Journal articles on the topic 'Potential Scaffolds'
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1
Chernonosova, Vera, Marianna Khlebnikova, Victoriya Popova, Ekaterina Starostina, Elena Kiseleva, Boris Chelobanov, Ren Kvon, Elena Dmitrienko, and Pavel Laktionov. "Electrospun Scaffolds Enriched with Nanoparticle-Associated DNA: General Properties, DNA Release and Cell Transfection." Polymers 15, no. 15 (July 27, 2023): 3202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15153202.
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Biomaterial-mediated, spatially localized gene delivery is important for the development of cell-populated scaffolds used in tissue engineering. Cells adhering to or penetrating into such a scaffold are to be transfected with a preloaded gene that induces the production of secreted proteins or cell reprogramming. In the present study, we produced silica nanoparticles-associated pDNA and electrospun scaffolds loaded with such nanoparticles, and studied the release of pDNA from scaffolds and cell-to-scaffold interactions in terms of cell viability and pDNA transfection efficacy. The pDNA-coated nanoparticles were characterized with dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Particle sizes ranging from 56 to 78 nm were indicative of their potential for cell transfection. The scaffolds were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, stress-loading tests and interaction with HEK293T cells. It was found that the properties of materials and the pDNA released vary, depending on the scaffold’s composition. The scaffolds loaded with pDNA-nanoparticles do not have a pronounced cytotoxic effect, and can be recommended for cell transfection. It was found that (pDNA-NPs) + PEI9-loaded scaffold demonstrates good potential for cell transfection. Thus, electrospun scaffolds suitable for the transfection of inhabiting cells are eligible for use in tissue engineering.
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D’Amato, Anthony R., Michael T. K. Bramson, David T. Corr, Devan L. Puhl, Ryan J. Gilbert, and Jed Johnson. "Solvent Retention in Electrospun Fibers Affects Scaffold Mechanical Properties." Electrospinning 2, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/esp-2018-0002.
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Abstract Electrospinning is a robust material fabrication method allowing for fine control of mechanical, chemical, and functional properties in scaffold manufacturing. Electrospun fiber scaffolds have gained prominence for their potential in a variety of applications such as tissue engineering and textile manufacturing, yet none have assessed the impact of solvent retention in fibers on the scaffold’s mechanical properties. In this study, we hypothesized that retained electrospinning solvent acts as a plasticizer, and gradual solvent evaporation, by storing fibers in ambient air, will cause significant increases in electrospun fiber scaffold brittleness and stiffness, and a significant decrease in scaffold toughness. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated solvent retention in PGA, PLCL, and PET fibers, and not in PU and PCL fibers. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed that polymers that were electrospun below their glass transition temperature (Tg) retained solvent and polymers electrospun above Tg did not. Young’s moduli increased and yield strain decreased for solventretaining PGA, PLCL, and PET fiber scaffolds as solvent evaporated from the scaffolds over a period of 14 days. Toughness and failure strain decreased for PGA and PET scaffolds as solvent evaporated. No significant differences were observed in the mechanical properties of PU and PCL scaffolds that did not retain solvent. These observations highlight the need to consider solvent retention following electrospinning and its potential effects on scaffold mechanical properties.
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Korpershoek, Jasmijn V., Mylène de Ruijter, Bastiaan F. Terhaard, Michella H. Hagmeijer, Daniël B. F. Saris, Miguel Castilho, Jos Malda, and Lucienne A. Vonk. "Potential of Melt Electrowritten Scaffolds Seeded with Meniscus Cells and Mesenchymal Stromal Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 20 (October 18, 2021): 11200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222011200.
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Meniscus injury and meniscectomy are strongly related to osteoarthritis, thus there is a clinical need for meniscus replacement. The purpose of this study is to create a meniscus scaffold with micro-scale circumferential and radial fibres suitable for a one-stage cell-based treatment. Poly-caprolactone-based scaffolds with three different architectures were made using melt electrowriting (MEW) technology and their in vitro performance was compared with scaffolds made using fused-deposition modelling (FDM) and with the clinically used Collagen Meniscus Implants® (CMI®). The scaffolds were seeded with meniscus and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in fibrin gel and cultured for 28 d. A basal level of proteoglycan production was demonstrated in MEW scaffolds, the CMI®, and fibrin gel control, yet within the FDM scaffolds less proteoglycan production was observed. Compressive properties were assessed under uniaxial confined compression after 1 and 28 d of culture. The MEW scaffolds showed a higher Young’s modulus when compared to the CMI® scaffolds and a higher yield point compared to FDM scaffolds. This study demonstrates the feasibility of creating a wedge-shaped meniscus scaffold with MEW using medical-grade materials and seeding the scaffold with a clinically-feasible cell number and -type for potential translation as a one-stage treatment.
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Iqbal, Neelam, Thomas Michael Braxton, Antonios Anastasiou, El Mostafa Raif, Charles Kai Yin Chung, Sandeep Kumar, Peter V. Giannoudis, and Animesh Jha. "Dicalcium Phosphate Dihydrate Mineral Loaded Freeze-Dried Scaffolds for Potential Synthetic Bone Applications." Materials 15, no. 18 (September 8, 2022): 6245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15186245.
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Dicalcium Phosphate Dihydrate (DCPD) mineral scaffolds alone do not possess the mechanical flexibility, ease of physicochemical properties’ tuneability or suitable porosity required for regenerative bone scaffolds. Herein, we fabricated highly porous freeze-dried chitosan scaffolds embedded with different concentrations of Dicalcium Phosphate Dihydrate (DCPD) minerals, i.e., 0, 20, 30, 40 and 50 (wt)%. Increasing DCPD mineral concentration led to increased scaffold crystallinity, where the % crystallinity for CH, 20, 30, 40, and 50-DCPD scaffolds was determined to be 0.1, 20.6, 29.4, 38.8 and 69.9%, respectively. Reduction in scaffold pore size distributions was observed with increasing DCPD concentrations of 0 to 40 (wt)%; coalescence and close-ended pore formation were observed for 50-DCPD scaffolds. 50-DCPD scaffolds presented five times greater mechanical strength than the DCPD mineral-free scaffolds (CH). DCPD mineral enhanced cell proliferation for the 20, 30 and 40-DCPD scaffolds. 50-DCPD scaffolds presented reduced pore interconnectivity due to the coalescence of many pores in addition to the creation of closed-ended pores, which were found to hinder osteoblast cell proliferation.
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Ahmad Hariza, Ahmad Mus’ab, Mohd Heikal Mohd Yunus, Mh Busra Fauzi, Jaya Kumar Murthy, Yasuhiko Tabata, and Yosuke Hiraoka. "The Fabrication of Gelatin–Elastin–Nanocellulose Composite Bioscaffold as a Potential Acellular Skin Substitute." Polymers 15, no. 3 (February 3, 2023): 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15030779.
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Gelatin usage in scaffold fabrication is limited due to its lack of enzymatic and thermal resistance, as well as its mechanical weakness. Hence, gelatin requires crosslinking and reinforcement with other materials. This study aimed to fabricate and characterise composite scaffolds composed of gelatin, elastin, and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and crosslinked with genipin. The scaffolds were fabricated using the freeze-drying method. The composite scaffolds were composed of different concentrations of CNC, whereas scaffolds made of pure gelatin and a gelatin–elastin mixture served as controls. The physicochemical and mechanical properties of the scaffolds, and their cellular biocompatibility with human dermal fibroblasts (HDF), were evaluated. The composite scaffolds demonstrated higher porosity and swelling capacity and improved enzymatic resistance compared to the controls. Although the group with 0.5% (w/v) CNC recorded the highest pore size homogeneity, the diameters of most of the pores in the composite scaffolds ranged from 100 to 200 μm, which is sufficient for cell migration. Tensile strength analysis revealed that increasing the CNC concentration reduced the scaffolds’ stiffness. Chemical analyses revealed that despite chemical and structural alterations, both elastin and CNC were integrated into the gelatin scaffold. HDF cultured on the scaffolds expressed collagen type I and α-SMA proteins, indicating the scaffolds’ biocompatibility with HDF. Overall, the addition of elastin and CNC improved the properties of gelatin-based scaffolds. The composite scaffolds are promising candidates for an acellular skin substitute.
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Lari, Alireza, Tao Sun, and Naznin Sultana. "PEDOT:PSS-Containing Nanohydroxyapatite/Chitosan Conductive Bionanocomposite Scaffold: Fabrication and Evaluation." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9421203.
