Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Poussière carbonée'
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Boutéraon, Thomas. "Nano-poussières carbonées dans les disques protoplanétaires." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS250/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on spectroscopic signatures of carbon nanoparticles in the near and mid-infrared in protoplanetary disks. These signatures are widely observed in the interstellar medium and galaxies and thus represent an essential tool for studying their physical conditions. In particular, their study in the circumstellar environments of Herbig stars contributes to our knowledge of the formation of planetary systems and the dust cycle in the MilkyWay. Even if dust represents only a small percentage of galactic matter, it is key to the formation of complex chemical species, photoelectric gas heating, energy balance or structural dynamics. Thus, it participates directly in the evolution of protoplanetary disks.This work is based in particular on spatially resolved spectroscopic observation data obtained with the NaCo instrument at the VLT in the near infrared between 3 and 4 μm. The THEMIS model provides an interpretative framework for observations by proposing a physical dust model in which optical properties are calculated by considering the composition, structure and size of grain populations. THEMIS proposes a scenario of its evolution through the different phasesof the interstellar medium.The results obtained show that carbon sub-nanoparticles with high aromaticity are present in a widespread and structured manner at the surface ofprotoplanetary disks. Their degree of aromaticity increases with the intensity of the stellar radiation field. Moreover, the observation of these particles close to the star suggests their continuous replenishment. Modelling the dust emission under disk conditions highlights the contributions of dust populations according to the wavelength and the radiation field.This work is related to the preparation of the James Webb Space Telescope mission which will allow to observe protoplanetary disks over a wide infrared range (0.6-28 μm) with a resolution of 0.1”. This work also led to the production of two articles, one published and the other submitted to the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
Grieco, Francesco. "Le rôle de la poussière carbonée dans le milieu interstellaire en tant que catalyseur pour la formation de molécules et la croissance des grains." Electronic Thesis or Diss., CY Cergy Paris Université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024CYUN1306.
Full textThis Thesis presents a comprehensive study of the interaction between dust grains andvarious gas-phase species in the ISM. The main results involve the use of surfaces likeices and coronene, a surface that resembles polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs),with gas-phase H and O elements. We investigate how dust grains can catalyze the formation of new molecules through processes like adsorption, diffusion, surface reactions and desorption in typical ISM conditions.The Thesis includes three experimental Chapters (4, 5 and 6), performed at LERMACYUby using the FORMOLISM setup, that are complemented by two theoretical studies(Chapters 8 and 9), conducted with Cloudy and Nautilus codes at UGent. The experiments focus on the role that different dust grain surfaces and ice layers have onthe Binding Energies (BEs) of molecules (Chapter 4), on the experimental formation ofH2 on coronene up to 250 K (Chapter 5) and on the formation of solid water on dustat temperatures up to 85 K (Chapter 6). Several astrophysical implications are alsodiscussed.The results presented in Chapter 5 show how H2 can form in molecular clouds with dusttemperatures >20 K and this is extremely relevant to explain the efficient H2 and starformation in high redshift galaxies. Chapter 6 gives new insights on the formation oficy mantles that could be forming at higher temperature than previously demonstrated,being a significant way to explain the gas-phase elemental O depletion observed in suchconditions. Moreover, the disappearance of PAHs in the transition from diffuse to denseclouds could be explained by the dust grains starting to be covered by ice layers. InChapter 8 we study the effect of the high temperature experimental H2 formation onPAHs on the location of the dissociation front (DF) in a classical PDR picture, bymodelling it with Cloudy. From a basic implementation of the experimental results ofChapter 5 in the code, it has been challenging to quantify such effect. This underlineshow a lot of work still needs to be done on models to better match observations. InChapter 9 some questions regarding O depletion in translucent clouds and grain growthintroduced in Chapter 6 are addressed with Nautilus. By using an innovative strategy,we were able to reproduce C and O depletions in translucent cloud conditions by lockingthem in two separate surface species upon adsorption, reproducing the molecular structure ratio of organic carbonates.This Thesis shows the incredible catalytic nature of PAHs and their capacity to enablechemisorption processes for the formation of molecules at high dust temperatures. Thisis an important result that can be linked to the new discoveries reporting the possibilityof having grain growth at lower nH
Peng, Yan. "Synthèse et caractérisation de poussières carbonées dans une décharge radiofréquence." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10128/document.
