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Larpkiattaworn, Siriporn, Wasana Khongwong, Siriporn Tong-On, Chutima Eamchotchawalit, and Chaiwat Vorapeboonpong. "Dispersion Stability of Drinking Water Treatment Sludge." Key Engineering Materials 659 (August 2015): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.659.69.
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The objective of this study is to improve the particle suspension stability of drinking water treatment sludge (DWTS) and comparable to other silicate powder which are bentonite, micro silica (micro-SiO2), and nano-silica (nano-SiO2). The main dispersion characteristic are related to particle size, and dispersion force. The representative samples of bentonite, micro-SiO2, nano-SiO2, and DWTS were dispersed at the same solid content in water. The particle size distribution and chemical composition of samples were analyzed. The suspended samples were measured for Zeta potential at the controlled pH value. Furthermore, turbidity of suspended samples were investigated at various sedimenting time. The results indicated that nano-SiO2 has the highest Zeta potential value at pH 8-12. The stability of particle dispersion could be implied from turbidity of suspension at various sedimenting time. Bentonite suspension performed more stability than other samples for longer time. However, stability of DWTS particles can be improved by particle size controlling and treatment with dispersion agent to create repulsive force from the charge on the particle surface.
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Ponnamma, Deepalekshmi, Qipeng Guo, Igor Krupa, Mariam Ali S. A. Al-Maadeed, Varughese K. T., Sabu Thomas, and Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni. "Graphene and graphitic derivative filled polymer composites as potential sensors." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 6 (2015): 3954–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp04418e.
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Odermatt, Reto, Matej Par, Dirk Mohn, Daniel B. Wiedemeier, Thomas Attin, and Tobias T. Tauböck. "Bioactivity and Physico-Chemical Properties of Dental Composites Functionalized with Nano- vs. Micro-Sized Bioactive Glass." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 3 (March 12, 2020): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030772.
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Bioactive resin composites can contribute to the prevention of secondary caries, which is one of the main reasons for failure of contemporary dental restorations. This study investigated the effect of particle size of bioactive glass 45S5 on chemical and physical composite properties. Four experimental composites were prepared by admixing the following fillers into a commercial flowable composite: (1) 15 wt% of micro-sized bioactive glass, (2) 15 wt% of nano-sized bioactive glass, (3) a combination of micro- (7.5 wt%) and nano-sized (7.5 wt%) bioactive glass, and (4) 15 wt% of micro-sized inert barium glass. Hydroxyapatite precipitation and pH rise in phosphate-buffered saline were evaluated during 28 days. Degree of conversion and Knoop microhardness were measured 24 h after specimen preparation and after 28 days of phosphate-buffered saline immersion. Data were analyzed using non-parametric statistics (Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon tests) at an overall level of significance of 5%. Downsizing the bioactive glass particles from micro- to nano-size considerably improved their capability to increase pH. The effect of nano-sized bioactive glass on degree of conversion and Knoop microhardness was similar to that of micro-sized bioactive glass. Composites containing nano-sized bioactive glass formed a more uniform hydroxyapatite layer after phosphate-buffered saline immersion than composites containing exclusively micro-sized particles. Partial replacement of nano- by micro-sized bioactive glass in the hybrid composite did not impair its reactivity, degree of conversion (p > 0.05), and Knoop microhardness (p > 0.05). It is concluded that downsizing bioactive glass particles to nano-size improves the alkalizing potential of experimental composites with no negative effects on their fundamental properties.
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Wang, Dan, Yajun Yin, Jiye Wu, Xugui Wang, and Zheng Zhong. "Interaction Potential between Parabolic Rotator and an Outside Particle." Journal of Nanomaterials 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/464925.
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At micro/nanoscale, the interaction potential between parabolic rotator and a particle located outside the rotator is studied on the basis of the negative exponential pair potential1/Rnbetween particles. Similar to two-dimensional curved surfaces, we confirm that the potential of the three-dimensional parabolic rotator and outside particle can also be expressed as a unified form of curvatures; that is, it can be written as the function of curvatures. Furthermore, we verify that the driving forces acting on the particle may be induced by the highly curved micro/nano-parabolic rotator. Curvatures and the gradient of curvatures are the essential elements forming the driving forces. Through the idealized numerical experiments, the accuracy of the curvature-based potential is preliminarily proved.
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Miranda López, M. I., M. B. Hernández Hernández, B. S. Vera Barrios, A. Toxqui Teran, and J. A. Aguilar Martinez. "A comparative study between the addition of nano and micro-particles of Co3O4 on the electrical and microstructural properties of a ceramic system based on SnO2." Revista Mexicana de Física 66, no. 1 (December 28, 2019): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31349/revmexfis.66.47.
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A comparative study between the addition of Co3O4 micro-particles and nano-particles as densifying dopant of a SnO2 based varistor system was conducted. The ceramic composition was (99.9-X) %SnO2–X %Co3O4–0.05 %Cr2O3–0.05 %Nb2O5 where X = 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mol%. Two particle sizes of Co3O4 were used (~5 µm and ~50 nm). The addition of 0.5 mol% of Co3O4 nano-particles promoted an increase of grain size of sintered samples up to 7.9 µm, that is, the maximum value among all variations. Characterization techniques such as TGA, DTA, XRD, and Rietveld analysis revealed a decrease of 16 ºC in the formation temperature of Co2SnO4 as well as an increase of 2.6 wt% in the amount of said phase with the use of 4.0 mol% of Co3O4 nano-particles in comparison with micro-particles. Statistical analysis indicated that the addition of nano-particles of Co3O4 yield better repeatability on densification of ceramic samples. Residual porosity also was decreased. Electrical breakdown and non-linear coefficient values correspond to a non-ohmic behavior with potential application on manufacture of high voltage varistors. The findings of this work can be used as a reference for conducting a later study to improve the electrical properties or even to lower the sintering temperature.
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Duan, Ziyi, Yating Zhao, Xia Liu, and Guoxin Li. "Micro (nano) Plastics Released from Plastic Food Containers." E3S Web of Conferences 406 (2023): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340601006.
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The pollution of micro (nano) plastics is one of the most urgent global environmental problems. Micro (nano) plastics will release from plastic products (e.g., food related products) to the environment, causing potential threats to human health and ecosystem. Therefore, the release of micro (nano) plastics from plastic products (e.g., food containers) deserves more concerns. In the present work, plastic food container was chosen to investigate the release of micro (nano) plastics under two heating methods (100 ℃ hot water and microwave heating) and reuse within nine times were further investigated the release characteristics. The findings demonstrate that: (1) The maximum release amount was 10.3±0.2×1010 particles/L, which was occurred under microwave heating, and it was twice greater than that under hot water heating, indicating that microwave heating could enhance micro (nano) plastics releasing; (2) The amounts of released micro (nano) plastics would fluctuate, and the fluctuation was getting smaller as the use times increasing; (3) The number of use times had no influence on the released particle size, and the amount of nanoplastics (<400 nm) was dominant in the released micro (nano) plastics. Therefore, micro (nano) plastics production from food containers represents a key source of microplastic contamination in the ecosystem.
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Lee, Sun Young, Min Jung Son, Gil Son Khang, Young Suk Son, Chang Kuk You, Suk Young Kim, Hong In Shin, Eui Kyun Park, and Shin Yoon Kim. "Stimulatory Effect of Nano-Sized Calcium Metaphosphate Particles on Proliferation and Osteoblastic Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells." Key Engineering Materials 361-363 (November 2007): 1177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.361-363.1177.
