Relevant bibliographies by topics / POTENTIAL CATHODE

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Academic literature on the topic 'POTENTIAL CATHODE'

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Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "POTENTIAL CATHODE"

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Drennan, Dina M., Raji E. Koshy, David B. Gent, and Charles E. Schaefer. "Electrochemical treatment for greywater reuse: effects of cell configuration on COD reduction and disinfection byproduct formation and removal." Water Supply 19, no. 3 (July 27, 2018): 891–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2018.138.

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Abstract Electrochemical (EC) treatment presents a low-energy, water-reuse strategy with potential application to decentralized greywater treatment. This study focused on evaluating the impacts of cell configuration, current density, and cathode material on chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation in greywater. The formation and/or cathodic removal of active chlorine, perchlorate, haloacetic acids, and trihalomethanes were assessed during EC treatment. DBP formation was proportional to current density in undivided EC cells. Sequential anodic-cathodic treatment in divided EC cells resulted in COD removal in the catholyte and anolyte. The anodic COD removal rate (using a mixed metal-oxide anode) was greater than the cathodic removal rate employing boron-doped diamond (BDD) or graphite cathodes, but anodic and cathodic COD removal was similar when a stainless-steel cathode was used. The overall energy demand required for 50% COD removal was 24% less in the divided cells using the graphite or BDD cathodes (13 W-h L−1) compared to undivided cells (20 W-h L−1). Perchlorate formation was observed in undivided experiments (>50 μg/L), but not detected in divided experiments. While haloacetic acids (HAAs) and trihalomethanes (THMs) were generated anodically; they were removed on the cathode surface in the divided cell. These results suggest that divided configurations provide potential to mitigate DBPs in water reuse applications.
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Kolesnikov, A. V., and E. I. Ageenko. "Comparative studies of the discharge of hydronium ions on zinc, copper and aluminum cathodes." Izvestiya Vuzov. Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya (Universities' Proceedings Non-Ferrous Metallurgy) 28, no. 6 (December 7, 2022): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2022-6-22-31.

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Electrochemical reduction of hydrogen (hydronium ion) was carried out on zinc, aluminum and copper cathodes from acidic aqueous solutions containing sulfuric acid (0.09, 0.18 and 0.36 mol/l) to study the effect of electrolyte acidity, the type of cathodes used and potential values on electrolysis indicators. The studies were carried out on the potentiostat using a three-electrode cell under conditions of intensive electrolyte stirring with a magnetic stirrer. At the initial stage, electrolysis was performed in the following modes: potentiodynamic measurements at a sweep rate of 1 mV/s in the potential range Е = –(700÷850) mV on a copper and aluminum electrode and Е = –(1000÷1150) mV on a zinc electrode. In the indicated potential range, hydronium discharge parameters at each cathode were calculated: Tafel slope, apparent transfer coefficients and exchange currents. Dependences of these parameters on electrolyte acidity were considered. Average values of steady state potentials were obtained, which, similar to the apparent exchange current, significantly depended on the cathode material: –923.1 mV (zinc cathode); +36.1 mV (copper cathode), and –603.7 mV (aluminum cathode) (AgCl/Ag). The effect of surfactants on all the kinetic parameters considered was shown. The order of the reaction with and without surfactant additives was determined. At the next stage, the electrochemical parameters of hydronium discharge on the copper electrode only were compared. It was shown that the electrochemical parameters significantly depend on the cathodic potential range where they are determined, and on the methods used for their calculation. It was noted that the process proceeds in the region of mixed kinetics. As the electrode polarization decreases, the hydrogen discharge mechanism changes, while the proportion of electrochemical kinetics will increase in the region of mixed kinetics. We suppose that the data obtained can also be of practical importance for the zinc electrolysis technology. The data obtained in this research on the electrochemical parameters of hydrogen discharge in a wide range of potentials on cathodes made of different metals as well as on the effect of electrolyte acidity on the behavior of surfactants during electrolysis will expand knowledge about the zinc electrolysis technology.
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Pratama, Affiano Akbar Nur, Ahmad Jihad, Salsabila Ainun Nisa, Ike Puji Lestari, Cornelius Satria Yudha, and Agus Purwanto. "Manganese Sulphate Fertilizer Potential as Raw Material of LMR-NMC Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Review." Materials Science Forum 1044 (August 27, 2021): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1044.59.

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Lithium-ion battery (Li-ion) is an energy storage device widely used in various types of electronic devices. The cathode is one of its main components, which was developed because it accelerates the transfer of electrons and battery cycle stability. Therefore, the LiNixMnyCozO2 (LNMC) cathode material, which has a discharge capacity of less than 200 mAh g−1, was further developed. Li-Mn-rich oxide cathode material (LMR-NMC) has also received considerable attention because it produces batteries with a specific capacity of more than 250 mAh g−1 at high voltages. The structure, synthesis method, and sintering temperature in the fabrication of LMR-NMC cathode materials affect battery performance. Furthermore, manganese sulphate fertilizer replaces manganese sulphate as raw material for LMR-NMC cathode due to its lower price. The method used in this study was implemented by reviewing previous literature related to Li-ion batteries, Li-ion battery cathodes, synthesis of LMR-NMC cathode materials, and the potential of manganese fertilizers. This review aims to find out the effect of structure, synthesis method, and sintering temperature on LMR-NMC cathodes made from manganese sulphate fertilizer to obtain a Li-ion battery with a high specific capacity, more environmentally friendly, has good cycle stability, and a high level of safety and lower production costs.
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Katerina Rutkovska, Hennadii Tulskyi, Valerii Homozov, and Alexandr Rusinov. "SUBSTANTIATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF APPLICATION OF A GAS-DIFFUSION CATHODE IN ELECTROCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF HYPOCHLORITE SOLUTIONS." Bulletin of the National Technical University "KhPI". Series: Chemistry, Chemical Technology and Ecology, no. 2 (4) (July 28, 2022): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2079-0821.2020.02.02.