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Conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(4-styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) was incorporated into nanohydroxyapatite/chitosan (nHA/CS) composite scaffolds through a freezing and lyophilization technique. The bionanocomposite conductive scaffold was then characterized using several techniques. A scanning electron microscope image showed that the nHA and PEDOT:PSS were dispersed homogeneously in the chitosan matrix, which was also confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The conductive properties were measured using a digital multimeter. The weight loss and water-uptake properties of the bionanocomposite scaffolds were studiedin vitro. Anin vitrocell cytotoxicity test was carried out using mouse fibroblast (L929) cells cultured onto the scaffolds. Using a freezing and lyophilization technique, it was possible to fabricate three-dimensional, highly porous, and interconnected PEDOT:PSS/nHA/CS scaffolds with good handling properties. The porosity was 74% and the scaffold’s conductivity was9.72±0.78 μS. The surface roughness was increased with the incorporation of nHA and PEDOT:PSS into the CS scaffold. The compressive mechanical properties increased significantly with the incorporation of nHA but did not change significantly with the incorporation of PEDOT:PSS. The PEDOT:PSS-containing nHA/CS scaffold exhibited significantly higher cell attachment. The PEDOT:PSS/nHA/CS scaffold could be a potential bionanocomposite conductive scaffold for tissue engineering.
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Toullec, Clément, Jean Le Bideau, Valerie Geoffroy, Boris Halgand, Nela Buchtova, Rodolfo Molina-Peña, Emmanuel Garcion, et al. "Curdlan–Chitosan Electrospun Fibers as Potential Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration." Polymers 13, no. 4 (February 10, 2021): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13040526.
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Polysaccharides have received a lot of attention in biomedical research for their high potential as scaffolds owing to their unique biological properties. Fibrillar scaffolds made of chitosan demonstrated high promise in tissue engineering, especially for skin. As far as bone regeneration is concerned, curdlan (1,3-β-glucan) is particularly interesting as it enhances bone growth by helping mesenchymal stem cell adhesion, by favoring their differentiation into osteoblasts and by limiting the osteoclastic activity. Therefore, we aim to combine both chitosan and curdlan polysaccharides in a new scaffold for bone regeneration. For that purpose, curdlan was electrospun as a blend with chitosan into a fibrillar scaffold. We show that this novel scaffold is biodegradable (8% at two weeks), exhibits a good swelling behavior (350%) and is non-cytotoxic in vitro. In addition, the benefit of incorporating curdlan in the scaffold was demonstrated in a scratch assay that evidences the ability of curdlan to express its immunomodulatory properties by enhancing cell migration. Thus, these innovative electrospun curdlan–chitosan scaffolds show great potential for bone tissue engineering.
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Minden-Birkenmaier, Benjamin A., Rachel M. Neuhalfen, Blythe E. Janowiak, and Scott A. Sell. "Preliminary Investigation and Characterization of Electrospun Polycaprolactone and Manuka Honey Scaffolds for Dermal Repair." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 10, no. 4 (December 2015): 155892501501000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501501000406.
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This study focused on the characterization of Manuka honey-containing poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) nanofiber scaffolds with regards to wound healing. Scaffolds were electrospun from 1, 5, 10, and 20% v/v Manuka honey solutions. Scaffolds were subjected to ethanol disinfection and soaked in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for various timepoints, and scaffold morphology and honey release was quantified. Scaffolds showed increased water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) with scaffold soak time, indicating an increase in evaporation due to enhanced osmotic potential of the scaffolds. Mechanical testing indicated lower elasticity and strength with honey incorporation, but showed no significant change in material degradation rate with the presence of honey over a 28 day PBS soak. Fibroblast studies showed honey incorporation increased cell infiltration into the scaffold, but scaffold conditioned media did not induce significant chemotaxis towards the scaffold. Honey incorporation also demonstrated an increase in fibroblast proliferation when in direct contact with the scaffolds. Bacterial clearance from pure honey was observed in both Gram positive Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptocococcus) and Gram negative Escherichia coli ( E. coli), but honey scaffolds demonstrated significant clearance in only the Gram negative E. coli. While further investigation is needed, this preliminary study demonstrates the wound-healing potential of Manuka honey-loaded electrospun scaffolds.
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Deng, Xu Liang, M. M. Xu, Dan Li, Gang Sui, X. Y. Hu, and Xiao Ping Yang. "Electrospun PLLA/MWNTs/HA Hybrid Nanofiber Scaffolds and Their Potential in Dental Tissue Engineering." Key Engineering Materials 330-332 (February 2007): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.330-332.393.
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Novel Poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA)/ Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs)/ hydroxyapatite (HA) nanofibrous scaffolds with high porosity and well-controlled pore architectures were prepared via electrospinning techniques. The structure, morphology, molecular weight change of the scaffolds were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results noticed that the average diameter of hybrid nanofiber was similar to that of PLLA/HA fiber, but the surface of hybrid fibers was much coarser because of the introduction of MWNTs nano-particles. The biocompatibility of the scaffold has been investigated by human Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs) cell culture on the scaffold. The preliminary results showed that cells were well adhered and proliferated on the hybrid scaffolds as well as PLLA/HA fibers. Based on the experimental observations, the aligned nanofibrous PLLA/ MWNTs /HA scaffold could be used as a potential candidate scaffold in dental tissue engineering.
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Jain, Shubham, Mohammed Ahmad Yassin, Tiziana Fuoco, Hailong Liu, Samih Mohamed-Ahmed, Kamal Mustafa, and Anna Finne-Wistrand. "Engineering 3D degradable, pliable scaffolds toward adipose tissue regeneration; optimized printability, simulations and surface modification." Journal of Tissue Engineering 11 (January 2020): 204173142095431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041731420954316.
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We present a solution to regenerate adipose tissue using degradable, soft, pliable 3D-printed scaffolds made of a medical-grade copolymer coated with polydopamine. The problem today is that while printing, the medical grade copolyesters degrade and the scaffolds become very stiff and brittle, being not optimal for adipose tissue defects. Herein, we have used high molar mass poly(L-lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate) (PLATMC) to engineer scaffolds using a direct extrusion-based 3D printer, the 3D Bioplotter®. Our approach was first focused on how the printing influences the polymer and scaffold’s mechanical properties, then on exploring different printing designs and, in the end, on assessing surface functionalization. Finite element analysis revealed that scaffold’s mechanical properties vary according to the gradual degradation of the polymer as a consequence of the molar mass decrease during printing. Considering this, we defined optimal printing parameters to minimize material’s degradation and printed scaffolds with different designs. We subsequently functionalized one scaffold design with polydopamine coating and conducted in vitro cell studies. Results showed that polydopamine augmented stem cell proliferation and adipogenic differentiation owing to increased surface hydrophilicity. Thus, the present research show that the medical grade PLATMC based scaffolds are a potential candidate towards the development of implantable, resorbable, medical devices for adipose tissue regeneration.
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Hung, Kuo-Sheng, May-Show Chen, Wen-Chien Lan, Yung-Chieh Cho, Takashi Saito, Bai-Hung Huang, Hsin-Yu Tsai, Chia-Chien Hsieh, Keng-Liang Ou, and Hung-Yang Lin. "Three-Dimensional Printing of a Hybrid Bioceramic and Biopolymer Porous Scaffold for Promoting Bone Regeneration Potential." Materials 15, no. 5 (March 7, 2022): 1971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15051971.
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In this study, we proposed a three-dimensional (3D) printed porous (termed as 3DPP) scaffold composed of bioceramic (beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP)) and thermoreversible biopolymer (pluronic F-127 (PF127)) that may provide bone tissue ingrowth and loading support for bone defect treatment. The investigated scaffolds were printed in three different ranges of pore sizes for comparison (3DPP-1: 150–200 μm, 3DPP-2: 250–300 μm, and 3DPP-3: 300–350 μm). The material properties and biocompatibility of the 3DPP scaffolds were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, contact angle goniometry, compression testing, and cell viability assay. In addition, micro-computed tomography was applied to investigate bone regeneration behavior of the 3DPP scaffolds in the mini-pig model. Analytical results showed that the 3DPP scaffolds exhibited well-defined porosity, excellent microstructural interconnectivity, and acceptable wettability (θ < 90°). Among all groups, the 3DPP-1 possessed a significantly highest compressive force 273 ± 20.8 Kgf (* p < 0.05). In vitro experiment results also revealed good cell viability and cell attachment behavior in all 3DPP scaffolds. Furthermore, the 3DPP-3 scaffold showed a significantly higher percentage of bone formation volume than the 3DPP-1 scaffold at week 8 (* p < 0.05) and week 12 (* p < 0.05). Hence, the 3DPP scaffold composed of β-TCP and F-127 is a promising candidate to promote bone tissue ingrowth into the porous scaffold with decent biocompatibility. This scaffold particularly fabricated with a pore size of around 350 μm (i.e., 3DPP-3 scaffold) can provide proper loading support and promote bone regeneration in bone defects when applied in dental and orthopedic fields.
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Zhao, Min Li, Gang Sui, Xu Liang Deng, Ji Gui Lu, Seung Kon Ryu, and Xiao Ping Yang. "PLLA/HA Electrospin Hybrid Nanofiber Scaffolds: Morphology, In Vitro Degradation and Cell Culture Potential." Advanced Materials Research 11-12 (February 2006): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.11-12.243.