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Recently, nanomaterials have received considerable attention because of their potential applications in the biomedical field. In the present study, we investigated the effects of nano-sized calcium metaphosphate (CMP) particles (50 nm) compared with micro-sized CMP particles (200-500 nm and 10 μm) on the proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation of human bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs). BMSCs were challenged with CMP particles with different sizes for 3, 5, and 7 days. An analysis of the proliferation revealed that the nano-sized CMP particles (50 nm) stimulated the proliferation of BMSCs up to 27.79% compared to the untreated control. This stimulatory effect of the nano-sized CMP particle was dose-dependent. CMP particles appeared to adhere on the surface of BMSCs but this did not cause distinguishable morphological changes. Moreover, all CMP particles (50 nm to 10 μm) were capable of stimulating an osteoblastic differentiation of BMSCs as accessed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and von Kossa stainings. Further molecular analysis revealed that all the CMP particles induced an expression of osteoblast-related genes such as osteocalcin (OC) and collagen I (Col I). Taken together, our data demonstrate that nano-sized CMP particles have the potential to stimulate the proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation of BMSCs.
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Khitab, Anwar, Sajjad Ahmad, Riaz Akhtar Khan, Muhammad Tausif Arshad, Waqas Anwar, Junaid Tariq, Ali Sikandar Rasheed Khan, Raja Bilal Nasar Khan, Affan Jalil, and Zeesshan Tariq. "Production of Biochar and Its Potential Application in Cementitious Composites." Crystals 11, no. 5 (May 10, 2021): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11050527.
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In cement composites, usually, reinforcement is provided to restrict the crack development and their further propagation under service conditions. Typically, reinforcements utilized in cementitious composites range from nanometer scale to millimeter scale by using nano-, micro-, and millimeter-sized fibers and particles. These reinforcements provide the crack arresting mechanisms at the nano/microscale and restrict the growth of the cracks under service loads, but usually, the synthesis of nano/microfibers, and afterward their dispersion in the cementitious materials, pose difficulty, thus limiting their vast application in the construction industry. Carbonaceous inerts are green materials since they are capable of capturing and storing carbon, thus limiting the emission of CO2 to the atmosphere. In the present study, a comprehensive review of the synthesis of low cost and environmentally friendly nano/micro carbonaceous inerts from pyrolysis of different agricultural/industrial wastes, and afterward, their application in the cementitious materials for producing high performance cementitious composites is presented, which have the potential to be used as nano/micro reinforcement in the cementitious matrix.
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Wang, Zhilong, Zongpu Han, Xiaozhu Liao, Xiao Zhang, Jiachen Liang, Zhe Xing, and Zengjie Fan. "3D printing polycaprolactone micro-nano copper scaffolds with a high antibacterial performance for potential sewage treatment." High Performance Polymers 34, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09540083211040473.
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Effective application of micro-nano copper particles in elimination of the pathogenic microorganisms in the water remains a challenge. In this study, an optimum structural design was adopted in mathematical models to improve the efficiency of sewage filtration, and polycaprolactone/copper scaffold (PCs) was fabricated through a 3D printing method. The result shows that the micro-nano copper particles were physically embedded into the polycaprolactone scaffolds. In addition, the antibacterial efficiency of PCs against E. coli and S. aureus was up to 100% and the antibacterial performance could be remained in sewage filtration (copper: polycaprolactone = 1:2). The results suggest that PCs is a good candidate for application in the sewage treatment.
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Reichel, Julia, Johanna Graßmann, Oliver Knoop, Jörg E. Drewes, and Thomas Letzel. "Organic Contaminants and Interactions with Micro- and Nano-Plastics in the Aqueous Environment: Review of Analytical Methods." Molecules 26, no. 4 (February 22, 2021): 1164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041164.
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Micro- and nanoplastic particles are increasingly seen not only as contaminants themselves, but also as potential vectors for trace organic chemicals (TOrCs) that might sorb onto these particles. An analysis of the sorbed TOrCs can either be performed directly from the particle or TOrCs can be extracted from the particle with a solvent. Another possibility is to analyze the remaining concentration in the aqueous phase by a differential approach. In this review, the focus is on analytical methods that are suitable for identifying and quantifying sorbed TOrCs on micro- and nano-plastics. Specific gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC) and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS) methods are considered. The respective advantages of each method are explained in detail. In addition, influencing factors for sorption in the first place are being discussed including particle size and shape (especially micro and nanoparticles) and the type of polymer, as well as methods for determining sorption kinetics. Since the particles are not present in the environment in a virgin state, the influence of aging on sorption is also considered.
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Ho, Bao, Jason Beech, and Jonas Tegenfeldt. "Charge-Based Separation of Micro- and Nanoparticles." Micromachines 11, no. 11 (November 18, 2020): 1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11111014.
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Deterministic Lateral Displacement (DLD) is a label-free particle sorting method that separates by size continuously and with high resolution. By combining DLD with electric fields (eDLD), we show separation of a variety of nano and micro-sized particles primarily by their zeta potential. Zeta potential is an indicator of electrokinetic charge—the charge corresponding to the electric field at the shear plane—an important property of micro- and nanoparticles in colloidal or separation science. We also demonstrate proof of principle of separation of nanoscale liposomes of different lipid compositions, with strong relevance for biomedicine. We perform careful characterization of relevant experimental conditions necessary to obtain adequate sorting of different particle types. By choosing a combination of frequency and amplitude, sorting can be made sensitive to the particle subgroup of interest. The enhanced displacement effect due to electrokinetics is found to be significant at low frequency and for particles with high zeta potential. The effect appears to scale with the square of the voltage, suggesting that it is associated with either non-linear electrokinetics or dielectrophoresis (DEP). However, since we observe large changes in separation behavior over the frequency range at which DEP forces are expected to remain constant, DEP can be ruled out.
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Benhal, Prateek, David Quashie, Yoontae Kim, and Jamel Ali. "Insulator Based Dielectrophoresis: Micro, Nano, and Molecular Scale Biological Applications." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 7, 2020): 5095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185095.
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Insulator based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) is becoming increasingly important in emerging biomolecular applications, including particle purification, fractionation, and separation. Compared to conventional electrode-based dielectrophoresis (eDEP) techniques, iDEP has been demonstrated to have a higher degree of selectivity of biological samples while also being less biologically intrusive. Over the past two decades, substantial technological advances have been made, enabling iDEP to be applied from micro, to nano and molecular scales. Soft particles, including cell organelles, viruses, proteins, and nucleic acids, have been manipulated using iDEP, enabling the exploration of subnanometer biological interactions. Recent investigations using this technique have demonstrated a wide range of applications, including biomarker screening, protein folding analysis, and molecular sensing. Here, we review current state-of-art research on iDEP systems and highlight potential future work.
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Wan, Yiyang, and Zhenhai Xia. "Self-Cleaning and Controlled Adhesion of Gecko Feet and Their Bioinspired Micromanipulators." MRS Advances 3, no. 29 (2018): 1641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.51.
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ABSTRACTBioinspired micromanipulators have been made based on gecko dynamic self-cleaning mechanism. Various particles such as spherical SiO2/polystyrene, and short fibrous glass can be captured, transmitted and dropped on glass substrate with precisely predesigned patterns, by using the micromanipulator with the help of atomic force microscope (AFM). It has been demonstrated that particle-pad interface and particle-substrate interface exhibit diverse adhesion behaviors under different z-piezo retracting speed. The particle-substrate adhesion increases faster than the particle-pad adhesion with increasing the detaching velocity, which makes it possible to manipulate the particles by adjusting the retreating speed only. Probability tests was performed to better choose suitable parameters for picking and dropping operations. This work provides a potential solution to manipulation of micro/nano particles for precise assembly.
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Jin, Su-Eon, and Hyo-Eon Jin. "Multiscale Metal Oxide Particles to Enhance Photocatalytic Antimicrobial Activity against Escherichia coli and M13 Bacteriophage under Dual Ultraviolet Irradiation." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 2 (February 6, 2021): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13020222.
