Relevant bibliographies by topics / Potential damage assessment

Academic literature on the topic 'Potential damage assessment'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Potential damage assessment"

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Vetrivel, A., D. Duarte, F. Nex, M. Gerke, N. Kerle, and G. Vosselman. "POTENTIAL OF MULTI-TEMPORAL OBLIQUE AIRBORNE IMAGERY FOR STRUCTURAL DAMAGE ASSESSMENT." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-3 (June 6, 2016): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-iii-3-355-2016.

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Quick post-disaster actions demand automated, rapid and detailed building damage assessment. Among the available technologies, post-event oblique airborne images have already shown their potential for this task. However, existing methods usually compensate the lack of pre-event information with aprioristic assumptions of building shapes and textures that can lead to uncertainties and misdetections. However, oblique images have been already captured over many cities of the world, and the exploitation of pre- and post-event data as inputs to damage assessment is readily feasible in urban areas. In this paper, we investigate the potential of multi-temporal oblique imagery for detailed damage assessment focusing on two methodologies: the first method aims at detecting severe structural damages related to geometrical deformation by combining the complementary information provided by photogrammetric point clouds and oblique images. The developed method detected 87% of damaged elements. The failed detections are due to varying noise levels within the point cloud which hindered the recognition of some structural elements. We observed, in general that the façade regions are very noisy in point clouds. To address this, we propose our second method which aims to detect damages to building façades using the oriented oblique images. The results show that the proposed methodology can effectively differentiate among the three proposed categories: collapsed/highly damaged, lower levels of damage and undamaged buildings, using a computationally light-weight approach. We describe the implementations of the above mentioned methods in detail and present the promising results achieved using multi-temporal oblique imagery over the city of L’Aquila (Italy).
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Vetrivel, A., D. Duarte, F. Nex, M. Gerke, N. Kerle, and G. Vosselman. "POTENTIAL OF MULTI-TEMPORAL OBLIQUE AIRBORNE IMAGERY FOR STRUCTURAL DAMAGE ASSESSMENT." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-3 (June 6, 2016): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iii-3-355-2016.

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Quick post-disaster actions demand automated, rapid and detailed building damage assessment. Among the available technologies, post-event oblique airborne images have already shown their potential for this task. However, existing methods usually compensate the lack of pre-event information with aprioristic assumptions of building shapes and textures that can lead to uncertainties and misdetections. However, oblique images have been already captured over many cities of the world, and the exploitation of pre- and post-event data as inputs to damage assessment is readily feasible in urban areas. In this paper, we investigate the potential of multi-temporal oblique imagery for detailed damage assessment focusing on two methodologies: the first method aims at detecting severe structural damages related to geometrical deformation by combining the complementary information provided by photogrammetric point clouds and oblique images. The developed method detected 87% of damaged elements. The failed detections are due to varying noise levels within the point cloud which hindered the recognition of some structural elements. We observed, in general that the façade regions are very noisy in point clouds. To address this, we propose our second method which aims to detect damages to building façades using the oriented oblique images. The results show that the proposed methodology can effectively differentiate among the three proposed categories: collapsed/highly damaged, lower levels of damage and undamaged buildings, using a computationally light-weight approach. We describe the implementations of the above mentioned methods in detail and present the promising results achieved using multi-temporal oblique imagery over the city of L’Aquila (Italy).
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Kim, Soo-jin, Seung-jong Bae, Seong-pil Kim, and Yeon-Joung Bae. "Assessment of Potential Flood Damage Considering Regional Flood Damage Cycle." Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers 57, no. 4 (July 30, 2015): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5389/ksae.2015.57.4.143.

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Namazi, Eshagh, and Hisham Mohamad. "Potential damage assessment in buildings undergoing tilt." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering 166, no. 4 (August 2013): 365–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geng.10.00132.

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Namazi, Eshagh, Hisham Mohamad, and Benoit D. Jones. "Discussion: Potential damage assessment in buildings undergoing tilt." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering 167, no. 6 (December 2014): 596–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geng.14.00020.

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CHAUDHARI, U. M. "Quick Assessment of Damage Potential Using Photoelastic Data." Experimental Techniques 9, no. 10 (October 1985): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1567.1985.tb01975.x.

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Nepal, Madhav Prasad, Carol Hon, Jinwoo (Brian) Lee, and Ziru Xiang. "Towards an Integrated Approach to Infrastructure Damage Assessment in the Aftermath of Natural Hazards." Buildings 11, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11100450.

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The world has witnessed an alarmingly increasing number of serious natural hazards. In the aftermath of a hazard, relevant authorities/agencies face, among others, the challenging tasks of rapidly evaluating and assessing the damages to infrastructures and restoring their essential functionality and operation. The availability of reliable, high-quality structural and operational/maintenance data of a structure and its health, before and after a natural hazard, can be instrumental in the rapid assessment of a damaged structure. We collectively refer, in this paper, to the existing as-built and facility operational information about a structure or an infrastructure asset represented respectively in Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Infrastructure Asset Management (IAM) systems as Product Lifecycle Data (PLD). Arguably, PLD combined with other post-hazard condition assessment data can provide a more reliable and integrated solution for a rapid damage assessment of buildings and other critical infrastructures. Unfortunately, the application of PLD in this critical area has been unexplored in the literature, and the mapping between PLD and damage assessment methods is loosely investigated. In an effort to address this research gap, this paper provides a critical analysis of the most common structural damage assessment methods and explores the potential of combining them with PLD to provide more reliable, comprehensive, and integrated solution for damage assessment. Findings from this study could be useful for practitioners in selecting the most appropriate and effective methods to conduct damage and safety assessments of critical infrastructures. The study will also assist the further theoretical developments in the integration of PLD with different damage assessment methods.
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Guida, L., P. Boccardo, I. Donevski, L. Lo Schiavo, M. E. Molinari, A. Monti-Guarnieri, D. Oxoli, and M. A. Brovelli. "POST-DISASTER DAMAGE ASSESSMENT THROUGH COHERENT CHANGE DETECTION ON SAR IMAGERY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3 (April 30, 2018): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-431-2018.