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Electrospinning has recently emerged as a potential technique for fabricating biomimetic tissue engineering scaffolds. In this study, Poly (l-lactic acid) (PLLA) /Nano-hydroxyapatite (HA) hybrid nanofibers scaffolds were prepared by electrospinning. The relationship between process parameters and fiber diameter has been investigated. The fiber diameter decreased with decreasing polymer concentration and with increasing electrospinning voltage; After 6 weeks of in vitro degradation, the mass, viscosity-average molecular weight of the nanofibers scaffolds and the pH value of the degradation solution were changed, the fibers lost their surface smoothness and a regular rough topology was generated after 32d of degradation, the degradation rates of PLLA/HA hybrid nanofibers were slower than those of pure PLLA fibers; The biocompatibility of the nanofibers scaffold has also been investigated by culturing cells on the nanofibers scaffold, elementary results showed that the cells adhered and proliferated well on the PLLA/HA hybrid nanofibers scaffolds.
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Kosorn, Wasana, and Patcharaporn Wutticharoenmongkol. "Poly(ε-caprolactone)/Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Blend from Fused Deposition Modeling as Potential Cartilage Scaffolds." International Journal of Polymer Science 2021 (March 22, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6689789.
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The scaffolds of poly(ε-caprolactone)/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PCL/PHBV) blends were fabricated from fused deposition modeling. From indirect cytotoxicity testing based on mouse fibroblasts, all scaffolds with various blend ratios were nontoxic to cells. The surface-treated scaffold with a blend ratio of 25/75 PCL/PHBV exhibited the highest proliferation of porcine chondrocytes and total glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) after 21 days of culture. The scaffolds with a blend ratio of 25/75 with local pores (LP) were prepared from FDM along with a salt leaching technique using NaCl as porogens. The effect of NaOH in surface treatment on the biological property of scaffolds was investigated. The scaffolds with LP and with 1 M NaOH surface treatment exhibited the highest proliferation of cells and total GAGs after 28 days of culture. The degradation behaviors of the scaffolds were studied. The nonsurface treated, surface treated without LP, and surface treated with LP scaffolds were degraded in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for 30 days at 37°C and 50°C for nonenzymatic condition and at 37°C for enzymatic condition. The surface treated with LP scaffold showed the highest amount of weight loss, followed by the surface treated without LP, and the nonsurface-treated scaffolds without LP, respectively. The results from Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated degradation of PCL and PHBV through hydrolysis of the ester functional group. The compressive strengths of all scaffolds were sufficiently high. The results suggested that the scaffolds with the existence of LP and with surface treatment showed the highest potential for use as cartilage scaffolds.
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Ribas, Montanheiro, Montagna, Prado, Campos, and Thim. "Water Uptake in PHBV/Wollastonite Scaffolds: A Kinetics Study." Journal of Composites Science 3, no. 3 (July 16, 2019): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs3030074.
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Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) is a widely studied polymer and it has been found that porous PHBV materials are suitable for substrates for cell cultures. A crucial factor for scaffolds designed for tissue engineering is the water uptake. This property influences the transport of water and nutrients into the scaffold, which promotes cell growth. PHBV has significant hydrophobicity, which can harm the production of cells. Thus, the addition of α-wollastonite (WOL) can modify the PHBV scaffold’s water uptake. To our knowledge, a kinetics study of water uptake of α-wollastonite phase powder and the PHBV matrix has not been reported. In this work, PHBV and WOL, (PHBV/WOL) films were produced with 0, 5, 10, and 20 wt % of WOL. Films were characterized, and the best concentrations were chosen to produce PHBV/WOL scaffolds. The addition of WOL in concentrations up to 10 wt % increased the cell viability of the films. MTT analysis showed that PHBV/5%WOL and PHBV/10%WOL obtained cell viability of 80% and 98%, respectively. Therefore, scaffolds with 0, 5 and 10 wt % of WOL were fabricated by thermally induced phase separation (TIPS). Scaffolds were characterized with respect to morphology and water uptake in assay for 65 days. The scaffold with 10 wt % of WOL absorbed 44.1% more water than neat PHBV scaffold, and also presented a different kinetic mechanism when compared to other samples. Accordingly, PHBV/WOL scaffolds were shown to be potential candidates for biological applications.
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Zarei, Moein, Nader Tanideh, Shahrokh Zare, Fatemeh Sari Aslani, Omid Koohi-Hosseinabadi, Rajendran Muthuraj, Iman Jamhiri, Aida Rowshanghias, and Pouyan Mehryar. "Preparation and performance evaluation of electrospun poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) composite scaffolds as a potential hard tissue engineering application." Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 34, no. 4-5 (July 2019): 386–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883911519875984.
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In the present study, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-based composite scaffolds were prepared with multi-walled carbon nanotubes and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles for hard tissue engineering applications by electrospinning. All the prepared scaffolds showed connective porous structure, which were suitable for cell proliferation and migration. The mechanical properties of the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) scaffold were improved by 0.5% of carbon nanotube addition, whereas the addition of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles up to 10% had an insignificant effect in tensile strength. However, scanning electron microscopy and MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay results suggested that the mesenchymal stem cells attachment and their metabolic activities on the surface of the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) scaffolds with hydroxyapatite were enhanced compared to poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) scaffolds. In addition, after 6 weeks of in vivo biocompatibility results in a model of rat indicated better tissue reactions for the scaffolds that contained hydroxyapatite. Overall, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) composite scaffolds with 10% hydroxyapatite and 0.5% carbon nanotube showed optimal performances for the potential scaffold for hard tissue engineering application.
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Wahl, Elizabeth A., Fernando A. Fierro, Thomas R. Peavy, Ursula Hopfner, Julian F. Dye, Hans-Günther Machens, José T. Egaña, and Thilo L. Schenck. "In VitroEvaluation of Scaffolds for the Delivery of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Wounds." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/108571.
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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to improve tissue regeneration in several preclinical and clinical trials. These cells have been used in combination with three-dimensional scaffolds as a promising approach in the field of regenerative medicine. We compare the behavior of human adipose-derived MSCs (AdMSCs) on four different biomaterials that are awaiting or have already received FDA approval to determine a suitable regenerative scaffold for delivering these cells to dermal wounds and increasing healing potential. AdMSCs were isolated, characterized, and seeded onto scaffolds based on chitosan, fibrin, bovine collagen, and decellularized porcine dermis.In vitroresults demonstrated that the scaffolds strongly influence key parameters, such as seeding efficiency, cellular distribution, attachment, survival, metabolic activity, and paracrine release. Chick chorioallantoic membrane assays revealed that the scaffold composition similarly influences the angiogenic potential of AdMSCsin vivo. The wound healing potential of scaffolds increases by means of a synergistic relationship between AdMSCs and biomaterial resulting in the release of proangiogenic and cytokine factors, which is currently lacking when a scaffold alone is utilized. Furthermore, the methods used herein can be utilized to test other scaffold materials to increase their wound healing potential with AdMSCs.
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Channasanon, Somruethai, Pareeya Udomkusonsri, Surapol Chantaweroad, Passakorn Tesavibul, and Siriporn Tanodekaew. "Gentamicin Released from Porous Scaffolds Fabricated by Stereolithography." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9547896.
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Porous oligolactide-hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds were obtained by stereolithographic fabrication. Gentamicin was then coated on the scaffolds afterwards, to achieve antimicrobial delivery ability to treat bone infection. The scaffolds examined by stereomicroscope, SEM, and μCT-scan showed a well-ordered pore structure with uniform pore distribution and pore interconnectivity. The physical and mechanical properties of the scaffolds were investigated. It was shown that not only porosity but also scaffold structure played a critical role in governing the strength of scaffolds. A good scaffold design could create proper orientation of pores in a way to strengthen the scaffold structure. The drug delivery profile of the porous scaffolds was also analyzed using microbiological assay. The release rates of gentamicin from the scaffolds showed prolonged drug release at the levels higher than the minimum inhibitory concentrations for S. aureus and E. coli over a 2-week period. It indicated a potential of the scaffolds to serve as local antibiotic delivery to prevent bacterial infection.
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Chen, Cheng-Yu, Ming-You Shie, Alvin Kai-Xing Lee, Yun-Ting Chou, Chun Chiang, and Chun-Pin Lin. "3D-Printed Ginsenoside Rb1-Loaded Mesoporous Calcium Silicate/Calcium Sulfate Scaffolds for Inflammation Inhibition and Bone Regeneration." Biomedicines 9, no. 8 (July 28, 2021): 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9080907.
