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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Poultry diseases

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Academic literature on the topic 'Poultry diseases'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Poultry diseases"

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BAGUST, TJ. "Poultry Diseases." Australian Veterinary Journal 80, no. 12 (December 2002): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2002.tb11346.x.

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Duncan, N. M. "Poultry Diseases, F.T.W. Jordan." Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 62, no. 1 (March 30, 1991): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jsava.v62i1.1585.

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Porter, R. E. "Book Review: Poultry Diseases." Veterinary Pathology 43, no. 1 (January 2006): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.43-1-87.

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Pavlović, I. N. "Atlas of poultry diseases." World's Poultry Science Journal 59, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043933903430432.

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Scott, Graham. "Poultry diseases in depth." Veterinary Record 174, no. 11 (March 13, 2014): 280.1–280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.g1758.

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OGAWA, Takashi. "Management Epidemiology for Poultry Diseases." Journal of Veterinary Epidemiology 2, no. 1 (1998): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2743/jve.2.11.

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Spalding, Marilyn. "Diseases of Poultry, 12th Edition." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 45, no. 1 (January 2009): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-45.1.251.

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Carpenter, James W. "Diseases of Poultry. 11th ed." Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 17, no. 2 (June 2003): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1647/1082-6742(2003)017[0109:br]2.0.co;2.

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Hoerr, F. J. "Book Review: Diseases of Poultry." Veterinary Pathology 41, no. 4 (July 2004): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.41-4-450.

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Cullen, G. A. "Diseases of poultry, 9th edn." British Veterinary Journal 148, no. 2 (March 1992): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0007-1935(92)90111-d.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Poultry diseases"

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Magalo, Simone Issaca. "Evaluation of immunity and protection induced in pullets by the V4 oral vaccine against a pneumotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2002. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11042005-140706/.

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Molia, Sophie. "Avian influenza and Newcastle disease in poultry in Mali : epidemiological investigations and modelling for improved surveillance and control." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.701657.

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Abdelrahman, Wael Hosny Abdellatif. "Avian intestinal spirochaetosis in British egg laying flocks : molecular diagnosis, epidemiology and economic impact." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.559017.

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巫志偉 and Chi-wai Mo. "Prevention and therapy of infectious bursal disease by molecular approaches." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30253329.

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Basak, Shibesh Chandra. "The identification of oocysts of chicken Eimeria species : biochemical, immunological and molecular biological approaches." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356983.

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Yeung, Wing-shing, and 楊永成。. "Development of a subunit vaccine against infectious bursal disease virus." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31222055.

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Rudd, Matthew Francis, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "Virulence determinants of infectious bursal disease virus." Deakin University. School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2003. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20050825.103742.

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The very virulent (vv) pathotype of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) has spread rapidly throughout Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. Although Australia is currently unaffected, there remains the potential for incursion of an exotic isolate. The aim of this study was to identify putative virulence determinants of IBDV to facilitate the development of improved diagnostic assays for detection and characterisation of vvIBDV isolates. Sequencing of Indonesian vvIBDV Tasik94 revealed a unique substitution [ A¨S222] in the hypervariable region (HVR) of viral protein (VP) VP2, which did not appear to impinge on virulence or antigenicity. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that Tasik94 was closely related to Asian and European vvIBDV strains. Extensive alignment of deduced protein sequences across the HVR of VP2 identified residuesI242 I256 and I294 as putative markers of the vv phcnotype. Comparison of the pathology induced by mildly-virulent Australian IBDV 002/73 and Indonesian vvIBDV Tasik94, revealed that histological lesions in the spleen, thymus and bone marrow were restricted to Tasik94-infected birds, suggesting the enhanced pathogenicity of vvIBDV might be attributed to replication in non-bursal lymphoid organs. The biological significance of the VP2 HVR in virulence was assessed using recombinant viruses generated by reverse genetics. Both genomic segments of Australian IBDV 002/73, and recombinant segment A constructs in which the HVR of 002/73 was replaced with the corresponding region of either tissue culture-adapted virus or vvIBDV (Tasik94), were cloned behind T7 RNA polymerase promoter sequences. In vitro transcription/translation of each construct resulted in expression of viral proteins. Co-transfection of synthetic RNA transcripts initiated replication of both tissue culture-adapted parental and recombinant viruses, however attempts to rescue non-adapted viruses in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were unsuccessful. Nucleotide sequence variation in the HVR of VP2 was exploited for the development of a new diagnostic assay to rapidly detect exotic IBDV isolates, including vvIBDV, using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification and Bmrl restriction enzyme digestion. The assay was capable of differentiating between endemic and exotic IBDV in 96% of 105 isolates sequenced to date.

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Fasina, Folorunso Oludayo. "Molecular and spatial-temporal epidemiology of highly pathogenic notifiable avian influenza (HPNAI) H5N1 in Nigeria." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02172009-171221/.