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Damage assessment is a fundamental step to support emergency response and recovery activities in a post-earthquake scenario. In recent years, UAVs and satellite optical imagery was applied to assess major structural damages before technicians could reach the areas affected by the earthquake. However, bad weather conditions may harm the quality of these optical assessments, thus limiting the practical applicability of these techniques. In this paper, the application of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery is investigated and a novel approach to SAR-based damage assessment is presented. Coherent Change Detection (CCD) algorithms on multiple interferometrically pre-processed SAR images of the area affected by the seismic event are exploited to automatically detect potential damages to buildings and other physical structures. As a case study, the 2016 Central Italy earthquake involving the cities of Amatrice and Accumoli was selected. The main contribution of the research outlined above is the integration of a complex process, requiring the coordination of a variety of methods and tools, into a unitary framework, which allows end-to-end application of the approach from SAR data pre-processing to result visualization in a Geographic Information System (GIS). A prototype of this pipeline was implemented, and the outcomes of this methodology were validated through an extended comparison with traditional damage assessment maps, created through photo-interpretation of high resolution aerial imagery. The results indicate that the proposed methodology is able to perform damage detection with a good level of accuracy, as most of the detected points of change are concentrated around highly damaged buildings.
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Aimaiti, Yusupujiang, Christina Sanon, Magaly Koch, Laurie G. Baise, and Babak Moaveni. "War Related Building Damage Assessment in Kyiv, Ukraine, Using Sentinel-1 Radar and Sentinel-2 Optical Images." Remote Sensing 14, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 6239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14246239.

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Natural and anthropogenic disasters can cause significant damage to urban infrastructure, landscape, and loss of human life. Satellite based remote sensing plays a key role in rapid damage assessment, post-disaster reconnaissance and recovery. In this study, we aim to assess the performance of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data for building damage assessment in Kyiv, the capital city of Ukraine, due to the ongoing war with Russia. For damage assessment, we employ a simple and robust SAR log ratio of intensity for the Sentinel-1, and a texture analysis for the Sentinel-2. To suppress changes from other features and landcover types not related to urban areas, we construct a mask of the built-up area using the OpenStreetMap building footprints and World Settlement Footprint (WSF), respectively. As it is difficult to get ground truth data in the ongoing war zone, a qualitative accuracy assessment with the very high-resolution optical images and a quantitative assessment with the United Nations Satellite Center (UNOSAT) damage assessment map was conducted. The results indicated that the damaged buildings are mainly concentrated in the northwestern part of the study area, wherein Irpin, and the neighboring towns of Bucha and Hostomel are located. The detected building damages show a good match with the reference WorldView images. Compared with the damage assessment map by UNOSAT, 58% of the damaged buildings were correctly classified. The results of this study highlight the potential offered by publicly available medium resolution satellite imagery for rapid mapping damage to provide initial reference data immediately after a disaster.
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Welch, David P., Timothy J. Sullivan, and Andre Filiatrault. "Potential of Building Information Modelling for seismic risk mitigation in buildings." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 47, no. 4 (December 31, 2014): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.47.4.253-263.

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The seismic assessment of an existing building is often required, possibly due to a change in use, changes in legislation (as recently occurred in New Zealand), for insurance purposes or to permit continued occupancy following a major earthquake. This discussion paper explores three ways in which Building Information Modelling (BIM) could assist in the assessment and mitigation of seismic risk: (i) BIM could provide valuable data on characteristics of both structural and non-structural elements within a building to permit a reliable and holistic seismic risk assessment to be undertaken; (ii) administer a self-diagnosis process utilising damage information received from structural health monitoring technologies prior to and following an earthquake, thus reducing the need for potentially dangerous and time-consuming physical post-earthquake inspections; and (iii) enabling realisation of an emergency management hub within a building management system for implementing control processes to monitor and eventually shutdown damaged mechanical services (e.g. gas pipes) following an earthquake, thus limiting the negative consequences of earthquake induced damage. By providing a leading-edge discussion of these three subjects, with reference to building damage observed in previous earthquakes, important directions for research in BIM are identified that promise to provide a more effective means of seismic risk assessment and mitigation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Potential damage assessment"

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Wang, Wenbin. "HDACi-induced DNA damage : identifying potential endpoints for safety assessment." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/98927/.

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Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) have been designed to alter the actions of epigenetic modifiers with the aim of 'reprogramming' the epigenome of diseased tissues back to their normal disease-free state. These inhibitors were designed to be non-DNA reactive and therefore considered safe from a genetic toxicology point of view. However, HDACi’s have been shown to induce DNA damage in healthy cells through unknown mechanisms, thereby posing significant risks to human health. Studies suggest that HDAC inhibitor-induced DNA damage is partly associated with changes in transcription and replication. Consequently, collisions between these events can result in the formation of DNA lesions and stable DNA:RNA hybrid structures (R-loops), which are implicated in the onset of cancer and various neurological diseases. Therefore, the aims of the current study were to better understand the mechanisms by which HDAC inhibitors may induce DNA damage and to identify potential endpoints for safety assessment: Chapter III: Efforts to study the effects of HDAC inhibition through a chemical approach proved unsuccessful in the yeast model organism but identified the HDAC mutant, rpd3Δ, showing histone hyper-acetylation compared to the wild type. Chapter IV: ChIP-chip was established for the TK6 lymphoblastoid cell line as a genome-wide tool for measuring the genotoxicity of HDAC inhibitors. Chapter V: Application of the ChIP-chip method showed that Trichostatin A-induced changes in histone H4 acetylation led to the re-distribution of transcription and replication on chromosome 17 in TK6 cells. This resulted in their co-localisation, suggestive of potential collisions. However, further efforts to determine this by mapping γH2AX and R-loop formation proved unsuccessful. Chapter VI: The yeast genetic mutant rpd3Δ was used to mimic the effects of treating with an HDAC inhibitor. The loss of RPD3 resulted in significantly higher levels of γH2A, predominantly at telomere regions. In conclusion, this thesis presents strong evidence to show that Trichostatin A promotes the co-localisation of transcription and replication, suggesting that there is a greater possibility of these processes colliding to form DNA damage.
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Martinez-Flores, Rene. "DAMAGE ASSESSMENT POTENTIAL OF A NOVEL SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUE - EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION." Diss., Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona, 2005. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1028%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Christian, Marc. "Biomarkers of Physiological Damage and their Potential for Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorder Risk Assessment." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/25877.