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Antimicrobial activity of multiscale metal oxide (MO) particles against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and M13 bacteriophage (phage) was investigated under dual ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Zinc oxide (ZnO), magnesium oxide (MgO), cuprous oxide (Cu2O), and cupric oxide (CuO) were selected as photocatalytic antimicrobials in MO particles. Physicochemical properties including morphology, particle size/particle size distribution, atomic composition, crystallinity, and porosity were evaluated. Under UV-A and UV-C irradiation with differential UV-C intensities, the antimicrobial activity of MO particles was monitored in E. coli and phage. MO particles had nano-, micro- and nano- to microscale sizes with irregular shapes, composed of atoms as ratios of chemical formulae and presented crystallinity as pure materials. They had wide-range specific surface area levels of 0.40–46.34 m2/g. MO particles themselves showed antibacterial activity against E. coli, which was the highest among the ZnO particles. However, no viral inactivation by MO particles occurred in phage. Under dual UV irradiation, multiscale ZnO and CuO particles had superior antimicrobial activities against E. coli and phage, as mixtures of nano- and microparticles for enhanced photocatalytic antimicrobials. The results showed that the dual UV-multiscale MO particle hybrids exhibit enhanced antibiotic potentials. It can also be applied as a next-generation antibiotic tool in industrial and clinical fields.
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Yang, Shengchun, and Xiao Luo. "Mesoporous nano/micro noble metal particles: synthesis and applications." Nanoscale 6, no. 9 (2014): 4438–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3nr06858g.
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McLeish, Jennifer, Timothy Chico, Harriet Taylor, Carl Tucker, Ken Donaldson, and Simon Brown. "Skin exposure to micro- and nano-particles can cause haemostasis in zebrafish larvae." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 103, no. 04 (2010): 797–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th09-06-0413.
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SummaryLow mass ambient exposure to airborne particles is associated with atherothrombotic events that may be a consequence of the combustion-derived nanoparticle content. There is concern also over the potential cardiovascular impact of manufactured nanoparticles. To better understand the mechanism by which toxic airborne particles can affect cardiovascular function we utilised zebrafish as a genetically tractable model. Using light and confocal fluorescence video-microscopy, we measured heart-rate and blood flow in the dorsal aorta and caudal artery of zebrafish larvae that had been exposed to a number of toxic and non-toxic microparticles and nanoparticles. Diesel exhaust particles (DEP), carboxy-charged LatexTM beads (carboxy-beads) and toxic alumina (Taimicron TM300), but not non-toxic alumina (Baikalox A125), were found to promote both skin and gut cell damage, increased leukocyte invasion into the epidermis, tail muscle ischaemia and hae-mostasis within the caudal artery of free swimming zebrafish larvae. The presence of sodium sulfite, a reducing agent, or warfarin, an anticoagulant, within the system water abrogated the effects of both toxic alumina and carboxy-beads but not DEP. Genetic manipulation of skin barrier function augmented skin damage and haemostasis, even for the non-toxic alumina. The toxic effects of carboxy-beads were still apparent after leukocyte numbers were depleted with anti-Pu.1 morpholino. We conclude that particle uptake across skin epithelium and gut mucosal barriers, or the presence of leukocytes, is not required for particle-induced haemostasis while a compromised skin barrier function accentuated tissue injury and haemostasis.
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Qin, Lilu, Jiamu Huang, Longlong Hao, Jun Su, Niu Ma, and Lingyi Yin. "Effects of CeO2 on Microstructure and Corrosion Performance of the Coatings Prepared by Pulse Micro Arc Oxidation on AZ31B Mg Alloy." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 4778–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.18499.
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To improve corrosion performance of coatings on AZ31B magnesium alloy, the nano-CeO2 additives were included in Na2SiO3 based electrolyte during process of pulse micro arc oxidation (MAO). The MAO-CeO2 coating was successfully prepared to characterize its structure, micro morphology and composition. The XRD results indicated that MAO-CeO2 coatings were consisted of Mg2SiO4, MgSiO3, MgF2 and CeO2. The intensity of CeO2 peaks increases with increasing nano-CeO2 particles in electrolyte. The number of cracks on MAO-CeO2 coatings exhibited a V-shaped trend with increase in nano-CeO2 content. Meanwhile, the influence of nano-CeO2 on corrosion behavior of MAO-CeO2 coatings is investigated by salt spray test and electrochemical measurement. The corrosion current density of coatings presented same trend and corrosion potential is further studied. The MAO-CeO2 coatings formed in electrolyte with 10 g/L nano-CeO2 showed best corrosion performance which has the lowest corrosion current density of 0.58 nA/cm2 and the highest corrosion potential of - 1269 mVSCE.
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Mayorova, Anna. "Twisted particles as a new tool to study micro world phenomena and processes." SHS Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184400058.
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Twisted or vortex particles are a new powerful tool to study atomic and molecular processes as well as phenomena that occur at the level of nano-objects. The main feature of such particles is that they carry a non-zero projection of orbital angular momentum along the beam propagation direction. The process of twisted electron scattering from diatomic molecule targets has been studied in this paper for the first time. The Yukawa potential is selected as a model potential. Numerical calculations are carried out for the case of scattering from a hydrogen molecule H2.
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Bratovcic, Amra, and Jasmin Suljagic. "Micro- and nano-encapsulation in food industry." Croatian journal of food science and technology 11, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17508/cjfst.2019.11.1.17.
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Encapsulation can be defined as a process of entrapping one substance within another substance producing particles with diameters of a few nm to a few mm. The entrapped material is usually a liquid, but may be a solid or a gas. The main reason of using encapsulation is the fact that some nutrients do not remain in the food for a significant amount of time or may react with the other food components causing undesirable effects. It is possible to use micro- and nanoencapsulation techniques. The first one, microencapsulation, is a technology that can improve the retention time of the nutrient in the food and allow controlled release at specific times, during food consumption or in the intestinal gut (microencapsulation of vitamin). Nanoencapsulation has the potential to protect sensitive bioactive food ingredients from unfavourable environmental conditions, enhance solubilisation, improve taste and odour masking, and enhance bioavailability of poorly absorbable function ingredients. In this review, some relevant aspects of encapsulation methodologies, coating materials and their uses in food technology were discussed.
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Rafieepour, Athena, Mansour R. Azari, Habibollah Peirovi, Fariba Khodagholi, Jalal Pourahmad Jaktaji, Yadollah Mehrabi, Parvaneh Naserzadeh, and Yousef Mohammadian. "Investigation of the effect of magnetite iron oxide particles size on cytotoxicity in A549 cell line." Toxicology and Industrial Health 35, no. 11-12 (November 2019): 703–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233719888077.
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Introduction: Magnetite as iron oxide is widely used in various industries, in the pharmaceutical industry in particular where it is used for its magnetic properties. The environmental and occupational exposure to airborne nanoparticles and microparticles of iron oxide compounds have been reported. Since authors have reported contradictory results, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of particles’ size in their toxicities. Methods: The human cell line A549 was exposed with magnetite iron oxide in two size categories of micro (≥5 µm) and nano (<100 nm), with four concentrations of 10, 50, 100, and 250 µg/ml at two time periods of 24 and 72 h. The cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, and incidence of apoptosis were studied. Results: Nano and micro magnetite particles demonstrated diverse toxicity effects on the A549 cell line at the 24- and 72-h exposure periods; however, the effects produced were time- and concentration-dependent. Nano magnetite particles produced greater cellular toxicities in forms of decreased viabilities at concentration exposures greater than 50 µg/ml ( p < 0.05), along with increased ROS ( p < 0.05), decreased cellular membrane potential ( p < 0.05), and reduced rate of apoptosis ( p < 0.05). Discussion: The results of this study demonstrated that magnetite iron in nano-range sizes had a greater absorbability for the A549 cell line compared to micro sizes, and at the same time, nanoparticles were more toxic than microparticles, demonstrating higher production of ROS and decreased viabilities. Considering the greater toxicity of nanoparticles of magnetite iron in this study, thorough precautionary control measures must be taken before they can be used in various industries.
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Juez-Lorenzo, Maria, Vladislav Kolarik, H. Fietzek, and M. Anchústegui. "Diffusion Aluminide Coatings Using Spherical Micro-Sized Aluminium Particles." Defect and Diffusion Forum 289-292 (April 2009): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.289-292.261.