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Nayak, Rajesh R. "Foodborne pathogens in poultry production and post-harvest control." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1266.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2000.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 180 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

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Miller, Robert Scott Oyarzabal Omar A. "Evaluation of subtyping methods for the characterization of Campylobacter strains from different geographical areas." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1499.

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Books on the topic "Poultry diseases"

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W, Jordan F. T., and Pattison Mark, eds. Poultry diseases. 5th ed. London: W.B. Saunders, 2001.

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W, Jordan F. T., ed. Poultry diseases. 3rd ed. London: Baillière Tindall, 1990.

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W, Jordan Frank T., and Pattison Mark, eds. Poultry diseases. 5th ed. London: W. B. Saunders, 2001.

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Mark, Pattison, ed. Poultry diseases. 6th ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann, 2008.

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W, Calnek B., ed. Diseases of poultry. 9th ed. Ames, Iowa, USA: Iowa State University Press, 1991.

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W, Calnek B., ed. Diseases of poultry. Ames, Iowa, USA: Iowa State University Press, 1997.

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M, Saif Y., ed. Diseases of poultry. Ames: Iowa State Press, 2003.

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Service, United States Animal and Plant Health Inspection. Keep poultry diseases away. 2nd ed. Riverdale, Md.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 2011.

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United States. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Keep poultry diseases away. Riverdale, MD?]: USDA, APHIS, 2008.

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10

Elford, F. C. Diseases and parasites of poultry. Ottawa: Dept. of Agriculture, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Poultry diseases"

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Greenacre, Cheryl B. "Musculoskeletal Diseases." In Backyard Poultry Medicine and Surgery, 145–59. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118911075.ch11.

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Lennox, Angela. "Dermatological Diseases." In Backyard Poultry Medicine and Surgery, 160–68. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118911075.ch12.

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Gingerich, Eric, and Daniel Shaw. "Reproductive Diseases." In Backyard Poultry Medicine and Surgery, 169–80. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118911075.ch13.

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Beaufrère, Hugues, and Nobuko Wakamatsu. "Cardiovascular Diseases." In Backyard Poultry Medicine and Surgery, 204–19. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118911075.ch15.

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Gerhold, Richard. "Parasitic Diseases." In Backyard Poultry Medicine and Surgery, 82–92. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118911075.ch6.

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Cooper, Kerry K., and J. Glenn Songer. "Necrotic Enteritis of Poultry." In Clostridial Diseases of Animals, 123–37. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118728291.ch10.

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Shivaprasad, H. L. "Gangrenous Dermatitis in Poultry." In Clostridial Diseases of Animals, 255–64. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118728291.ch21.

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Lublin, Avishai, and Yigal Farnoushi. "Campylobacter in Poultry and Other Birds." In Infectious Diseases, 417–26. New York, NY: Springer US, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2463-0_1105.

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Lublin, Avishai, and Yigal Farnoushi. "Salmonella in Poultry and Other Birds." In Infectious Diseases, 383–415. New York, NY: Springer US, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2463-0_1092.

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Parkhurst, Carmen R., and George J. Mountney. "Diseases and Parasites of Poultry." In Poultry Meat and Egg Production, 126–50. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0683-3_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Poultry diseases"

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Niyonshuti, Eric, Zacharia Waithaka Ng’ang’a, Özer Hakan Bayraktar, and Figen Kırkpınar. "Antibiotic Free Poultry Production-Focus on Antimicrobial Resistance, Challenges, and Alternatives." In 6th International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2022.008.

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Antibiotics play a huge role in poultry production as they are used to treat clinical diseases, to prevent and control common diseases and to enhance animal growth. However, misuse of antibiotics over time has led to the development of antimicrobial resistance in both animals and humans. Therefore, antibiotic free production of poultry has been on an increase in line with consumers’ preference for the same. However, a ban on antibiotics places a heavy burden on disease control and production costs of poultry. It also creates a need for alternatives whereby major companies have developed products like probiotics and essential oils in order to reduce the need for antibiotics in poultry production. The aim of this review is to highlight the journey towards antibiotic-free poultry production, role of antibiotics in the development of resistance, challenges encountered and alternatives used in antibiotic free production. In conclusion, this article recommends that antibiotics should not be completely banned due to poultry welfare issues. However, antibiotics should be used by trained personnel to only treat and control diseases.

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Carroll, Brandon T., David V. Anderson, Wayne Daley, Simeon Harbert, Douglas F. Britton, and Mark W. Jackwood. "Detecting symptoms of diseases in poultry through audio signal processing." In 2014 IEEE Global Conference on Signal and Information Processing (GlobalSIP). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/globalsip.2014.7032298.

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Safiullin, R. T., and E. I. Chalysheva. "CULTURE OF EIMERIA SPP. OOCYSTS OF TURKEY POULTS AND THEIR SPECIES IDENTIFICATION." In THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plant – a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6048555-6-0.2023.24.414-419.