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Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) continue to present a substantial personal and economic burden. Biomarkers, in providing objective measures of physiological changes, may offer advantages over current tools for WMSD risk assessment. Existing work has identified biomarkers of cartilage and muscle damage, and demonstrated responsiveness to various forms of physical activity and biomechanical loading. Here, three studies were complete to further assess the occupational relevance/utility of three selected biomarkers: Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein (COMP), Interleukin-6 (IL6), and Creatine Kinase (CK). First, the effects of age, obesity, gender, and diurnal variation was investigated. Significant effects of time, age, and gender were evident, as well as some interactive effects, for COMP and CK, but not IL6. Second, biomarker levels were compared between individuals in occupations having relatively high and low WMSD risk. IL6 levels were greater in the high-risk group, while COMP levels demonstrated an oscillatory pattern, and CK levels did not vary between groups. Third, physical demands were imposed on the lumbar spine during a repetitive flexion/extension task, under conditions with different loading and frequency. IL6 levels varied significantly over time and between added load levels, while CK levels varied over time and was influenced by load and frequency. These studies demonstrate important features of biomarkers; that personal confounding factors need to be considered, that select biomarkers may be sensitive to occupational risk factor exposure, and particularly to task parameters in lifting activities involving the lower back. Further, these studies reveal important information concerning the relevance of the selected biomarkers, favorable time points for biomarker collection, and approximate biomarker levels expected between occupations and exposure to common risk factors. These results support the use of biomarkers in occupational settings for assessing exposure and WMSD risk imposed by common risk factors. Sensitivity to exposure levels is an important precursor to risk prediction, however prospective work is needed to verify predictive validity.
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Jennings, David Scott. "Assessment of the potential role of blizzard damage in the spatial distribution of southern pine beetle infestation in Unicoi County, Tennessee." [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2001. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-0401102-152014/restricted/JenningsD.041802.pdf.

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Jennings, David Scott. "Assessment of the Potential Role of Blizzard Damage in the Spatial Distribution of Southern Pine Beetle Infestation in Unicoi County, Tennessee." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2002. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/670.

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The Southern Pine Beetle, or SPB, (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman) is a bark beetle that is endemic to the Southern forest ecosystem. Beetle populations remain stable for years at a time; however, for reasons not fully understood the beetle undergoes accelerated population growth on approximate ten-year cycles, culminating in increased beetle activity. Although most trees can withstand a beetle assault when populations are reduced, healthy trees, and even pine species that are not generally attacked can become a host tree for millions of beetles during infestations. Much of Appalachia was paralyzed by an unusually heavy snowstorm on January 27, 1998, resulting in major power failures and tremendous tree damage. Environmental hazards such as this storm have historically been a factor with southern pine beetle populations. This study hypothesizes that the blizzard of January 27, 1998, significantly increased the southern pine beetle population. The evidence, however, did not support this hypothesis.
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Rogers, Jeffrey Michael. "Electrophysiological and neuropsychological assessment of automatic and controlled processing aspects of attention after mild traumatic brain injury." University of Western Australia. School of Psychology, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0191.

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[Truncated abstract] Controlled and automatic processing are broad categories, and how best to measure these constructs and their impact on functioning after mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains uncertain. The purpose of this thesis was to examine automatic and controlled processing aspects of attention after mild TBI using the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT) and event-related potentials (ERPs). The PASAT is one of the most frequently used tests to evaluate attentional functioning. It has been demonstrated to be a measure sensitive to both acute and longer-term effects of mild TBI, presumably due to demands for rapid processing and executive attentional control. ERPs provide a noninvasive neurophysiological index of sensory processing and cognitive functions and have demonstrated sensitivity to even minor cognitive dysfunction. The parameters provided by this functional technique may be those most likely to distinguish individuals with mild TBI from controls. Initially, it was hypothesized that successful novice PASAT performance requires the engagement of executive attention to establish novel controlled information processing strategies. Ten individuals who had suffered a mild TBI an average of 15.20 months previously were therefore expected to demonstrate processing abnormalities on the PASAT, relative to 10 healthy matched controls. Although the mild TBI group reported significant intensification of subjective symptoms since their injury, compared to controls, the mild TBI group provided a similar amount of correct PASAT responses. ... In the first experiment a visual search task consisting of an automatic detection and a controlled search condition was developed. In the second experiment the search task was performed concurrently with the PASAT task in a dual-task paradigm. In the mild TBI group, prior failure to establish more efficient forms of information processing with practice was found to significantly interfere with simultaneous performance of the PASAT task and the attention demanding condition of the search task. The pattern of impaired performance was considered to reflect a reduction in processing resources rather than a deficit in resource allocation. Dual-task performance in the control group was not associated with a large interference effect. In general, the results of this thesis suggest that individuals with mild TBI are impaired in their ability to progress from the stage of effortful controlled information processing to a stage of more efficient, automatic processing, and thus suffer a subtle attentional deficit. Following mild TBI, performance levels equivalent to controls may only be achieved with an abnormal expenditure of cognitive effort. As a result of the neuropathologic consequences of injury, individuals who have sustained a mild TBI are less able to benefit from practice, experience difficulty coping with simultaneous performance of secondary task, and are susceptible to distressing subjective symptomatology.
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Lin, Kuan-Jie, and 林冠傑. "Assessment of Ground Responses and Building Damage Potential at various positions due to Excavation using 3D Decoupled Analysis Method." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87621522288437782128.

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碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
104
In the previous studies, most of the deep excavation analyses were conducted in plane strain condition. Adjacent building damage potential were usually evaluated by greenfield results. However, deep excavation with adjacent building is a complex three-dimensional problem and the ground settlement with building is different from the greenfield settlement. Therefore, the aims of this research is to study 3D excavation-structure interactions due to the excavation. The existing adjacent building is a typical low-rise school building supported by spread footings. The excavation-induced ground response and building damage potential of nine scenarios are studied by using a robust Decouple Analysis Method(DAM). The analytical results show that the footing displacement are significantly larger than the greenfield settlement at the same position. The footing horizontal movements are more evenly due to the effect of the tie-beam. At the same distance from the excavation, the building with the long axis parallel to the excavation exhibited more damage potential than that of the long axis perpendicular to the excavation. The building located mainly in the sagging zone is more prone to damage due to larger angular distortion and plastic hinge formation than buildings at other positions. The building located in the transition and hogging zone withstand more lateral strain than in the sagging zone, and tie beam exhibit more severe tension and more plastic hinge. Moreover, the nine scenarios results show that the building angular distortion is about 0.62 to 1.5 times of the greenfield angular distortion. This studies further develops the empirical correlation between the building angular distortion and the greenfield settlement. The proposed empirical correlation is validated using Mean Absolutely Percentage Error and shows a good agreement with the analysis result of building angular distortion. Research results can provide valuable information for deep excavation and damage potential assessment of the adjacent structures.
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Wang, Jia-Sin, and 汪家新. "Assessment of Excavation-Induced Ground Responses and Building Damage Potential of Different Footing Types Using 3D Decoupled Analysis Method." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/cw8zc4.