Full textThe formation of carbon dust in tokamaks raises currently several real problems (safety, energy losses ...). To understand the mechanisms of these powders’ formation (size distribution, spatial distribution and transportation) and then find out a way to limit their role, an experimental study was carried out in a radiofrequency discharge Ar/C2H2. The plasma and these carbon powders were characterized by different techniques (optical emission spectroscopy, scattering of radiation, in-situ FTIR, fast camera, SEM and ex-situ FTIR). The scattering of polychromatic radiation (IR and Ultra violet-visible-near infrared) was used to obtain some information about the powders’ spatial distribution and the evolution of their size distribution. A model, based on the Mie theory and associated with the method of Monte Carlo, was developed to reproduce the optical measurements in-situ. The comparison between experiments and numerical simulations provides new roads in terms of interpretation and analysis of their results. This study is the first step to determine in real-time the dust size and density by coupling the optical measurements with the numerical model based on the Mie theory
Vatry, Aude. "Mise en suspension par laser de poussières générées lors du fonctionnement des réacteurs de fusion." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX22105/document.
Full textDuring tokamak operation, plasma-wall interactions lead to material erosion processand dusts production. These dusts are mainly composed by carbon and tungsten, with sizesranging from 10 nm to 100 $m. For safety reasons and to guarantee an optimum reactorfunctioning, the dusts have to be kept in reasonable quantity. The dusts mobilization is a firststep to collect them, and the laser is a promising technique for this application. To optimizethe cleaning, physical mechanisms responsible for dust ejection induced by laser have beenidentified. Some particles, such as aggregates, are directly ablated by the laser. The metaldroplets are ejected intact by an electrostatic force, induced by the photoelectrons. We alsocharacterized the particles ejection to choose an appropriate collection device
Cao, Anh Tuan. "Propriétés des nanograins carbonés interstellaires : exploration au laboratoire." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112331.
Full textThis thesis work concerns the study of carbonaceous material in the laboratory in relation to interstellar carbonaceaous material. The observation of this material makes a particular use of infrared spectroscopy. That’s why we sought to synthesize analogues of carbonaceous interstellar grains and realize their spectroscopy in the range 7000 cm -1 – 600 cm -1, in order to compare the obtained patterns with the observed spectral signatures in the interstellar medium. The first part of the work consisted in the completion of the set-up and in the development of the “nanograins” experiment at the Laboratoire de Photophysique Moléculaire in Orsay – France. This set-up allows to mount a flame burning under low pressure and to collect products after sampling in the reactive environment under controlled conditions. The experimental settings were adjusted so as to keep the flame and produce soot, the carbon material which retained most of our attention. Deposits from condensation of species in the flame have been collected and its components analyzed by infrared absorption spectroscopy. We have studied the flame in the gas phase and also studied the effect of laser and ion irradiation on deposits. We were able to trace the path of evolution of the solid phase soot from the flame depending on various conditions of the flame. The spectra of some deposits demonstrate their strong aromatic character. We found an agreement with the signals of the interstellar medium class B and class C. This result combined with those from the analysis by raman spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, will be valuable tools to seek for an agreement with the signals of class A of the interstellar medium
Demasy, Clément. "Solubility and bioavailability of Patagonian dust in the future Southern Ocean." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UNIP7095.
