Academic literature on the topic 'Potentiometric titrations'

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Journal articles on the topic "Potentiometric titrations"

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Braun, R. D. "Potentiometry and potentiometric titrations." TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 4, no. 5 (May 1985): xxi. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-9936(85)87014-x.

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Gibson, Graham, Alexei A. Neverov, and R. S. Brown. "Potentiometric titration of metal ions in methanol." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 81, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 495–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v03-035.

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The potentiometric titrations of nine lanthanideIII triflates, ZnII and CuII triflate, and the NiII, CoII, MgII, and TiIV perchlorates were obtained in methanol to determine the titration constants (defined as the sspH at which the [OCH3–]/[Mx+]t ratios are 0.5 and 1.5) as well as the apparent sspKa values for deprotonation of the metal-bound solvent molecules. The titrations were performed under various conditions with and without added salts as electrolytes, and the variations in the titration constants are discussed. In selected cases (La3+, Zn2+) the titration profiles were analyzed using a complex fitting program to obtain information about the species present in solution.Key words: potentiometric titration, methanol, sspH, metal ion, lanthanides, apparent sspKa.
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Prasad, S., V. D. Leite, R. A. C. Santana, and E. A. Medeiros. "Electrometric studies on formation of cerium vanadates as a function of pH." Eclética Química 31, no. 2 (2006): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-46702006000200005.

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The precise nature of the reaction between nitric acid and sodium ortho-vanadate solutions has been studied by means of electrometric techniques involving potentiometric and conductometric titrations. The well defined inflections and breaks in the titration curves confirm the existence of the anions, pyro-V2O7(4-), meta-VO3- and poly-H2V10O28(4-) corresponding to the ratios of VO4(3-):H+ as 1:1, 1:2 and 1:2.6 in the neighborhood of pH 10.5, 7.4 and 3.6, respectively. The interaction of cerium(III) nitrate with sodium vanadate solutions, at specific pH levels 12.4, 10.5, 7.4 and 3.6 was also studied by potentiometric and conductometric titrations between the reactants. The end-points obtained from the sharp inflections in the titration curves provide definite evidence for the formation and precipitation of cerium ortho-Ce2O3.V2O5, pyro-2Ce2O3.3V2O5 and meta-Ce2O3.3V2O5 vanadates in the neighborhood of pH 7.4, 6.2 and 4.8, respectively. Analytical investigations on the precipitates formed confirm the results of the electrometric study.
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Besenhard, J. O., H. P. Gansmann, and H. Meyer. "Bestimmung von Oberflächenoxiden auf Rußen durch potentiometrische Direkttitration in nichtwäßrigen Lösungsmitteln / Determination of Surface Oxides on Carbon Blacks by Direct Potentiometric Titration in Non-Aqueous Solvents." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 45, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): 857–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1990-0617.

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An attempt is made to quantitatively determine acidic and basic surface oxides on carbon blacks and also to monitor their acid and base strength distribution by direct potentiometric titrations in non-aqueous media.In contrast to direct titration procedures proposed so far, our method allows to distinguish clearly between several types of acidic surface oxides of different acid strength. This is mainly achieved by improvements of the non-aqueous titration media. The total contents of weakly and strongly acidic and also of basic oxides determined by this very fast method is comparable to results obtained by slow and laborious indirect titrations.
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Qayoom, Amtul, Syed Arif Kazmi, and Saeeda Nadir Ali. "Turmeric Powder as a Natural Heavy Metal Chelating Agent: Surface Characterisation." Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences 60, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.60.1.2017.1.8.

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The present study was conducted to investigate surface properties of turmeric in order to evaluateits detoxification potential and ability to sequester toxic metals ions. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM),Energy Dispersion Spectroscopy (EDS), Infra-Red (IR) spectroscopy and potentiometric titrations wereemployed for characterisation of the surface of turmeric powder. Spectroscopic studies revealed that thesurface of turmeric powder was porous mainly composed of polymeric -OH , -NH , -CH2 , -COO and-OH groups of polysaccharides. From potentiometric titrations and modelling of batch titration data, it wasfound that surface of the turmeric contains at least four binding sites with pKa values 3.56 (pK1), 4.83(pK2), 7.68 (pK3) and 10.4 (pK4). Turmeric powder contains highest concentration of amino and hydroxylgroups for the pK4 values i.e., 0.55 mmol/ g. The total binding sites concentration for turmeric powderwas 1.2 mmol/ g.
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Gran, Gunnar. "Equivalence volumes in potentiometric titrations." Analytica Chimica Acta 206 (1988): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-2670(00)80835-1.

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Basavaraja, C., and V. R. Kulkarni. "Volume effects in potentiometric titrations." Resonance 9, no. 1 (January 2004): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02902531.

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Mustafa, S., A. Naeem, N. Rehana, and H. Y. Samad. "Cation-Exchange Properties of Aluminium(III) Phosphate." Adsorption Science & Technology 13, no. 4 (August 1996): 261–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026361749601300404.

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Potentiometric titrations of aluminium(III) phosphate have been performed in the presence of aqueous electrolyte solutions containing Cu2+, Zn2+, Ni2+ and K+ ions as a function of the concentration of the latter, the pH and the temperature. The sorption of Zn2+ ions has also been studied and the data for metal ion sorption shown to correlate with the Potentiometric titration data, indicating that the process responsible for metal ion uptake is ion exchange. The pKa value of the exchanger and its thermodynamic parameters have been evaluated.
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Gündüz, Turgut, Esma Kiliç, Güleren Özkan, Muhammed F. Awaad, and Mustafa Tastekin. "Conductimetric and potentiometric investigation of effect of acidity on formation of homoconjugates in acetonitrile solvent." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 68, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 674–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v90-103.