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In our country, in recent years, much attention has been paid to the development of poultry meat production, especially turkey breeding. In the conditions of industrial turkey breeding, when a large number of poultry is kept in a limited area, there is a high risk of parasitic diseases, one of which is eimeriosis. Knowledge of the species composition of Eimeria on a particular poultry farm is of great practical importance for the reasonable development of effective methods to control invasion and to monitor Eimeria resistance to the drugs used. Eimeria species were identified after the end of sporulation. To assess the course of sporulation of Eimeria oocysts during their cultivation, at least 500 oocysts were examined from each Petri dish every six hours under a high magnification microscope (x400) paying special attention to their morphology. When examining and studying litter samples 24 hours after they were put on cultivation, sporulated Eimeria oocysts of turkeys were detected in all six dishes in 37.8% to 60.6% of those examined, and the average rate was 51.6%. At 48 hours after the start of cultivation, the average Eimeria sporulation rate was 83.4%. The results of species identification of Eimeria oocysts showed that the following Eimeria species were found in young turkeys on the poultry farm of the Tula Region: Eimeria meleagrimitis (60.0%), E. gallopavonis (25.0%), E. meleagridis (10.0%), and E. adenoides (5.0%).

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Kaur, Arshleen, Vinay Kukreja, Deepak Upadhyay, Manisha Aeri, and Rishabh Sharma. "ResPoultry: An Enhanced ResNet50 Model for Multiclass Classification of Poultry Diseases." In 2024 IEEE International Conference on Interdisciplinary Approaches in Technology and Management for Social Innovation (IATMSI). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iatmsi60426.2024.10502477.

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Al-Khalaifah, Hanan, and Afaf Al-Nasser. "USING NATIVE PLANTS IN POULTRY FEED: FOOD SECURITY AND SUSTAINABILITY APPROACH." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023/6.1/s25.31.

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Poultry meat and eggs are considered as one of the most popular food items all over the world due to their content of high quality nutrients including protein, lipids, vitamins, and minerals. During the past decade, many countries have increased their commercial production of these essential products to meet the increased demand by consumers, especially with the increasing populations all over the world. However, there is an urgent need to ensure sustainable poultry production for the local consumer. Using native plants in poultry feed is an innovative approach that can improve food security and promote sustainability in the poultry industry. Native plants have adapted to local conditions, are often more resistant to pests and diseases, and require less water and fertilizers compared to non-native plants. Additionally, incorporating native plants into poultry feed can diversify the diet of the birds, leading to better health and nutrition. The current paper focuses on the potential use of nine species of native plants in the state of Kuwait that can be used in poultry feed to enhance the local food security and sustainability. This work is under the umbrella of the Government Initiative (GI) Project (P-KISR-17) �Establishment of Model Farm Utilizing Modern Technologies for Local Production� (subtask 3.1: Poultry production). The goal of this GI is to reduce water and food vulnerability in Kuwait.

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Deo, Ninad, Aagam Bakliwal, Amit D. Joshi, and Suraj T. Sawant. "Non-Intrusive Detection of Poultry Diseases through Faecal Analysis using Deep Learning." In 2024 5th International Conference on Innovative Trends in Information Technology (ICITIIT). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icitiit61487.2024.10580821.

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Martindah, Eny, and Nyak Ilham. "Frequency of Diseases Occurrence in Poultry Production Cluster (PPC) and Non-PPC in Indonesia." In Proceedings of International Seminar on Livestock Production and Veterinary Technology. Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/proc.intsem.lpvt-2016-p.449-461.

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Vandana, Kuldeep Kumar Yogi, and Satya Prakash Yadav. "Surveillance to Detect and Classifying of Chicken Poultry Diseases from Fecal Images Using CNN." In 2023 6th International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Informatics (IC3I). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ic3i59117.2023.10397876.

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Franchuk-Kryva, Liubov. "MEDICINES FOR IMMUNOLOGICAL PROPHYLAXIS AGAINST INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND POULTRY EIMERIOSIS AT THE DOMESTIC PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET." In Scientific Development of New Eastern Europe. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-571-89-3_90.

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Lobanov, H. H. "Control of the epizootic situation regarding viral diseases of poultry in the Donetsk region of Ukraine." In DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEALTHCARE SECTOR IN UKRAINE: THE PATH TOWARDS THE EUROPEAN UNION. Baltija Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-387-3-20.

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Reports on the topic "Poultry diseases"

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Hafez, Hafez Mohamed. Foodborne diseases of poultry and related problems. Science Repository Oü, April 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/j.jfnm.2018.01.005.

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Lillehoj, Hyun, Dan Heller, and Mark Jenkins. Cellular and molecular identification of Eimeria Acervulina Merozoite Antigens eliciting protective immunity. United States Department of Agriculture, November 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1992.7561056.bard.