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A gas diffusion electrode was used to implement depolarization of the cathodic process with atmospheric oxygen to improve the production of sodium hypochlorite by electrolysis of an aqueous solution of sodium chloride. As materials for the implementation of depolarization of the cathode process on a porous cathode from the grid, we selected: manganese oxides, cobalt oxides, ruthenium oxides. These oxides are characterized by low overvoltage of the oxygen reaction. Oxides of selected metals were applied to a mesh current lead by thermal decomposition of coating solutionsю. The gas diffusion electrode consisted of a lined titanium current lead, a dispersant of gas made of porous graphite, and an external mesh working element, on which cathodic reactions occurred. The preparation of a catalytically active layer of oxide-metal coatings was carried out by thermal decomposition of coating solutions. This method fully complies with the requirements for oxide-metal electrodes for the electrolysis of aqueous solutions of sodium chloride: the ability to control the composition of the composite coating in a wide range of component concentrations. On the current-voltage cyclic dependences of the cathodic process, for all the materials studied, certain areas of oxygen reduction and combined oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution are observed. The first section of oxygen reduction is observed to the equilibrium potentials of the hydrogen reaction (approximately –0.42 V). The oxygen reduction rate is small and amounts to 3...5 mA/cm2. There is no difference in the current-voltage dependence due to the high potential sweep speed, which does not lead to oxygen depletion in the case of cathode operation without air supply. In the second section (at potentials, more negative equilibrium potentials of the hydrogen reaction), a significant increase in the rate of the cathodic reaction due to hydrogen evolution is observed. Oxygen, in this case, is reduced at the limiting current density. In the third section (more than –1.5 V), the speed of the cathodic process is almost completely determined by the rate of hydrogen evolution. The effect of air supply to the gas diffusion cathode is observed when comparing the reverse stroke of cyclic current–voltage dependences. On the surface of the steel mesh, an increase in the reverse current is observed in the potential range –1.0 to 0 V. Which indicates an increase in adsorbed particles involved in the cathodic process. As shown earlier, this range of potentials corresponds to the 1st and 2nd sections of the obtained dependences in which the predominant oxygen reduction occurs. Therefore, an increase in the reverse current, with potentials more positive than 1.0 V, can be explained by the effect of oxygen adsorption on the surface of gas-permeable mesh steel cathodes when air is supplied. The addition of hypochlorite ion has practically no effect on the current density in the first and second sections of the current – voltage dependences. A decrease in the cathodic current density is observed at potentials more negative from the equilibrium potential of the hydrogen reaction. This indicates a certain inhibition of the process of hydrogen evolution. In the third section, the current density also decreases. This indicates that 0.08 mol∙dm3 hypochlorite ions do not participate in cathodic reduction. Recommended current density for the studied design of the gas diffusion cathode is 15 mA/cm2 at a temperature of 291...293 K. The cathodic recovery of hypochlorite ions, under these conditions, is reduced by 55...60 %.
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Xie, Lin, and Donald Kirk. "Stability of a Fe-Rich Cathode Catalyst in an Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell." Catalysis Research 01, no. 03 (June 9, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/cr.2103003.

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Fe-rich alloys have been widely studied as catalyst materials for the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in hydrogen fuel cells, and many have shown high activities. The stability of Fe-rich catalysts has also been researched, and some studies have shown promising results using an accelerated stress test (AST), which uses a potential cycling method. However, for commercial fuel cell applications, such as standby power systems, the catalyst has to tolerate a high potential for a long period, which can not be represented by the AST test. In this paper, the cathode stability of a Fe-rich catalyst was studied using a standby cell potential of 0.9V, a potential shown to be challenging for the competing Pt catalysts. After 1500 hrs of testing, significant morphology changes of both the tested cathode and anode were found due to a Fe leaching process. Other alloy materials, including Ni, Cr, and Mn, were also found leached out along with the Fe species from the catalyst framework. The results are a cautionary note for using Fe based catalysts for AEMFC cathodes.
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Tremblay, Pier-Luc, Neda Faraghiparapari, and Tian Zhang. "Accelerated H2 Evolution during Microbial Electrosynthesis with Sporomusa ovata." Catalysts 9, no. 2 (February 8, 2019): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9020166.

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Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) is a process where bacteria acquire electrons from a cathode to convert CO2 into multicarbon compounds or methane. In MES with Sporomusa ovata as the microbial catalyst, cathode potential has often been used as a benchmark to determine whether electron uptake is hydrogen-dependent. In this study, H2 was detected by a microsensor in proximity to the cathode. With a sterile fresh medium, H2 was produced at a potential of −700 mV versus Ag/AgCl, whereas H2 was detected at −500 mV versus Ag/AgCl with cell-free spent medium from a S. ovata culture. Furthermore, H2 evolution rates were increased with potentials lower than −500 mV in the presence of cell-free spent medium in the cathode chamber. Nickel and cobalt were detected at the cathode surface after exposure to the spent medium, suggesting a possible participation of these catalytic metals in the observed faster hydrogen evolution. The results presented here show that S. ovata-induced alterations of the cathodic electrolytes of a MES reactor reduced the electrical energy required for hydrogen evolution. These observations also indicated that, even at higher cathode potentials, at least a part of the electrons coming from the electrode are transferred to S. ovata via H2 during MES.
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Payman, Adele R., and Dan M. Goebel. "Development of a 50-A heaterless hollow cathode for electric thrusters." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 113543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0124694.

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Hollow cathodes in electric thrusters normally use an external heater to raise the thermionic electron emitter to emission temperatures. These heaters are a potential single-point failure in the thruster and add a separate power supply to the power processing unit. Heaterless hollow cathodes are attractive for their compact size and potential higher reliability but have only been reliably demonstrated to date in small hollow cathodes capable of discharge currents below around 5 A. A new heaterless LaB6 hollow cathode has been developed that is capable of discharge currents from 5 to 50 A. The cathode configuration extends the gas feed tube at cathode potential part way into the emitting insert region of the cathode. A high-voltage Paschen discharge is struck from the tube to the keeper that heats the tube tip, which then efficiently heats the insert by radiation. This configuration eliminates the arcing observed in prior large heaterless designs that coupled the high-voltage Paschen discharge to the orifice plate or the insert itself. Discharge current–voltage characteristics show that the presence of the tube does not significantly perturb the insert-region plasma. Startup uses a simple 3 min ignition procedure, and voltage traces of the keeper discharge reveal that much of the present tube-radiator’s 100-to-150 W heating power comes from an intermediate thermionic discharge sustained by the tube during the transition between the Paschen discharge and LaB6 insert thermionic regime. This novel heating mechanism enables an unprecedented class of higher-current heaterless hollow cathodes for the next generation of high-power electric propulsion systems.
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Matos, Luís, and José Martins. "Analysis of an Educational Cathodic Protection System with a Single Drainage Point: Modeling and Experimental Validation in Aqueous Medium." Materials 11, no. 11 (October 25, 2018): 2099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11112099.