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In the present work, 11 aromatic and nine aliphatic carboxylic acids, namely benzoic, 2-nitrobenzoic, 3-nitrobenzoic, 4-nitrobenzoic, 2,4-dinitrobenzoic, 3,5-dinitrobenzoic, 2-aminobenzoic, 3-aminobenzoic, 4-aminobenzoic, o-phthalic, salicylic, formic, acetic, monochloroacetic, dichloroacetic, trichloroacetic, propionic, n-butyric, caprylic, and myristic acids, were titrated conductimetrically and potentiometrically with triethylamine in acetonitrile solvent, under a nitrogen atmosphere, at 25 °C. Closer investigation of the conductimetric titration curves of these acids showed that the acidity of an acid, rather than the basicity of its conjugate base, plays a major part in the formation of homoconjugate ions, at least in acetonitrile solvent. If the acid is strong enough, there is a maximum before the experimental end point at about the half-neutralization point. To determine the minimum strength for an acid to show this maximum before the end point, all acids were also titrated potentiometrically. It was found that those acids which have half-neutralization potentials over −85 mV give a strong homoconjugation reaction and show a maximum before the experimental end point. Moreover, the acids that show maxima before the experimental end point in the conductimetric titration also show rather well-shaped potentiometric titration curves. Keywords: nonaqueous media, conductimetric titrations, potentiometric titrations, titration in acetonitrile, acidity and homoconjugation.
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Valdug, Claudete J., Eunice Valduga, Martha Adaime, and Nadia Viaro. "NIOBIUM AS A POTENTIOMETRIC SENSOR IN REDOX TITRATIONS WITH AND WITHOUT PASSIVATION BY AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE." SOUTHERN BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 2, no. 2 (December 20, 1994): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.48141/sbjchem.v2.n2.1994.57_1994.pdf.

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The Pt indicator electrode has been commonly used for redox potentiometric titrations. In this work the Nb indicator electrode is suggested as an alternative for the Pt indicator electrode for the redox potentiometric titrations of the system Fe(ll)/K2Cr2O7. The utilization of the proposed electrode has been studied with and without passivation. The passivation is made by electrode immersion in oxidising anodic inhibitor of NH4MoO4. The result was an observed increase of the potentiometric leap from 30 mV to 60 mV, allowing better visualization of the equivalence point. The same equivalence point was observed with the conventional and proposed electrode. With the Nb electrode, an inverse potentiometric leap was also obtained.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Potentiometric titrations"

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Mashamba, Mulalo Gift. "Process potentiometric sequential injection titrations." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2001. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11212005-093416/.

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Santos, Marcos Alves dos. "Titulações potencio-condutimétricas simultâneas: método, programas para simulação e análise de dados e exemplos reais de aplicação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46133/tde-08112010-091604/.

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A despeito dos avanços instrumentais, as titulações continuam sendo largamente aplicadas em laboratórios de química analítica. Seu amplo uso está relacionado com a boa exatidão em aplicações bem estabelecidas e freqüente indicação como método de referência (p. ex., farmacopéias), equipamentos simples, comuns e de custo reduzido, consumo moderado de tempo e de reagentes. Entre as técnicas de titulação, destacam-se as potenciométricas (TP), empregadas universalmente para a quantificação de um ou mais componentes ácidos ou básicos em soluções aquosas ou não aquosas, possibilitando ainda determinar as constantes de dissociação de ácidos e de protonação de bases. Na análise de dados de TP são, via de regra, empregados os métodos clássicos (derivadas), porém, para sistemas compreendendo componentes multiprotonáveis, as inflexões das curvas de titulação deixam ser nítidas, especialmente em baixas concentrações. Nestas condições desfavoráveis, ainda assim podem-se obter resultados satisfatórios recorrendo a métodos de linearização das curvas ou analisando os dados por regressão não linear (RNL), facilmente implementáveis em computadores, hoje disseminados nos laboratórios. Outra técnica clássica para acompanhamento de titulações é a condutimétrica (TC), menos utilizada que a TP nos dias atuais, salvo para ácidos ou bases muito fracas, servindo para prover dados complementares em estudos de formação de complexos ou na caracterização de amostras ambientais. Tipicamente os pontos estequiométricos coincidem com a intersecção de segmentos de reta. Para amostras muito diluídas, com sistemas multipróticos ou com elevada concentração de eletrólitos em relação às espécies tituladas, a interpretação gráfica fica dificultada e a precisão decai. Pesquisas recentes mostraram que é possível aproveitar informações obtidas por TP para alimentar modelos de regressão não linear de TC e, assim, obter informações mais completas das amostras estudadas. No presente trabalho, avançou-se nesta linha criando programas computacionais para a análise simultânea de dados obtidos por TC e TP, empregando o método de RNL e minimizando os desvios (ou o quadrado dos desvios) dos dois conjuntos completos de dados para prover caracterização mais completa das amostras e melhoria na precisão dos resultados. Um programa de simulação de dados de TC e TP das mais diversas combinações e concentrações de sistemas ácido-base, com recursos para acrescentar erros aleatórios às variáveis simuladas, foi também desenvolvido. Permitiu verificar a validade e potencialidade do método da TPC-RNL e aperfeiçoar o programa de análise simultânea de dados. O programa de TPC-RNL foi aplicado inicialmente à re-avaliação de dados de titulações de água de chuva anteriormente coletadas e analisadas por outro colaborador do grupo. Como exemplo de aplicação original a amostras reais difíceis tanto para a TC como a TP isoladamente, determinou-se, por TPC, baixas concentrações de ácidos orgânicos de baixo peso molecular em amostras obtidas do produto de oxidação acelerada do biodiesel. Os resultados se mostraram compatíveis com os obtidos por outro pesquisador que recorreu à eletroforese capilar, sendo que o pH, a condutividade e a força iônica das amostras também foi reproduzida pelo programa Peak Master alimentado com as concentrações ajustadas por RNL
Despite all the advances in instrumental techniques, titrations are still widely applied in analytical chemistry laboratories. Its widespread use is associated with good accuracy, well established applications, simple, readily available and low cost equipment, moderate consumption of time and reagents and frequent indication as a reference method (eg., Pharmacopoeias). Potentiometric titrations (PT) outstands among other techniques, being universally used for the quantification of one or more basic or acidic components in aqueous or non aqueous samples and enabling further determination of the dissociation constants of acids and bases. Data analysis of PT with the glass electrode is typically done by finding the inflections of the curves with help of simple derivatives. However, PT curves of systems with multiprotonable components, specially at very low concentrations, fail to show sharp inflections. Under such unfavorable conditions, satisfactory results can still be obtained by using curve linearization methods or nonlinear regression (NLR) methods, now at the reach of every laboratory computer. Another classic technique for following titrations is conductivity (CT), less used routinely than PT nowadays except for very weak acids or bases, but still valuable as a complementary technique in equilibrium studies of complex formation or for the characterization of environmental samples. The stoichiometric points of simple CTs are found at the intersection of line segments. For very dilute samples or for multiprotic systems or with high concentrations of electrolytes compared to the species to be titrated, the graphical interpretation becomes difficult and the accuracy declines. Recent research has shown that it is possible to harness information obtained by PT to render non-linear regression models of CT solvable, thus extracting more complete information of the samples. This dissertation is devoted to the development and evaluation of software for the simultaneous analysis of data from CT and PT gathered together in the laboratory or by simulation, using the method of NLR with minimization of the weighted deviations (or their squares) of the two full data sets to provide more complete characterization of the samples and to improve the precision of the results. A simulation program for generating CT and PT curves for freely combined acid-base systems over a wide concentration range, with features to add random errors to the simulated variables was also developed. The simulator was used to evaluate the validity and potentiality of the PCTNLR method and improve the software of simultaneous data analysis. The program of PCT-NLR was applied firstly to the re-evaluation of data from titrations of rainwater collected and analyzed previously by another contributor to the group. As an original application example to real samples that are difficult for CT or PT separately, low concentrations of organic acids of low molecular weight were determined by PCT-NLR in samples from accelerated biodiesel oxidation tests. The results were consistent with those obtained by another researcher who used the capillary electrophoresis. The pH, ionic strength and conductivity of the samples were also reproduced by the program Peak Master using concentrations adjusted by NLR
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Sundman, Ola. "Cation adsorption properties of substituted kraft fibres : an experimental and thermodynamic modelling study." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemi, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1891.