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Coccidiosis, ubiquitous diseases of poultry, seriously impair the growth and feed utilization of livestock and poultry. Coccidiosis causes over $600 million annual losses world-wide and no vaccine is currently available. The goal of this study was to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling protective immune responses to coccidia parasites in order to develop immunological control strategy against coccidiosis. The major findings of this study were: 1) cell-mediated immunity plays a major role in protection against coccidiosis, 2) when different genetic lines showing different levels of disease susceptibility were compared, higher T-cell response was seen in the strains of chickens showing higher disease resistance, 3) early interferon secretion was observed in more coccidia-resistant chicken strains, 4) both sporozoite and merozoite antigens were able to induce interferon production, and 5) chicken monoclonal antibodies which detect immunogenic coccidia proteins have been developed. This study provided a good background work for future studies toward the development of recombinant coccidial vaccine. Availability of chicken monoclonal antibodies which detect immunogenic coccidia proteins will enhance our ability to identify potential coccidial vaccine antigens.

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Schat, Karel Antoni, Irit Davidson, and Dan Heller. Chicken infectious anemia virus: immunosuppression, transmission and impact on other diseases. United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695591.bard.

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1. Original Objectives. The original broad objectives of the grant were to determine A) the impact of CAV on the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) (CU), B). the interactions between chicken anemia virus (CAV) and Marek’s disease virus (MDV) with an emphasis on horizontal spread of CAV through feathers (KVI), and C) the impact of CAV infection on Salmonella typhimurium (STM) (HUJI). During the third year and the one year no cost extension the CU group included some work on the development of an antigen-antibody complex vaccine for CAV, which was partially funded by the US Poultry and Egg Association. 2. Background to the topic. CAV is a major pathogen causing clinical disease if maternal antibody-free chickens are infected vertically or horizontally between 1 and 14 days of age. Infection after 3 weeks of age when maternal antibodies are not longer present can cause severe subclinical immunosuppression affecting CTL and cytokine expression. The subclinical immunosuppression can aggravate many diseases including Marek’s disease (MD) and several bacterial infections. 3. Major conclusions and achievements. The overall project contributed in the following ways to the knowledge about CAV infection in poultry. As expected CAV infections occur frequently in Israel causing problems to the industry. To control subclinical infections vaccination may be needed and our work indicates that the development of an antigen-antibody complex vaccine is feasible. It was previously known that CAV can spread vertically and horizontally, but the exact routes of the latter had not been confirmed. Our results clearly show that CAV can be shed into the environment through feathers. A potential interaction between CAV and MD virus (MDV) in the feathers was noted which may interfere with MDV replication. It was also learned that inoculation of 7-day-old embryos causes growth retardation and lesions. The potential of CAV to cause immunosuppression was further examined using CTL responses to REV. CTL were obtained from chickens between 36 and 44 days of age with REV and CAV given at different time points. In contrast to our earlier studies, in these experiments we were unable to detect a direct impact of CAV on REV-specific CTL, perhaps because the CTL were obtained from older birds. Inoculation of CAV at one day of age decreased the IgG antibody responses to inactivated STM administered at 10 days of age. 4. Scientific and Agricultural Implications The impact of the research was especially important for the poultry industry in Israel. The producers have been educated on the importance of the disease through the many presentations. It is now well known to the stakeholders that CAV can aggravate other diseases, decrease productivity and profitability. As a consequence they monitor the antibody status of the breeders so that the maternal antibody status of the broilers is known. Also vaccination of breeder flock that remain antibody negative may become feasible further reducing the negative impact of CAV infection. Vaccination may become more important because improved biosecurity of the breeder flocks to prevent avian influenza and Salmonella may delay the onset of seroconversion for CAV by natural exposure resulting in CAV susceptible broilers lacking maternal antibodies. Scientifically, the research added important information on the horizontal spread of CAV through feathers, the interactions with Salmonella typhimurium and the demonstration that antigen-antibody complex vaccines may provide protective immunity.

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Cahaner, Avigdor, Susan J. Lamont, E. Dan Heller, and Jossi Hillel. Molecular Genetic Dissection of Complex Immunocompetence Traits in Broilers. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586461.bard.