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Cathodic protection, often taught in curricular units, such as corrosion and materials science, is an important subject in the study of chemical engineering. The implementation of lab setups and experimental activities in this field, are core to promoting understanding of the underlying concepts and to developing “hands-on” skills fundamental to the success of future process engineers. This paper reports the influence of different variables on the electrical potential and current behaviors of an educational cathodic protection system operated with a single drainage point. The system comprised a steel bar cathode connected to a zinc sacrificial anode, both placed in aqueous medium. The study variables were the anode area, the cathode diameter, the NaCl electrolyte concentration and the anode placement. Each variable showed a specific influence on the attenuation curves, allowing us to conclude that: (1) increasing the sacrificial anode area, or decreasing the resistivity of the medium, promotes more electronegative potentials on the structure and higher currents; (2) increasing the cathode diameter decreases the protection capacity; (3) positioning the anode in the middle of the cathode lengthwise gives rise to a more balanced potential distribution; and (4), the attenuation curves, both for potential and current, can be successfully predicted using equations based on Morgan and Uhlig’s work. High correlations were obtained between the experimental and modeling data for all the studied variables.
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Mitsushima, Shigenori, Ashraf Abdel Haleem, Kensaku Nagasawa, Yoshiyuki Kuroda, Akihiro Kato, Zaenal Awaludin, Yoshinori Nishiki, and Takuto Araki. "(Invited) Leak Current Analysis of Stop Operation and Its Modeling for the Development of Bipolar Alkaline Water Electrolyzer Electrodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 33 (July 7, 2022): 1344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01331344mtgabs.

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Introduction Water electrolysis is expected a key device to introduce large-scale renewable electricity under management of power grid and electrification of non-electric sector. While alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) systems are well-developed large system, degradation under fluctuated operation with start and stop operation is significant issue to combine photovoltaic and/or wind turbine generation is significant issue. In this study, we have been investigated reverse current, which is leak current through manifold of bipolar alkaline water electrolyzers, and electrode potential behavior of stop operation, and proposed accelerated durability test (ADT) protocol for start and stop operation. Experimental and modeling Figure 1 shows configuration of 4-cells bipolar alkaline water electrolyzer that was consisted with end plates of EP(-) and EP(+), bipolar plates of BP1 to BP3, anodes, separators, and cathodes with principle of reverse current. The end and bipolar plates were made of nickel. Anodes and cathodes were commercially available oxygen and hydrogen electrocatalyst coated nickel mesh electrodes (De Nora Permelec Ltd) with 27.8 cm2 of projected area. Zirfon Perl UTP500 (Agfa) was used for separators. Manifolds were made of Teflon tubes and 15 mL/min of 7 M (= mol/dm3) was circulated for each anolyte and catholyte chambers during measurements. An anode and a cathode set on a bipolar plate. During operation anodes and cathodes are oxidized and reduces, respectively. After stop, the anode and the cathode on a bipolar plate connects both electronically and ionically, so oxidized anode and reduced cathode surface discharges to same potential. In this study, we measured electrode potential and reverse current after 1 h water electrolysis of 80oC at 0.6 A/cm2. The reverse current was measured ionic current through communicating tube with D. C. clamp meter (KEW2510, Kyoritsu). Reverse current behavior was analyzed with COMSOL Multiphysics version 5.5 based 2-dimensional model of stack and height direction using experimentally anode and cathode potentials as functions of discharge for anode and cathodes. Results and discussion Figure 2 shows cell performances in the stacks and a picture of the lab-scale zero-gap configuration electrolyzer. All cells in a stack showed almost the same performance. The cell voltage was 2 V at 400 mA/cm2 at 30oC and was 1.8 V at 500 mA/cm2 at 80oC. Therefore, we think all cells and parts work well. Figure 3 shows reverse currents and electrode potentials as a function of time after 1 h electrolysis under 600 mA/cm2 at 30 or 80 oC. Here, the dashed lines in Fig. 3-a) were simulated value and were almost same after 20 s. The measured reverse current increased around 20 s. At this moment, outlet manifolds filled with electrolyte to increase ionic conduction among the chambers, which was not considered in the simulation. After degassed of manifolds, the reverse current decreased with time with the largest reverse current for the BP2. The reverse current at 80oC was significantly larger than that at 30oC. This difference could be explained the dependence of ionic resistance of manifold on temperature. At same moment, anode and cathode potentials on the end plates were almost constant. The anode cathode potentials on the bipolar plates decreased and increased with time, respectively. Both anode and cathode showed significantly potential change region. The final potentials of all electrodes were around 0.9 V vs. RHE. The potential change regions of the electrodes on the BP2 were earlier than others. Here, the anode and cathode potentials as functions of discharge were almost same for the electrode on all bipolar plates. Therefore, the average discharge functions for anode and cathode were treated as characteristics of electrodes of this study. Using this function, reverse current as a function of time could be expressed accurately using the developed model. From this model, reverse current, and electrode potentials as a function of time would be expected with discharge function of each electrode and ionic resistance of manifold. Figure 4 shows that a start & stop operation simulated ADT protocol based on bipolar electrolyzer measurements. We propose the combination of constant current electrolysis, potential sweep, and chronoamperometry as the inset of illustration in Fig. 4, because constant current measurement is easier to get reproductivity in high current that need accurate iR correction for constant potential measurement and current control measurement never simulate stop operation. Acknowledgements This study was based on results obtained from the Development of Fundamental Technology for Advancement of Water Electrolysis Hydrogen Production in Advancement of Hydrogen Technologies and Utilization Project (P14021) commissioned by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO). Figure 1
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Honda, Hisashi, and Katsuhide Misono. "the Cathode fall potential of cold cathode fluorescent lamps." JOURNAL OF THE ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF JAPAN 73, Appendix (1989): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2150/jieij1980.73.appendix_8.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "POTENTIAL CATHODE"

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Siegfried, Adam. "Exploratory synthesis of polyanion-based open-framework solids as potential candidates for cathode material applications." Connect to this title online, 2008. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1211391125/.