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Acid/base and metal ion adsorption properties have been investigated for a range of chemically modified bleached Kraft fibre materials (pulps). The studies were performed via potentiometric titrations, Flame Atomic Absorbtion (and Emission) Spectroscopy, Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy and Extended X-ray Absorbtion Fine Structure measurements. As a result of a chemical modification procedure, the total concentration of acidic carboxylate groups in the fibre materials ranged between 43 and 590 μmol/g. The preferable surface potential model for modelling the ionic strength dependent acid/base properties of fibre materials with low charge densities, i.e. unmodified fully bleached Kraft fibre materials, was found to be the Basic Stern Model. For fibre materials with high total charge, ≳100 μmol/g, this model resulted in poor fits to data, and for such materials a number of Constant Capacitance Models, one at each ionic strength, must be recommended. With respect to metal ion adsorption, the results have indicated that the unspecific Donnan theory could correctly model the simultaneous adsorption of several metal ions, i.e. K+, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Cu2+, provided that the salt concentration in the fibre suspension is low. In suspensions of high salt concentration it was, however, found that this very same model strongly underestimated the adsorption of Ca2+ and Cu2+. Here, the Donnan model had to be complemented by specific ion exchange equilibria. These results were corroborated by spectroscopic evidence of specific interactions between Cu2+-ions and fibres. The spectroscopic indication of a complex formed between two fibre surface carboxylate groups and one Cu2+-ion, agree with the specific ion exchange model. It was therefore concluded that specific metal ionfibre interactions cannot be neglected, especially at high salt concentrations. The interactions occurring between the polycation GaO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)127+ and fibre materials were studied by both adsorption and spectroscopic measurements. These indicate that GaO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)127+ is surprisingly stable in fibre suspensions and that intact GaO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)127+- ions are strongly adsorbed onto the fibres. Also for this ion, specific interactions has to be considered, since the strong adsorption registered was too strong to be explained by Donnan equilibria. In the thesis, the stochiometric composition and an equilibrium constant characterising these interactions is presented.
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Kos, Nadja [Verfasser]. "Auswertungsmöglichkeiten und Optimierung potentiometrisch und photometrisch indizierter Titrationen / Nadja Kos." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1024743829/34.

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Gonçalves, Gabriela Soldi. "Atributos da validação do método analítico para quantificação da biotina empregando a técnica potenciométrica /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86497.