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碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
105
Most of the deep excavation analyses in the past were conducted in two dimensional condition. And adjacent building damage potential were usually only evaluated by greenfield results. However, real excavation work is a three dimensional problem and the ground settlement with adjacent building is different from the greenfield settlement. Therefore, the aims of this research is to study 3D excavation-induced ground responses and building deformation of different footing types. The excavation-induced ground response and building damage potential are studied by using Decouple Analysis Method (DAM). The adjacent building is a typical low-rise framed school building supported by two different footing types, including spread footing and continuous footing. Four building positions are analyzed for each type of footing. The analytical results show that the footing vertical displacements are larger than the greenfield settlements at the same position, regardless of the footing type. The footing horizontal movements are relatively uniform due to the effect of the tie-beam. And continuous footing horizontal movements are more uniform than the spread footing due to the constraint of its continuous plate. At the same distance from the excavation, the damage potential of the building with spread footings is more severe than the building with continuous footings. The building located in the sagging zone is more vulnerable to damage and plastic hinge formation than buildings at other positions, mainly due to angular distortion. Regardless of the position of continuous footing, its lateral strain is small due to its continuous plate. Building with spread footing located in the hogging zone exhibits significant lateral strain and causes building damage. This study also summarized the analytical results and established the relationship between the bay angular distortion and structural response for engineering application.
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"Assessment of the Potential Role of Blizzard Damage in the Spatial Distribution of Southern Pine Beetle Infestation in Unicoi County, Tennessee." East Tennessee State University, 2002. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-0401102-152014/.

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McCanna, David. "Development of Sensitive In Vitro Assays to Assess the Ocular Toxicity Potential of Chemicals and Ophthalmic Products." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/4338.

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The utilization of in vitro tests with a tiered testing strategy for detection of mild ocular irritants can reduce the use of animals for testing, provide mechanistic data on toxic effects, and reduce the uncertainty associated with dose selection for clinical trials. The first section of this thesis describes how in vitro methods can be used to improve the prediction of the toxicity of chemicals and ophthalmic products. The proper utilization of in vitro methods can accurately predict toxic threshold levels and reduce animal use in product development. Sections two, three and four describe the development of new sensitive in vitro methods for predicting ocular toxicity. Maintaining the barrier function of the cornea is critical for the prevention of the penetration of infections microorganisms and irritating chemicals into the eye. Chapter 2 describes the development of a method for assessing the effects of chemicals on tight junctions using a human corneal epithelial and canine kidney epithelial cell line. In Chapter 3 a method that uses a primary organ culture for assessing single instillation and multiple instillation toxic effects is described. The ScanTox system was shown to be an ideal system to monitor the toxic effects over time as multiple readings can be taken of treated bovine lenses using the nondestructive method of assessing for the lens optical quality. Confirmations of toxic effects were made with the utilization of the viability dye alamarBlue. Chapter 4 describes the development of sensitive in vitro assays for detecting ocular toxicity by measuring the effects of chemicals on the mitochondrial integrity of bovine cornea, bovine lens epithelium and corneal epithelial cells, using fluorescent dyes. The goal of this research was to develop an in vitro test battery that can be used to accurately predict the ocular toxicity of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. By comparing the toxicity seen in vivo animals and humans with the toxicity response in these new in vitro methods, it was demonstrated that these in vitro methods can be utilized in a tiered testing strategy in the development of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations.
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Books on the topic "Potential damage assessment"

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R, Fragola Joseph, Frank Michael V, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Probabilistic risk assessment of the space shuttle: A study of the potential of losing the vehicle during nominal operation. New York, NY: The Corporation, 1995.

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Fischer, Edward E. Potential-scour assessments and estimates of maximum scour at selected bridges in Iowa. Iowa City, Iowa: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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Fischer, Edward E. Potential-scour assessments and estimates of maximum scour at selected bridges in Iowa. Iowa City, Iowa: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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Fischer, Edward E. Potential-scour assessments and estimates of maximum scour at selected bridges in Iowa. Iowa City, Iowa: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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Fischer, Edward E. Potential-scour assessments and estimates of maximum scour at selected bridges in Iowa. Iowa City, Iowa: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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Fischer, Edward E. Potential-scour assessments and estimates of maximum scour at selected bridges in Iowa. Iowa City, Iowa: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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Fischer, Edward E. Potential-scour assessments and estimates of maximum scour at selected bridges in Iowa. Iowa City, Iowa: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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Fischer, Edward E. Potential-scour assessments and estimates of maximum scour at selected bridges in Iowa. Iowa City, Iowa: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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Fischer, Edward E. Potential-scour assessments and estimates of maximum scour at selected bridges in Iowa. Iowa City, Iowa: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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Martino, Grandolfo, Rindi Alessandro, Sliney David, and NATO Scientific Affairs Division, eds. Light, lasers, and synchrotron radiation: A health risk assessment : [proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute /Ninth Course of the International School of Radiation Damage and Protection on Optical Sources, Lasers and Synchrotron Radiation: Biological Effects and Hazard Potential, held May 9-20, 1989, in Erice,Sicily, Italy]. New York: Plenum Press in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Potential damage assessment"

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Kusunoki, K. "Damage Assessment in Japan and Potential Use of New Technologies in Damage Assessment." In Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering, 27–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68813-4_2.

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AbstractRight after an earthquake, it is quite important to evaluate the damage level of the buildings in the affected area. In Japan, a rapid inspection is conducted to evaluate the risk of collapse due to an aftershock. If any damage is detected, it is required to conduct damage classification, which takes time but categorizes its damage into five damage categories. Japan has a standard for both rapid inspection and damage classification. They are briefed in this chapter. Similar to the damage classification, the loss of the house and home contents for the earthquake insurance. The method for earthquake insurance is also introduced. Since they are based on visual inspection, it is quite difficult to investigate the damage of the high-rise buildings and buildings covered by finishing. Recently, many kinds of research are conducted to use sensors for automatic and realtime damage classification. A structural health monitoring method with accelerometers based on the capacity spectrum method, which is currently installed into more than 40 buildings, is also introduced.
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Hanawalt, Philip C. "Intragenomic Heterogeneity in DNA Damage Processing: Potential Implications for Risk Assessment." In Mechanisms of DNA Damage and Repair, 489–98. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9462-8_51.

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Mihalić Arbanas, Snježana. "Landslide Hazard, Risk Assessment and Prediction: Landslide Inventories and Susceptibility, Hazard Mapping Methods, Damage Potential—Part 2." In Advancing Culture of Living with Landslides, 695–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53498-5_80.

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Nixon, Philip J., and Ian Sims. "RILEM Recommended Test Method: AAR-0—Outline Guide to the Use of RILEM Methods in the Assessment of the Alkali-Reactivity Potential of Aggregates." In RILEM Recommendations for the Prevention of Damage by Alkali-Aggregate Reactions in New Concrete Structures, 5–34. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7252-5_2.

