from India. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/053.

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This paper investigates whether aspirations matter for education, which offers a common route out of poverty. We find that mother aspirations are strongly related to the child’s grade achieved at age 18. The relation is nonlinear, suggesting there is a threshold, and depends on caste, household income and the village setting. The coefficients remain large and significant when applying control function estimation, using firstborn son as instrument. A similar strong relation is observed with learning outcomes, including local language, English and maths test results, and with attending school, but not with attending private education. These results are confirmed for outcomes at age 15. The findings provide direct evidence on the contribution of mother aspirations to children’s education outcomes and point to aspirations as a channel of intergenerational mobility. They suggest that education outcomes can be improved more rapidly by taking aspirations into account when targeting education programmes, and through interventions that shape aspirations.
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Kosec, Katrina, Cecilia Hyunjung Mo, Emily Schmidt, and Jie Song. How do perceptions of relative poverty affect women's empowerment? Evidence from Papua New Guinea. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133520.

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Kosec, Katrina, Cecilia Hyunjung Mo, Emily Schmidt, and Jie Song. How do perceptions of relative poverty affect women's empowerment? Evidence from Papua New Guinea. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133537.

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Nolan, Brian, Brenda Gannon, Richard Layte, Dorothy Watson, Christopher T. Whelan, and James Williams. Monitoring Poverty Trends in Ireland: Results from the 2000 Living in Ireland survey. ESRI, July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/prs45.

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This study is the latest in a series monitoring the evolution of poverty, based on data gathered by The ESRI in the Living in Ireland Surveys since 1994. These have allowed progress towards achieving the targets set out in the National Anti Poverty Strategy since 1997 to be assessed. The present study provides an updated picture using results from the 2000 round of the Living in Ireland survey. The numbers interviewed in the 2000 Living in Ireland survey were enhanced substantially, to compensate for attrition in the panel survey since it commenced in 1994. Individual interviews were conducted with 8,056 respondents. Relative income poverty lines do not on their own provide a satisfactory measure of exclusion due to lack of resources, but do nonetheless produce important key indicators of medium to long-term background trends. The numbers falling below relative income poverty lines were most often higher in 2000 than in 1997 or 1994. The income gap for those falling below these thresholds also increased. By contrast, the percentage of persons falling below income lines indexed only to prices (rather than average income) since 1994 or 1997 fell sharply, reflecting the pronounced real income growth throughout the distribution between then and 2000. This contrast points to the fundamental factors at work over this highly unusual period: unemployment fell very sharply and substantial real income growth was seen throughout the distribution, including social welfare payments, but these lagged behind income from work and property so social welfare recipients were more likely to fall below thresholds linked to average income. The study shows an increasing probability of falling below key relative income thresholds for single person households, those affected by illness or disability, and for those who are aged 65 or over - many of whom rely on social welfare support. Those in households where the reference person is unemployed still face a relatively high risk of falling below the income thresholds but continue to decline as a proportion of all those below the lines. Women face a higher risk of falling below those lines than men, but this gap was marked among the elderly. The study shows a marked decline in deprivation levels across different household types. As a result consistent poverty, that is the numbers both below relative income poverty lines and experiencing basic deprivation, also declined sharply. Those living in households comprising one adult with children continue to face a particularly high risk of consistent poverty, followed by those in families with two adults and four or more children. The percentage of adults in households below 70 per cent of median income and experiencing basic deprivation was seen to have fallen from 9 per cent in 1997 to about 4 per cent, while the percentage of children in such households fell from 15 per cent to 8 per cent. Women aged 65 or over faced a significantly higher risk of consistent poverty than men of that age. Up to 2000, the set of eight basic deprivation items included in the measure of consistent poverty were unchanged, so it was important to assess whether they were still capturing what would be widely seen as generalised deprivation. Factor analysis suggested that the structuring of deprivation items into the different dimensions has remained remarkably stable over time. Combining low income with the original set of basic deprivation indicators did still appear to identify a set of households experiencing generalised deprivation as a result of prolonged constraints in terms of command over resources, and distinguished from those experiencing other types of deprivation. However, on its own this does not tell the whole story - like purely relative income measures - nor does it necessarily remain the most appropriate set of indicators looking forward. Finally, it is argued that it would now be appropriate to expand the range of monitoring tools to include alternative poverty measures incorporating income and deprivation. Levels of deprivation for some of the items included in the original basic set were so low by 2000 that further progress will be difficult to capture empirically. This represents a remarkable achievement in a short space of time, but poverty is invariably reconstituted in terms of new and emerging social needs in a context of higher societal living standards and expectations. An alternative set of basic deprivation indicators and measure of consistent poverty is presented, which would be more likely to capture key trends over the next number of years. This has implications for the approach adopted in monitoring the National Anti-Poverty Strategy. Monitoring over the period to 2007 should take a broader focus than the consistent poverty measure as constructed to date, with attention also paid to both relative income and to consistent poverty with the amended set of indicators identified here.
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Anderson, Kristy A., Anne M. Roux, Hillary Steinberg, Tamara Garfield, Jessica E. Rast, Paul T. Shattuck, and Lindsay L. Shea. The Intersection of National Autism Indicators Report: Autism, Health, Poverty and Racial Inequity. A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17918/nairintersection2022.