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Objectives: (1) Evaluate Immunocompetence-OTL-containing Chromosomal Regions (ICRs), marked by microsatellites or candidate genes, for magnitude of direct effect and for contribution to relationships among multiple immunocompetence, disease-resistance, and growth traits, in order to estimate epistatic and pleiotropic effects and to predict the potential breeding applications of such markers. (2) Evaluate the interaction of the ICRs with genetic backgrounds from multiple sources and of multiple levels of genetic variation, in order to predict the general applicability of molecular genetic markers across widely varied populations. Background: Diseases cause substantial economic losses to animal producers. Emerging pathogens, vaccine failures and intense management systems increase the impact of diseases on animal production. Moreover, zoonotic pathogens are a threat to human food safety when microbiological contamination of animal products occurs. Consumers are increasingly concerned about drug residues and antibiotic- resistant pathogens derived from animal products. The project used contemporary scientific technologies to investigate the genetics of chicken resistance to infectious disease. Genetic enhancement of the innate resistance of chicken populations provides a sustainable and ecologically sound approach to reduce microbial loads in agricultural populations. In turn, animals will be produced more efficiently with less need for drug treatment and will pose less of a potential food-safety hazard. Major achievements, conclusions and implications:. The PI and co-PIs had developed a refined research plan, aiming at the original but more focused objectives, that could be well-accomplished with the reduced awarded support. The successful conduct of that research over the past four years has yielded substantial new information about the genes and genetic markers that are associated with response to two important poultry pathogens, Salmonella enteritidis (SE) and Escherichia coli (EC), about variation of immunocompetence genes in poultry, about relationships of traits of immune response and production, and about interaction of genes with environment and with other genes and genetic background. The current BARD work has generated a base of knowledge and expertise regarding the genetic variation underlying the traits of immunocompetence and disease resistance. In addition, unique genetic resource populations of chickens have been established in the course of the current project, and they are essential for continued projects. The US laboratory has made considerable progress in studies of the genetics of resistance to SE. Microsatellite-marked chromosomal regions and several specific genes were linked to SE vaccine response or bacterial burden and the important phenomenon of gene interaction was identified in this system. In total, these studies demonstrate the role of genetics in SE response, the utility of the existing resource population, and the expertise of the research group in conducting such experiments. The Israeli laboratories had showed that the lines developed by selection for high or low level of antibody (Ab) response to EC differ similarly in Ab response to several other viral and bacterial pathogens, indicating the existence of a genetic control of general capacity of Ab response in young broilers. It was also found that the 10w-Ab line has developed, possibly via compensatory "natural" selection, higher cellular immune response. At the DNA levels, markers supposedly linked to immune response were identified, as well as SNP in the MHC, a candidate gene responsible for genetic differences in immunocompetence of chickens.

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Malkinson, Mertyn, Richard Witter, and Irit Davidson. Reduction of Reticuloendotheliosis in Foundation Breeding Flocks of Chickens: A Combined Immunological and Molecular Biological Approach. United States Department of Agriculture, February 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613026.bard.

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Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) is an avian retrovirus that can cause immunosuppression, growth retardation and tumors. An attempt to define the extent of the economic damage to the poultry industry that it causes is discussed in this report. In addition to losses experienced by commercial laying flocks, reduced rates of hatchability and embryo developmental disorders were demonstrable due to vertical transmission of the virus. I. Eradication of REV In this project a comprehensive national program was applied for the eradication of REV from Israeli breeding stocks by the elimination of antibody-positive birds from the breeding program. The prevention of REV-infected breeders entering Israel was also implemented by serological examination of imported day-old chickens and turkeys for maternal antibody. At the same time commercial breeding flocks in Israel were surveyed routinely to measure the extent of environmental exposure to REV throughout Israel. II. Economic factors associated with vertical transmission on breeders and progeny It was observed that on some poultry farms exposure of breeding flocks to viral infection, if it occurs when the birds are immunocompetent, leads only to a seroconvertion event. In these flocks no differences were demonstrated between the performances of seronegative and seropositive birds. When the F1 generation was selected according to seronegativity of the parents, all the progeny were seronegative, indicating that tolerantly infected birds did not form a significant proportion of the parent flock. In sharp contrast, breeding flocks that became exposed to the virus about the point of lay or during the laying period, shed virus vertically for a brief period of time through the egg. Our epizootiological observations lead us to conclude that the progeny (laying pullets) becomes tolerantly infected and are immunosuppressed as they increase in age. Increased mortality and susceptibility to intercurrent diseases were recorded.

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Falconi, César. Potential Economic Impacts of Avian Influenza in LAC. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006877.

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This presentation discuses bird flu in two different related scenarios: as a disease that could affect the Poultry Sector and as a disease that could cause a Human Pandemic. The paper includes an analysis on what's at stake, risks and probabilities, costs, impacts and ways of prevention, as well as a series of conclusions. This presentation was created for the Seminar "The Mass Media and the Threat of Avian Influenza in Latin America" held in August of 2006.

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Bacharach, Eran, and Sagar Goyal. Generation of Avian Pneumovirus Modified Clones for the Development of Attenuated Vaccines. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7696541.bard.