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Pfluge, Matthew Edward. "Study of praseodymium strontium manganite for the potential use as a solid oxide fuel cell cathode." Thesis, Montana State University, 2005. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2005/pfluge/PflugeM0505.pdf.

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Sharp, Matthew David. "The Ba-Pb-O system and its potential as a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) cathode material /." St Andrews, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/378.

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Lobos, Aldo. "Bioleaching Potential of Filamentous Fungi to Mobilize Lithium and Cobalt from Spent Rechargeable Li-Ion Batteries." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7051.

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Demand for lithium (Li) and cobalt (Co) is on the rise, due in part to their increased use in rechargeable Li-ion batteries (RLIB). Current recycling processes that utilize chemical leaching efficiently recover in Li and Co from the cathode material in spent batteries; however, these processes are costly and emit hazardous waste into the environment. Therefore, a more sustainable process for recycling Li and Co is needed, and bioleaching may provide a solution. Fungal bioleaching has been shown in previous studies to effectively mobilize metals (Pb, Al, Mn, Cu, and Zn) from mine tailings, electronic scrap, and spent batteries with organic acids. However, little is known regarding fungal tolerance to Li and Co, and if the concentrations of organic acids excreted by fungi can effectively leach Li and Co from the cathode material. In order to address these questions, experiments were first conducted to test the Li and Co leaching efficiency with organic acids at concentrations similar to what has been previously reported in fungal cultures. The remaining experiments were performed with three fungal species: Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Penicillium simplicissimum. First, fungal biomass production, pH and organic acid excretion were examined when the fungi were grown in Czapek dox broth (CDB) or Sabouraud dextrose broth (SDB). Second, fungal biomass production and pH were examined when the fungi were grown in the presence of Li or Co. This determines tolerance of the fungi to the metals, and if fungal processes were inhibited by the metals. Third, bioleaching was performed with cathode material from RLIB in batch cultures to test the ability of organic acids excreted by A. niger to mobilize Li and Co. Three bioleaching strategies, one-step, two-step, and spent-medium leaching techniques were used to mobilize Li and Co from the cathode in RLIB. Low concentrations of organic acids similar to what is excreted by fungi have not been tested to leach Li and Co from the cathode in RLIB. Results from chemical leaching with low concentrations of organic acids in this study indicate that organic acid leaching efficiency can be increased by utilizing higher concentrations (above 50 mM) of citric or oxalic acid to mobilize Li or Co from the cathode in RLIB. Furthermore, 100 mM of citric acid or 100 mM of oxalic acid mobilized more Co or Li than mixtures of organic acids. Notably the addition of hydrogen peroxide to mixed concentrations of organic acids significantly improved mobilization of Li and Co under abiotic conditions. Different growth media may alter biomass production and potentially organic acid excretion by the three fungal species. Analysis of biomass production by A. niger and P. simplicissimum showed that differences in media composition between CDB and SDB did not affect collected biomass for each species. However, CDB cultures with P. chrysogenum had significantly less biomass than SDB cultures after 10 days of growth. Differences in growth by P. chrysogenum between CDB and SDB may be attributed to preferred nutrients and/or low pH present in SDB cultures. Biomass production by the three fungi increased up to day 10 in CDB or SDB. This result indicated that nutrients in CDB or SDB were not limiting toward fungal growth. Cultures with A. niger had the highest concentrations of organic acids (50 mM of oxalic acid), followed by cultures with P. simplicissimum (30 mM oxalic acid), and P. chrysogenum (less than 5 mM oxalic acid). Organic acids excreted by all three fungal species were detected in cultures in CDB, while only A. niger and P. chrysogenum excreted organic acids in SDB cultures. Metals such a Li or Co present in the cathode of RLIB may be toxic to fungal processes when exposed to high metal concentrations. Metal tolerance experiments indicate that biomass production by the three fungi was significantly inhibited by 100 mg/L Co compared to controls, which contained no metal. Li at a concentration of 1000 mg/L inhibited biomass production by A. niger and P. simplicissimum. However, biomass production by P. chrysogenum was not significantly inhibited by 1000 mg/L Li. I found that P. simplicissimum was the most susceptible to toxic effects of Li and Co among the three fungi. In A. niger cultures amended with 100 mg/L Li or Co, pH at day 5 was similar to control cultures of A. niger without metals (pH 3.0 – 3.4), whereas pH was significantly higher in cultures with 1000 mg/L of Li or Co (pH 7.1 – 7.3). Cultures of A. niger were exposed to the cathode material from RLIB to test the leaching efficiency of excreted organic acids after mobilizing Li and Co. In bioleaching experiments with A. niger, organic acids excreted in the presence of cathode material from RLIB were quantified at concentrations under 50 mM. At the end of bioleaching experiments with A. niger, 40 mM tartaric acid was detected and was the highest produced organic acid in bioleaching cultures. However, with conditions set in this study, organic acids excreted by A. niger mobilized only ̴7% of Co and 20% of Li when using spent medium with cathode material from RLIB. According to findings in chemical leaching experiments, concentrations of organic acids higher than 50 mM will be required in fungal cultures to increase mobilization of Li or Co from the cathode material in RLIB. Modifying growth media to include higher concentrations of sucrose will potentially increase organic acid excretion as demonstrated in previous publications. Future studies should focus on how to maximize organic acid excretion by fungi when exposed to metals found in the cathode of RLIB.
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Nzaba, Sarre Kadia Myra. "Lithium manganese oxide modified with copper-gold nanocomposite cladding- a potential novel cathode material for spinel type lithium-ion batteries." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4444.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
Spinel lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4), for its low cost, easy preparation and nontoxicity, is regarded as a promising cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. However, a key problem prohibiting it from large scale commercialization is its severe capacity fading during cycling. The improvement of electrochemical cycling stability is greatly attributed to the suppression of Jahn-Teller distortion (Robertson et al., 1997) at the surface of the spinel LiMn2O4 particles. These side reactions result in Mn2+ dissolution mainly at the surface of the cathode during cycling, therefore surface modification of the cathode is deemed an effective way to reduce side reactions. The utilization of a nanocomposite which comprises of metallic Cu and Au were of interest because their oxidation gives rise to a variety of catalytically active configurations which advances the electrochemical property of Li-ion battery. In this research study, an experimental strategy based on doping the LiMn2O4 with small amounts of Cu-Au nanocomposite cations for substituting the Mn3+ ions, responsible for disproportionation, was employed in order to increase conductivity, improve structural stability and cycle life during successive charge and discharge cycles. The spinel cathode material was synthesized by coprecipitation method from a reaction of lithium hydroxide and manganese acetate using 1:2 ratio. The Cu-Au nanocomposite was synthesized via a chemical reduction method using copper acetate and gold acetate in a 1:3 ratio. Powder samples of LiMxMn2O4 (M = Cu-Au nanocomposite) was prepared from a mixture of stoichiometric amounts of Cu-Au nanocomposite and LiMn2O4 precursor. The novel LiMxMn2O4 material has a larger surface area which increases the Li+ diffusion coefficient and reduces the volumetric changes and lattice stresses caused by repeated Li+ insertion and expulsion. Structural and morphological sample analysis revealed that the modified cathode material have good crystallinity and well dispersed particles. These results corroborated the electrochemical behaviour of LiMxMn2O4 examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The diffusion coefficients for LiMn2O4 and LiMxMn2-xO4 obtained are 1.90 x10-3 cm2 / s and 6.09 x10-3 cm2 / s respectively which proved that the Cu-Au nanocomposite with energy band gap of 2.28 eV, effectively improved the electrochemical property. The charge / discharge value obtained from integrating the area under the curve of the oxidation peak and reduction peak for LiMxMn2-xO4 was 263.16 and 153.61 mAh / g compared to 239.16 mAh / g and 120 mAh / g for LiMn2O4. It is demonstrated that the presence of Cu-Au nanocomposite reduced side reactions and effectively improved the electrochemical performance of LiMn2O4.
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Davies, Andrew. "A study and evaluation of some amorphous transition metal oxides as potential cathode active materials for secondary lithium polymer-electrolyte batteries." Thesis, University of Reading, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317606.