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Previous work on the oxidation of nano- and micro-sized Al particles revealed a particle size window, where no meta-stable alumina phases were observed. Depositing such particles on an austenitic substrate, diffusion layers with reduced Al contents were obtained. These findings opened new perspectives for investigating the potential impact of the Al particle size and shape on the formation of diffusion aluminide coatings. Spherical Al particles sized in the range of 2 to 5 µm were deposited with a binder by brushing on the austenitic steel X6 CrNi 18-10 (Alloy 304H). For the curing process, the samples were annealed in air at 400°C for 1h. The diffusion effect of Al into the base material was studied in isothermal experiments at 700°C and 900°C with exposure times up to 2000 h in air. The sample surfaces and the diffusion aluminide coatings in cross-section were analysed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The results show in the initial state the formation of a diffusion layer consisting of a less aluminium-rich Fe(Cr)-Al phase containing a Fe(Cr)-Al phase with higher content of Al in the region beneath the surface. On further exposure a double-layered structure is found with Kirkendall-pores between the two layers, which may lead to a complete separation of the outer layer. A thin adherent alumina scale is observed on the remaining diffusion layer after 1000 h and 2000 h at both temperatures, however overgrown by Cr2O3 at 900°C. The structure of the diffusion zone beneath agglomerates of Al particles reveals the influence of the particle size on the Al supply for the formation of the aluminide diffusion zone.
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Jamali, Ramin, Farzaneh Nazari, Azadeh Ghaffari, Sabareesh K. P. Velu, and Ali-Reza Moradi. "Speckle tweezers for manipulation of high and low refractive index micro-particles and nano-particle loaded vesicles." Nanophotonics 10, no. 11 (August 11, 2021): 2915–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2021-0270.
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Abstract Several fundamental research and applications in biomedicine and microfluidics often require controlled manipulation of suspended micro- and nanoscale particles. Speckle tweezers (ST) by incorporating randomly distributed light fields have been used to control micro-particles with refractive indices higher than their medium and to perform manipulation tasks such as guiding and sorting. Indeed, compared to periodic potentials, ST represents a wider possibility to be operated for such tasks. Here, we extend the usefulness of ST into micro-particles of low index with respect to the surrounding. Repelling of such particles by high intensity regions into lower intensity regions makes them to be locally confined, and the confinement can be tuned by changing the average grain intensity and size of the speckle patterns. Experiments on polystyrenes and liposomes validate the procedure. Moreover, we show that ST can also manipulate the nano-particle (NP)-loaded liposomes. Interestingly, the different interactions of NP-loaded and empty liposomes with ST enable collective manipulation of their mixture using the same speckle pattern, which may be explained by inclusion of the photophoretic forces on NPs. Our results on the different behaviors between empty and non-empty vesicles may open a new window on controlling collective transportation of drug micro-containers along with its wide applications in soft matter.
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Wen, Yi, Jinsheng Li, Haotian Lin, Hao Huang, Keke Song, Ke Duan, Tailin Guo, and Jie Weng. "Improvement of Drug-Loading Properties of Hydroxyapatite Particles Using Triethylamine as a Capping Agent: A Novel Approach." Crystals 11, no. 6 (June 18, 2021): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11060703.
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Particles that modify delivery characteristics are a focus of drug-loading research. Hydroxyapatite particles (HAPs) have excellent biocompatibility, shape controllability, and high adsorption, making them a potential candidate for drug-delivery carriers. However, there are still some defects in the current methods used to prepare HAPs. In order to avoid agglomeration and improve the drug-loading properties of HAPs, the present study provides a novel triethylamine (TEA)-capped coprecipitation template method to prepare HAPs at room temperature. In addition, pure water and anhydrous ethanol were used as solvents to investigate the capping effect of the small-molecule capping agent TEA during the synthesis of HAPs. The results showed that the HAPs prepared in the TEA ethanol system had a smaller particle size (150–250 nm), better dispersion and higher crystallinity. The results were significantly different from those of the conventional preparation methods without TEA. However, the hydroxyapatite crystal would agglomerate to a certain extent after being stored for a period of time, forming micro/nano-sized agglomerates of nanocrystals. FITR analysis and SEM observation showed that the capping effect of TEA promoted the formation of a smaller template and dispersed HAPs were quickly formed by dissolution and reprecipitation processes. The drug-loading experiments showed that the HAPs prepared in the TEA ethanol system had high drug-loading capacity (239.8 ± 13.4 mg·g−1) as well as an improved drug-release profile demonstrated in the drug-release experiment. The larger specific surface area associated with the smaller particle size was beneficial to the adsorption of drugs. After drying at 60 °C, TEA was evaporated from the HAPs which agglomerated into larger micron particles with more drug encapsulated. Thus, the effect of a sustained release was achieved. In the present research, a novel approach was developed by using triethylamine as the capping agent to prepare micro/nano-sized agglomerates of HAP nanocrystals with improved drug loading, which is predicted to have potential application in drug delivery.
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Gao, Haoxiang, Fenghua Zhang, Kangkang Tang, Xianyu Luo, Ziang Pu, Jiuzhou Zhao, Zhiwei Jiao, and Weimin Yang. "Green Cleaning of 3D-Printed Polymeric Products by Micro-/Nano-Bubbles." Nanomaterials 13, no. 11 (June 5, 2023): 1804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13111804.
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3D printing technology has been used to directly produce various actual products, ranging from engines and medicines to toys, especially due to its advantage in producing items of complicated, porous structures, which are inherently difficult to clean. Here, we apply micro-/nano-bubble technology to the removal of oil contaminants from 3D-printed polymeric products. Micro-/nano-bubbles show promise in the enhancement of cleaning performance with or without ultrasound, which is attributed to their large specific surface area enhancing the adhesion sites of contaminants, and their high Zeta potential which attracts contaminant particles. Additionally, bubbles produce tiny jets and shock waves at their rupture, driven by coupled ultrasound, which can remove sticky contaminants from 3D-printed products. As an effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly cleaning method, micro-/nano-bubbles can be used in a range of applications.
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RAMADAN, QASEM, VICTOR SAMPER, DANIEL POENAR, and CHEN YU. "EVALUATION OF CURRENT-CARRYING WIRES FOR MANIPULATION OF MAGNETIC MICRO/NANOPARTICLES FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS." International Journal of Nanoscience 04, no. 04 (August 2005): 489–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x05003322.
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In this study we present a set of guidelines for the design of current carrying micro-conductors/micro-coils (MCs) for magnetic nanoparticles manipulation in biomedical applications. Precise spatial manipulation requires steep magnetic field gradients and due to the consequences of scaling laws, these gradients should be maximized as the size of the particle reduces. Conventional planar coils have many construction and functional limitations, such as generating only small magnetic field gradients, Joule heating, and limited ability to move particles with high spatial resolution. On the other hand, micro-coils can provide a satisfactory solution to all these problems. The geometrical and structural parameters play significant roles in determining the ability to move guide and transport nanoparticles. Design guidelines were generated from a detailed theoretical treatment and finite element analysis (FEA). The spatial distributions of magnetic fields, field gradients and magnetic forces on particles were simulated using FEA for different geometrical/structural parameters and wire arrangements. An array of wires create a chain of magnetic potential wells that are controllable in terms of magnitude and direction and therefore can be used to control the motion and position of magnetic nano-particles by tuning the current through the array.
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Wu, Ruomei, Shuai Wu, Haiyun Jiang, Zigong Chang, Zhiqing Yuan, and Qinghua Chen. "Study on corrosion resistance of superhydrophobic surface on aluminum alloy." Materials Express 11, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 2004–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/mex.2021.2118.
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Anti-corrosion of aluminum alloys with different roughness were researched in this study. To further verify the relationship between anti-corrosion and surface roughness, surface with micro structure alloy was successfully fabricated via anode oxidation on aluminum. The water contact angle of aluminum alloy surface after coating polypropylene film was 154° and sliding angle was 3°. The micro-nano structure was constructed by adding nano-SiO2. The contacts angle of surface was 165° and the sliding angle was 1.8°. The superhydrophobic samples were used to test corrosion resistance. Compared with aluminum coated with unmodified film, the corrosion potential for modified superhydrophobic aluminum alloy increased by about 0.05 V. When nano-SiO2 particles were added, the corrosion resistance for the sample was also improved.