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Abstract (one page maximum, single spaced), include: List the original objectives, as defined in the approved proposal, and any revisions made at the beginning or during the course of project: The main goal described in our original proposal has been the development of a molecular infectious clone of the avian metapneumovirus subtype B (aMPV-B) and the modification of this clone to create mutated viruses for the development of attenuated vaccines. The Achievements and Appendix/Part I sections of this report describes the accomplishments in creating such a molecular clone. These sections also contain the results of a longitudinal study that we made in Israel, demonstrating the infiltration of field strains of aMPV into vaccinated flocks and emphasizing the need for the development of better vaccines. We also describe our unexpected findings regarding the ability of aMPV to establish persistent infection in cell cultures. Although this direction of research was not described in the original proposal we feel that it is highly important for the understanding of aMPV pathogenesis. For example, this direction has provided us with evidence showing that aMPV replication can augment influenza replication. Moreover, we observed that viruses that were produced from chronically-infected cells show reduced ciliostasis. Accordingly, we carried vaccination trials using such viruses. In the original grant proposal we also offered that the American lab will clone and express immunomodulators in the context of an aMPV -based replicon that the Israeli lab has generated. However, as we reported in our annual reports, further analysis of this replicon by the Israeli lab has revealed that the level of expression achieved by this vehicle is relatively poor; thus, the American lab has focused on sequencing the genomes of different aMPV-C isolates that differ in their virulence (including vaccine strains). Achievements and Appendix/Part II sections of this report include the summary of this effort. Background to the topic: The aMPVs belong to the paramyxoviridae family and cause mild to severe respiratory tract diseases mainly in turkeys and also in chickens. Four aMPV subgroups, A, B, C and D, have been characterized; in Israel aMPV-A and B are the common subtypes while in the USA type C is the prevalent one. Although vaccine strains do exist for aMPVs, they do not always provide full protection against virulent strains and the vaccines themselves may induce disease to some extent. Improved vaccines against aMPV are needed, to achieve better protection of the poultry industry against this pathogen. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: We isolated aMPV-B from a diseased flock and accomplished the sequencing and cloning of its full-genome. In addition, we cloned the four genes encoding the viral replicase. These should serve as the platform for generation of modified aMPV-Bs from molecular clones. We also identified aMPVs that are attenuated in respect to their ciliostatic activity and accordingly showed the potential of such viruses as vaccine strains. For aMPV-C, the different mutations scattered along the genome of different isolates with varied virulence have been determined. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: The newly identified pattern of mutations in attenuated strains will allow better understanding of the pathogenicity of aMPV and the generation of aMPV molecular clones, together with isolation of strains with attenuated ciliostatic activity should generate improved vaccine strains Abstract (one page maximum, single spaced), include: List the original objectives, as defined in the approved proposal, and any revisions made at the beginning or during the course of project: The main goal described in our original proposal has been the development of a molecular infectious clone of the avian metapneumovirus subtype B (aMPV-B) and the modification of this clone to create mutated viruses for the development of attenuated vaccines. The Achievements and Appendix/Part I sections of this report describes the accomplishments in creating such a molecular clone. These sections also contain the results of a longitudinal study that we made in Israel, demonstrating the infiltration of field strains of aMPV into vaccinated flocks and emphasizing the need for the development of better vaccines. We also describe our unexpected findings regarding the ability of aMPV to establish persistent infection in cell cultures. Although this direction of research was not described in the original proposal we feel that it is highly important for the understanding of aMPV pathogenesis. For example, this direction has provided us with evidence showing that aMPV replication can augment influenza replication. Moreover, we observed that viruses that were produced from chronically-infected cells show reduced ciliostasis. Accordingly, we carried vaccination trials using such viruses. In the original grant proposal we also offered that the American lab will clone and express immunomodulators in the context of an aMPV -based replicon that the Israeli lab has generated. However, as we reported in our annual reports, further analysis of this replicon by the Israeli lab has revealed that the level of expression achieved by this vehicle is relatively poor; thus, the American lab has focused on sequencing the genomes of different aMPV-C isolates that differ in their virulence (including vaccine strains). Achievements and Appendix/Part II sections of this report include the summary of this effort. Background to the topic: The aMPVs belong to the paramyxoviridae family and cause mild to severe respiratory tract diseases mainly in turkeys and also in chickens. Four aMPV subgroups, A, B, C and D, have been characterized; in Israel aMPV-A and B are the common subtypes while in the USA type C is the prevalent one. Although vaccine strains do exist for aMPVs, they do not always provide full protection against virulent strains and the vaccines themselves may induce disease to some extent. Improved vaccines against aMPV are needed, to achieve better protection of the poultry industry against this pathogen. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: We isolated aMPV-B from a diseased flock and accomplished the sequencing and cloning of its full-genome. In addition, we cloned the four genes encoding the viral replicase. These should serve as the platform for generation of modified aMPV-Bs from molecular clones. We also identified aMPVs that are attenuated in respect to their ciliostatic activity and accordingly showed the potential of such viruses as vaccine strains. For aMPV-C, the different mutations scattered along the genome of different isolates with varied virulence have been determined. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: The newly identified pattern of mutations in attenuated strains will allow better understanding of the pathogenicity of aMPV and the generation of aMPV molecular clones, together with isolation of strains with attenuated ciliostatic activity should generate improved vaccine strains.

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Malkinson, Mertyn, Irit Davidson, Moshe Kotler, and Richard L. Witter. Epidemiology of Avian Leukosis Virus-subtype J Infection in Broiler Breeder Flocks of Poultry and its Eradication from Pedigree Breeding Stock. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586459.bard.