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Bone defects are commonly found in the elderly and athletic population due to systemic diseases such as osteoporosis and trauma. Bone scaffolds have since been developed to enhance bone regeneration by acting as a biological extracellular scaffold for cells. The main advantage of a bone scaffold lies in its ability to provide various degrees of structural support and growth factors for cellular activities. Therefore, we designed a 3D porous scaffold that can not only provide sufficient mechanical properties but also carry drugs and promote cell viability. Ginsenoside Rb1 (GR) is an extract from panax ginseng, which has been used for bone regeneration and repair since ancient Chinese history. In this study, we fabricated scaffolds using various concentrations of GR with mesoporous calcium silicate/calcium sulfate (MSCS) and investigated the scaffold’s physical and chemical characteristic properties. PrestoBlue, F-actin staining, and ELISA were used to demonstrate the effect of the GR-contained MSCS scaffold on cell proliferation, morphology, and expression of the specific osteogenic-related protein of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). According to our data, hDPSCs cultivated in GR-contained MSCS scaffold had preferable abilities of proliferation and higher expression of the osteogenic-related protein and could effectively inhibit inflammation. Finally, in vivo performance was assessed using histological results that revealed the GR-contained MSCS scaffolds were able to further achieve more effective hard tissue regeneration than has been the case in the past. Taken together, this study demonstrated that a GR-containing MSCS 3D scaffold could be used as a potential alternative for future bone tissue engineering studies and has good potential for clinical use.
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Longo, Umile Giuseppe, Alfredo Lamberti, Stefano Petrillo, Nicola Maffulli, and Vincenzo Denaro. "Scaffolds in Tendon Tissue Engineering." Stem Cells International 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/517165.
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Tissue engineering techniques using novel scaffold materials offer potential alternatives for managing tendon disorders. Tissue engineering strategies to improve tendon repair healing include the use of scaffolds, growth factors, cell seeding, or a combination of these approaches. Scaffolds have been the most common strategy investigated to date. Available scaffolds for tendon repair include both biological scaffolds, obtained from mammalian tissues, and synthetic scaffolds, manufactured from chemical compounds. Preliminary studies support the idea that scaffolds can provide an alternative for tendon augmentation with an enormous therapeutic potential. However, available data are lacking to allow definitive conclusion on the use of scaffolds for tendon augmentation. We review the current basic science and clinical understanding in the field of scaffolds and tissue engineering for tendon repair.
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Gelain, Fabrizio, Andrea Lomander, Angelo L. Vescovi, and Shuguang Zhang. "Systematic Studies of a Self-Assembling Peptide Nanofiber Scaffold with Other Scaffolds." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 424–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.154.
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A designer self-assembling peptide nanofiber scaffold has been systematically studied with 10 commonly used scaffolds in a several week study using neural stem cells (NSC), a potential therapeutic source for cellular transplantations in nervous system injuries. These cells not only provide a good in vitro model for the development and regeneration of the nervous system, but may also be helpful in testing for cytotoxicity, cellular adhesion, and differentiation properties of biological and synthetic scaffolds used in medical practices. We tested the self-assembling peptide nanofiber scaffold with the most commonly used scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine including PLLA, PLGA, PCLA, collagen I, collagen IV, and Matrigel. Additionally, each scaffold was coated with laminin in order to evaluate the utility of this surface treatment. Each scaffold was evaluated by measuring cell viability, differentiation and maturation of the differentiated stem cell progeny (i.e. progenitor cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons) over 4 weeks. The optimal scaffold should show high numbers of living and differentiated cells. In addition, it was demonstrated that the laminin surface treatment is capable of improving the overall scaffold performance. The designer self-assembling peptide RADA16 nanofiber scaffold represents a new class of biologically inspired material. The well-defined molecular structure with considerable potential for further functionalization and slow drug delivery makes the designer peptide scaffolds a very attractive class of biological material for a number of applications. The peptide nanofiber scaffold is comparable with the clinically approved synthetic scaffolds. The peptide scaffolds are not only pure, but also have the potential to be further designed at the molecular level, thus they promise to be useful for cell adhesion and differentiation studies as well as for future biomedical and clinical studies.
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Kwan, Haowen, Emanuele Chisari, and Wasim S. Khan. "Cell-Free Scaffolds as a Monotherapy for Focal Chondral Knee Defects." Materials 13, no. 2 (January 9, 2020): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13020306.
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Chondral knee defects have a limited ability to be repaired. Current surgical interventions have been unable to regenerate articular cartilage with the mechanical properties of native hyaline cartilage. The use of a scaffold-based approach is a potential solution. Scaffolds are often implanted with cells to stimulate cartilage regeneration, but cell-based therapies are associated with additional regulatory restrictions, an additional surgical procedure for cell harvest, time for cell expansion, and the associated costs. To overcome these disadvantages, cell-free scaffolds can be used in isolation allowing native cells to attach over time. This review discusses the optimal properties of scaffolds used for chondral defects, and the evidence for the use of hydrogel scaffolds and hydrogel–synthetic polymer hybrid scaffolds. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that cell-free scaffolds can support articular cartilage regeneration and have the potential to treat chondral defects. However, there are very few studies in this area and, despite the many biomaterials tested in cell-based scaffolds, most cell-free studies focused on a specific type I collagen scaffold. Future studies on cell-free scaffolds should adopt the modifications made to cell-based scaffolds and replicate them in the clinical setting. More studies are also needed to understand the underlying mechanism of cell-free scaffolds.
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Cassimjee, Henna, Pradeep Kumar, Philemon Ubanako, and Yahya E. Choonara. "Genipin-Crosslinked, Proteosaccharide Scaffolds for Potential Neural Tissue Engineering Applications." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 2 (February 18, 2022): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14020441.
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Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are still a challenge for the field of modern medicine. Many treatment options such as autologous grafts and stem cells show limited promise for the treatment and the reversibility of damage caused by TBIs. Injury beyond the critical size necessitates the implementation of scaffolds that function as surrogate extracellular matrices. Two scaffolds were synthesised utilising polysaccharides, chitosan and hyaluronic acid in conjunction with gelatin. Both scaffolds were chemically crosslinked using a naturally derived crosslinker, Genipin. The polysaccharides increased the mechanical strength of each scaffold, while gelatin provided the bioactive sequence, which promoted cellular interactions. The effect of crosslinking was investigated, and the crosslinked hydrogels showed higher thermal decomposition temperatures, increased resistance to degradation, and pore sizes ranging from 72.789 ± 16.85 µm for the full interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) and 84.289 ± 7.658 μm for the semi-IPN. The scaffolds were loaded with Dexamethasone-21-phosphate to investigate their efficacy as a drug delivery vehicle, and the full IPN showed a 100% release in 10 days, while the semi-IPN showed a burst release in 6 h. Both scaffolds stimulated the proliferation of rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) and human glioblastoma multiforme (A172) cell cultures and also provided signals for A172 cell migration. Both scaffolds can be used as potential drug delivery vehicles and as artificial extracellular matrices for potential neural regeneration.
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McManus, Michael C., Scott A. Sell, Whitney C. Bowen, Harry P. Koo, David G. Simpson, and Gary L. Bowlin. "Electrospun Fibrinogen-Polydioxanone Composite Matrix: Potential for in Situ Urologic Tissue Engineering." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 3, no. 2 (June 2008): 155892500800300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892500800300204.
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Our objective is to demonstrate an electrospun fibrinogen-PDO (polydioxanone) composite scaffold will retain the superior cellular interaction of fibrinogen while producing a product with the functional strength needed for direct implantation. Fibrinogen-PDO composite scaffolds were electrospun with PDO ratios of 0% (pure fibrinogen), 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 100% (pure PDO) and disinfected using standard methods. Scaffolds were seeded with human BSM (bladder smooth muscle cells) and incubated with twice weekly media changes. Samples were removed at 7, 14 and 21 days for evaluation by collagen assay, scanning electron microscopy and histology. Cell seeding and culture demonstrated human BSM readily migrate throughout and remodel electrospun fibrinogen-PDO composite scaffolds with deposition of native collagen. Cell migration and collagen deposition increased with increasing fibrinogen concentration while scaffold integrity increased with increasing PDO concentration. Electrospun fibrinogen-PDO composite structures promote rapid cellular in-growth by human BSM while maintaining structural integrity. The fibrinogen to PDO ratio can be adjusted to achieve the desired properties required for a specific tissue engineering application. Our ultimate objective is to utilize this innovative biomaterial technology to produce an acellular, bioresorbable product that enables in situ tissue regeneration. While there is still much work to be done, these initial findings indicate fibrinogen-PDO composite scaffolds deserve further investigation.
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Heo, S. J., S. E. Kim, Yong Taek Hyun, D. H. Kim, Hyang Mi Lee, Yeong Maw Hwang, S. A. Park, and Jung Woog Shin. "In Vitro Evaluation of Poly ε-Caprolactone/Hydroxyapatite Composite as Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering with Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells." Key Engineering Materials 342-343 (July 2007): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.342-343.369.