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Orientador: José Paschoal Batistuti
Banca: Fernando Luis Fertonani
Banca: Valeria Monterio da Silva Eleutério
Resumo: O presente trabalho consiste no desenvolvimento de um método analítico para determinação de biotina, utilizando-se a potenciometria indireta. O objetivo é apresentar a validação de método analítico como um processo que estime a eficiência do método proposto na rotina do laboratório para garantia da qualidade total. É um método que envolve equipamento simples e pouco dispendioso como o potenciômetro, que possibilita medir com precisão o valor da concentração de biotina. O doseamento quantitativo de biotina baseia-se no estudo das reações oscilantes do analito perante as análises da titulação indireta utilizando potenciômetro automático. A concentração de biotina foi determinada com massa adicionada conhecida numa matriz que simula uma cápsula, contendo aerosil (1%), estearato de magnésio (1%), celulose microcristalina (20%), amido (40%) e lactose q.s.p. Os resultados mostraram um valor médio de biotina (massa adicionada de aproximadamente 25 mg) determinada de 99,4% com desvio-padrão de 0,0345. As condições experimentais como temperatura, vidraria e concentração dos reagentes foram otimizadas. Os parâmetros investigados no processo de validação para demonstrar o desempenho do método foram: especificidade, linearidade, intervalo, precisão tanto repetitividade, quanto intermediária, exatidão e robustez. O tratamento estatístico dos dados da validação do método analítico envolveu a determinação da média, do desvio padrão e do coeficiente de variação. Para obtenção da curva de calibração se fez necessária a determinação da equação da reta, regressão linear e coeficiente de correlação linear. Este método apresenta grande aplicabilidade em soluções turvas, fluorescentes, opacas ou coradas, ou quando não existem, ou não podem aplicar-se indicadores visuais apropriados. Há possibilidade de determinação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The present work shows the development of an analytical method for the determination of biotin by using indirect potentiometry. The main goal is to present the validation of analytical methods as a process to estimate the efficiency of the proposed methodology in the laboratory routine for the guaranty of total quality. This method involves simple and low cost devices as the potentiometer, which allows the precise measurement of biotin concentration. The quantitative dosing of biotin is based on the study of the oscillating chemical reactions with the analyte by performing the analysis of the indirect titration with an automatic potentiometer. Biotin concentration was determined by adding a known mass to a matrix that simulates a capsule containing aerosol (1%), estearato de magnésio (1%), celulose microcristalina (20%), amido (40%) e lactose q.s.p. The results showed an average value for the determination of biotin (added mass was ca. 25 mg) of 99.4% with a standard deviation of 0.0345. The experimental conditions as temperature, glassware, and concentration of the chemicals were optimized. The investigated parameters of the validation procedure to demonstrate the performance of the method were: specificity, linearity, interval, precision (repeatability and intermediate), exactness and robustness. The statistical treatment of the data for the validation of the analytical method involved the determination of the average value, standard deviation, and the variation coefficient. In order to obtain the calibration curve, the line's equation, the linear regression and the coefficient of linear correlation were determined. This method shows great applicability for turbid, fluorescent, opaque or color solutions, or if an appropriate visual indicator is not available or cannot be applied. The method also shows the possibility for the determination of a sequence of equivalence... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Felix, Olivia. "Etude thermodynamique de la sorption de l'uranyle sur la monazite et la magnétite." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00737326.

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Les phénomènes d'adsorption interviennent dans les processus géochimiques gouvernant ainsi le transport des contaminants. Par ailleurs, les variations de température sont susceptibles d'influencer significativement leur comportement vis-à-vis de la surface des minéraux. Aussi, l'influence de la température sur la sorption doit être étudiée afin de mieux appréhender le devenir des éléments dans l'environnement. Dans cette optique, l'interaction entre un ion modèle, l'uranyle et deux minéraux a été étudiée. Dans un premier temps, un composé méthodologique, la monazite, a été choisi afin de déterminer la démarche à suivre pour étudier l'influence de la température sur la sorption de l'uranyle dans trois milieux plus ou moins complexants. Puis, des tests préliminaires ont été réalisés pour étudier la sorption de l'uranyle sur un composé d'intérêt industriel, la magnétite, en appliquant la démarche mise en place. Le solide a d'abord été caractérisé d'un point de vue massif puis les caractéristiques acido-basiques de sa mise en suspension dans les trois électrolytes (NaClO4, NaNO3 et Na2SO4) ont été étudiées en fonction de la température. Les constantes d'équilibre associées aux réactions de déprotonation des sites de surface ont été déterminées entre 25°C et 95°C par modélisation de courbes de titrages potentiométriques. Les simulations ont été effectuées en limitant au maximum le nombre de degrés de liberté du système. Le modèle 1-pK a donc été préféré au modèle 2-pK en raison du nombre de paramètres ajustables plus limité dans ce modèle. Des contraintes expérimentales telles que le pH de point de charge nulle ou les enthalpies déterminées par mesure directe des chaleurs associées par microcalorimétrie de mélange ont été imposées pour déterminer les constantes d'équilibre acido-basiques. La sorption de l'uranyle en fonction du pH sur le même intervalle de température a été étudiée en alliant l'acquisition de données macroscopiques telles que les sauts de sorption et la spéciation en solution à une étude structurale menée par analyse par spectrofluorimétrie laser permettant l'identification des espèces sorbées. La simulation des sauts de sorption permettant d'accéder aux constantes associées aux réactions de sorption a été réalisée en imposant les caractéristiques acido-basiques préalablement déterminées. Des mesures directes, par microcalorimétrie de mélange, des chaleurs mises en jeu lors de la sorption de l'uranyle ont permis de tester la validité de la loi de Van't Hoff sur ce phénomène. La même démarche a été suivie pour étudier l'influence de la température sur la sorption de l'uranyle sur la magnétite en milieu NaClO4 et NaNO3. Cependant, l'étude structurale par spectrofluorimétrie laser n'a pu être réalisée en raison de la couloration noire de la magnétite.
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Gonçalves, Gabriela Soldi [UNESP]. "Atributos da validação do método analítico para quantificação da biotina empregando a técnica potenciométrica." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86497.