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Adhikari, Basanta Raj. "Summary of Papers in Session 2.4—Landslide Hazard, Risk Assessment and Prediction: Landslide Inventories and Susceptibility, Hazard Mapping Methods, Damage Potential—Part 1." In Advancing Culture of Living with Landslides, 691–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53498-5_79.

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Hendriks, Sheryl, Adrian de Groot Ruiz, Mario Herrero Acosta, Hans Baumers, Pietro Galgani, Daniel Mason-D’Croz, Cecile Godde, et al. "The True Cost of Food: A Preliminary Assessment." In Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation, 581–601. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_32.

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AbstractEnsuring sustainable food systems requires vastly reducing their environmental and health costs while making healthy and sustainable food affordable to all. One of the central problems of current food systems is that many of the costs of harmful foods are externalized, i.e., are not reflected in market prices. At the same time, the benefits of healthful foods are not appreciated. Due to externalities, sustainable and healthy food is often less affordable to consumers and less profitable for businesses than unsustainable and unhealthy food. Externalities and other market failures lead to unintended consequences for present and future generations, destroying nature and perpetuating social injustices such as underpay for workers, food insecurity, illness, premature death and other harms. We urgently need to address the fundamental causes of these problems. This chapter sets out the results of an analysis to determine the current cost of externalities in food systems and the potential impact of a shift in diets to more healthy and sustainable production and consumption patterns. The current externalities were estimated to be almost double (19.8 trillion USD) the current total global food consumption (9 trillion USD). These externalities accrue from 7 trillion USD (range 4–11) in environmental costs, 11 trillion USD (range 3–39) in costs to human life and 1 trillion USD (range 0.2–1.7) in economic costs. This means that food is roughly a third cheaper than it would be if these externalities were included. More studies are needed to quantify the costs and benefits of food systems that would support a global shift to more sustainable and healthy diets. However, the evidence presented in this chapter points to the urgent need for a system reset to account for these ‘hidden costs’ in food systems and calls for bold actions to redefine the incentives for producing and consuming healthier and more sustainable diets. The first step to correct for these ‘hidden costs’ is to redefine the value of food through true-cost accounting (TCA) so as to address externalities and other market failures. TCA reveals the true value of food by making the benefits of affordable and healthy food visible and revealing the costs of damage to the environment and human health 3.
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Ciman, Matteo. "iSenseYourPain: Ubiquitous Chronic Pain Evaluation through Behavior-Change Analysis." In Quantifying Quality of Life, 137–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94212-0_6.

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AbstractPain is experienced either due to a physical condition, where it represents associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or due to a psychological situation, implying mental suffering, mental torment. Acute pain lasts for a limited amount of time and is provoked by a specific cause, while chronic pain is a long-term condition that drastically decreases quality of life and may affect patients absent from any biological cause. Chronic pain can affect cognitive functions (e.g., reasoning ability, attention, working memory), mood, sleep quality, sexual functions, and overall mental health. Generally, chronic pain therapy requires a multidisciplinary and complex approach. This chapter proposes a system called iSenseYourPain that continuously assesses chronic pain by leveraging ubiquitous sensor-based behavior assessment techniques. Based on findings from previous research and focusing on qualitative and quantitative assessment of patients’ behavior over time, the iSenseYourPain system is designed to automatically collect data from ubiquitous and everyday smart devices and identify pain-based behavior changes (e.g., changes in sleep duration and social interactions). It facilitates the providing of immediate assistance for pain and discomfort reduction by informing relatives and medical staff of the likelihood of potentially critical health situations. The overall goal of the iSenseYourPain system is to identify pain-related behavior changes in an accurate and timely manner in order to support patients and physicians, allowing the latter to have constant and accurate data on the patient’s condition.
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Frohns, A., and F. Frohns. "Safety of Water-Filtered Infrared A (wIRA) on the Eye as a Novel Treatment Option for Chlamydial Infections." In Water-filtered Infrared A (wIRA) Irradiation, 259–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92880-3_22.

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AbstractwIRA has been shown to reduce chlamydial infections in vitro and in vivo and might therefore offer an innovative therapeutic approach for fighting trachoma. However, since the eye is a highly temperature- and radiation-sensitive organ, a safety assessment of the ocular structures affected by wIRA treatment is required to establish wIRA as a potentially successful treatment option for clinical application. A prerequisite for this is to demonstrate that wIRA does not have adverse side-effects such as inducing a non-physiological temperature increase which causes cell stress and damage to ocular tissues and which, in turn, is ultimately associated with impaired vision. Likewise, the potential negative impact of non-thermal photochemical effects of wIRA irradiation needs to be investigated. Data from our ex vivo studies in pig and mouse models, as well as in vivo data in a guinea pig model, provide good evidence for the safe use of wIRA to treat chlamydial infections. These studies have excluded a non-physiological temperature rise as well as the activation of heat and stress-induced proteins after wIRA irradiation with therapy-relevant irradiances. Nevertheless, additional detailed in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to further advance the clinical use of wIRA.
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Plumblee, Michael T., and John D. Mueller. "Implementing precision agriculture concepts and technologies into crop production and site-specific management of nematodes." In Integrated nematode management: state-of-the-art and visions for the future, 421–27. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247541.0059.

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Abstract Precision agriculture is defined as a management strategy that gathers, processes and analyses temporal, spatial and individual data and combines it with other information to support management decisions according to estimated variability for improved resource use efficiency, productivity, quality, profitability and sustainability of agricultural production. This includes a wide range of technologies, many of which are linked to geographic information system technologies used to analyse spatial location and organize layers of on-farm data. Southern root-knot (Meloidogyne incognita), reniform (Rotylenchulus reniformis), Columbia lance (Hoplolaimus columbus) and sting (Belonolaimus longicaudatus) nematodes are significant problems on cotton in the US. Granular and fumigant nematicides have provided control when applied at uniform rates across fields pre-plant in-furrow or at-plant in-furrow at costs of US$148 and US$74 per hectare, respectively. Site-specific variable-rate (SSVR) technologies offer producers the potential to move away from uniform application rates and apply nematicides only to specific management zones in a field. The goal is to sustain yield levels while minimizing nematicide applications and thus increasing economic returns. This chapter discusses strategies for the development of management zones, evolution of application technologies needed for SSVR applications, assessment of nematode damage from multispectral images, and field experiences with site-specific nematode management. The economic importance of precision agriculture technology and future research requirements are also mentioned.
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Friedrich, Daniel. "From Building to : A Model-Theoretical Analysis on Bio-based Plastics for the." In Future City, 295–307. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71819-0_16.