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This study evaluated the potential of the PCL (poly -caprolactone)/HA(Hydroxyapatite) composite materials as a scaffold for bone regeneration. For this, we fabricated scaffolds utilizing salt leaching method. The PCL/HA composite scaffolds were prepared with various HA contents (20wt%, 40wt%, 60 wt %). To ensure the potential for the scaffolds, porosity tests were conducted along with SEM observations. The porosity decreased with the increase of the contents of HA particles. The porosity of the composite with the highest contents of HA was still adoptable (~85%). In addition, the PCL/HA composite scaffolds were evaluated for their ability of osteogenic differentiation with human bone marrow stromal cell (hBMSC) in vitro. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, markers for osteoblastic differentiation, and total protein contents were evaluated in hBMSCs following 14 days of cultivation. The addition of HA particles enhanced proliferation of hBMSC during the test. Also, the differentiation ability of the cells was increased as HA particles were added. In this study, we concluded that PCL/HA composite scaffolds has great potential as a scaffold for bone tissue engineering.
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Mad Jin, Rashid, Naznin Sultana, Sayang Baba, Salehhuddin Hamdan, and Ahmad Fauzi Ismail. "Porous PCL/Chitosan and nHA/PCL/Chitosan Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications: Fabrication and Evaluation." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/357372.
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Two semicrystalline polymers were blended to fabricate porous scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Scaffolds containing polycaprolactone (PCL)/chitosan and nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) incorporated nHA/PCL/chitosan were produced using the freeze-drying technique. A model drug, tetracycline hydrochloride (tetracycline HCL), was incorporated into the scaffolds. The scaffolds were characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), EDX, and water contact angle. The antibacterial properties of the nHA/PCL/chitosan/tetracycline HCL scaffold were tested and the scaffolds showed positive results on gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The cell biocompatibility using human skin fibroblast cells (HSF 1184) was examined. The scaffold materials were found to be nontoxic to human skin fibroblast cells (HSF 1184) and showed positive proliferation activities. The nHA/PCL/chitosan/tetracycline HCL scaffold has potential for controlling implant-associated bacterial infections during operative procedures and can potentially be used as a scaffold for tissue engineering applications.
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Wang, He Yun, Ya Kai Feng, Hai Yang Zhao, Ruo Fang Xiao, and Jin Tang Guo. "Biomimetic Hemocompatible Nanofibrous Scaffolds as Potential Small-Diameter Blood Vessels by Bilayering Electrospun Technique." Advanced Materials Research 306-307 (August 2011): 1627–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.306-307.1627.
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In this paper, we prepared a scaffold composed of a polyurethane (PU) fibrous outside-layer and a gelatin-heparin fibrous inner-layer with mimicking morphology and mechanical properties of a native blood vessel by sequential bilayering electrospinning technology on a rotating mandrel-type collector. The scaffolds achieved the appropriate breaking strength (3.7 ± 0.13 MPa) and elongation at break (110 ± 8%). When the scaffolds were immersed in water for 1 h, the breaking strength decreased slightly to 2.2 ± 0.3 MPa, but the elongation at break increased up to 145 ± 21%. Heparin was released from the scaffolds at substantially uniform rate until the 9th day. The scaffolds were expected to mimic the complex matrix structure of native arteries, and had good hemocompatibility as an artificial blood vessel owing to the heparin release.
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Marsudi, Maradhana Agung, Ridhola Tri Ariski, Arie Wibowo, Glen Cooper, Anggraini Barlian, Riska Rachmantyo, and Paulo J. D. S. Bartolo. "Conductive Polymeric-Based Electroactive Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications: Current Progress and Challenges from Biomaterials and Manufacturing Perspectives." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 21 (October 26, 2021): 11543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111543.
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The practice of combining external stimulation therapy alongside stimuli-responsive bio-scaffolds has shown massive potential for tissue engineering applications. One promising example is the combination of electrical stimulation (ES) and electroactive scaffolds because ES could enhance cell adhesion and proliferation as well as modulating cellular specialization. Even though electroactive scaffolds have the potential to revolutionize the field of tissue engineering due to their ability to distribute ES directly to the target tissues, the development of effective electroactive scaffolds with specific properties remains a major issue in their practical uses. Conductive polymers (CPs) offer ease of modification that allows for tailoring the scaffold’s various properties, making them an attractive option for conductive component in electroactive scaffolds. This review provides an up-to-date narrative of the progress of CPs-based electroactive scaffolds and the challenge of their use in various tissue engineering applications from biomaterials perspectives. The general issues with CP-based scaffolds relevant to its application as electroactive scaffolds were discussed, followed by a more specific discussion in their applications for specific tissues, including bone, nerve, skin, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle scaffolds. Furthermore, this review also highlighted the importance of the manufacturing process relative to the scaffold’s performance, with particular emphasis on additive manufacturing, and various strategies to overcome the CPs’ limitations in the development of electroactive scaffolds.
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Madike, Lerato N., M. Pillay, and Ketul C. Popat. "In Vitro Cell Adhesion, Proliferation and Differentiation of Adipose Derived Stem Cells on Tulbaghia violacea Loaded Polycaprolactone (PCL) Nanofibers." Journal of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 9, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 1485–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbt.2019.2184.
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Tissue engineering has been used for decades to restructure, replace and repair damaged tissue in the body. However, there are a number of challenges that have been identified, with the biggest one currently being the development of scaffolds with the ideal properties that can promote cell-scaffold interactions to enhance cell proliferation and differentiation. There is currently very little research on the incorporation of extracts of medicinal plants in scaffold fabrication with the aim of enhancing the surface properties of the scaffold. For this study, Tulbaghia violacea-based PCL scaffolds were fabricated and evaluated for their osteogenic potential on adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) in osteogenic media. The short-term studies illustrated enhanced cell adhesion and proliferation with low levels of toxicity as well as the formation of elongated cells in the T. violacea-based scaffolds when compared to the control PCL scaffold. The long term studies indicated increased alkaline phosphate activity (ALP) in the T. violacea scaffolds when compared to PCL and overall higher levels of osteocalcin production over a period of 3 weeks. Immunofluorescence imaging of marker proteins also illustrated that the T. violacea incorporated scaffolds supported better osteocalcin production which is a specific extracellular matrix (ECM) marker for cartilaginous tissue. These results support the incorporation of T. violacea plant extracts for the enhancement of nanofiber scaffolds with the potential for tissue engineering applications.
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Vigneswari, Sevakumaran, Tana Poorani Gurusamy, Wan M. Khairul, Abdul Khalil H.P.S., Seeram Ramakrishna, and Al-Ashraf Abdullah Amirul. "Surface Characterization and Physiochemical Evaluation of P(3HB-co-4HB)-Collagen Peptide Scaffolds with Silver Sulfadiazine as Antimicrobial Agent for Potential Infection-Resistance Biomaterial." Polymers 13, no. 15 (July 26, 2021): 2454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13152454.
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Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB-co-4HB)] is a bacterial derived biopolymer widely known for its unique physical and mechanical properties to be used in biomedical application. In this study, antimicrobial agent silver sulfadiazine (SSD) coat/collagen peptide coat-P(3HB-co-4HB) (SCCC) and SSD blend/collagen peptide coat-P(3HB-co-4HB) scaffolds (SBCC) were fabricated using a green salt leaching technique combined with freeze-drying. This was then followed by the incorporation of collagen peptides at various concentrations (2.5–12.5 wt.%) to P(3HB-co-4HB) using collagen-coating. As a result, two types of P(3HB-co-4HB) scaffolds were fabricated, including SCCC and SBCC scaffolds. The increasing concentrations of collagen peptides from 2.5 wt.% to 12.5 wt.% exhibited a decline in their porosity. The wettability and hydrophilicity increased as the concentration of collagen peptides in the scaffolds increased. In terms of the cytotoxic results, MTS assay demonstrated the L929 fibroblast scaffolds adhered well to the fabricated scaffolds. The 10 wt.% collagen peptides coated SCCC and SBCC scaffolds displayed highest cell proliferation rate. The antimicrobial analysis of the fabricated scaffolds exhibited 100% inhibition towards various pathogenic microorganisms. However, the SCCC scaffold exhibited 100% inhibition between 12 and 24 h, but the SBCC scaffolds with SSD impregnated in the scaffold had controlled release of the antimicrobial agent. Thus, this study will elucidate the surface interface-cell interactions of the SSD-P(3HB-co-4HB)-collagen peptide scaffolds and controlled release of SSD, antimicrobial agent.
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Haider, Adnan, Kailash Chandra Gupta, and Inn-Kyu Kang. "Morphological Effects of HA on the Cell Compatibility of Electrospun HA/PLGA Composite Nanofiber Scaffolds." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/308306.
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Tissue engineering is faced with an uphill challenge to design a platform with appropriate topography and suitable surface chemistry, which could encourage desired cellular activities and guide bone tissue regeneration. To develop such scaffolds, composite nanofiber scaffolds of nHA and sHA with PLGA were fabricated using electrospinning technique. nHA was synthesized using precipitation method, whereas sHA was purchased. The nHA and sHA were suspended in PLGA solution separately and electrospun at optimized electrospinning parameters. The composite nanofiber scaffolds were characterized by FE-SEM, EDX analysis, TEM, XRD analysis, FTIR, and X-ray photoelectron. The potential of the HA/PLGA composite nanofiber as bone scaffolds in terms of their bioactivity and biocompatibility was assessed by culturing the osteoblastic cells onto the composite nanofiber scaffolds. The results fromin vitrostudies revealed that the nHA/PLGA composite nanofiber scaffolds showed higher cellular adhesion, proliferation, and enhanced osteogenesis performance, along with increased Ca+2ions release compared to the sHA/PLGA composite nanofiber scaffolds and pristine PLGA nanofiber scaffold. The results show that the structural dependent property of HA might affect its potential as bone scaffold and implantable materials in regenerative medicine and clinical tissue engineering.