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Kamran, Mahwish, Mir Azam Khan, Muhammad Shafique, Ghallab Alotaibi, Abdulaziz Al Mouslem, Maqsood Rehman, Muhammad Asghar Khan, Abdullah, and Sumaira Gul. "Formulation Design, Characterization and In-Vivo Assessment of Cefixime Loaded Binary Solid Lipid Nanoparticles to Enhance Oral Bioavailability." Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology 18, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 1215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2022.3313.
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Cefixime; widely employed cephalosporin antibiotic is unfortunately coupled to poor water solubility with resultant low oral bioavailability issues. To solve this problem micro-emulsion technique was used to fabricate binary SLNs using blend of solid and liquid lipids, surfactant as well as co-surfactant. The optimized nano suspension was characterized followed by modification to solidified dosage form. During characterization, optimized nano-suspension (CFX-4) produced particle size 189±2.1 nm with PDI 0.310±0.02 as well as −33.9±2 mV zeta potential. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) presented nearly identical and spherical shaped particles. Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray powder diffraction analysis ascertained decrease in drug’s crystallinity. In-vitro release of drug pursued zero-order characteristics and demonstrated non-fickian pattern of diffusion. The freeze dried nano suspension (CFX-4) was transformed to capsule dosage form to perform comparison based In-Vivo studies. In-Vivo evaluation corresponded to 2.20-fold and 2.11-fold enhancement in relative bioavailability of CFX nano-formulation (CFX-4) as well as the prepared capsules respectively in contrast to the commercialized product (Cefiget®). In general; the obtained results substantiated superior oral bioavailability along with sustained pattern of drug release for CFX loaded binary nano particles. Thus, binary SLNs could be employed as a resourceful drug carrier for oral CFX delivery.
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Baj, Jacek, James Curtis Dring, Marcin Czeczelewski, Paweł Kozyra, Alicja Forma, Jolanta Flieger, Beata Kowalska, Grzegorz Buszewicz, and Grzegorz Teresiński. "Derivatives of Plastics as Potential Carcinogenic Factors: The Current State of Knowledge." Cancers 14, no. 19 (September 24, 2022): 4637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14194637.
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Micro- and nanoplatics have been already reported to be potential carcinogenic/mutagenic substances that might cause DNA damage, leading to carcinogenesis. Thus, the effects of micro- and nanoplastics exposure on human health are currently being investigated extensively to establish clear relationships between those substances and health consequences. So far, it has been observed that there exists a definite correlation between exposure to micro- and nanoplastic particles and the onset of several cancers. Therefore, we have conducted research using PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, searching for all the research papers devoted to cancers that could be potentially related to the subject of exposure to nano- and microplastics. Ultimately, in this paper, we have discussed several cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, biliary tract cancer, and some endocrine-related cancers.
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Barrick, Andrew, Olivier Champeau, Amélie Chatel, Nicolas Manier, Grant Northcott, and Louis A. Tremblay. "Plastic additives: challenges in ecotox hazard assessment." PeerJ 9 (April 16, 2021): e11300. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11300.
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The risk of plastic debris, and specifically micro(nano)plastic particles, to ecosystems remains to be fully characterized. One particular issue that warrants further characterization is the hazards associated with chemical additives within micro(nano)plastic as they are not chemically bound within the polymers and can be persistent and biologically active. Most plastics contain additives and are therefore potential vectors for the introduction of these chemicals into the environment as they leach from plastic, a process that can be accelerated through degradation and weathering processes. There are knowledge gaps on the ecotoxicological effects of plastic additives and how they are released from parent plastic materials as they progressively fragment from the meso to micro and nano scale. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of the ecotoxicity of plastic additives and identifies research needs to characterize the hazard they present to exposed biota. The potential ecological risk of chemical additives is of international concern so key differences in governance between the European Union and New Zealand to appropriately characterize their risk are highlighted.
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Luo, Honglin, Jikui Liu, Zhiwei Yang, Quanchao Zhang, Haiyong Ao, and Yizao Wan. "Manipulating thermal conductivity of polyimide composites by hybridizing micro- and nano-sized aluminum nitride for potential aerospace usage." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 33, no. 8 (April 8, 2019): 1017–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705718816352.
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Electrically insulating yet thermally conductive polymer-based composites are highly sought after in aerospace field. In this work, for the first time, electrically insulating but thermally conductive polyimide (PI) composites are fabricated by simultaneously incorporating micro- and nano-sized aluminum nitride (AlN) particles via a simple, economic, and scalable method of ball milling and subsequent hot-pressing process. The thermal conductivity, dielectric, and mechanical properties of the PI composites depend on the ratio of micro-sized AlN (m-AlN) to nano-sized AlN (n-AlN) and the total content of AlN in the PI composites. The thermal conductivity of the PI composites with 40 wt% m-AlN and 20 wt% n-AlN is 1.5 ± 0.05 W·m−1·K−1, which is 10 times higher than that of bare PI. The PI composites hold a great potential in aerospace industries.
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Miyajima, Hiroki, Hiroki Touji, and Kazutoshi Iijima. "Hydroxyapatite Particles from Simulated Body Fluids with Different pH and Their Effects on Mesenchymal Stem Cells." Nanomaterials 11, no. 10 (September 27, 2021): 2517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11102517.
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Bone-like hydroxyapatite (HAp) has been prepared by biomimetic synthesis using simulated body fluid (SBF), mimicking inorganic ion concentrations in human plasma, or 1.5SBF that has 1.5-times higher ion concentrations than SBF. In this study, the controllable preparations of HAp particles from 1.5SBF with different pH values were examined. The particles obtained as precipitates from 1.5SBF showed different morphologies and crystallinities depending on the pH of 1.5SBF. Micro-sized particles at pH 7.4 of 1.5SBF had a higher Ca/P ratio and crystallinity as compared with nano-sized particles at pH 8.0 and pH 8.4 of 1.5SBF. However, a mixture of micro-sized and nano-sized particles was obtained from pH 7.7 of 1.5SBF. When Ca2+ concentrations in 1.5SBF during mineralization were monitored, the concentration at pH 7.4 drastically decreased from 12 to 24 h. At higher pH, such as 8.0 and 8.4, the Ca2+ concentrations decreased during pH adjustment and slightly decreased even after 48 h. In this investigation at pH 7.7, the Ca2+ concentrations were higher than pH 8.0 and 8.4.Additionally, cytotoxicity of the obtained precipitates to mesenchymal stem cells was lower than that of synthetic HAp. Controllable preparation HAp particles from SBF has potential applications in the construction of building components of cell scaffolds.
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Shen, Huijuan, Yaode Wang, Liang Cao, Ying Xie, Lu Wang, Xueying Chu, Kaixi Shi, et al. "Fabrication of periodic microscale stripes of silver by laser interference induced forward transfer and their SERS properties." Nanotechnology 33, no. 11 (December 23, 2021): 115302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac3e34.
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Abstract The micro-stripe structure was prepared by laser interference induced forward transfer technique, composed of Ag nano-particles (NPs). The effects of the film thickness with the carbon nano-particles mixed polyimide (CNPs@PI), Ag film thickness, and laser fluence were studied on the transferred micro-stripe structure. The periodic Ag micro-stripe with good resolution was obtained in a wide range of CNPs@PI film thickness from ∼0.5 to ∼1.0 μm for the Ag thin film ∼20 nm. The distribution of the Ag NPs composing the micro-stripe was compact. Nevertheless, the average size of the transferred Ag NPs was increased from ∼41 to ∼197 nm with the change of the Ag donor film from ∼10 to ∼40 nm. With the increase of the laser fluence from 102 to 306 mJ·cm−2 per-beam, the transferred Ag NPs became aggregative, improving the resolution of the corresponding micro-stripe. Finally, the transferred Ag micro-stripe exhibited the significant surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) property for rhodamine B (RhB). While the concentration of the RhB reached 10–10 mol·L−1, the Raman characteristic peaks of the RhB were still observed clearly at 622, 1359 and 1649 cm−1. These results indicate that the transferred Ag micro-stripe has potential application as a SERS chip in drug and food detection.