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AbstractWith the introduction of the Construction Products Directive EU305:2011, architects are more than ever required to select products with a high proportion of renewable raw materials. Only then will it be possible to internalise, hence to compensate, for environmental damage caused by technologies that do not conserve resources and are energy-intensive. Using a novel bio-based wood-plastic composite (WPC) as an example, this chapter shows that internalisation can be successful if conventional fossil plastics are “greened” by adding renewable biomass. The results show that this is only the case if the bio-content is not too high but exceeds a minimum value. The degree of sustainability depends on the assessment of the extent of damage to the environment and society. The optimal level of internalisation can then become allocatively efficient, meaning that the costs of avoiding plastics do not increase more than the damage costs decrease. The findings demonstrate that environmental protection can also be economically meaningful and potentially contributes to increasing social welfare in society. A paradigm shift towards restorative economy in construction should take this principle into account.
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Conference papers on the topic "Potential damage assessment"

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Schuster, Matt, and C. Hsein Juang. "Reliability Assessment of Damage Potential of Buildings Caused by Excavation." In International Foundation Congress and Equipment Expo 2009. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41022(336)37.

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Manzari, Masoud, Sandra Rolfe-Dickinson, Richard Atkinson, and Mohamed Hosney. "Assessment of Potential Damage to Utilities Due to Tunneling and Excavation." In Pipelines 2018. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481660.036.

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Tang, Yu-Geng, and Gordon Tung-Chin Kung. "Risk Assessment of Building Damage Potential Adjacent to a Braced Excavation." In 5th Asian-Pacific Symposium on Structural Reliability and its Applications. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-2219-7_p304.

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Ohen, Henry A., Lee E. Williams, Jack D. Lynn, and Liaqat Ali. "Assessment and Diagnosis of Inorganic Scaling Potential Using Near-Infrared Technology for Effective Treatment." In SPE International Symposium and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/86474-ms.

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Vieth, Patrick H., Clifford J. Maier, William V. Harper, Elden Johnson, Bhaskar Neogi, U. J. Baskurt, and Alan Beckett. "Probabilistic Assessment of Minor Mechanical Damage." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10409.

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In-line inspection (ILI) of the Trans Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) using high resolution metal loss tools indicated 77 locations with suspected minor mechanical damage features (MDF). The tools used are able to detect the presence of a suspected feature, and measure indented dimensions, but are insufficient to detect the presence of cracks or gouges needed to reliably assess feature severity based solely on the ILI data. Excavations of 42 sites deemed most severe provided important field data characterizing residual deformation dimensions, the occurrence of gouges or cracks, and allowing a reliable field assessment of defect severity. Upon completion of the excavations, 35 possible MDF locations remained unexcavated. An engineering evaluation was undertaken to assess whether or not these remaining minor MDF pose a threat that is significant enough to warrant excavation. Multiple assessment methods were utilized including deterministic, probabilistic, and risk assessment methods. The probabilistic assessment of 35 unexcavated MDFs was performed using PCFStat; or Pressure Cycle Fatigue Statistical Assessment, which uses Monte Carlo simulation to estimate remaining fatigue life. PCFStat performs 1,000’s of simulations for each case where the input parameters are randomly selected from expected distributions. Of particular importance is the fatigue environment of the location. The results of the probabilistic assessment were used to estimate the potential for failure of remaining MDFs. The results suggest that 25 of 35 unexpected damage features had a POF of less than 10−4 over the remaining expected pipeline life cycle and thus are unlikely to fail. Alyeska considered a combination of probabilistic, deterministic and risk assessment results to decide on the actual locations to be examined. The results of probabilistic analysis also were found to support the outcome of the operator’s risk-based evaluation process.
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Hartmann, E. Eugenie, Susan M. Hitchcox, and Daniel J. Karr. "Binocular Visual Evoked Potential Acuity Estimates in Young Infants: A Comparison of Temporal Rates." In Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navs.1991.md19.

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It is evident from animal deprivation studies that a number of physiological and anatomical changes occur in the visual cortex after birth, and that a normal "visual diet" is a prerequisite to a final mature level of functioning. Certain alterations in this normal visual diet will lead to irreparable damage in the cortical neural connections. A new importance has been attached to the intervention and treatment of early visual problems, primarily because of the proliferation of basic research studies on visual development. Eye care specialists dealing with pediatric patients have recognized the importance as well as feasibility of early evaluation of visual processing abilities and the benefits of early intervention. Qualitative judgment of fixation was, at one time, the only available measure of visual functioning in nonverbal patients. Now, however, quantitative measures of visual acuity using either behavioral or electrophysiological protocols are becoming more prevalent in clinical settings.
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Cole, Daniel P., Todd C. Henry, Ke An, Yan Chen, and Robert A. Haynes. "Damage Precursor Assessment in Aerospace Structural Materials." In ASME 2018 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2018-7908.

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The focus of this study was to apply a robust inspection technique for monitoring damage nucleation and propagation in 7075 aluminum alloy specimens exposed to cyclic loading. A previously developed specimen, linearly tapered in width along the length, was subjected to a sinusoidal tension-tension load while conductivity and strain were measured in-situ. Ex-situ measurements of modulus, hardness, surface potential, digital image correlation strain field, and neutron diffraction were made as a function of fatigue cycles. It is hypothesized that varying levels of induced stress along the length due to equal-force but varying area along the length will create a record of damage which can be probed to intuit a temporal history for the specimen. Baseline, intermediate, and failure sensor measurements for several specimens were compared and analyzed as a function of applied stress (varied linearly along the length) and fatigue cycles (constant). Mechanisms of damage nucleation and propagation due to fatigue cycling are discussed with an emphasis on which inspection methods are most promising for improving structural durability and state monitoring.
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Wheeler, Timothy A., Willard Thomas, and Eric Thornsbury. "Spatially Informed Plant PRA Models for Security Assessment." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89598.