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Cristescu, Ioan, Lucian Marina, Daniel Vilcioiu, F. Safta, M. Istodorescu, and A. Stere. "The Potential of Antibiotic Collagen Based Biocomposites for the Treatment of Bone Defects." Key Engineering Materials 587 (November 2013): 404–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.587.404.
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Antibiotic delivery systems used in the past have consisted primarily of impregnated cement beads that required routine removal once the antibiotic had eluded completely. With the development of collagen scaffolds that could be used to fill bony defects the antibiotic cold be delivered from the scaffold used to sustain local bone growth. Over the course of two years antibiotic loaded collagen scaffolds were used in the local treatment of 21patients suffering of complicated fractures including bone defects, infections or pseudoarthrosis, all of them of traumatic nature. At the time of the initial surgical debridement or at subsequent second look procedures once local tissue viability was observed the antibiotic loaded collagen scaffold was inserted in the tissue defect and never removed. Excellent results were obtained and the infection was brought under control by use of both surgical and antibiotic modalities. Bone grafting was used in 6 cases where the defects were extensive. Where there was less extensive bone destruction the scaffold was a good adjuvant in new bone formation. Use of antibiotic loaded collagen scaffolds is a reliable and effective means of local antibiotic delivery system combining both the new bone formation capacity of the scaffold to hold osteoblasts with the ability to deliver high doses of antibiotic in the local tissue environment and thus avoiding the systemic toxicity.
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Yuan, Tony T., Phillip M. Jenkins, Ann Marie DiGeorge Foushee, Angela R. Jockheck-Clark, and Jonathan M. Stahl. "Electrospun Chitosan/Polyethylene Oxide Nanofibrous Scaffolds with Potential Antibacterial Wound Dressing Applications." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6231040.
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Electrospinning is a simple and versatile technique for the fabrication of nonwoven fibrous materials for biomedical applications. In the present study, chitosan (CS) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanofibrous scaffolds were successfully prepared using three different CS/PEO mass ratios and then evaluated for their physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Scaffold morphologies were observed by scanning electron microscopy, which showed decreasing fiber diameters with increasing CS content. Higher CS concentrations also correlated with increased tensile strength and decreased elasticity of the scaffold. Degradation studies demonstrated that PEO was solubilized from the scaffold within the first six hours, followed by CS. This profile was unaffected by changes in the CS/PEO ratio or the pH of the media. Only the 2 : 1 CS/PEO scaffold demonstrated superior inhibition of both growth and attachment of Staphylococcus aureus. Finally, all scaffolds exhibited little impact on the proliferation of murine fibroblast monolayers. These data demonstrate that the 2 : 1 CS/PEO scaffold is a promising candidate for wound dressing applications due to its excellent antibacterial characteristics and biocompatibility.
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Phanny, Yos, and Mitsugu Todo. "Development and Characterization of Poly(ε-caprolactone) Reinforced Porous Hydroxyapatite for Bone Tissue Engineering." Key Engineering Materials 529-530 (November 2012): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.529-530.447.
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Hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffold was fabricated using template method. Secondary phase of poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) was then introduced into the porous structure of the HA scaffold by the freeze drying method or the room drying process. Compression test and SEM were done to examine the mechanical properties and the microstructural morphology of the composite scaffolds. It was found that the compressive strength and modulus tend to increase with increasing PCL concentration. HA/PCL scaffolds fabricated under the room drying process exhibited higher compression strength and modulus than HA/PCL scaffolds prepared by the freeze drying method because the porous HA surfaces were completely covered by PCL in the room drying scaffolds. XRD test was also used to study the phase stability of the scaffolds. It was confirmed that there was no chemical reaction between PCL and HA. On overall, the results indicated that the introduction of secondary PCL phases into the porous HA scaffold can improve the low strength and toughness of the pure HA scaffold and the HA/PCL composite scaffolds might be a potential candidate in bone tissue engineering.
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Sukpaita, Teerawat, Suwabun Chirachanchai, Theerapat Chanamuangkon, Katanchalee Nampuksa, Naruporn Monmaturapoj, Piyamas Sumrejkanchanakij, Atiphan Pimkhaokham, and Ruchanee Salingcarnboriboon Ampornaramveth. "Novel Epigenetic Modulation Chitosan-Based Scaffold as a Promising Bone Regenerative Material." Cells 11, no. 20 (October 13, 2022): 3217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11203217.
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Bone tissue engineering is a complicated field requiring concerted participation of cells, scaffolds, and osteoactive molecules to replace damaged bone. This study synthesized a chitosan-based (CS) scaffold incorporated with trichostatin A (TSA), an epigenetic modifier molecule, to achieve promising bone regeneration potential. The scaffolds with various biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) proportions: 0%, 10%, 20%, and 40% were fabricated. The addition of BCP improved the scaffolds’ mechanical properties and delayed the degradation rate, whereas 20% BCP scaffold matched the appropriate scaffold requirements. The proper concentration of TSA was also validated. Our developed scaffold released TSA and sustained them for up to three days. The scaffold with 800 nM of TSA showed excellent biocompatibility and induced robust osteoblast-related gene expression in the primary human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs). To evaluate in vivo bone regeneration potential, the scaffolds were implanted in the mice calvarial defect model. The excellent bone regeneration ability was further demonstrated in the micro-CT and histology sections compared to both negative control and commercial bone graft product. New bone formed in the CS/BCP/TSA group revealed a trabeculae-liked characteristic of the mature bone as early as six weeks. The CS/BCP/TSA scaffold is an up-and-coming candidate for the bone tissue engineering scaffold.
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Fan, Hui, Junfeng Hui, Zhiguang Duan, Daidi Fan, Yu Mi, Jianjun Deng, and Hui Li. "Novel Scaffolds Fabricated Using Oleuropein for Bone Tissue Engineering." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/652432.
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We investigated the feasibility of oleuropein as a cross-linking agent for fabricating three-dimensional (3D) porous composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Human-like collagen (HLC) and nanohydroxyapatite (n-HAp) were used to fabricate the composite scaffold by way of cross-linking. The mechanical tests revealed superior properties for the cross-linked scaffolds compared to the uncross-linked scaffolds. The as-obtained composite scaffold had a 3D porous structure with pores ranging from 120 to 300 μm and a porosity of73.6±2.3%. The cross-linked scaffolds were seeded with MC3T3-E1 Subclone 14 mouse osteoblasts. Fluorescence staining, the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that the scaffolds enhanced cell adhesion and proliferation. Our results indicate the potential of these scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.
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Demir, Didem, Seda Ceylan, Gülşah Gül, Zeynep İyigündoğdu, and Nimet Bölgen. "Green synthesized silver nanoparticles loaded PVA/Starch cryogel scaffolds with antibacterial properties." Tehnički glasnik 13, no. 1 (March 23, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31803/tg-20180131161141.
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In this study, Polyvinyl alcohol/Starch (PVA/Starch) cryogel scaffolds were combined with antibacterial silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and the antimicrobial properties of composite scaffolds were determined for potential in tissue engineering applications. The porous PVA/Starch scaffolds were prepared by cryogelation technique. The nanoparticles were prepared by green synthesis from Aloe barbadensis leaf extract and characterized. The antibacterial, antifungal and antiyeast properties of AgNPs and AgNPs loaded PVA/Starch cryogel scaffolds were investigated. The highest antimicrobial activity of composite scaffold was found against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Based on our studies, the results indicate that biodegradable, biocompatible and antimicrobial AgNPs loaded PVA/Starch scaffolds have potential to be used at an infection site in tissue engineering applications.
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Johnson, Daniel. "A Warning Label for Scaffold Users." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 8 (October 1992): 611–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/107118192786750999.
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The purpose of this research project was to develop a warning label which would: a) alert scaffold workers to the potential of danger when working on scaffolds, and b) to increase the likelihood they would seek out and read the safety guidelines supplied with the scaffolds. A warning was developed and tested on 150 potential users. It significantly increased subjects' behavioral intentions to seek safety information before working on a scaffold they had not been on before. This was true for inexperienced and experienced scaffold workers. This effect was not found for scaffolds the subjects supposedly had been on before. Highly experienced workers were less likely to comply with the warning than less experienced workers. It was concluded that the warning would increase the use of safety guidelines by those working on a scaffold that was new to them. But a new warning on a scaffold a worker had already been on would have no effect on the reading of safety guidelines.