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This report examines the following two questions: 1) do income-based differences in health and health care outcomes look the same for children with and without autism? and 2) do income-based differences in health and health care outcomes look the same for BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, and People of Color) children with autism and white children with autism? Examining the health and healthcare outcomes of children with autism in combination with other social characteristics offers several advantages. First, we can illuminate how demographics alone, and in combination with other social characteristics of children, are associated with differences in the rates of health and healthcare outcomes they experience. Second, it increases our understanding of the health-related experiences of social groups who are often neglected in research. Third, it provides current and comprehensive evidence on how children with autism experience relative disadvantages related to social determinants of health, which are aspects of the environment that affect health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks.
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Frieson, Kate Grace. A Gender Assessment of SEACFMD 2020: A Roadmap to Prevent, Control and Eradicate foot and mouth disease (by 2020) in Southeast Asia and China. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/standz.2785.

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This gender assessment of SEACFMD 2020: A Roadmap to Prevent, Control and Eradicate foot and mouth disease (by 2020) in Southeast Asia and China, responds to the requirement of AusAID that all strategies affecting human health, food security and poverty alleviation incorporate a gender perspective as women are not often included in the technical and community based aspects of programs relating to animal health and disease control. Gender roles and responsibilities affect women’s and men’s ability and incentive to participate in FMD roadmap activities, and can potentially lead to different project impacts for men and women.
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Arora, Saurabh, Arora, Saurabh, Ajit Menon, M. Vijayabaskar, Divya Sharma, and V. Gajendran. People’s Relational Agency in Confronting Exclusion in Rural South India. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/steps.2021.004.

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Social exclusion is considered critical for understanding poverty, livelihoods, inequality and political participation in rural India. Studies show how exclusion is produced through relations of power associated with gender, caste, religion and ethnicity. Studies also document how people confront their exclusion. We use insights from these studies – alongside science and technology studies – and rely on life history narratives of ‘excluded’ people from rural Tamil Nadu, to develop a new approach to agency as constituted by two contrasting ways of relating: control and care. These ways of relating are at once social and material. They entangle humans with each other and with material worlds of nature and technology, while being mediated by structures such as social norms and cultural values. Relations of control play a central role in constituting exclusionary forms of agency. In contrast, relations of care are central to the agency of resistance against exclusion and of livelihood-building by the ‘excluded’. Relations can be transformed through agency in uncertain ways that are highly sensitive to trans-local contexts. We offer examples of policy-relevant questions that our approach can help to address for apprehending social exclusion in rural India and elsewhere.
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Bharadwaj, Sowmyaa, Jo Howard, and Pradeep Narayanan. Using Participatory Action Research Methodologies for Engaging and Researching with Religious Minorities in Contexts of Intersecting Inequalities. Institute of Development Studies, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2020.009.