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Kosgei, Cosmas Kipyego. "Investigation of the effect of basicity and Concentration ofproton accepting bases on the potential of Quinones for highpotential quinone based cathode materials." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för fysik och astronomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-288369.

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Yokoyama, Yuko. "Studies on Electrolytes for High-Voltage Aqueous Rechargeable Lithium-ion Batteries." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/242525.

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Wedig, Anja [Verfasser], and Joachim [Akademischer Betreuer] Maier. "Oxygen exchange kinetics of the potential solid oxide fuel cell cathode material (Bi,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3-delta / Anja Wedig. Betreuer: Joachim Maier." Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1041622236/34.

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Millar, Laura. "Investigating the opportunity to increase the economic and environmental potential of the integrated-planar solid oxide fuel cell through choice of cathode current collector." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2009. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843242/.

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The Rolls-Royce Integrated Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (IP-SOFC) features anode, electrolyte and cathode layers of 5-20 pm in thickness, connected in series by highly-conductive precious-metal based current collecting layers of ~10 mum thickness, which are screen-printed and sintered upon a porous substrate. Replacement of the palladium- based cathode current collector material is desirable for increasing the economic and environmental potential of the IP-SOFC system, due to low resource availability, high cost and environmental degradation caused by mining of platinum-group metals. The electrically conductive ABO3 perovskite-structured lanthanum transition-metal oxide ceramics were identified as potential cathode current collector materials, and lanthanum nickel ferrite materials, of compositions LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3 and LaNi0.5Fe0.5O3, were selected for investigation based on the combined favourable properties of electrical conductivity, phase stability and compatible coefficient of thermal expansion with other cell materials. Both compositions were found to be reactive towards the IP-SOFC cathode materials, lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM) and yttria-stabilised zirconia (YSZ), and the lower conductivity of LaNi0.5Fe0.5O3 compared with LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3 meant a thicker layer would be required to meet the conductivity requirements, which negates the advantage of its more suitable coefficient of thermal expansion. It was found that a LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3 layer of ~80 mum was adequate to meet the conductivity target, and could be applied by a single stencil-print and sintered at 1125°C, which is compatible with the screen-printing and firing production line, although the manufacturing method requires optimisation to eliminate layer defects. In addition it is believed that the material can offer significant economic and environmental advantages over the present palladium-based cathode current collector. However the reaction of LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3 (LNF) with LSI'I was found to critically compromise its use in conjunction with an LSM-based cathode. Efforts to incorporate an LNF-based cathode also failed due to reaction of LNF with YSZ and gadolinium-doped ceria (CGO), and it must be concluded that the reactivity of LNF with common solid oxide fuel cell materials severely limits its potential to be used as a cathode current collector layer in the IP-SOFC.
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Books on the topic "POTENTIAL CATHODE"

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R, Sarver-Verhey Timothy, and Lewis Research Center, eds. International Space Station cathode life testing: ... contract NAS3-27186. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1997.

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R, Sarver-Verhey Timothy, and Lewis Research Center, eds. International Space Station cathode life testing: ... contract NAS3-27186. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1997.

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Alberia, T. B. Modelling and testing instant off potential measurement for cathodic protection. Manchester: UMIST, 1997.

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Williams, John D. Plasma contactor research, 1989: Annual report. [Cleveland, Ohio]: Lewis Research Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1990.

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Flint, Thomas A. The application of cathodic potential scanning at a hanging mercury drop electrode to the quantitative determination of transition metals. Manchester: UMIST, 1997.

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International Space Station cathode life testing: ... contract NAS3-27186. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1997.

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Casas, Rogelio De Las, and Ronald Bianchetti. Potential Theory Applied to Cathodic Protection Design. Association for Materials Protection and Performance (AMPP), 2021.

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Off-potential measurement systems for impressed current cathodic protection. [Champaign, IL]: US Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, 1994.

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Lee, Rupert Utak. Influence of Applied Potential, Fluid Velocity, PH and Temperature on Formation of Calcareous Deposits under Impressed Current Cathodic Protection. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2015.

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Lee, Rupert Utak. Influence of Applied Potential, Fluid Velocity, PH and Temperature on Formation of Calcareous Deposits under Impressed Current Cathodic Protection. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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Book chapters on the topic "POTENTIAL CATHODE"

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Sarkar, Ananta, Pallavi Raj, Manas Ranjan Panda, and Sagar Mitra. "High-Potential Cathode for Sodium-Ion Battery." In Advances in Energy Research, Vol. 1, 371–77. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2666-4_36.