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Traditional risk models can be adapted to evaluate plant response for situations where plant systems and structures are intentionally damaged, such as from sabotage or terrorism. This paper describes a process by which traditional risk models can be spatially informed to analyze the effects of compound and widespread harsh environments through the use of “damage footprints.” A “damage footprint” is a spatial map of regions of the plant (zones) where equipment could be physically destroyed or disabled as a direct consequence of an intentional act. The use of “damage footprints” requires that the basic events from the traditional probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) be spatially transformed so that the failure of individual components can be linked to the destruction of or damage to specific spatial zones within the plant. Given the nature of intentional acts, extensive modifications must be made to the risk models to account for the special nature of the “initiating events” associated with deliberate adversary actions. Intentional acts might produce harsh environments that in turn could subject components and structures to one or more insults, such as structural, fire, flood, and/or vibration and shock damage. Furthermore, the potential for widespread damage from some of these insults requires an approach that addresses the impacts of these potentially severe insults even when they occur in locations distant from the actual physical location of a component or structure modeled in the traditional PRA.
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Wang, James, Ayman Eltaher, and Syed Jafri. "An Efficient Field Assessment of Offshore Pipeline Damage." In ASME 2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2010-20919.

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An offshore pipeline may experience overstress due to improper installation, an accident or other unplanned incidents. An assessment of potential damage in the pipeline is important, since it allows operators to determine whether the pipeline can operate under planned conditions, reduced conditions or must be repaired, which may have significant technical and financial consequences. However, such an assessment can be challenging because of the many unknown parameters in the field and pressing project schedule. Therefore, planning and conducting an efficient assessment study becomes particularly important under such circumstances. This paper describes an analysis methodology that addresses the following aspects of the pipeline damage assessment: relevant criteria, reconstructing and modeling the sequence of events, and required numerical simulations. Criteria that determine acceptability of the affected pipeline could be the original design criteria or less stringent fit-for-service criteria that, nevertheless, call for additional material information and more detailed analyses. The sequence of events and characteristics of the relevant loads are often not readily clear, and reconstruction of the events may constitute a significant part of the assessment study. The attempt to determine the level of pipe damage/overstress usually starts with simple approximations but oftentimes eventually requires sophisticated numerical simulations. A modeling approach that comprises gradual levels of details and necessary levels of accuracy and efficiency is presented and discussed in this paper.
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Bonora, Nicola, and Andrew Ruggiero. "Assessment of Potential Damage to Ductile Cast Iron Cask as a Result of Exceptional Impact Loading." In ASME 2003 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2003-1991.

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Safety of shipping cask for nuclear spent fuel is always a reason of concern for the designers, regulators and public opinion. Even though safety requirements are already outstanding for this kind of structure, additional worries about its vulnerability have been expressed, especially after the terrorist attack of September 11th, 2001. During the 1970s and 1980s, U.S. National Regulatory Commission (NRC) evaluated the consequences of an hypothetical terrorist attacks and in 1984, came to the conclusion that the use of explosives would not result in a serous threat and, subsequently, proposed lessened security requirements for shipments. The recent public release of a footage of a 1998 test at the Army’s Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland, showing an anti-tank missile breaching the cast iron wall of a CASTOR cask, re-opened the discussion about the effective safety and resistance of these container to exceptional impact events. In this paper the preliminary results of a research program in progress at the University of Cassino on ductile cast iron structural integrity and impact protection evaluation are presented. The exceptional impact event of an airplane crash onto a cask has been re-analyzed by means of an extensive numerical simulation using hydrocode and developing a specific damage modeling for failure in ductile cast iron.
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Reports on the topic "Potential damage assessment"

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Farmer, M. T., and B. W. Spencer. An assessment of the potential for in-vessel fission product scrubbing following a core damage event in IFR. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10200672.

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Saltus, Christina, and Glenn Suir. Remotely sensed habitat assessment of bottomland hardwood and swamp habitat : West Shore Lake Pontchartrain Hurricane Storm Damage Risk Reduction System potential impact area. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40559.

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This study used remote sensing techniques to identify and assess the current condition of bottomland hardwood (BLH) and swamp habitats within the West Shore Lake Pontchartrain (WSLP) hurricane storm-damage risk reduction system (HSDRRS) project area. This effort provides baseline knowledge of the location and quality of these habitats prior to the construction of the WSLP HSDRRS project. The resultant products will assist the USACE—New Orleans District (MVN) by informing ecosystem decision-making related to environmental assessments.
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Al-Qadi, Imad, Egemen Okte, Aravind Ramakrishnan, Qingwen Zhou, and Watheq Sayeh. Truck Platooning on Flexible Pavements in Illinois. Illinois Center for Transportation, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-010.

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Truck platoons have many benefits over traditional truck mobility. Truck platoons have the potential to improve safety and reduce fuel consumption between 5% and 15%, based on platoon configuration. In Illinois, trucks carry more than 50% of freight tonnage and constitute 25% of the traffic on interstates. Therefore, expected fuel savings would be significant for trucks. Deployment of truck platoons within interstate highways may have a direct effect on flexible pavement performance, as the time between consecutive axle loads (i.e., resting time) is expected to decrease significantly. Moreover, platoons could potentially accelerate pavement damage accumulation due to trucks’ channelized position, decreasing pavement service life and increasing maintenance and rehabilitation costs. The main objective of this project was to quantify the effects of truck platoons on pavements and to provide guidelines to control corresponding potential pavement damage. Finite-element models were utilized to quantify the impact of rest period on pavement damage. Recovered and accumulated strains were predicted by fitting exponential functions to the calculated strain profiles. The results suggested that strain accumulation was negligible at a truck spacing greater that 10 ft. A new methodology to control pavement damage due to truck platoons was introduced. The method optimizes trucks’ lateral positions on the pavements, and an increase in pavement service life could be achieved if all platoons follow this optimization method. Life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis were conducted for fully autonomous, human-driven, and mixed-traffic regimes. For example, for an analysis period of 45 years, channelized truck platoons could save life cycle costs and environmental impacts by 28% and 21% compared with human-driven trucks, respectively. Furthermore, optimum truck platoon configuration could reduce life cycle costs and environmental impacts by 48% and 36%, respectively, compared with human-driven trucks. In contrast, channelized traffic could increase pavement roughness, increasing fuel consumption by 15%, even though platooning vehicles still benefit from reduction in air drag forces. Given that truck platoons are expected to be connected only in the first phase, no actions are required by the agency. However, in the second phase when truck platoons are also expected to be autonomous, a protocol for driving trends should be established per the recommendation of this study.
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Cavallo, Eduardo, Laura Giles Álvarez, and Andrew Powell. Estimating the Potential Economic Impact of Haiti’s 2021 Earthquake. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003657.