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Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
O presente trabalho consiste no desenvolvimento de um método analítico para determinação de biotina, utilizando-se a potenciometria indireta. O objetivo é apresentar a validação de método analítico como um processo que estime a eficiência do método proposto na rotina do laboratório para garantia da qualidade total. É um método que envolve equipamento simples e pouco dispendioso como o potenciômetro, que possibilita medir com precisão o valor da concentração de biotina. O doseamento quantitativo de biotina baseia-se no estudo das reações oscilantes do analito perante as análises da titulação indireta utilizando potenciômetro automático. A concentração de biotina foi determinada com massa adicionada conhecida numa matriz que simula uma cápsula, contendo aerosil (1%), estearato de magnésio (1%), celulose microcristalina (20%), amido (40%) e lactose q.s.p. Os resultados mostraram um valor médio de biotina (massa adicionada de aproximadamente 25 mg) determinada de 99,4% com desvio-padrão de 0,0345. As condições experimentais como temperatura, vidraria e concentração dos reagentes foram otimizadas. Os parâmetros investigados no processo de validação para demonstrar o desempenho do método foram: especificidade, linearidade, intervalo, precisão tanto repetitividade, quanto intermediária, exatidão e robustez. O tratamento estatístico dos dados da validação do método analítico envolveu a determinação da média, do desvio padrão e do coeficiente de variação. Para obtenção da curva de calibração se fez necessária a determinação da equação da reta, regressão linear e coeficiente de correlação linear. Este método apresenta grande aplicabilidade em soluções turvas, fluorescentes, opacas ou coradas, ou quando não existem, ou não podem aplicar-se indicadores visuais apropriados. Há possibilidade de determinação...
The present work shows the development of an analytical method for the determination of biotin by using indirect potentiometry. The main goal is to present the validation of analytical methods as a process to estimate the efficiency of the proposed methodology in the laboratory routine for the guaranty of total quality. This method involves simple and low cost devices as the potentiometer, which allows the precise measurement of biotin concentration. The quantitative dosing of biotin is based on the study of the oscillating chemical reactions with the analyte by performing the analysis of the indirect titration with an automatic potentiometer. Biotin concentration was determined by adding a known mass to a matrix that simulates a capsule containing aerosol (1%), estearato de magnésio (1%), celulose microcristalina (20%), amido (40%) e lactose q.s.p. The results showed an average value for the determination of biotin (added mass was ca. 25 mg) of 99.4% with a standard deviation of 0.0345. The experimental conditions as temperature, glassware, and concentration of the chemicals were optimized. The investigated parameters of the validation procedure to demonstrate the performance of the method were: specificity, linearity, interval, precision (repeatability and intermediate), exactness and robustness. The statistical treatment of the data for the validation of the analytical method involved the determination of the average value, standard deviation, and the variation coefficient. In order to obtain the calibration curve, the line´s equation, the linear regression and the coefficient of linear correlation were determined. This method shows great applicability for turbid, fluorescent, opaque or color solutions, or if an appropriate visual indicator is not available or cannot be applied. The method also shows the possibility for the determination of a sequence of equivalence... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Elmroth, Edvin. "Method development for quality control of the primary explosive, Potassium 4,6-Dinitrobenzofuroxan (KDNBF)." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-84289.

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“Green” explosives are an important sub-family of explosives due to the banning of explosives based on heavy metals, such as lead azide and lead styphnate, according to the REACH list. A substitute to lead azide is potassium 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxane (KDNBF) which is an alternative “green” explosive. Hence there is an upcoming need for analytical and quality control protocols for KDNBF. In this report is HPLC-UV/VIS, GC-FID and potentiometric titration evaluated for their suitability as methods for testing of KDNBF. The results implies that KDNBF can be analyzed by GC-FID, when dissolved in DMSO and caffeine is used as internal standard. To analyze KDNBF by HPLC-UV/VIS was isocratic mode used together with a porous graphitic carbon (PGC) (Hypercarb ®) column. However, degradation of the analyte was severe and quantitative results were not obtained. Potentiometric titration indicated that KDNBF equilibrate with four hydrogen ions during titration, instead of the one to one ratio with potassium and hydrogen ion, as in previously proposed theory. Despite this and with careful titration is potentiometric titration and GC-FID analysis combined suitable as a quality control protocol for KDNBF.
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Braz, Ana KÃtia de Sousa. "CaracterizaÃÃo de Ãguas produzidas provenientes de plataformas marÃtimas da bacia do CearÃ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=13721.

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Nesse trabalho, foram caracterizadas 238 amostras de Ãgua produzida, oriundos de quatro campos de produÃÃo diferentes, todos provenientes de campos marÃtimos da bacia do CearÃ, denominados campo de produÃÃo A, campo de produÃÃo B, campo de produÃÃo C e campo de produÃÃo D. Foram determinados, os Ãnions (Acetato, Cloreto, Formiato, Sulfato) utilizando-se a cromatografia de Ãons; exceto, para o Ãnion Bicarbonato que foi determinado utilizando-se a titulaÃÃo potenciomÃtrica. E, os cÃtions (BÃrio, CÃlcio, EstrÃncio, Ferro Total, LÃtio, MagnÃsio, PotÃssio, SÃdio) utilizando-se a espectrometria de emissÃo Ãptica com plasma acoplado indutivamente. Para tratamento estatÃstico, utilizou-se como ferramenta, a PCA (anÃlise de componentes principais) e a HCA (anÃlise de agrupamento hierÃrquico). Na avaliaÃÃo da qualidade dos dados, utilizou-se o balanÃo iÃnico. Para visualizaÃÃo dos resultados, utilizou-se o grÃfico boxplot, onde se pode observar que o campo de produÃÃo A, seguido do campo de produÃÃo B, possuem tendÃncia à corrosÃo e à incrustaÃÃo, respectivamente. Como tambÃm, o campo de produÃÃo D que apresentou propensÃo à corrosÃo, mas em menor escala. Vale salientar a necessidade de uma caracterizaÃÃo individual das amostras, para conhecimento dos principais constituintes existentes. Pois, esses constituintes podem acarretar elevados custos na manutenÃÃo do processo produtivo da indÃstria petrolÃfera; devido, a corrosÃo do tipo pite, que promove a modificaÃÃo da aparÃncia e estrutura dos aÃos inoxidÃveis, muito utilizados na indÃstria petrolÃfera; e, as incrustaÃÃes, que tendem a se depositar nas paredes das tubulaÃÃes, que podem causar problemas como perda de pressÃo, diminuiÃÃo do escoamento da produÃÃo e aumento no consumo de energia.
In this study, we characterized 238 samples of water produced from four different production fields, all from offshore fields of the Cearà basin, called The field of production, production field B, C production and field production field D. were determined anions (acetate, chloride, formate, sulfate) using ion chromatography; except for the bicarbonate anion was determined using potentiometric titration. And, cations (Barium, Calcium, Strontium, total iron, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium) using the optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. For statistical analysis, we used as a tool, the PCA (principal component analysis) and HCA (hierarchical cluster analysis). In evaluating the quality of the data, we used the ionic balance. To visualize the results, we used the box plot graph where one can observe that the production field, followed by the production field B, are prone to corrosion and fouling, respectively. As well, the D production field that showed propensity to corrosion, but on a smaller scale. It is worth stressing the need for individual characterization of the samples, to knowledge of the main existing constituents. For these constituents can incur high costs in maintaining the productive process of the oil industry; due to corrosion pitting type, which promotes change the look and structure of stainless steel, widely used in the oil industry; and incrustations which tend to deposit on the walls of pipes, which may cause problems such as pressure loss, decreased production flow and an increase in power consumption.
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Langer, Matthias. "Protonierungs-, Komplexbildungs- und Verteilungseigenschaften von tripodalen Azaliganden." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2006. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1144746562988-21053.