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Hyun, Yong Taek, Seung Eon Kim, S. J. Heo, and Jung Woog Shin. "Characterization of PCL/HA Composite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering." Key Engineering Materials 342-343 (July 2007): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.342-343.109.
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Porous and bioactive composite scaffolds based on poly ε-caprolactone(PCL) and hydroxyapatite(HA) were successfully fabricated by solvent casting and salt leaching method. The scaffolds have interconnected pore structure with pore size ranging from 10μm to 500μm. The pore size of PCL scaffold and PCL/HA scaffold were similar to that of the salt particles. The pore walls became thick and the small pores on the surface of macropores were formed as the HA increased. MTT assay showed that HA content did not affect initial cell attachment in both PCL scaffolds and PCL/HA scaffolds. The osteoblasts proliferated in both scaffolds, but the cell number was higher in the PCL/HA composite scaffolds. It was found that the incorporation of hydroxyapatite enhances bone cell proliferation rather than initial cell attachment in PCL/HA composite scaffolds. The results suggest that the PCL/HA composite scaffolds have a potential for the bone tissue engineering applications.
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Ke, Yu, Gang Wu, and Yingjun Wang. "PHBV/PAM Scaffolds with Local Oriented Structure through UV Polymerization for Tissue Engineering." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/157987.
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Locally oriented tissue engineering scaffolds can provoke cellular orientation and direct cell spread and migration, offering an exciting potential way for the regeneration of the complex tissue. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) scaffolds with locally oriented hydrophilic polyacrylamide (PAM) inside the macropores of the scaffolds were achieved through UV graft polymerization. The interpenetrating PAM chains enabled good interconnectivity of PHBV/PAM scaffolds that presented a lower porosity and minor diameter of pores than PHBV scaffolds. The pores with diameter below 100 μm increased to 82.15% of PHBV/PAM scaffolds compared with 31.5% of PHBV scaffolds. PHBV/PAM scaffold showed a much higher compressive elastic modulus than PHBV scaffold due to PAM stuffing. At 5 days of culturing, sheep chondrocytes spread along the similar direction in the macropores of PHBV/PAM scaffolds. The locally oriented PAM chains might guide the attachment and spreading of chondrocytes and direct the formation of microfilamentsviacontact guidance.
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Prasadh, Somasundaram, Santhosh Suresh, and Raymond Wong. "Osteogenic Potential of Graphene in Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds." Materials 11, no. 8 (August 14, 2018): 1430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081430.
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Scaffolds are physical substrates for cell attachments, proliferation, and differentiation, ultimately leading to tissue regeneration. Current literature validates tissue engineering as an emerging tool for bone regeneration. Three-dimensionally printed natural and synthetic biomaterials have been traditionally used for tissue engineering. In recent times, graphene and its derivatives are potentially employed for constructing bone tissue engineering scaffolds because of their osteogenic and regenerative properties. Graphene is a synthetic atomic layer of graphite with SP2 bonded carbon atoms that are arranged in a honeycomb lattice structure. Graphene can be combined with natural and synthetic biomaterials to enhance the osteogenic potential and mechanical strength of tissue engineering scaffolds. The objective of this review is to focus on the most recent studies that attempted to explore the salient features of graphene and its derivatives. Perhaps, a thorough understanding of the material science can potentiate researchers to use this novel substitute to enhance the osteogenic and biological properties of scaffold materials that are routinely used for bone tissue engineering.
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Yuan, Su Wen, Jacinta Santhanam, Shiow Fern Ng, and B. Hemabarathy Bharatham. "Vancomycin Loaded Alginate/Cockle Shell Powder Nanobiocomposite Bone Scaffold for Antibacterial and Drug Release Evaluation." Sains Malaysiana 50, no. 8 (August 31, 2021): 2309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5008-14.
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Bacterial infection and biofilm formation is a major concern in orthopaedic implants and bone reconstructive surgery complications that may be addressed with localized drug delivery system. The potential use of a fabricated nanobiocomposite bone scaffold using alginate and nano cockle shell powder for drug release and antibacterial properties was investigated. Vancomycin loaded bone scaffolds were fabricated with 3 and 5 wt% vancomycin, respectively, while a non-drug loaded scaffold was used as controls. The mineralization of the scaffolds using simulated body fluid (SBF) as well as biofilm formation were evaluated using microscopic observations. Drug release study and antimicrobial activity of the eluent from each sampling period was tested for growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis for a period of 21 days. Significant difference of cumulative amount of vancomycin eluted from scaffolds loaded with 5 wt% vancomycin compared to 3 wt% (p<0.05) were noted. Eluent from both groups showed inhibitory effect against bacterial strain tested for 21 days. The findings are further supported with histological observations of reduced biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis on surface of 5 wt% vancomycin loaded scaffolds compared to control scaffolds. Basic mineralization studies conducted showed no alteration in drug loaded scaffolds characteristics compared to control scaffolds. Findings from this study indicates antibacterial properties can be conferred to the fabricated bone scaffold with successful incorporation of vancomycin with potentials to be used for local drug delivery application.
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He, Yun, Hong Lan, Juan Liu, and Ling Guo. "The Preparation and Properties of Porous Scaffold Made of Nano-Hydroxyapatite/Polyamide66." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 490–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.490.
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In this study, we prepared porous nano-hydroxyapatite/ polyamide 66 (n-HA/ PA66) porous scaffolds by injection molding method. The morphology, macrostructure and mechanical strength of the scaffolds were characterized. Osteoblasts (OBs) derived from cranial bone of SD rats were cultured and seeded on n-HA/ PA66 scaffolds. The OB/scaffold constructs were cultured for up to 18 days and the adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic activity of OBs were observed by scanning electron microscope and detected by alkaline phosphatase activity. The results showed that the porous n-HA/PA66 porous scaffolds are biocompatible and have no negative effects on the OBs in vitro. The scaffolds fulfill the basic requirements of bone tissue engineering scaffold, and have the potential application in orthopedic, reconstructive and maxillofacial surgery areas.
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Majidnia, Elahe, Noushin Amirpour, Mehdi Ahmadian, Fereshteh Karamali, and Hossein Salehi. "The Effect of Aligned and Random PCL-Human Amniotic Membrane Powder Scaffolds on Retinal Tissue Engineering." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2023 (January 3, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6377399.
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One promising treatment for degenerative retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the delivery of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells using degradable scaffolds. Tough-aligned scaffolds are promising candidates for some applications of tissue engineering, such as peripheral nerve regeneration. However, aligned scaffolds have not been investigated in retinal tissue engineering so far. Here, a comparison was made between aligned and random scaffolds fabricated from polycaprolactone (PCL) and human amniotic membrane powder (HAMP) as a scaffold for RPE cells. The effects of alignment on mechanical properties, porosity, hydrophilicity, degradation of the scaffolds, and the cellular interaction of RPE cells were investigated. The results revealed that the aligned scaffold has a lower average fiber diameter, porosity, hydrophilicity, and Young’s modulus and also a higher maximum strain in failure compared with the random scaffold. However, the proliferation of RPE cells increased on the random scaffold compared to the aligned scaffold. Hence, the rest of the specialized cellular evaluations, such as immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR, and functional assessments were performed on random scaffolds. The seeded cells showed an expression of RPE signature genes and functionally secreted VEGF and PEDF. Therefore, a HAMP-based substrate was fabricated for potential use as a scaffold for RPE cell transplantation.
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Lu, Hongyun, Keqin Ying, Ying Shi, Donghong Liu, and Qihe Chen. "Bioprocessing by Decellularized Scaffold Biomaterials in Cultured Meat: A Review." Bioengineering 9, no. 12 (December 9, 2022): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9120787.
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As novel carrier biomaterials, decellularized scaffolds have promising potential in the development of cellular agriculture and edible cell-cultured meat applications. Decellularized scaffold biomaterials have characteristics of high biocompatibility, bio-degradation, biological safety and various bioactivities, which could potentially compensate for the shortcomings of synthetic bio-scaffold materials. They can provide suitable microstructure and mechanical support for cell adhesion, differentiation and proliferation. To our best knowledge, the preparation and application of plant and animal decellularized scaffolds have not been summarized. Herein, a comprehensive presentation of the principles, preparation methods and application progress of animal-derived and plant-derived decellularized scaffolds has been reported in detail. Additionally, their application in the culture of skeletal muscle, fat and connective tissue, which constitute the main components of edible cultured meat, have also been generally discussed. We also illustrate the potential applications and prospects of decellularized scaffold materials in future foods. This review of cultured meat and decellularized scaffold biomaterials provides new insight and great potential research prospects in food application and cellular agriculture.
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Choi, Dong Jin, Kyoung Choi, Sang Jun Park, Young-Jin Kim, Seok Chung, and Chun-Ho Kim. "Suture Fiber Reinforcement of a 3D Printed Gelatin Scaffold for Its Potential Application in Soft Tissue Engineering." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 21 (October 27, 2021): 11600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111600.