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Madugula, Anitha Santhoshi, B. Murali Krishna, and G. Swaminaidu. "Experimental Investigations on Wear Behavior of AA20204-Flyash-Nanostructured Redmud Hybrid Composites Synthesized by Stircasting." International Journal of Surface Engineering and Interdisciplinary Materials Science 6, no. 2 (July 2018): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijseims.2018070102.
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Red mud emerges as the major waste material during the production of alumina from bauxite and its potential as a filler material in metal matrices has not yet been reported. In view of this, an attempt is made to explore the possibility of making a class of wear resistant metal matrix hybrid composites with nano-structured red mud and micro sized fly ash particles as reinforcement. The micro-sized red mud particles have been modified to nano-structured red mud using high energy ball milling and after 30 hours of milling, the size was reduced from 100 microns to 30 nm. Composites were fabricated by stir casting and experiments were conducted under laboratory condition to assess the wear characteristics of AA2024- 15 wt% fly ash (micro-sized) and varying fractions (2 wt%, 4 wt% and 6 wt%) red mud (nano-structured) hybrid composites under different working conditions in pure sliding mode on a pin-on-disc machine. Tests were conducted with sliding speeds of 200 rpm, 400 rpm and 600 rpm at loads of 10N, 20N and 30N. The increased frictional thrust at higher load results in increased de-bonding and caused easy removal of material and hence the wear rate is increased with increase in normal load. The wear resistance of the composite is increased with increase in red mud fraction. This is due to the increase in surface energy and inter-atomic bonding with increase in nano-structured red mud fraction. The addition of redmud particles to the matrix phase causes dispersion strengthening and hence the strength as well. Wear resistance is increased with increase in redmud fraction.
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Sun, Wei Wei, Mu Qin Li, Yan Gao, and Jiang Liu. "Double Sealing of Ultrasonic Micro-Arc Oxidation Coating on Pure Magnesium by Nano-SiO2 Particles and SiO2 Sol Sealing Agent." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.48.
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A double sealing coating was prepared on ultrasonic micro-arc oxidized pure magnesium substrate by adding nano-SiO2 particles as additive in the plating solution and coating SiO2 sol as sealing agent. The bonding characters of SiO2 sol was analyzed by Fourier transformed infrared spectrometry (FTIR). The compositions and morphology of seal coating were characterized by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The corrosion resistance of the micro-arc oxidized and the sealed pure magnesium substrate were studied. The results showed that the Si content increased gradually with the addition of nano-SiO2 particles and the SiO2 sol sealing. It was benefit to create bioactive MgSiO3, which promoted the bone growth. The double sealed pure magnesium had a self-corrosion potential shifted positively by 60mV as well as a self-corrosion current density decreased by a half in a 3.5wt% NaCl solution, showing good corrosion resistance.
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Ortega-Oller, Inmaculada, Miguel Padial-Molina, Pablo Galindo-Moreno, Francisco O’Valle, Ana Belén Jódar-Reyes, and Jose Manuel Peula-García. "Bone Regeneration from PLGA Micro-Nanoparticles." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/415289.
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Poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) is one of the most widely used synthetic polymers for development of delivery systems for drugs and therapeutic biomolecules and as component of tissue engineering applications. Its properties and versatility allow it to be a reference polymer in manufacturing of nano- and microparticles to encapsulate and deliver a wide variety of hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules. It additionally facilitates and extends its use to encapsulate biomolecules such as proteins or nucleic acids that can be released in a controlled way. This review focuses on the use of nano/microparticles of PLGA as a delivery system of one of the most commonly used growth factors in bone tissue engineering, the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2). Thus, all the needed requirements to reach a controlled delivery of BMP2 using PLGA particles as a main component have been examined. The problems and solutions for the adequate development of this system with a great potential in cell differentiation and proliferation processes under a bone regenerative point of view are discussed.
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REKBI, Fares Mohammed Laid. "Behavior of Materials in the Presence of Particles Additive Technique: A Review." ENP Engineering Science Journal 3, no. 1 (July 20, 2023): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.53907/enpesj.v3i1.122.
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Recently, engineers and researchers have been concerned about how to improve the behavior of materials used in manufacturing. Ensuring the compatibility of particle, as main constituents with other reinforcement, in composites for specific behavior is essential. In this review, we attempt to list the salient features of experimental as well as numerical investigation on characteristics composite materials with adding either micro- or nano-particles, which is one of the ways to express it. The behavior of composites materials such as mechanical enhanced with different form, size, type and nature of particle additives. The bibliography review concludes that it would be important to investigate extensively the features of this technique in order to get more discoveries and developments of materials experimentally and numerically. Some contributions have identified the research gaps and deduced that the potential application of particles as additive agents in composites have not been more explored.
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Fathi, Faezeh, Samad N. Ebrahimi, João A. V. Prior, Susana M. L. Machado, Reza Mohsenian Kouchaksaraee, M. Beatriz P. P. Oliveira, and Rita C. Alves. "Formulation of Nano/Micro-Carriers Loaded with an Enriched Extract of Coffee Silverskin: Physicochemical Properties, In Vitro Release Mechanism and In Silico Molecular Modeling." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14010112.
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Designing strategies for an effective transformation of food waste into high-value products is a priority to address environmental sustainability concerns. Coffee silverskin is the major by-product of the coffee roasting industry, being rich in compounds with health benefits. Such composition gives it the potential to be transformed into high-value products. In this study, coffee silverskin extracts were enriched, regarding caffeine and chlorogenic acid contents, by adsorbent column chromatography. The compounds content increased 3.08- and 2.75-fold, respectively, compared to the original extract. The enriched fractions were loaded into nano-phytosomes or cholesterol-incorporated nano-phytosomes (first coating layers) to improve the physiochemical properties and permeation rate. These nano-lipid carriers were also subjected to a secondary coating with different natural polymers to improve protection and stability against degradation. In parallel, and for comparison, different natural polymers were also used as first coating layers. The produced particles were evaluated regarding product yield, encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, particle size, surface charge, and in vitro release simulating gastrointestinal conditions. All samples exhibited anionic surface charge. FTIR and molecular docking confirmed interactions between the phytoconstituents and lipid bilayers. The best docking score was observed for 5-caffeoylquinic acid (chlorogenic acid) exhibiting a stronger hydrogen binding to the lipid bilayer. Among several kinetic models tested, the particle release mechanism fitted well with the First-order, Korsmeyer–Peppas, and Higuchi models. Moreover, most of the formulated particles followed the diffusion-Fick law and anomalous transport.
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Chang, Chaur-Yang, Kuo-Hsiung Tseng, Jui-Tsun Chang, Meng-Yun Chung, and Zih-Yuan Lin. "A Study of Nano-Tungsten Colloid Preparing by the Electrical Spark Discharge Method." Micromachines 13, no. 11 (November 18, 2022): 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13112009.
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This study developed an energy-enhanced (ee)-micro-electric discharge machining (EDM) system for preparing nano-tungsten (nano-W) colloids. This system enables spark discharge using tungsten wires immersed in deionized water, to produce nano-W colloids. Compared with the chemical preparation method, the processing environment for preparing colloids in this study prevented nanoparticle escape. Among the nano-W colloids prepared using the ee-micro-EDM system and an industrial EDM system, the colloid prepared by the ee-micro-EDM system exhibited a more favorable absorbance, suspensibility, and particle size. The colloid prepared by the ee-micro-EDM system with a pulse on time and off time of 10–10 μs had an absorbance of 0.277 at a wavelength of 315 nm, ζ potential of −64.9 mV, and an average particle size of 164.9 nm. Transmission electron microscope imaging revealed a minimum particle size of approximately 11 nm, and the X-ray diffractometer spectrum verified that the colloid contained only W2.00 and W nanoparticles. Relative to industrial EDM applications for nano-W colloid preparation, the ee-micro-EDM system boasts a lower cost and smaller size, and produces nano-W colloids with superior performance. These advantages contribute to the competitiveness of the electrical spark discharge method in the preparation of high-quality nano-W colloids.