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Ziel der Untersuchungen war die Charakterisierung der Protonierungs-, Komplexbildungs- und Verteilungseigenschaften von tripodalen Azaliganden unter Anwendung thermodynamischer und spektroskopischer Verfahren. Im Vordergrund stand dabei der Einfluß des Lösungsmittels auf die zugrundeliegenden Gleichgewichte. Ausgehend von dem Aminopodanden Tris(2-aminoethylamin) (tren) wurden für eine Reihe abgeleiteter Verbindungen mit unterschiedlichen Stickstoffdonorfunktionen und Substituenten Faktoren untersucht, welche die beteiligten Gleichgewichte beeinflussen. Das Protonierungsverhalten der Polyaminverbindungen ist im starken Maße von elektrostatischen, elektronischen und Solvenseinflüssen abhängig, welche durch den Abstand der benachbarten Aminfunktionen, die Substitution am Aminstickstoffatom und die sterischen Eigenschaften der Substituenten bestimmt werden. Faktoren, welche die Solvatation der Aminfunktionen verringern, führen zu einer Verringerung der Protonierungskonstanten. Zudem beeinflussen die Zusammensetzung der verwendeten Methanol-Wasser-Gemische sowie das verwendete Leitsalz die Protonierungskonstanten z.T. deutlich. Die Komplexbildung der untersuchten Azapodanden mit Ag+ in Methanol zeigt Unterschiede, welche hauptsächlich auf die unterschiedliche Basizität von Imin- bzw. Aminstickstoffatomen sowie Substituenteneffekte zurückzuführen sind. Von sterisch aufwendigen Substituenten an den Donorfunktionen der Podandarme können zudem destabilisiernde Effekte infolge der Beeinflussung der Koordinationsgeometrie von Ag+ ausgehen. Heteroditope Tetraazacryptanden zeigen gegenüber abgeleiteten offenkettigen Podanden erhöhte Stabilitätskonstanten, wobei auch die Verknüpfungsposition der tripodalen Einheiten am Phenylspacer und die Bindung von Wasser im Käfighohlraum eine Rolle spielen. Lösungsmittelpolarität und Gegenion haben einen deutlichen Einfluß auf die Komplexbildung mit Ag+. Der Schwerpunkt von Untersuchungen an Zweiphasensystemenen wäßrig-organisch lag auf dem Übergang von Wasser in die organische Phase unter dem Einfluß von extrahierten Spezies bei der Kationen- und Anionenextraktion. Mit der Verteilung von Liganden und Kationen- bzw. Anionenkomplexen lassen sich Änderungen des Wassersättigungsgehaltes in der niedrigpolaren organischen Phase registrieren, die mit der unterschiedlichen Hydratation der Spezies korrelieren. Qualitativ wurde die Hydratation von Azapodanden mittels IR- und 1H-NMR-Spektroskopie nachgewiesen, wobei auch Hinweise auf bestimmte, die Hydratation verringernde Faktoren, wie intramolekulare Wasserstoffbrücken, erhalten wurden. Quantitativ konnten mittels Karl-Fischer-Titration und Verteilungsmessungen Hydratationszahlen für ausgewählte Ligansysteme bestimmt werden. Extrahierte Komplexe der Verbindungen mit Ag+, Co2+, Ni2+ und Zn2+ zeigen eine gegenüber den freien Komplexbildnern veränderte Hydratation. Bei Ag+ kann in allen Fällen von einer deutlichen Verringerung der Hydratationszahlen ausgegangen werden. Für die zweifachgeladenen Kationen konnte kein klarer Nachweis erbracht werden. Es ergeben sich aber Hinweise, wonach zum Teil keine Verringerung auftritt, was auf eine zusätzliche Koordinationsstellen von Wasser am Kation hinweist. Bei der Iodidextraktion treten bei gleichzeitiger pH-Abhängigkeit mehrere Komplexspezies auf, was die Bestimmung von Hydratationszahlen erschwert. Als hilfreich erwies sich die Simulation für verschiedene mögliche Zusammensetzungen. Dabei stellte sich heraus, daß der 1:1-Komplex des untersuchten monoprotonierten Aminopodanden in Chloroform wahrscheinlich stärker hydratisiert ist als der freie Ligand, während die entsprechende 1:2-Spezies (Ligand:Iodid) eine ähnliche oder schwächere Hydratation aufweist als der Ligand.
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Books on the topic "Potentiometric titrations"

1

Potentiometry and potentiometric titrations. Malabar, Fla: Krieger Pub. Co., 1991.