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Gelatin has excellent biological properties, but its poor physical properties are a major obstacle to its use as a biomaterial ink. These disadvantages not only worsen the printability of gelatin biomaterial ink, but also reduce the dimensional stability of its 3D scaffolds and limit its application in the tissue engineering field. Herein, biodegradable suture fibers were added into a gelatin biomaterial ink to improve the printability, mechanical strength, and dimensional stability of the 3D printed scaffolds. The suture fiber reinforced gelatin 3D scaffolds were fabricated using the thermo-responsive properties of gelatin under optimized 3D printing conditions (−10 °C cryogenic plate, 40–80 kPa pneumatic pressure, and 9 mm/s printing speed), and were crosslinked using EDC/NHS to maintain their 3D structures. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the morphologies of the 3D printed scaffolds maintained their 3D structure after crosslinking. The addition of 0.5% (w/v) of suture fibers increased the printing accuracy of the 3D printed scaffolds to 97%. The suture fibers also increased the mechanical strength of the 3D printed scaffolds by up to 6-fold, and the degradation rate could be controlled by the suture fiber content. In in vitro cell studies, DNA assay results showed that human dermal fibroblasts’ proliferation rate of a 3D printed scaffold containing 0.5% suture fiber was 10% higher than that of a 3D printed scaffold without suture fibers after 14 days of culture. Interestingly, the supplement of suture fibers into gelatin biomaterial ink was able to minimize the cell-mediated contraction of the cell cultured 3D scaffolds over the cell culture period. These results show that advanced biomaterial inks can be developed by supplementing biodegradable fibers to improve the poor physical properties of natural polymer-based biomaterial inks.
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Li, Yanhong, Jing Wang, Yuliang Wang, Wenjia Du, and Shuanke Wang. "Transplantation of copper-doped calcium polyphosphate scaffolds combined with copper (II) preconditioned bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for bone defect repair." Journal of Biomaterials Applications 32, no. 6 (January 2018): 738–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885328217739456.
Full textAbstract:
Calcium polyphosphate is a bioactive ceramic that possesses similar mineral components to bone and possess good physicochemical properties. However, pure calcium polyphosphate scaffold is brittle, and it is insufficient in promoting vascularization and osteoinductivity. This study was conducted to assess whether copper (Cu) incorporated into calcium polyphosphate could improve the scaffolds’ inherent shortcomings. In the experiments, Cu-calcium polyphosphate scaffolds’ mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and biodegradability were researched primarily. And then, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha expression along with angiogenesis and osteogenesis potential when the scaffolds treated with the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) were analyzed in vitro. In in vivo studies, the Cu-calcium polyphosphate scaffolds combined with the liquid extract preconditioned BMMSCs were implanted into animal model to repair the bone defects. Meanwhile, we also evaluate the expression of angiogenic and osteogenic factors. For comparison, Cu-calcium polyphosphate, calcium polyphosphate, and blank control groups were designed. According to the results, proper content of Cu incorporated with calcium polyphosphate (0.1% Cu-calcium polyphosphate) did not significantly change the scaffold’s degradation velocity, but it obtained higher compress mechanical strength and Cu-doped scaffolds were less brittle. Besides, these scaffolds incorporated with Cu showed better cytocompatibility and cell proliferation activity. Moreover, after Cu was doped, the hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha expression was up-regulated with the angiogenic and osteogenic factors levels increased both in in vitro and in vivo study. The bone defect healing capacity was accessed, using Cu-calcium polyphosphate combined with preconditioned BMMSCs further enhanced new bone formation and improved hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and vascular endothelial growth factor expression. In conclusion, doped Cu into calcium polyphosphate was an alternative strategy for improving calcium polyphosphate’s mechanical property and promoting the osteogenesis and angiogenesis potential. Using Cu-calcium polyphosphate scaffolds combined with Cu preconditioned BMMSCs to treat bone defect could enhance bone defect healing.
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Di Filippo, Maria Francesca, Sofia Amadori, Sonia Casolari, Adriana Bigi, Luisa Stella Dolci, and Silvia Panzavolta. "Cylindrical Layered Bone Scaffolds with Anisotropic Mechanical Properties as Potential Drug Delivery Systems." Molecules 24, no. 10 (May 19, 2019): 1931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24101931.
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3D cylindrical layered scaffolds with anisotropic mechanical properties were prepared according to a new and simple method, which involves gelatin foaming, deposition of foamed strips, in situ crosslinking, strip rolling and lyophilization. Different genipin concentrations were tested in order to obtain strips with different crosslinking degrees and a tunable stability in biological environment. Before lyophilization, the strips were curled in a concentric structure to generate anisotropic spiral-cylindrical scaffolds. The scaffolds displayed significantly higher values of stress at break and of the Young modulus in compression along the longitudinal than the transverse direction. Further improvement of the mechanical properties was achieved by adding strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite (Sr-HA) to the scaffold composition and by increasing genipin concentration. Moreover, composition modulated also water uptake ability and degradation behavior. The scaffolds showed a sustained strontium release, suggesting possible applications for the local treatment of abnormally high bone resorption. This study demonstrates that assembly of layers of different composition can be used as a tool to obtain scaffolds with modulated properties, which can be loaded with drugs or biologically active molecules providing properties tailored upon the needs.
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Li, Wei Hong. "Fabrication of PLGA/MWNTs/HA Scaffolds for Biomedical Application." Applied Mechanics and Materials 395-396 (September 2013): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.395-396.15.
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Biocomposite scaffolds of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), and hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles were fabricated by gas-foaming and particle-leaching technique. The structure, surface morphology, and some properties of these PLGA/MWNTs/HA composites were evaluated. MWNTs and HA were evenly scattered in the scaffolds. The porosity of scaffols were decreased when the content of MWNTs increased to 1wt%. The mechanical strength of scaffols can be strengthened by the the addition of 1wt% MWNTs. The PLGA/MWNTs/HA biocomposite scaffolds have the great potential application in bone tissue regeneration.
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Nursatya, Safira Meidina, Anggraini Barlian, Hermawan Judawisastra, Indra Wibowo, and Hutomo Tanoto. "Fibroin and Spidroin Thin Film to Support the Attachment and Spread of Human Dermal Fibroblast: The Potency of Skin Tissue Engineering." Journal of Mathematical and Fundamental Sciences 53, no. 2 (October 21, 2021): 323–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/j.math.fund.sci.2021.53.2.10.
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This study aimed to determine the characteristics of scaffolds made of fibroin from Bombyx mori and spidroin from Argiope appensa in supporting the attachment and proliferation of HDF cells on the scaffolds. Thin-film scaffolds were made using the solvent casting technique, where the scaffold is an amalgamation of fibroin, spidroin, PVA, and glycerol. HDF cells were grown on DMEM medium with 10% FBS and 1% antibiotic-antimicotic. Characterization of the scaffolds was performed by using ATR-FTIR, swelling test, contact angle measurement, tensile test, biodegradation, MTT and SEM. The results of the ATR-FTIR analysis showed that the scaffolds contained fibroin, spidroin, PVA, and glycerol. Swelling and contact angle tests showed that all scaffold combinations were hydrophilic. Mechanical properties and in vitro biodegradation tests showed no significant difference among the scaffold combinations. MTT testing showed that all scaffolds could facilitate the attachment of fibroblasts and showed increased viability from day 1, 3, and 5. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the cells in the 70% fibroin and 10% spidroin scaffold had the best cell morphology and the best combination for potential application in skin tissue engineering.
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Lim, Siew Shee, Choon Lai Chiang, Nurzulaikha Rosli, and Kit Wayne Chew. "Functionalization of Chitosan-TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanotubes Scaffolds with Fibronectin for Bone Regeneration." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 61 (July 31, 2023): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-k9wk3t.
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Composite scaffolds are promising regenerative medicines. Chitosan-TiO2 nanotubes (CTNTs) scaffold as a composite scaffold is, however, associated with low biocompatibility. This research aims to increase in vitro efficacy of CTNTs scaffolds by using fibronectin (FN) and investigate the adsorption affinity of such scaffolds towards FN. CTNTs scaffolds were prepared via direct blending of TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs) and chitosan solution. The mixture was then subjected to 24-h freezing and 24-h freeze drying. The scaffolds were further functionalized with FN solution (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 μg/mL) via adsorption. The amount of adsorbed FN by the scaffolds was determined via colorimetric method. MG63 was used to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of CTNTs scaffolds with FN. The adsorption affinity of CTNTs scaffolds towards FN was high, as no saturation was achieved. The adsorption isotherm of FN onto CTNTs scaffolds fitted well with Temkin isotherm suggesting there was electrostatic interaction between the scaffolds and FN. Enhanced proliferation and early differentiation were observed in MG63 cultured on CTNTs scaffolds with FN. Particularly, CTNTs scaffolds functionalized with 60 μg/mL FN promoted the highest proliferation and early differentiation. CTNTs scaffolds with FN showed potential as scaffolding material for bone regeneration.