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Li, Chun, Xin Wang, Zi Jiao, Yu Zhang, Xiang Yin, Xue Cui, and Yue Wei. "Functionalized Porous Silica-Based Nano/Micro Particles for Environmental Remediation of Hazard Ions." Nanomaterials 9, no. 2 (February 12, 2019): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9020247.
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The adsorption and separation of hazard metal ions, radioactive nuclides, or minor actinides from wastewater and high-level radioactive waste liquids using functional silica-based nano/micro-particles modified with various inorganic materials or organic groups, has attracted significant attention since the discovery of ordered mesoporous silica-based substrates. Focusing on inorganic and organic modified materials, the synthesis methods and sorption performances for specific ions in aqueous solutions are summarized in this review. Three modification methods for silica-based particles, the direct synthesis method, wetness impregnation method, and layer-by-layer (LBL) deposition, are usually adopted to load inorganic material onto silica-based particles, while the wetness impregnation method is currently used for the preparation of functional silica-based particles modified with organic groups. Generally, the specific synthesis method is employed based on the properties of the loading materials and the silicon-based substrate. Adsorption of specific toxic ions onto modified silica-based particles depends on the properties of the loaded material. The silicon matrix only changes the thermodynamic and mechanical properties of the material, such as the abrasive resistance, dispersibility, and radiation resistance. In this paper, inorganic loads, such as metal phosphates, molybdophosphate, titanate-based materials, and hydrotalcite, in addition to organic loads, such as 1,3-[(2,4-diethylheptylethoxy)oxy]-2,4-crown-6-Calix{4}arene (Calix {4}) arene-R14 and functional 2,6-bis-(5,6-dialkyl-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)-pyridines(BTP) are reviewed. More specifically, we emphasize on the synthesis methods of such materials, their structures in relation to their capacities, their selectivities for trapping specific ions from either single or multi-component aqueous solutions, and the possible retention mechanisms. Potential candidates for remediation uses are selected based on their sorption capacities and distribution coefficients for target cations and the pH window for an optimum cation capture.
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Guo, Ning, Ruixiao Meng, Junguo Gao, Mingpeng He, Yue Zhang, Lizhi He, and Haitao Hu. "Properties and Simulating Research of Epoxy Resin/Micron-SiC/Nano-SiO2 Composite." Energies 15, no. 13 (July 1, 2022): 4821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134821.
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The dielectric behavior of insulations is a key factor affecting the development of anti-corona materials for generators. Epoxy resin (EP), as the matrix, is blended with inorganic fillers of micron SiC and nano SiO2 to investigate the effect of micro and nano doping on the conductivity and breakdown mechanism of the composites. Using experimental and simulation analysis, it is found that the effect of nano-SiO2 doping concentration on the conductivity is related to the dispersion of SiC particles. The lower concentration of SiO2 could decrease the conductivity of the composites. The conductivity increases with raising the nano-SiO2 doping concentration to a critical value. Meanwhile, the breakdown field strength of the composites decreases with the rising content of SiC in constant SiO2 and increases with more SiO2 when mixed with invariable SiC. When an equivalent electric field is applied to the samples, the electric field at the interface of micron particles is much stronger than the average field of the dielectric, close to the critical electric field of the tunneling effect. The density of the homopolar space charge bound to the surface of the stator bar elevates as the concentration of filled nanoparticles increases, by which a more effective Coulomb potential shield can be built to inhibit the further injection of carriers from the electrode to the interior of the anti-corona layer, thus reducing the space charge accumulation in the anti-corona layer as well as increasing the breakdown field strength of the dielectric.
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Nassrullah, Haya, Shaheen Fatima Anis, Boor Singh Lalia, and Raed Hashaikeh. "Cellulose Nanofibrils as a Damping Material for the Production of Highly Crystalline Nanosized Zeolite Y via Ball Milling." Materials 15, no. 6 (March 18, 2022): 2258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15062258.
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Nanosized zeolite Y is used in various applications from catalysis in petroleum refining to nanofillers in water treatment membranes. Ball milling is a potential and fast technique to decrease the particle size of zeolite Y to the nano range. However, this technique is associated with a significant loss of crystallinity. Therefore, in this study, we investigate the effect of adding biodegradable and recyclable cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) to zeolite Y in a wet ball milling approach. CNFs are added to shield the zeolite Y particles from harsh milling conditions due to their high surface area, mechanical strength, and water gel-like format. Different zeolite Y to CNFs ratios were studied and compared to optimize the ball milling process. The results showed that the optimal zeolite Y to CNFs ratio is 1:1 to produce a median particle size diameter of 100 nm and crystallinity index of 32%. The size reduction process provided accessibility to the zeolite pores and as a result increased their adsorption capacity. The adsorption capacity of ball-milled particles for methylene blue increased to 29.26 mg/g compared to 10.66 mg/g of the pristine Zeolite. These results demonstrate the potential of using CNF in protecting zeolite Y particles and possibly other micro particles during ball milling.
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Ivan, Ioan Alexandru, Dan Cristian Noveanu, Valentin Ion Gurgu, Veronica Despa, and Simona Noveanu. "A New Hybrid Stepper Motor, Compliant Piezoelectric Micro-Tweezer for Extended Stroke." Micromachines 14, no. 6 (May 25, 2023): 1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14061112.
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The revolutionary economic potential of micro and nanotechnology is already recognized. Micro and nano-scale technologies that use electrical, magnetic, optical, mechanical, and thermal phenomena separately or in combination are either already in the industrial phase or approaching it. The products of micro and nanotechnology are made of small quantities of material but have high functionality and added value. This paper presents such a product: a system with micro-tweezers for biomedical applications—a micromanipulator with optimized constructive characteristics, including optimal centering, consumption, and minimum size, for handling micro-particles and constructive micro components. The advantage of the proposed structure consists mainly in obtaining a large working area combined with a good working resolution due to the double actuation principle: electromagnetic and piezoelectric.
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Nulu, Arunakumari, Young Geun Hwang, Venugopal Nulu, and Keun Yong Sohn. "Metal (Cu/Fe/Mn)-Doped Silicon/Graphite Composite as a Cost-Effective Anode for Li-Ion Batteries." Nanomaterials 12, no. 17 (August 30, 2022): 3004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12173004.
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Silicon is a worthy substitute anode material for lithium-ion batteries because it offers high theoretical capacity and low working potentials vs. Li+/Li. However, immense volume changes and the low intrinsic conductivity of Si hampers its practical applications. In this study, nano/micro silicon particles are achieved by ball milling silicon mesh powder as a scalable process. Subsequent metal (Cu/Fe/Mn) doping into nano/micro silicon by low-temperature annealing, followed by high-temperature annealing with graphite, gives a metal-doped silicon/graphite composite. The obtained composites were studied as anodes for Li-ion batteries, and they delivered high reversible capacities of more than 1000 mAh g−1 with improved Li+ diffusion properties. The full cells from these composite anodes vs. LiCoO2 cathodes delivered suitable energy densities for Li+ storage applications. The enhanced electrochemical properties are accredited to the synergistic effect of metal doping and graphite addition to silicon and exhibit potential for suitable Li+ energy storage applications.
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Peng, Guilong, Swellam W. Sharshir, Yunpeng Wang, Meng An, Dengke Ma, Jianfeng Zang, A. E. Kabeel, and Nuo Yang. "Potential and challenges of improving solar still by micro/nano-particles and porous materials - A review." Journal of Cleaner Production 311 (August 2021): 127432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127432.
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Koirala, Machhindra, Jia Woei Wu, Adam Weltz, Rajendra Dahal, Yaron Danon, and Ishwara Bhat. "Electrophoretic Deposition of 10B Nano/Micro Particles in Deep Silicon Trenches for the Fabrication of Solid State Thermal Neutron Detectors." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 27, no. 01n02 (March 2018): 1840002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156418400025.