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This paper employs a simple methodology to estimate the potential economic damages of the 2021 earthquake in Haiti. The country registered a magnitude 7.2 earthquake off the South Coast on August 14, 2021, that resulted in 2,248 deaths, 12,763 injured and substantial damages to houses and other infrastructure. An additional 329 persons remain missing. We estimate economic damages using econometric techniques and a dataset on natural disasters across a wide range of countries and over an extended time period. Based on this analysis, damages for the 2021 earthquake in Haiti are estimated to reach US$1.6 billion (9.6 percent of GDP) for a scenario with an impact of 2,500 dead or missing. We also generate confidence intervals on these results. We hope these early estimates will provide a useful input to the ongoing Post-Disaster Risk Assessment (PDNA) and will assist the government and its international partners plan efforts to assist the country in terms of relief and reconstruction.
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Herbert, George. The Unintended Consequences of Economic Sanctions. Institute of Development Studies, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.100.

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Economic sanctions are associated with a range of adverse effects, with variable levels of supporting evidence for different kinds of negative consequences. It is frequently challenging to demarcate the boundary between the intended and unintended consequences of sanctions. This rapid review is based on an assessment of 75 separate articles or reports. It found that sanctions apply pressure on targeted states by inflicting economic damage, but the economic disruption is frequently broader than intended with economic damage not being restricted to targeted states. With sections possibly having a negative humanitarian impact, declining health outcomes, increasing the possibility of conflict, terrorism, and undermine the rule of law in targeted states. It also finds that the impact of sanctions on democratisation and respect for human and economic rights remains disputed. Despite the volume of studies published on this topic, there are weaknesses in the evidence base. Many – though not all – econometric studies do not distinguish sufficiently between different kinds of sanctions. As a result, sanctions regimes that may have quite different effects often lumped together, making it challenging to assess whether sanctions can be designed in a way that is likely to avoid specific kinds of adverse effects. In addition, on some important issues, there are major inconsistencies between the findings of different econometric studies. In some cases these inconsistencies are paired with technical debates around whether the methodologies employed on different studies adequately address issues related to the potential endogeneity between the decision to impose sanctions and trends in variables of interest.
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Journeay, M., P. LeSueur, W. Chow, and C L Wagner. Physical exposure to natural hazards in Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330012.

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Natural hazard threats occur in areas of the built environment where buildings, people, and related financial assets are exposed to the physical effects of earth system processes that have a potential to cause damage, injuries, losses, and related socioeconomic disruption. As cities, towns, and villages continue to expand and densify in response to the pressures of urban growth and development, so too do the levels of exposure and susceptibility to natural hazard threat. While our understanding of natural hazard processes has increased significantly over the last few decades, the ability to assess both overall levels of physical exposure and the expected impacts and consequences of future disaster events (i.e., risk) is often limited by access to an equally comprehensive understanding of the built environment and detailed descriptions of who and what are situated in harm's way. This study addresses the current gaps in our understanding of physical exposure to natural hazards by presenting results of a national model that documents characteristics of the built environment for all settled areas in Canada. The model (CanEM) includes a characterization of broad land use patterns that describe the form and function of cities, towns, and villages of varying size and complexity, and the corresponding portfolios of people, buildings and related financial assets that make up the internal structure and composition of these communities at the census dissemination area level. Outputs of the CanEM model are used to carry out a preliminary assessment of exposure and susceptibility to significant natural hazard threats in Canada including earthquake ground shaking; inundation of low-lying areas by floods and tsunami; severe winds associated with hurricanes and tornados; wildland urban interface fire (wildfire); and landslides of various types. Results of our assessment provide important new insights on patterns of development and defining characteristics of the built environment for major metropolitan centres, rural and remote communities in different physiographic regions of Canada, and the effects of ongoing urbanization on escalating disaster risk trends at the community level. Profiles of physical exposure and hazard susceptibility described in this report are accompanied by open-source datasets that can be used to inform local and/or regional assessments of disaster risk, community planning and emergency management activities for all areas in Canada. Study outputs contribute to broader policy goals and objectives of the International Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 2015-2030; Un General Assembly, 2015) and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR 2015-2030; United Nations Office for Disaster Reduction [UNDRR], 2015), of which Canada is a contributing member. These include a more complete understanding of natural hazard risk at all levels of government, and the translation of this knowledge into actionable strategies that are effective in reducing intrinsic vulnerabilities of the built environment and in strengthening the capacity of communities to withstand and recover from future disaster events.
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Minz, Dror, Eric Nelson, and Yitzhak Hadar. Ecology of seed-colonizing microbial communities: influence of soil and plant factors and implications for rhizosphere microbiology. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587728.bard.

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Original objectives: Our initial project objectives were to 1) Determine and compare the composition of seed-colonizing microbial communities on seeds, 2) Determine the dynamics of development of microbial communities on seeds, and 3) Determine and compare the composition of seed-colonizing microbial communities with the composition of those in the soil and rhizosphere of the plants. Revisions to objectives: Our initial work on this project was hampered by the presence of native Pythium species in the soils we were using (in the US), preventing us from getting accurate assessments of spermosphere microbial communities. In our initial work, we tried to get around this problem by focusing on water potentials that might reduce damage from native Pythium species. This also prompted some initial investigation of the oomycete communities associated seedlings in this soil. However, for this work to proceed in a way that would allow us to examine seed-colonizing communities on healthy plants, we needed to either physically treat soils or amend soils with composts to suppress damage from Pythium. In the end, we followed the compost amendment line of investigation, which took us away from our initial objectives, but led to interesting work focusing on seed-associated microbial communities and their functional significance to seed-infecting pathogens. Work done in Israel was using suppressive compost amended potting mix throughout the study and did not have such problems. Our work focused on the following objectives: 1) to determine whether different plant species support a microbial induced suppression of Pythium damping-off, 2) to determine whether compost microbes that colonize seeds during early stages of seed germination can adequately explain levels of damping-off suppression observed, 3) to characterize cucumber seed-colonizing microbial communities that give rise to the disease suppressive properties, 4) assess carbon competition between seed-colonizing microbes and Pythium sporangia as a means of explaining Pythium damping-off suppression. Background: Earlier work demonstrated that seed-colonizing microbes might explain Pythium suppression. Yet these seed-colonizing microbial communities have never been characterized and their functional significance to Pythium damping-off suppression is not known. Our work set out to confirm the disease suppressive properties of seed-colonizing microbes, to characterize communities, and begin to determine the mechanisms by which Pythium suppression occurs. Major Conclusions: Compost-induced suppression of Pythium damping-off of cucumber and wheat can be explained by the bacterial consortia colonizing seeds within 8 h of sowing. Suppression on pea was highly variable. Fungi and archaea play no role in disease suppression. Potentially significant bacterial taxa are those with affinities to Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Current sequencing efforts are trying to resolve these taxa. Seed colonizing bacteria suppress Pythium by carbon competition, allowing sporangium germination by preventing the development of germ tubes. Presence of Pythium had a strong effect on microbial community on the seed.
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