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While there is growing scholarship on the intersectional nature of people’s experience of marginalisation, analyses tend to ignore religion-based inequalities. A lack of Freedom of Religion and Belief (FoRB) undermines people’s possibilities of accessing services and rights and enjoying wellbeing (World Bank 2013; Narayan et al. 2000, Deneulin and Shahani 2009). In this paper, we discuss how religion and faith-based inequalities intersect with other horizontal and vertical inequalities, to create further exclusions within as well as between groups. We offer our experience of using participatory action research (PAR) methodologies to enable insights into lived experiences of intersecting inequalities. In particular, we reflect on intersecting inequalities in the context of India, and share some experiences of facilitating PAR processes with marginalised groups, such as Denotified Tribes (DNT). We introduce a FoRB lens to understand how DNT communities in India experience marginalisation and oppression. The examples discussed here focus on the intersection of religious belief with caste, tribal, gender and other socially constructed identities, as well as poverty. Through taking a PAR approach to working with these communities, we show how PAR can offer space for reflection, analysis, and sometimes action with relation to religion-based and other inequalities. We share some lessons that are useful for research, policy and practice, which we have learned about methods for working with vulnerable groups, about how religion-based inequalities intersect with others, and the assumptions and blind spots that can perpetuate these inequalities.
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Berkman, Nancy D., Eva Chang, Julie Seibert, Rania Ali, Deborah Porterfield, Linda Jiang, Roberta Wines, Caroline Rains, and Meera Viswanathan. Management of High-Need, High-Cost Patients: A “Best Fit” Framework Synthesis, Realist Review, and Systematic Review. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer246.

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Background. In the United States, patients referred to as high-need, high-cost (HNHC) constitute a very small percentage of the patient population but account for a disproportionally high level of healthcare use and cost. Payers, health systems, and providers would like to improve the quality of care and health outcomes for HNHC patients and reduce their costly use of potentially preventable or modifiable healthcare services, including emergency department (ED) and hospital visits. Methods. We assessed evidence of criteria that identify HNHC patients (best fit framework synthesis); developed program theories on the relationship among contexts, mechanisms, and outcomes of interventions intended to change HNHC patient behaviors (realist review); and assessed the effectiveness of interventions (systematic review). We searched databases, gray literature, and other sources for evidence available from January 1, 2000, to March 4, 2021. We included quantitative and qualitative studies of HNHC patients (high healthcare use or cost) age 18 and over who received intervention services in a variety of settings. Results. We included 110 studies (117 articles). Consistent with our best fit framework, characteristics associated with HNHC include patient chronic clinical conditions, behavioral health factors including depression and substance use disorder, and social risk factors including homelessness and poverty. We also identified prior healthcare use and race as important predictors. We found limited evidence of approaches for distinguishing potentially preventable or modifiable high use from all high use. To understand how and why interventions work, we developed three program theories in our realist review that explain (1) targeting HNHC patients, (2) engaging HNHC patients, and (3) engaging care providers in these interventions. Theories identify the need for individualizing and tailoring services for HNHC patients and the importance of building trusting relationships. For our systematic review, we categorized evidence based on primary setting. We found that ED-, primary care–, and home-based care models result in reduced use of healthcare services (moderate to low strength of evidence [SOE]); ED, ambulatory intensive caring unit, and primary care-based models result in reduced costs (low SOE); and system-level transformation and telephonic/mail models do not result in changes in use or costs (low SOE). Conclusions. Patient characteristics can be used to identify patients who are potentially HNHC. Evidence focusing specifically on potentially preventable or modifiable high use was limited. Based on our program theories, we conclude that individualized and tailored patient engagement and resources to support care providers are critical to the success of interventions. Although we found evidence of intervention effectiveness in relation to cost and use, the studies identified in this review reported little information for determining why individual programs work, for whom, and when.
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