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Objectives 1. Establish diagnostic procedures to identify tolerant carrier birds based on a) Isolation of ALV-J from blood, b) Detection of group-specific antigen in cloacal swabs and egg albumen. Application of these procedures to broiler breeder flocks with the purpose of removing virus positive birds from the breeding program. 2. Survey the AL V-J infection status of foundation lines to estimate the feasibility of the eradication program 3. Investigate virus transmission through the embryonated egg (vertical) and between chicks in the early post-hatch period (horizontal). Establish a model for limiting horizontal spread by analyzing parameters operative in the hatchery and brooder house. 4. Compare the pathogenicity of AL V-J isolates for broiler chickens. 5. Determine whether AL V-J poses a human health hazard by examining its replication in mammalian and human cells. Revisions. The: eradication objective had to be terminated in the second year following the closing down of the Poultry Breeders Union (PBU) in Israel. This meant that their foundation flocks ceased to be available for selection. Instead, the following topics were investigated: a) Comparison of commercial breeding flocks with and without myeloid leukosis (matched controls) for viremia and serum antibody levels. b) Pathogenicity of Israeli isolates for turkey poults. c) Improvement of a diagnostic ELISA kit for measuring ALV-J antibodies Background. ALV-J, a novel subgroup of the avian leukosis virus family, was first isolated in 1988 from broiler breeders presenting myeloid leukosis (ML). The extent of its spread among commercial breeding flocks was not appreciated until the disease appeared in the USA in 1994 when it affected several major breeding companies almost simultaneously. In Israel, ML was diagnosed in 1996 and was traced to grandparent flocks imported in 1994-5, and by 1997-8, ML was present in one third of the commercial breeding flocks It was then realized that ALV-J transmission was following a similar pattern to that of other exogenous ALVs but because of its unusual genetic composition, the virus was able to establish an extended tolerant state in infected birds. Although losses from ML in affected flocks were somewhat higher than normal, both immunosuppression and depressed growth rates were encountered in affected broiler flocks and affected their profitability. Conclusions. As a result of the contraction in the number of international primary broiler breeders and exchange of male and female lines among them, ALV-J contamination of broiler breeder flocks affected the broiler industry worldwide within a short time span. The Israeli national breeding company (PBU) played out this scenario and presented us with an opportunity to apply existing information to contain the virus. This BARD project, based on the Israeli experience and with the aid of the ADOL collaborative effort, has managed to offer solutions for identifying and eliminating infected birds based on exhaustive virological and serological tests. The analysis of factors that determine the efficiency of horizontal transmission of virus in the hatchery resulted in the workable solution of raising young chicks in small groups through the brooder period. These results were made available to primary breeders as a strategy for reducing viral transmission. Based on phylogenetic analysis of selected Israeli ALV-J isolates, these could be divided into two groups that reflected the countries of origin of the grandparent stock. Implications. The availability of a simple and reliable means of screening day old chicks for vertical transmission is highly desirable in countries that rely on imported breeding stock for their broiler industry. The possibility that AL V-J may be transmitted to human consumers of broiler meat was discounted experimentally.

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Uni, Zehava, and Peter Ferket. Enhancement of development of broilers and poults by in ovo feeding. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695878.bard.

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The specific objectives of this research were the study of the physical and nutritional properties of the In Ovo Feeding (IOF) solution (i.e. theosmostic properties and the carbohydrate: protein ratio composition). Then, using the optimal solution for determining its effect on hatchability, early nutritional status and intestinal development of broilers and turkey during the last quarter of incubation through to 7 days post-hatch (i.e. pre-post hatch period) by using molecular, biochemical and histological tools. The objective for the last research phase was the determination of the effect of in ovo feeding on growth performance and economically valuable production traits of broiler and turkey flocks reared under practical commercial conditions. The few days before- and- after hatch is a critical period for the development and survival of commercial broilers and turkeys. During this period chicks make the metabolic and physiological transition from egg nutriture (i.e. yolk) to exogenous feed. Late-term embryos and hatchlings may suffer a low glycogen status, especially when oxygen availability to the embryo is limited by low egg conductance or poor incubator ventilation. Much of the glycogen reserve in the late-term chicken embryo is utilized for hatching. Subsequently, the chick must rebuild that glycogen reserve by gluconeogenesis from body protein (mostly from the breast muscle) to support post-hatch thermoregulation and survival until the chicks are able to consume and utilize dietary nutrients. Immediately post-hatch, the chick draws from its limited body reserves and undergoes rapid physical and functional development of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in order to digest feed and assimilate nutrients. Because the intestine is the nutrient primary supply organ, the sooner it achieves this functional capacity, the sooner the young bird can utilize dietary nutrients and efficiently grow at its genetic potential and resist infectious and metabolic disease. Feeding the embryo when they consume the amniotic fluid (IOF idea and method) showed accelerated enteric development and elevated capacity to digest nutrients. By injecting a feeding solution into the embryonic amnion, the embryo naturally consume supplemental nutrients orally before hatching. This stimulates intestinal development to start earlier as was exhibited by elevated gene expression of several functional genes (brush border enzymes an transporters , elvated surface area, elevated mucin production . Moreover, supplying supplemental nutrients at a critical developmental stage by this in ovo feeding technology improves the hatchling’s nutritional status. In comparison to controls, administration of 1 ml of in ovo feeding solution, containing dextrin, maltose, sucrose and amino acids, into the amnion of the broiler embryo increased dramatically total liver glycogen in broilers and in turkeys in the pre-hatch period. In addition, an elevated relative breast muscle size (% of broiler BW) was observed in IOF chicks to be 6.5% greater at hatch and 7 days post-hatch in comparison to controls. Experiment have shown that IOF broilers and turkeys increased hatchling weights by 3% to 7% (P<0.05) over non injected controls. These responses depend upon the strain, the breeder hen age and in ovo feed composition. The weight advantage observed during the first week after hatch was found to be sustained at least through 35 days of age. Currently, research is done in order to adopt the knowledge for commercial practice.