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We present a cost effective and scalable approach to fabricate solid state thermal neutron detectors. Electrophoretic deposition technique is used to fill deep silicon trenches with 10B nanoparticles instead of conventional chemical vapor deposition process. Deep silicon trenches with width of 5-6 μm and depth of 60-65 μm were fabricated in a p-type Si (110) wafer using wet chemical etching method instead of DRIE method. These silicon trenches were converted into continuous p-n junction by the standard phosphorus diffusion process. 10B micro/nano particle suspension in ethyl alcohol was used for electrophoretic deposition of particles in deep trenches and iodine was used to change the zeta potential of the particles. The measured effective boron nanoparticles density inside the trenches was estimated to be 0.7 gm cm-3. Under the self-biased condition, the fabricated device showed the intrinsic thermal neutron detection efficiency of 20.9% for a 2.5 × 2.5 mm2 device area.
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Bai, Chunyan, Jiqing Lian, Xiangcai Ma, Peizhen Qiu, Dileep Kumar, and Saima Kanwal. "Particle Trapping Properties of Metal Annular Slits under Vector Field Excitation." Photonics 10, no. 4 (April 13, 2023): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10040445.
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This article presents the particle capture performance of annular slits, which offer a simple alternative to complex micro/nano structures used to excite and focus surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). Additionally, the annular slits are compatible with a variety of vector light fields, generating diverse SPP field distributions under their excitation. These SPP fields can be regulated by varying the vector light field parameters, thereby offering the annular slit structure the ability to flexibly capture and manipulate particles. The rotation and movement of captured objects can be achieved by changing the position and phase difference of the incident beams with linear polarization. Different material and sized metallic particles can be stably captured with a radially polarized beam excitation due to the strong convergence. These capabilities are demonstrated by evaluating the optical force and trapping potential based on the finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulation. This study provides valuable insights into the practical application of annular slits for particle capture and manipulation.
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Wu, Xixi, Changjie Cai, Javier Gil, Elizabeth Jantz, Yacoub Al Sakka, Miguel Padial-Molina, and Fernando Suárez-López del Amo. "Characteristics of Particles and Debris Released after Implantoplasty: A Comparative Study." Materials 15, no. 2 (January 14, 2022): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15020602.
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Titanium particles embedded on peri-implant tissues are associated with a variety of detrimental effects. Given that the characteristics of these detached fragments (size, concentration, etc.) dictate the potential cytotoxicity and biological repercussions exerted, it is of paramount importance to investigate the properties of these debris. This study compares the characteristics of particles released among different implant systems (Group A: Straumann, Group B: BioHorizons and Group C: Zimmer) during implantoplasty. A novel experimental system was utilized for measuring and collecting particles generated from implantoplasty. A scanning mobility particle sizer, aerodynamic particle sizer, nano micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor, and scanning electron microscope were used to collect and analyze the particles by size. The chemical composition of the particles was analyzed by highly sensitive microanalysis, microstructures by scanning electron microscope and the mechanical properties by nanoindentation equipment. Particles released by implantoplasty showed bimodal size distributions, with the majority of particles in the ultrafine size range (<100 nm) for all groups. Statistical analysis indicated a significant difference among all implant systems in terms of the particle number size distribution (p < 0.0001), with the highest concentration in Group B and lowest in Group C, in both fine and ultrafine modes. Significant differences among all groups (p < 0.0001) were also observed for the other two metrics, with the highest concentration of particle mass and surface area in Group B and lowest in Group C, in both fine and ultrafine modes. For coarse particles (>1 µm), no significant difference was detected among groups in terms of particle number or mass, but a significantly smaller surface area was found in Group A as compared to Group B (p = 0.02) and Group C (p = 0.005). The 1 first minute of procedures had a higher number concentration compared to the second and third minutes. SEM-EDS analysis showed different morphologies for various implant systems. These results can be explained by the differences in the chemical composition and microstructures of the different dental implants. Group B is softer than Groups A and C due to the laser treatment in the neck producing an increase of the grain size. The hardest implants were those of Group C due to the cold-strained titanium alloy, and consequently they displayed lower release than Groups A and B. Implantoplasty was associated with debris particle release, with the majority of particles at nanometric dimensions. BioHorizons implants released more particles compared to Straumann and Zimmer. Due to the widespread use of implantoplasty, it is of key importance to understand the characteristics of the generated debris. This is the first study to detect, quantify and analyze the debris/particles released from dental implants during implantoplasty including the full range of particle sizes, including both micro- and nano-scales.
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Pereira, Roseana Florentino da Costa, Edkarlla Sousa Dantas de Oliveira, Diogo Lins Alves e Silva, Andrêssa Souza Ribeiro, Oscar Olimpio de Araújo Filho, Maria Alice Gomes de Andrade e Lima, and Severino Leopoldino Urtiga Filho. "Influence of Composite Nano-Coating of Ni-Co-SiC Obtained by Electrodeposition on the Corrosion Resistance of API 5L X80 Steel." Materials Science Forum 899 (July 2017): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.899.317.
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Corrosion problems are frequent and occur in various sectors of industries, resulting consequences of economic order and serious accidents involving human lives and contaminating the environment. The electrodeposition is one of the most popular methods for preventing corrosion, where the Ni-Co metal matrix has been widely applied. The incorporation of SiC nano-particles in electrochemical baths produces nanocomposite coatings to synergistic properties with potential application in anti-corrosion protection. The objective of this work was to develop the Ni-Co-SiC nano-coating electrodeposited on API 5L X80 steel and evaluate the corrosion resistance. Open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization (PP) measurements were performed in 3.5% NaCl solution. To correlate with corrosion behavior, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrum (EDXS) and Vickers micro-hardness tests on the nano-coating were performed.
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Jeon, Hyunsu, Hyangsu Nam, and Jong Bum Lee. "Sustained Release of Minor-Groove-Binding Antibiotic Netropsin from Calcium-Coated Groove-Rich DNA Particles." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 8 (August 2, 2019): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11080387.
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Control of the release properties of drugs has been considered a key factor in the development of drug delivery systems (DDSs). However, drug delivery has limitations including cytotoxicity, low loading efficiency, and burst release. To overcome these challenges, nano or micro-particles have been suggested as carrier systems to deliver chemical drugs. Herein, nano-sized DNA particles (DNAp) were manufactured to deliver netropsin, which is known to bind to DNA minor grooves. The rationally designed particles with exposed rich minor grooves were prepared by DNAp synthesis via rolling circle amplification (RCA). DNAp could load large quantities of netropsin in its minor grooves. An analytical method was also developed for the quantification of netropsin binding to DNAp by UV–visible spectrometry. Moreover, controlled release of netropsin was achieved by forming a layer of Ca2+ on the DNAp (CaDNAp). As a proof of concept, the sustained release of netropsin by CaDNAp highlights the potential of the DNAp-based delivery approach.
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Liu, Guangliang, and Kathleen McEnnis. "Glass Transition Temperature of PLGA Particles and the Influence on Drug Delivery Applications." Polymers 14, no. 5 (February 28, 2022): 993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14050993.
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Over recent decades, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) based nano- and micro- drug delivery vehicles have been rapidly developed since PLGA was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Common factors that influence PLGA particle properties have been extensively studied by researchers, such as particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), surface morphology, zeta potential, and drug loading efficiency. These properties have all been found to be key factors for determining the drug release kinetics of the drug delivery particles. For drug delivery applications the drug release behavior is a critical property, and PLGA drug delivery systems are still plagued with the issue of burst release when a large portion of the drug is suddenly released from the particle rather than the controlled release the particles are designed for. Other properties of the particles can play a role in the drug release behavior, such as the glass transition temperature (Tg). The Tg, however, is an underreported property of current PLGA based drug delivery systems. This review summarizes the basic knowledge of the glass transition temperature in PLGA particles, the factors that influence the Tg, the effect of Tg on drug release behavior, and presents the recent awareness of the influence of Tg on drug delivery applications.