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Selwyn, Lyndsie. Analysis of the chloride ion concentration in aqueous solutions by potentiometric titration. Ottawa, Ont: Canadian Conservation Institute, 2001.

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Néher-Neumann, Erzsébet. Advanced Potentiometry: Potentiometric Titrations and Their Systematic Errors. Springer London, Limited, 2010.

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Néher-Neumann, Erzsébet. Advanced Potentiometry: Potentiometric Titrations and Their Systematic Errors. Springer, 2010.

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Kolthoff, I. M. ColorimetricAnd Potentiometric Determination of PH Outline of Electrometric Titrations. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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Hindagolla, Suraj L. A study of the oxide/solution interface by capacitance measurements of electrolyte/oxide/semiconductor structures and potentiometric titrations of colloidal oxide suspensions. 1985.

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Analysis of the chloride ion concentration in aqueous solutions by potentiometric titration. CCI, 2001.

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Verdingh, V. Interlaboratory Comparison Exercise for the Determination of Uranium by Potentiometric Titration (First Phase). European Communities / Union (EUR-OP/OOPEC/OPOCE), 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Potentiometric titrations"

1

Neumann, Erzsébet Néher. "Emf Titrations Proposed for the Determination of Certain Transport Numbers [1]." In Advanced Potentiometry, 199–211. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9525-2_7.

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Neumann, Erzsébet Néher. "On Emf Titrations Proposed for the Determination of Some Interaction Coefficients [1]." In Advanced Potentiometry, 181–97. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9525-2_6.

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Avdeef, Alex, and John E. A. Comer. "Measurement of pKa and log P of water-insoluble substances by potentiometric titration." In Trends in QSAR and Molecular Modelling 92, 386–87. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1472-1_87.

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Fang, Linchuan, Peng Cai, Pengxiang Li, Wei Liang, and Qiaoyun Huang. "Microcalorimetric and Potentiometric Titration Studies on the Adsorption of Copper by P. putida and B. thuringiensis and Their Composites with Minerals." In Molecular Environmental Soil Science at the Interfaces in the Earth’s Critical Zone, 62–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-05297-2_19.

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Vytřas, K. "Potentiometric Titrations Based on Ion-Pair Formation." In Ion-Selective Electrode Reviews, 77–164. Elsevier, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-034150-7.50007-3.

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Alessi, Daniel S., Shannon L. Flynn, Samrat Alam, Leslie J. Robbins, and Kurt O. Konhauser. "Potentiometric Titrations to Characterize the Reactivity of Geomicrobial Surfaces." In Analytical Geomicrobiology, 79–92. Cambridge University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781107707399.003.

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Gans, Peter, and Alberto Vacca. "Potentiometric Titration." In Encyclopedia of Supramolecular Chemistry, 1–5. CRC Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/e-esmc-120024349.

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HÖDREJÄRV, H., K. KERM, and A. VAARMANN. "POTENTIOMETRIC TITRATION OF PHOSPHATE IONS IN NATURAL WATERS." In Ion-Selective Electrodes, 379–86. Elsevier, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-037933-3.50025-9.

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"Ionization Equilibrium and Potentiometric Titration of Weak Polyelectrolytes." In Physical Chemistry of Polyelectrolyte Solutions, 67–114. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119057338.ch3.

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Rudan-Tasič, D., and C. Klofutar. "Potentiometric titration of poly(α-D)galacturonic acid." In Progress in Biotechnology, 609–17. Elsevier, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-0423(96)80293-0.

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Conference papers on the topic "Potentiometric titrations"

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Jurminskaia, Olga, Nina Bagrin, and Elena Zubcov. "Study of acid-neutralizing capacity of the Dniester River under winter low-water conditions." In Xth International Conference of Zoologists. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/icz10.2021.12.

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The resistance to acidification of the Dniester water was tested by the method of potentiometric titration. Water samples were collected on the right bank of the Dniester River within the territory of the Republic of Moldova in February 2020. The acid-neutralising capacity values obtained (ANC) were compared with the critical acid load (CAL), which makes it possible to assess the habitat conditions for any group of hydrobionts whose resistance to acidification is known.
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Jakubowska, M., B. Baś, E. Niewiara, W. Reczyński, W. W. Kubiak, George Maroulis, and Theodore E. Simos. "Potentiometric Titration of Industrial Samples—End-point Detection by Means of Wavelets." In COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING: Advances in Computational Science: Lectures presented at the International Conference on Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering 2008 (ICCMSE 2008). AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3225386.

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Kommu, Aruna, Raghavendra Rao Kanchi, and Naveen Kumar Uttarkar. "Design and development of microcontroller based peristaltic pump for automatic potentiometric titration." In 2014 International Conference on Communications and Signal Processing (ICCSP). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccsp.2014.6949819.

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Wang, Jintao, Xiang Liu, Jingyue Zhang, Lin Tong, and Long Zhang. "Ultra micro liquid volume measurement system based on potentiometrie titration principle." In 2016 International Conference on Integrated Circuits and Microsystems (ICICM). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icam.2016.7813604.

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Albiol Chiva, Jaume, Juan Peris Vicente, María José Ruiz Ángel, Mar Esteve Amorós, Samuel Carda Broch, Pau Esteve Amorós, Estel la Esteve Amorós, Diego Kassuha, and Josep Esteve Romero. "Implementation of Computer Assisted Experimental Work in Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Teaching." In Fifth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head19.2019.9161.