Full textThroughout geological time, the Southern Ocean has played a major role in regulating the Earth's surface climate and in particular in the reduction of atmospheric CO2. This oceanic region is the most important biological pump of carbon and through the photosynthesis of phytoplankton allows the sequestration of carbon in the deep ocean. This decrease would have been caused by dust deposits which, by bringing elements such as iron in areas limited in micronutrients, fertilize the ocean surface and allow the activation of the biological carbon pump. Nowadays, the entering into the Anthropocene era has been marked by the impact that human activity has exerted on its environment. Anthropogenic activity that generates the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere causes a greenhouse effect on the surface of the Earth and upsets the environmental balance. This study investigates the Southern Ocean which is biogeochemical paradox zone with high concentration of macronutrients but low biological productivity. In 1990 John Martin elaborated the "Iron hypothesis" hence iron (micronutrients) restricts phytoplankton growth. Dust is major source of metals in the surface ocean. In the Southern Ocean, dust have mainly a South America (Patagonian dust) origin. Input from South America contributed to 58% of the total dust into the Southern Ocean and will increase by two fold higher with the future environmental changes. During the last glacial maximal in the Southern Ocean, dust input would have decreased the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. Moreover, in the small timescale there are tests of artificial iron fertilization performed in Southern Ocean have demonstrated high biological productivity. The overall aim of this work is to better characterize and quantify the fraction of metals that solubilizes from Patagonian dust in seawater under actual and future conditions (2100) and to improve predictions of the phytoplankton evolution in response to intensification of Patagonian dust input and other multi-stressor changes in the Southern Ocean in order to evaluate the impacts on carbon production
Galvez, Aymeric. "Elaboration, organisation et proprietes optiques de nanoparticules de carbone modeles de poussieres interstellaires." Orléans, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ORLE2039.
Full textGUILLOIS, OLIVIER. "Les charbons en tant que modeles des poussieres circum- et interstellaires carbonees." Paris 11, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA112312.
Full textDominique, Claire. "Etude d'une décharge à pulvérisaion cathodique pour la production de poussières carbonées et étude de la croissance des nanoparticules produites." Aix-Marseille 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX11028.
Full textWe study the dusts growth in gas phase from graphite target sputtering in argon glow discharges. The target sputtering by ions and energetic neutrals bombardment allows carbon injection. By using models we estimate the carbon flux. Then, the evolution of the sputtered carbon atoms energy distribution during their transport in the plasma shows that they quickly cool by collisions with argon atoms. This produces a supersaturated carbon vapour which condensation induces formation of dust precursors. Dusts are detected in situ by laser attenuation, then collected and analysed by SEM, HRTEM and IR spectroscopy to get information on their size, morphology, chemical and structural composition. The dusts are higher than 20 nm, more or less spherical and cauliflower-like shaped. The evolution of the dust sizes distribution as well as the growth law as a function of discharge duration were experimentally established and reveal a growth mechanism by accretion of neutral carbonaceous clusters
Bérard, Rémi. "Formation et croissance par voie plasma d'analogues en laboratoire de poussières d'étoiles : exploration du rôle du rapport C/O et des métaux." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30178.