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Thomas, Anjumole P., Akhila Das, Leya Rose Raphael, Neethu T. M. Balakrishnan, Jou-Hyeon Ahn, M. J. Jabeen Fatima, and Raghavan Prasanth. "Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2): A Potential Cathode Material for Advanced Lithium-Ion Batteries." In Electrospinning for Advanced Energy Storage Applications, 455–77. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8844-0_16.

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Pfluge, Matthew E., Max C. Deibert, Greg W. Coffey, and Larry R. Pederson. "Study of Praseodyium Strontium Manganite for the Potential Use as a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathode." In Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, 121–28. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470291245.ch14.

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Googan, Chris. "Protection potential – carbon steel." In Marine Corrosion and Cathodic Protection, 121–39. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003216070-6.

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Tanjung, Iqbal, Affandi, Syifaul Huzni, and Syarizal Fonna. "Investigation the Effect of Concrete Element Size on the Potential Distribution of RC Cathodic Protection Simulation Using BEM 3D." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Experimental and Computational Mechanics in Engineering, 189–98. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0736-3_19.

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Kim, Seong Jong, Seok Ki Jang, and Jeong Il Kim. "Effects of Post-Weld Heat Treatment on Optimum Cathodic Protection Potential of High-Strength Steel in Marine Environment Conditions." In Materials Science Forum, 133–36. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-966-0.133.

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"High Potential LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Cathode for LIBs." In Materials Research Foundations, 28–50. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781945291272-2.

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Oriakhi, Christopher O. "Fundamentals of Electrochemistry." In Chemistry in Quantitative Language. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195367997.003.0027.

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Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the interconversion of chemical and electrical energy. A galvanic (or voltaic) cell is a chemical system that uses an oxidation–reduction reaction to convert chemical energy into electrical energy (hence it is also known as an electrochemical cell). This process is the opposite of electrolysis (explained in section 23.10), wherein electrical energy is used to bring about chemical changes. The two systems are similar in that both are redox processes; in both, the oxidation takes place at one electrode, the anode, while reduction occurs at the cathode. Figure 23-1 shows a galvanic cell, indicating the half-reactions at the two electrodes. Electrons flow through the external circuit from the anode (Zn) to the cathode (Cu). The overall reaction, which is obtained by adding the anodic and cathodic half-cell reactions, is: . . .Zn(s)+Cu2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq)+Cu(s). . . This cell has a potential of 1.10 V (see next section). The potential energy of electrons at the anode is higher than at the cathode. This difference in potential is the driving force that propels electrons through the external circuit. The cell potential (Ecell) is a measure of the potential difference between the two half-cells. It is also known as the electromotive force (emf) of the cell, or, since it is measured in volts, the cell voltage. An electrochemical cell consists of two half-reactions at different potentials, which are known as electrode potentials. The electrode potential for the oxidation half-reaction is called the oxidation potential. Similarly, for the reduction half-reaction, we have the reduction potential. The potential of a galvanic cell is determined by the concentrations of the species in solution, the partial pressures of any gaseous reactants or products, and the reaction temperature. When the electrochemical measurement is carried out under standard-state conditions, the cell potential is called the standard electrode potential and is given the symbol E0. The standard conditions include a concentration of 1 M, gaseous partial pressure of 1 atm, and a temperature of 25°C. It is impossible to measure the absolute potential value of a single electrode, since every oxidation is accompanied by a reduction. Therefore any measurement is carried out against a reference electrode.
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Huu Hieu, Nguyen. "Graphene-Based Material for Fabrication of Electrodes in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." In Solar Cells [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93637.

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Graphene-based materials have been widely studied for the fabrication of electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The use of graphene in the cathode is to reduce the amount of platinum (Pt), which in turn is expected to reduce the production cost of DSSCs. Additionally, in the structure of cathode, graphene acts as a supporting material to reduce the particle sizes of Pt and helps to maintain the high efficiency of DSSCs. For anodes, graphene can provide a more effective electron transfer process, resulting in the improvement of efficiency of DSSCs. In this chapter, the use of graphene-based materials for fabrication of cathodes and anodes in DSSCs, including platinum/reduced graphene oxide composite (Pt/rGO) and zinc oxide/reduced graphene oxide composite (ZnO/rGO) is discussed. The fabricated DSSCs were tested using current density-voltage (J-V) curves to evaluate the efficiency. The results of efficiency demonstrate that Pt/rGO is the potential material for fabrication of cathode in DSSCs, which helps to reduce the amount of Pt and maintain the high efficiency. The efficiency values of DSSCs fabricated from ZnO/rGO anodes show that the incorporation of reduced graphene oxide in the ZnO could improve the performance of DSSCs.
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Nguyen, Thi Dieu Hien, Shih-Yang Lin, Hsien-Ching Chung, Wei-Bang Li, Ngoc Thanh Thuy Tran, Nguyen Thi Han, Hsin-Yi Liu, Hai Duong Pham, and Ming-Fa Lin. "Open issues and potential applications." In First-Principles Calculations for Cathode, Electrolyte and Anode Battery Materials. IOP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-4685-6ch18.

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Conference papers on the topic "POTENTIAL CATHODE"

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Beilis, I. I. "Cathode potential drop at a transient cathode spot on a microprotrusion." In 2010 24th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (ISDEIV). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/deiv.2010.5625876.

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Celik, Ismail B., Randall S. Gemmen, and Suryanarayana R. Pakalapati. "A Modular Approach to Fuel Cell Modeling: Analysis of a SOFC Cathode." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33181.

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A modular modeling strategy is outlined for fuel cells. As a stepping stone towards this modeling paradigm, the cathode-oxidizer assembly of a typical solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) has been modeled. Various cases were simulated, and the spatial distributions of electric-potential, current, temperature and oxygen concentration have been calculated. An assessment of the results showed some surprising consequences. Detailed resolution of the current density distribution within the cathode has revealed highly non-uniform electrical field thin cathodes. This may have significant consequences concerning distribution of thermal stresses and structural integrity of the fuel cell.
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Qin, Yu, Kan Xie, Qimeng Xia, and JiTing Ouyang. "The High Frequency Potential Oscillations Near the Hollow Cathode in Ion Thrusters." In 52nd AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2016-4629.