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Computer-Assisted Experimental Work (CAEW) consists in the incorporation of computer-connected apparatus in the laboratory. This is a new insight into teaching of Classical Analytical Chemistry, wherein the experiments are usually manually conducted. However, it does not represent a complete break with traditional methodology, as the design and goal of the experiment are essentially the same. In this work, we present the implementation of CAEW to a practical included in the Laboratory part of “Analytical Chemistry IV”, taught at the fourth academic year of the Degree in Chemistry: “Potentiometric titration of a mixture of iodure and chlorure with silver”. Three couples of students used an Ag-ion selective electrode connected to a computer, while the other three couples employed a digital one. The results were comparable, though the computer-assisted method provided significant improvements, like; the students get familiar with new technologies at an accessible level, the titration can be visually followed on the screen via the titration curve, the calculations are automatically performed, allowing the detection of experimental and registration of mistakes, it avoids errors caused by the transcription and processing of the data, and the students achieve their practical disposing of the final results, and all their work corrected by the teacher.
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Kohn, Jackson, Anna Evers, and Owen Duckworth. "DETERMINING STABILITY CONSTANTS OF METAL-PROLINE 2′DEOXYMUGINEIC ACID (PDMA) CHELATES VIA POTENTIOMETRIC AND SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC TITRATION." In GSA Connects 2022 meeting in Denver, Colorado. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-382994.

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Kirby, Glen H., Kevin M. Cooley, and Beth L. Armstrong. "Tailored Rheological Behavior of Mullite and BSAS Suspensions Using a Cationic Polyelectrolyte." In ASME Turbo Expo 2005: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2005-68491.

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The effects of a cationic polyelectrolyte, polyethylenimine, on the rheological behavior of aqueous mullite and celsian phase, barium strontium aluminosilicate (BSAS) suspensions have been studied to optimize a dip-coating process. The surface of the ceramic particles was characterized in aqueous media using zeta potential measurements. The ionization behavior and hydrodynamic radius of polyethylenimine in aqueous media was characterized by potentiometric titration and dynamic light scattering measurements, respectively. The rheological behavior of concentrated ceramic suspensions containing polyethylenimine was characterized by stress viscometry and elastic modulus measurements. Polyethylenimine imparts repulsive, electrosteric interactions between mullite and BSAS particles in aqueous suspension, resulting in shear thinning flow behavior, linear elastic moduli, and yield stress values that are minimized for suspensions with a critical PEI concentration of 0.2 mg PEI per m2 of mullite and 0.4 mg PEI per m2 of BSAS, respectively. The elastic moduli and yield stress of mullite and BSAS suspensions were nearly identical at equivalent fractions of their critical PEI concentration. Uniform coatings were obtained upon dipping SiC, Si3N4, and Si-metal substrates into shear-thinning suspensions containing PEI at 81–88% of the critical concentration. Dense mullite coatings were demonstrated on SiC substrates after sintering at 1400°C.
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Al-Dabbagh, A. B., and A. M. Othman. "A theoretical and practical inclusive study of the effect of some factors on the ionization constants of some aromatic imines by potentiometric titration." In 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENERGY AND POWER, ICEP2021. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0124222.

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Bangerth, Stefan, Harish Ganapathy, Michael Ohadi, Tariq S. Khan, and Mohamed Alshehhi. "Study of CO2 Absorption Into Aqueous Diethanolamine (DEA) Using Microchannel Reactors." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36348.

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Removal of CO2 from gas streams is a major step in the purification of natural gas and of interest for carbon capture and storage applications. Industrial scale implementations of the process with most state of the art technologies use aqueous alkanolamines as liquid solvents to chemically absorb CO2. Although the kinetics of the absorption process are fast, sufficient absorption performance can only be met by very large columns due to the limited interfacial area present between gas and liquid phases in these systems. In the present study we utilize micro structure surfaces in two-phase regime to provide substantially higher interfacial area and hence enhanced mass transfer characteristics. We report experimental data on the separation of CO2 from a gas stream containing 10% CO2 and 90% N2 by volume. An aqueous solution of 20% diethanolamine in water by weight was used as the solvent, and absorption performance was measured by potentiometric titration of the liquid product with potassium hydroxide. The microchannel-based reactors had circular cross-sectional geometry with an inner diameter of 762 μm and two different lengths of 10 cm and 30 cm. Additionally, blank experiments were performed for component-level analysis. Parametric studies varying the gas and liquid phase superficial velocities were conducted and discussed. The potential to use microchannel reaction systems in multiple pass configurations for scaled up implementation was investigated. The present work achieved mass transfer coefficients that are at least one order of magnitude higher than those of most conventional absorption technologies, thus indicating the substantial process intensification that can be achieved using the proposed microreactor system for CO2 separation processes.
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Reports on the topic "Potentiometric titrations"

1

Engmann, J., H. W. Blanch, and J. M. Prausnitz. Protein-salt binding data from potentiometric titrations of lysozyme in aqueous solutions containing KCl. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/486115.

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Cureton, LaShonda T., George Fountzoulas, and John J. La Scala. Molecular Weight Measurement of Biobased Furan Polyamides via Non-Aqueous Potentiometric Titration. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada586113.

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Christensen, Earl, Jack Ferrell, Mariefel V. Olarte, Asanga B. Padmaperuma, and Teresa Lemmon. Acid Number Determination of Pyrolysis Bio-oils using Potentiometric Titration: Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1241091.

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Black, Stuart, Jack Ferrell, Mariefel V. Olarte, and Asanga B. Padmaperuma. Determination of Carbonyls in Pyrolysis Bio-oils by Potentiometric Titration. Faix Method. Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1241099.

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MORALES-ARTEAGA, MARIA, and REBECCA THOMAS. NWAL VALIDATION REPORT FOR U ASSAY BY POTENTIOMETRIC TITRATION (MODIFIED DAVIES AND GRAY TECHNIQUE) AND U AND PU ASSAY BY ISOTOPE DILUTION MASS SPECTROMETRY. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1860321.

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