Full textDust formation is a fundamental topic in both cold plasma physics and astrophysics. This PhD thesis, carried out at the interface between these two fields, aims to better understand the formation of stardust. The problem is treated experimentally in cold plasmas and discussed in the context of the environment of evolved stars. We observe the formation of successive generations of dust due to pulsed injection of hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO: Si2O(CH3)3) in a capacitively-coupled radiofrequency asymmetric plasma sustained in argon. The used molecular precursor contains potential stardust forming elements, like carbon, oxygen, silicon and hydrogen. Our approach involves different steps: study of the dust formation in the plasma, dust collection, characterization of the dust properties and correlation of the plasma parameters with the dust characteristics. We have thus succeeded to identify optimum conditions for the formation of organosilicon dust with typical size of 50 nm. A major factor impacting dust formation in evolved stars is the variation of the C/O ratio, which is though to determine two large families of stardust, silicates (C/O < 1) and carbonaceous dust (C/O > 1). To explore this effect, we have enriched the Ar/HMDSO mixture with oxygen aiming at a variation of the C/O ratio in the plasma. Above a certain quantity of oxygen, dust is not formed anymore in the plasma. The abundance of oxygen limits dust formation through inhibition of the dust seeds in the gas phase. Instead, deposition of a silica-like matrix is favored. The role of metals is studied through sputtering of a silver target during organosilicon dust formation. We have demonstrated the formation of dust with composite structure in this case. Dust contains crystalline silver nanoparticles that attach to the amorphous organosilicon dust during their growth phase. Moreover, the presence of silver leads to a large variety of molecules composed of species containing Ag and/or Si and hydrocarbon species. Those molecules reveal a complex chemistry around three competitive processes at molecular scale: dust formation involving molecules such as SiCH3 or SiOCH3, metallic grains with clusters of Agn and aromatic molecules of large size such as C16H10 and C24H12, whose formation path involves radicals and possibly an organometallic chemistry as revealed by AgC5H6 and AgC13H8. The above results demonstrate the undoubted necessity to tackle stardust formation by taking into account the chemical complexity of these media
Nguyen-Dinh, Ngoc. "Experimental study of the trimming of carbon-epoxy composite : machinability and material integrity." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30059.
Full textTrimming is the first operation of machining after the manufacturing and demolding of the composite structures. This operation which is usually conducted with conventional process of material removal (by cutting tool) induces various forms of damage which is accompanied by the generation of harmful particles in case of dry machining. In fact, particles generated during dry machining of composite pose a dangerous threat, as they can get suspended in the air and infiltrate inside body of operators giving rise to risk of respiratory hazard. Unfortunately, the understanding of particulate emission during machining of composite is presently incomplete. In addition, the appearance of damages located on the machined surface (due the interaction tool/plies) can reduce the structural performance in service due to the formation of stress concentration zones. As a result, it is necessary to understand the underlying causes for generation of damage, and also the relationship between machining induced damage and mechanical behavior. It is important to notice that, industrially, surface roughness criterion is widely used to quantify the machined quality of the newly generated composite surface. However, so far this has been ambiguous approach. Hence, to address the problems mentioned, this thesis focuses on three main objectives. Firstly, studies on the machinability of multi-directional specimens made of carbon fiber reinforced plastics laminates (CFRPs) during trimming with PCD (Polycrystalline Diamond) cutting tools. Specifically, the influence of cutting parameters (feed speed and cutting speed), cutting distance (tool wear) on the cutting forces, machining temperature induced as well as the multi-scale characterization of the machining induced damages have been investigated. For the multi-scale characterization of the induced machining postmortem observations of the machined specimens, using different techniques such as X-ray tomography, confocal microscopy and SEM, are used. Thanks to this multi-scale characterization, the machining quality was quantified using newly proposed parameters such as crater volume ‘CV’ based on the quantification of the crater defects and maximum depth of damage (D) based on the X-ray tomography. The second objective of this thesis was focused on influence of cutting parameters (cutting speed, feed speed, and radial depth of cut), cutting distance, and tool geometry on the number of harmful particles generated during trimming. The outcome of this study on the dust emission can be beneficial for the industrial community to select the safe machining condition for protecting the operators who potentially inhale the particles in the air in the machining area. The obtained results clearly highlighted that to reduce the emission of the harmful particles it is necessary to increase the radial depth of cut or the feed rate. However, this combination of cutting conditions, leads to poor machining quality. This inspired to propose a new design of cutting tool geometry in collaboration with ASAHI Company
Ouaras, Karim. "Mécanismes de formation et dynamique du transport des poussières de carbone et de tungstène dans un plasma Micro-Onde magnétisé et non-magnétisé." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCD063/document.