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Gelb, Jr., Jack, Yoram Weisman, Brian Ladman, and Rosie Meir. Identification of Avian Infectious Brochitis Virus Variant Serotypes and Subtypes by PCR Product Cycle Sequencing for the Rational Selection of Effective Vaccines. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586470.bard.

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Objectives 1. Determine the serotypic identities of 40 recent IBV isolates from commercial chickens raised in the USA and Israel. 2. Sequence all IBV field isolates using PCR product cycle sequencing and analyze their S 1 sequence to detennine their homology to other strains in the Genbank and EMBL databases. 3. Select vaccinal strains with the highest S 1 sequence homology to the field isolates and perform challenge of immunity studies in chickens in laboratory trials to detennine level of protection afforded by the vaccines. Background Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a common, economically important disease of the chicken. IB occurs as a respiratory form, associated with airsacculitis, condemnation, and mortality of meat-type broilers, a reproductive form responsible for egg production losses in layers and breeders, and a renal form causing high mortality in broilers and pullets. The causative agent is avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Replication of the virus' RNA genome is error-prone and mutations commonly result. A major target for mutation is the gene encoding the spike (S) envelope protein used by the virus to attach and infect the host cell. Mutations in the S gene result in antigenic changes that can lead to the emergence of variant serotypes. The S gene is able to tolerate numerous mutations without compromising the virus' ability to replicate and cause disease. An end result of the virus' "flexibility" is that many strains of IBV are capable of existing in nature. Once formed, new mutant strains, often referred to as variants, are soon subjected to immunological selection so that only the most antigenically novel variants survive in poultry populations. Many novel antigenic variant serotypes and genotypes have been isolated from commercial poultry flocks. Identification of the field isolates of IBV responsible for outbreaks is critical for selecting the appropriate strain(s) for vaccination. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of the Sl subunit of the envelope spike glycoprotein gene has been a common method used to identify field strains, replacing other time-consuming or less precise tests. Two PCR approaches have been used for identification, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and direct automated cycle sequence analysis of a diagnostically relevant hypervariab1e region were compared in our BARD research. Vaccination for IB, although practiced routinely in commercial flocks, is often not protective. Field isolates responsible for outbreaks may be unrelated to the strain(s) used in the vaccination program. However, vaccines may provide varying degrees of cross- protection vs. unrelated field strains so vaccination studies should be performed. Conclusions RFLP and S1 sequence analysis methods were successfully performed using the field isolates from the USA and Israel. Importantly, the S1 sequence analysis method enabled a direct comparison of the genotypes of the field strains by aligning them to sequences in public databases e.g. GenBank. Novel S1 gene sequences were identified in both USA and Israel IBVs but greater diversity was observed in the field isolates from the USA. One novel genotype, characterized in this project, Israel/720/99, is currently being considered for development as an inactivated vaccine. Vaccination with IBV strains in the US (Massachusetts, Arkansas, Delaware 072) or in Israel (Massachusetts, Holland strain) provided higher degrees of cross-protection vs. homologous than heterologous strain challenge. In many cases however, vaccination with two strains (only studies with US strains) produced reasonable cross-protection against heterologous field isolate challenge. Implications S1 sequence analysis provides numerical similarity values and phylogenetic information that can be useful, although by no means conclusive, in developing vaccine control strategies. Identification of many novel S1 genotypes of IBV in the USA is evidence that commercial flocks will be challenged today and in the future with strains unrelated to vaccines. In Israel, monitoring flocks for novel IBV field isolates should continue given the identification of Israel/720/99, and perhaps others in the future. Strains selected for vaccination of commercial flocks should induce cross- protection against unrelated genotypes. Using diverse genotypes for vaccination may result in immunity against unrelated field strains.

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