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Mikellides, I., Ira Katz, and Dan Goebel. "Model of the Plasma Potential Distribution in the Plume of a Hollow Cathode." In 40th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2004-4108.

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Nakagawa, Tadahiro, Naoki Shikazono, and Nobuhide Kasagi. "Numerical Simulation of Electrochemical Reaction in Reconstructed Three-Dimensional LSM/YSZ Composite Cathode." In ASME 2008 6th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2008-65027.

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In the present study, a novel computational scheme for the assessment of the activation polarization of LSM/YSZ composite cathodes is proposed. The scheme consists of modeling techniques of three-dimensional microstructures and an evaluation method of electrochemical characteristics. Two modeling techniques of microstructures are employed, i.e. the stochastic reconstruction (SR) method and the random packing model (RPM). In the SR method, the 3-D structure is reconstructed statistically from the two-point correlation function of the cross-sectional image of SEM-EDX. In RPM, on the other hand, spherical LSM and YSZ particles are randomly packed in the computational domain. This model is mainly used for the parametric survey, because control parameters used in the model have good correspondence to the parameters used in the actual cell manufacturing process. The lattice Boltzmann method coupled with the Butler-Volmer equation is employed for the detailed assessment of the electrochemical characteristics inside the constructed 3-D cathode microstructures. The oxygen diffusion and the electronic and ionic conductions are calculated simultaneously, and coupled with the charge transfer at the three-phase boundary (TPB) using the Butler-Volmer equation. As a result, potential, polarization and current density distributions are fully investigated. The results from the SR method reveal that the cathode sintered at 1150 °C shows the smaller overpotential than the cathodes sintered at 1200 and 1250 °C. The RPM results show that particle diameter and its standard deviation as well as volume fraction of species have large effects on the cathode performance.
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Bobzin, K., F. Ernst, J. Zwick, K. Richardt, D. Sporer, and R. J. Molz. "Triplex Pro 200 – Potential and Advanced Applications." In ITSC2007, edited by B. R. Marple, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and G. Montavon. ASM International, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2007p0723.

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Abstract Process optimization and innovative material applications gain more and more interest under the aspect of continuously increasing functional and structural demands on thermal sprayed coatings. With the cascaded triple arc plasma gun generation, the atmospheric plasma spraying process was advanced by delivering enhanced plasma stability and, associated with this, higher deposition efficiency. The TriplexPro 200 is the latest version of a three cathode plasma spraying system on the market and offers distinctly higher particle velocities, due to its advanced nozzle design. As a result of the higher particle velocities, lower particle oxidation and higher coating density can be realized. In order to increase the corrosion protection of metallic coatings and the thermal properties of TBCs, the aim of the work performed is a parametric study to deposit advanced coating systems for high temperature applications.
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Banta, Larry E., Bernardo Restrepo, Alex J. Tsai, and David Tucker. "Cathode Temperature Management During Hybrid System Startup." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2010-33121.

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Management of air flow through the cathode of a hybrid Solid Oxide Fuel Cell/Gas Turbine generation system is of critical importance for the survival of the fragile fuel cell. The cell must be protected from excessive thermal gradients within each cell/stack and from pressure differences between the anode and cathode. While significant modeling of hybrid system performance has been done for the steady state case, only modest attention has been given to startup and shutdown of a hybrid system. Various researchers have performed modeling studies on SOFC during startup, and have concluded that thermal ramp-up times can require anywhere from less than one hour to more than four hours to avoid thermal shock and potential destruction of the fuel cells. For hybrid systems employing single spool turbine/compressor systems, gradual ramping will be difficult because the rotating components must be brought up to full operating speed quickly to avoid stalling the compressor. This paper proposes a strategy for accommodation of the conflicting startup constraints using both experimental data from the NETL HyPer system and simulation approaches.
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DONALDSON, A., and M. KRISTIANSEN. "An assessment of erosion resistant cathode materials with potential application in high power electric propulsion devices." In 25th Joint Propulsion Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1989-2515.

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Wang, Chunmei, and Shinichi Hirano. "Method to Enhance Fuel Cell Powertrain System Robustness by Reducing Cathode Potential during Start-Up Condition." In WCX™ 17: SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-1186.

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Shaffer, James, Saeid Zare, and Omid Askari. "Structure and Measurement of Atmospheric and High-Pressure Ignition Plasma." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-73138.

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Abstract Experiments are conducted to understand atmospheric spark ignition process in more detail. The research done relates the electrical energy dissipated across the spark gap to the measured schlieren ignition volume. The result is the supplied electrical thermal energy. The study provides insight into the structure of plasma and the mechanisms which convert electrical power into heat. The research is done to support laminar burning speed calculations to increase accuracy and extend diagnostic techniques to conditions otherwise immeasurable. Typically, plasma measurements are taken via a Langmuir probe. However, for the automotive ignition plasma, this measurement technique is challenging because of the transient nature, high pressure, and temperatures involved. Therefore, several alternative techniques will be used in order to find the potential distribution of the plasma and unveil the structure of the plasma more specifically the cathode fall. Three different voltage measurements are taken in order to capture the cathode fall of the plasma. One method simply measures the potential using a high voltage probe. This method may be inaccurate because of the presence of charged ions, however, these results are compared to non-intrusive measurements where voltage data is extrapolated over various gaps sizes to zero length. It is generally agreed that the desired measurement for this work, the cathode fall, remain constant and depends on the composition of the gas and the electrode. Therefore, changing the system input power and the gap will only change the voltage drop across the bulk plasma. The linear change in voltage potential through variation of testing parameters like gap length can then be extrapolated to zero length of the bulk plasma or minimum energy value which should be equal the value of cathode fall and bulk plasma potential respectively. It was found that after excluding systemic losses such as electrical resistance and ignition coil inefficiencies, the primary loss within the plasma gap is the potential drop across the cathode sheath. Excluding the loss in the cathode fall results in a measured electrical data that is responsible for thermal discharge. In order to highlight the findings, electrical discharge energy is compared to the volume of the heated gas kernel in atmospheric air. Removal of the cathode fall data will show that the energy is proportional to the volume of heated gas whereas, before the change in energy dissipation between glow and arc plasmas prevented this relationship from being visible. The data and methods discussed in this research provides the means to determine the thermal energy of ignitions and sparks even when the spark is inaccessible or obscured. Further work will be done utilizing the power measurement found in this work in a model to predict the affected thermal spark volume. It is also proposed that further validation of the proposed measured electrical thermal energy should be compared to the energy measured with a calorimeter to determine any other inefficiencies in the plasma discharge process. Additionally, the experimentation done observes the cathode fall of only glow plasma, Additional work should be done to find the cathode fall of arc plasma.
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Reports on the topic "POTENTIAL CATHODE"

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Rossi, Ruggero, David Jones, Jaewook Myung, Emily Zikmund, Wulin Yang, Yolanda Alvarez Gallego, Deepak Pant, et al. Evaluating a multi-panel air cathode through electrochemical and biotic tests. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46320.