Full textThis work deals with the application of diagnostics tools to study dust formed in magnetized and non magnetized microwave plasma in order to elucidate kinetics processes, and dynamic in these medium. After first chapters (1-3) that are introductory and are intended to describe: (i) the state of the art regarding recent dusty plasmas work; (ii) the approach of this work and (iii) the main diagnostic tools used or developed during this thesis (infrared absorption spectroscopy, extinction / scattering laser method and others), the manuscript can be divided into two part s. The first one deals with the fundamental study of carbon dust created by the use of hydrocarbon gases such as CH 4 and C2H2 (chapter 4 and 5) and the second deals with the study of tungsten dusts formed by the interaction of a solid target exposed to H2 and Ar plasmas thanks to physical sputtering process (Chapter 6) . The latter seeks to understand some of the processes leading to the formation of dust in close conditions of edge fusion plasmas of thermonuclear machines. This work stand out some important results related to the magnetized character of the discharge but also to the plasma source types used. lndeed, it was shown that the use of a local microwave source induces strong temperature gradient in the medium resulting in a preponderance of thermophoresis force on the dynamics of dust compared to other forces (electric, ion dragg) usually considered as dominant forces in well studied dusty plasmas (RF , DC). In addition, it was shown that dust formation was possible in less suitable creation conditions (very low pressure) through the action of the magnetic field which allows ions to be confined longtime enough in the discharge to be able to initiate nucleation processes. Thus, positive ions play a key role in the formation of dust precursors in magnetized plasmas (very low pressure). Finally, it has been shown that the interaction of a hydrogen plasma tungsten target could not only lead to dust formation by sputtering process but also by blistering burst process
Raynal, Pierre-Ivan. "Etude en laboratoire de matière extraterrestre : implications pour la physico-chimie du Système Solaire primitif." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066577.
Full textDap, Simon. "Etude numérique et expérimentale de la détection et la formation de poussières carbonées dans un plasma radio fréquence en mélange Ar/C2H2." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0084/document.
Full textThe dust particle growth in plasmas is of major concern for safety issues in fusion reactors, and conversely has important industrial impacts. Dusty plasmas produced in laboratory, fusion, and in astrophysical environments have been therefore widely studied for many years to better understand the involved physical phenomena. In this thesis work, we have investigated a new dust-growing mechanism in a capacitive radio-frequency plasma of argon/acetylene mixture, with developing necessary diagnostic tools. The population of nano-particles was probed using visible-wavelength range extinction measurements combined with an inverse method. The motions and the collisions in enlarging agglomerates were followed through a fast-imaging device and the images were then analyzed using a compatible algorithm (TRACE). Ex-situ studies were also carried out on dust particles collected with an extraction technique based on the thermophoresis force. These diagnostic tools allowed us to observe a spontaneous emergence of dust density waves (DDWs) under specific experimental conditions. These waves impart substantial kinetic energy to the dust particles and thus enhance their agglomeration rate. Large agglomerates up to several hundreds of microns may thus be produced in a few tens of seconds. We have also studied the influence of experimental conditions (power, pressure) on the waves and the agglomerate characteristics
Torrado, David. "Effect of carbon black nanoparticles on the explosion severity of gas mixtures." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0199/document.
Full textFlammable gas/solid hybrid mixture explosions are not well understood because of the interaction of the thermal transfer process, the combustion kinetics mechanisms and the interactions between turbulence and combustion. The main objective on this work is to study the explosion severity and flame burning velocities of carbon black nanoparticles/methane to better understand the influence of added nanopowders in gas explosions. Tests have been performed in a flame propagation tube and in the standard 20 L explosion sphere. The influence of carbon black particles on the explosions severity and in the front flame propagation has been appreciated by comparing the results obtained for pure gas mixtures. It appeared that the carbon black nanoparticles insertion increases around 10% the explosion severity for lean methane mixtures. Therefore, it seems that nanoparticles has an impact on the severity of the explosion even for quiescent systems, contrary to systems involving micro-sized powders that requires a dispersion at high turbulence levels. The increment on the maximum rate of pressure rise is higher for powders with lower elementary particle diameter, which is notably due to the fragmentation phenomena. A flame propagation numerical model associated to a gas/carbon black mixture has been developed to examine the influence of carbon blacks on the flame propagation. The results of the numerical model suggest that the radiative heat contribution promotes the flame acceleration. This result is consistent with the experimental increase on the explosion severity for some hybrid mixtures
Jallat, Aurélie. "Fragmentation de molécules carbonées d'intérêt astrophysique auprès des accélérateurs." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112204.
Full textNowadays, about 200 molecules have been observed in the interstellar medium, about 75% are carbon molecules and 25% hydrocarbons. Dust grains also contain carbon in large quantities. The presence of carbon in the majority of molecules of the gaseous phase and in the dust is due to its abundance and its ability to form bonds. So, it is crucial to study the carbon in an astrochemical point of view.In the first part, this work presents measurements of branching ratios and energy dissipated as kinetic energy in neutral fragments which are emitted in a high speed collision, of the following carbon molecules: SiC, AlC, AlCH, C ₂ O, CN, CH ₂ and CH. These measurements were obtained from the experimental setup AGAT. This setup is permanently installed at the Tandem Orsay facility. It allows molecule-atom collisions and 100% effective detection of all the transmitted fragments, including neutral ones.In the second part, the effect of the addition or correction of new hydrocarbon branching ratios is discussed, by modeling of chemistry of two famous objects: the photo-dissociation region of the Horsehead nebula and the molecular cloud TMC-1. Both objects are well known for their numerous observed molecules. These new branching ratios reduce the calculated abundances of species in the gas phase, even though these abundances were already too low compared to the observations. A hypothesis states that hydrocarbons are released into the gas phase via the carbonaceous interstellar dust. Following this assumption, for the first time, the effects of the incorporation of photo-production reactions of hydrocarbons from the hydrogenated amorphous carbons were studied on the chemistry of the gaseous phase of the Horsehead nebula. The addition of these reactions narrows the gap between modeling and observations
Tuzet, François. "Dépôt, devenir et impact radiatif des impuretés dans le manteau neigeux : analyse des processus, simulations numériques et implications." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30316.
Full textOne of the most fascinating properties of snow is its whiteness, and its ability to fully transform a landscape in a couple of hours. This color is due to the unique ability of snow to reflect solar radiation in the visible wavelengths, i.e. its high albedo. This particularity of snow is of crucial importance for the surface energy budget and consequently for a wide range of social, ecological and climatic issues. However, the whiteness of the snow cover can be altered by the presence of Light Absorbing Particles (LAPs) on and close below its surface. In the European Alps, two types of LAPs are suspected to have a significant impact on the evolution of seasonal snow: Black Carbon (BC) and Saharan mineral dust. This thesis aims at a better understanding and modelling of the deposition, evolution and impact of LAPs on the seasonal snowpack in the French Alps. To this aim, three main questions are addressed: * What types of LAPs are present in a seasonal alpine snowpack and in what quantity? How well can we estimate their concentration in snow based on measurements? * What is the impact of LAPs on snowpack evolution and how does this impact vary in time? * Are we able to model this impact using state-of-the-art atmospheric chemical transport models and detailed snowpack models? First, an explicit representation of LAPs was implemented in the detailed snowpack model SURFEX/ISBA-Crocus. These new developments enable to account for darkening of the snow surface by LAPs (direct impact) as well as their interactions with snow metamorphism (indirect impacts). Snowpack simulations at Col de Porte (1326 m a.s.l.) using LAP deposition fluxes from an atmospheric model highlight a shortening of the snow season by up to 9 days due to BC and dust. Second, a two-year field campaign was conducted at Col du Lautaret study site (2058 m a.s.l, French Alps). During two winter seasons, concentrations of LAPs as well as physical and optical properties of the snowpack were measured weekly from the onset to the total melt-out of the snowpack. This unique dataset was first used to pave the way for a novel method to estimate vertical profiles of LAP concentration in snow from spectral irradiance profile measurements. This method was evaluated against chemical measurements pointing out difficulties to relate snow chemistry to its radiative properties. A second study was then dedicated to the comparison of spectral albedo measurements, chemical measurements of LAPs near the surface and snowpack simulations. This latter study corroborates the issue previously mentioned and points out a gap in the current understanding of chemical measurements of BC in snow. The impact of LAPs at Col du Lautaret over the two years was evaluated using the ensemble modeling framework of SURFEX/ISBA-Crocus. We estimated that the shortening of the snow season due to LAPs was around 10±5 and 11±1 days for both seasons respectively. The studies of the impact of LAP carried out at a single location during this thesis pave the way for a larger scale study of the impacts of LAP deposition across the Alps over longer periods
Chen, Cheng. "Retrieving global sources of aerosol emissions from satellite observations." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R001/document.
Full textUnderstanding of the role that atmospheric aerosol play in the Earth-atmosphere system is limited by uncertainties in aerosol distribution, composition and sources. Thus, accurate chemical transport model simulation systems are crucial needed to analyse and predict atmospheric aerosols and their impacts on climate change and environment. Satellite observations have ability to provide an extensive spatial coverage and accurate aerosol products, however, are constrained by clear-sky condition, global coverage orbit cycle and information content. One of the most promising approaches is to reduce model uncertainty by improving the aerosol emission fields (i.e., model input) by means of inverse modeling relying on satellite observations as a constrain. In this study, we designed a method of simultaneous retrievals of desert dust, black carbon and organic carbon aerosol emission sources using aerosol data obtained from GRASP algorithm applied to POLDER/PARASOL satellite observations, and relying on the GEOS-Chem inverse modeling framework. Then, a satellite-based global aerosol emission database (2006-2011) has been developed. This aerosol emission database has been further evaluated by utilization in GEOS-Chem and GEOS-5/GOCART models. The model posterior simulation of aerosol properties employing the retrieved emissions shows a better agreement than the model prior simulation; it is true for not only fitted PARASOL products, but also for completely independent measurements from ground-based AERONET and satellites aerosol products (e.g., MODIS, MISR, OMI). The results suggest that the satellite-based aerosol emission database improves overall global aerosol modeling
Doumbia, El Hadji Thierno. "Caractérisation physico-chimique de la pollution atmosphérique en Afrique de l'Ouest et étude d'impact sur la santé." Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1915/.
Full textThis thesis was a contribution to the CORUS-POLCA (French acronym for " POLlution des Capitales Africaines ") program with the aim to characterize particulate pollution on traffic sites of two West-African capitals (Bamako, Mali and Dakar, Senegal) and to study aerosol biological impacts on lung inflammation. Urban particulate pollution with levels much higher than WHO norms, are in the focus due to intense African traffic sources and domestic fires. In this context, fundamental research of this thesis is centred on the following key scientific questions: - What is the chemical speciation of aerosols by size classes for black carbon, organic carbon, inorganic species, and trace elements for the two sites of POLCA program ? - What is the toxicity of these combustion aerosols and the oxidative stress levels ? - What is the link between aerosol size differentiated composition and inflammation markers for each source ? - What is the link between aerosol exposure and aerosol dose within the respiratory tract ? To tackle these questions, samples obtained during the intensive campaigns in Bamako (January 2009) and Dakar (December 2009) have been chemically analyzed to obtain differentiated aerosol chemical composition within size classes. All these measurements are conducted to a well physico-chemical characterization of particles in addition to source contributing determination using multivariate models (PCA, PMF). This study has been coupled to in vitro biological studies on sampled aerosols on the two sites. Such coupled studies allow to further understand the complex relationship between emissions source/aerosols chemistry/size distributions and biological health impacts. Finally, in this study, the DEPCLUNG (DEPosition, Clearance, LUNG) model was developed to evaluate chemically/size exposures to aerosol particle size distributions and calculate their respective concentrations/doses in the different compartments (trachea, bronchial, bronchiolar, alveolar) of the human respiratory tract. The conjunction of three themes, namely characterization of the urban particulate pollution in West Africa and its sources, its toxicological impact and dose modeling in the respiratory tract results in the multidisciplinary innovative character of the thesis
Enzian, Achim. "Modélisation multidimensionnelle du comportement thermodynamique des noyaux de comètes." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10013.
Full textBardin, Noémie. "Composition isotopique des éléments légers dans les micrométéorites ultracarbonées par spectrométrie de masse à émission ionique secondaire à haute résolution en masse, contribution à la connaissance des surfaces cométaires." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS189/document.
Full textThis thesis covers the isotopic analysis of carbon-rich interplanetary dust (ultracarbonaceous micrometeorites), in order to better understand the isotopic fractionation process of light elements (hydrogen and nitrogen) observed in the organic phases of primitive extraterrestrial matter. It is possible, within a collection of micrometeorites coming from the central regions of the Antarctic continent, to identify ultra-carbonaceous micrometeorites (UCAMMs – for Ultra-Carbonaceous Antarctic MicroMeteorites) which contain about ten times more carbon than the primitive meteorites. These particles are extremely rare and open the possibility to study in laboratory cometary particles of large sizes (100-200 microns). This thesis focuses on the isotopic analyses of UCAMMs, in order to understand the isotopic fractionation processes of light elements (hydrogen and nitrogen) observed in the organic matter of the primitive solar system. Mineralogical, chemical and structural analyses on two fragments of ultra-carbonaceous micrometeorites were performed in the framework of collaborations using techniques of scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe, infrared microspectroscopy (SOLEIL synchrotron). The main work of this thesis concerns the isotopic analysis of two UCAMMs by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) using the NanoSIMS ion microprobe. The instrumental developments performed in collaboration between the CSNSM and the Curie Institute teams allow to resolve molecular interferences with a mass resolving power higher than 20 000 retaining a sensibility compatible with the measurements considered here. So, it has been possible to measure for the first time the hydrogen isotopic composition with the polyatomic ions 12C2D- and 12C2H- and to compare its spatial distribution with that of the nitrogen (12C15N-/12C14N-) obtained on the same surface with the same magnetic field. A protocol for producing a series of standard samples was developed from polymers isotopically enriched in deuterium in order to determine the instrumental fractionation of the NanoSIMS showing the possibility to perform precise measurements of the hydrogen isotopic composition in the organic matter with polyatomic ions (CD-/CH- and C2D-/C2H- ratios). The isotopic maps at high spatial resolution (200 nm) in C2D/C2H and C15N/C14N show a very heterogeneous distribution in deuterium with extreme values going up to 20 times the terrestrial ocean value, whereas the 15N/14N ratios remain globally close (within 20%) to the terrestrial atmosphere value. Measurements of N/C ratios in ion imaging performed at the NanoSIMS confirm the values measured by electron microprobe and show that the organic matter of UCAMMs is rich in nitrogen. Comparisons between isotopic images with each other and with the images obtained by the other techniques show that the organic matter of ultracarbonaceous micrometeorites is constituted of different components. The main component doesn’t exhibit a correlation between the D and 15N excesses. A minor component of the analyzed surface exhibits correlated excesses in D and in 15N, without neither the elemental or structural composition of this component significantly differs from the rest of the grain. Finally, a minor component showing moderate enrichments in D and 15N/14N ratios lower than the terrestrial atmosphere value could have been identified.All the data can be explained assuming that the ultracarbonaceous micrometeorites come from the surface of transneptunian icy objects. The elemental and isotopic characteristics observed in the organic matter of UCAMMs might result from the mixing of different strata of the parent body having undergone irradiation by the galactic cosmic radiation at large heliocentric distances