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To scale up microbial fuel cells (MFCs), larger cathodes need to be developed that can use air directly, rather than dissolved oxygen, and have good electrochemical performance. A new type of cathode design was examined here that uses a “window-pane” approach with fifteen smaller cathodes welded to a single conductive metal sheet to maintain good electrical conductivity across the cathode with an increase in total area. Abiotic electrochemical tests were conducted to evaluate the impact of the cathode size (exposed areas of 7 cm², 33 cm², and 6200 cm²) on performance for all cathodes having the same active catalyst material. Increasing the size of the exposed area of the electrodes to the electrolyte from 7 cm² to 33 cm² (a single cathode panel) decreased the cathode potential by 5%, and a further increase in size to 6200 cm² using the multi-panel cathode reduced the electrode potential by 55% (at 0.6 A m⁻²), in a 50 mM phosphate buffer solution (PBS). In 85 L MFC tests with the largest cathode using wastewater as a fuel, the maximum power density based on polarization data was 0.083 ± 0.006Wm⁻² using 22 brush anodes to fully cover the cathode, and 0.061 ± 0.003Wm⁻² with 8 brush anodes (40% of cathode projected area) compared to 0.304 ± 0.009Wm⁻² obtained in the 28 mL MFC. Recovering power from large MFCs will therefore be challenging, but several approaches identified in this study can be pursued to maintain performance when increasing the size of the electrodes.
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Boris Merinov, Adri van Duin, Sossina Haile, and William A. Goddard III. REACTIVE FORCE FIELDS FOR Y-DOPED BaZrO3 ELECTROLYTE AND NI-ANODE. POTENTIAL CATHODE MATERIALS FOR APPLICATION IN PROTON CERAMIC FUEL CELLS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/836617.

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Kiefner. L51606 Technique Development for Polarized Pipe-to-Soil Potential Measurements. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010103.

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In the recent past years there has been a considerable amount of effort devoted to developing methods and instruments to correct measured pipe-to-soil potentials for IR drops that may occur from currents (from the cathodic protection system or stray sources) in the soil to obtain the polarized potential. However, many of the methods or instruments available are either time-consuming, cumbersome to use in the field, applicable to only certain types of cathodic protection systems and under particular circumstances, subject to influences from stray current sources or not fully developed as of yet. Thus, there is a need to develop a practical method of determining the polarized pipe potential free of IR drop errors. This report examines and compares seven available methods for measuring polarized potential and describes the advantages and disadvantages of each. The following methods for measuring polarized potential were evaluated: (1) pipe-to-soil measurements with cathodic protection; (2) pipe-to-soil measurements with interrupted cathodic protection (also called instant-off); (3) measurements based on rectifier AC waveform analysis; (4) stepped current reduction; (5) a four-terminal network; (6) extrapolation to zero resistance (IR drop); and (7) a combination of DC/AC transverse measurements.
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Thompson, N. G., and K. M. Lawson. PR-186-9126-R01 Evaluation of Commercial Systems for Measuring Cathodic Protection. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), April 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011921.

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The objective of this research was to provide an evaluation of commercially available CP survey equipment used for measuring off-potentials on a pipeline. The objective was accomplished by a series of field evaluations on operating pipelines designed to provide a wide range of conditions for evaluating the instrumentation. The primary incentive for this research was to provide the participating PRC members with an evaluation of the off-potential measurement systems commercially available, such that a basis is established for considering and selecting the most appropriate equipment for their particular application.
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Thompson and Lawson. L51888 Development of Coupons for Monitoring Cathodic Protection Systems. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010179.

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The use of coupons has been discussed and utilized for some time and is more prevalent in Europe than in the United States. Externally buried coupons have been utilized for different reasons including corrosion rate measurements, but their primary use has been for monitoring the effectiveness of a CP system. A detailed review of coupon studies is presented below. Renewed interest in the coupon technology was prompted by several studies performed by CC Technologies for PRCI that examined the use of off-potential measurements for evaluating the effectiveness of the CP system. These studies examined possible errors in the off-potential measurements including: Potential transients following the interruption of the CP system (spiking phenomenon). Interference due to multiple pipelines in the same right-of-way. Errors caused by long-line currents. Errors in monitoring local pipe conditions due to averaging large areas of pipe when making ground level pipe-to-soil potential measurements. In addition to the above studies which show conditions for which the off-potential measurements may not accurately represent the conditions locally on the pipe surface, a relatively common condition is the inability to interrupt all sources of the CP current on pipelines in congested areas or those structures with sacrificial anode cathodic protection directly bonded to the structure. Interpretation of pipe-to-soil potentials is made more difficult in areas of stray and/or telluric current activity. Therefore, there is a desire to utilize coupons as a more general tool for evaluating the level of CP. The areas targeted in this study are those areas for which the off-potential measurements are either difficult to perform or to interpret and for which a better means is needed for monitoring the CP level of the structure. Beginning in 1992, PRCI funded a program for the development, proof of concept, and evaluation of the coupon technology as applied to monitoring cathodic protection effectiveness on underground pipelines. The objectives for this project were: To provide a proof of concept for the use of coupons as a method to monitor the effectiveness of CP without interruption of the CP System. (Phase I). To establish guidelines for the use of coupons as a monitoring methodology for determining the level of protection on a pipeline. (Phase II). To provide a better understanding of the relationship between the coupon and the surface condition of the pipe. (Phase III). To quantify the technology such that it can be used as an alternative to conventional monitoring practices, specifically as a means of applying an acceptable criteria for CP. (Phase III). The scope of work included laboratory tests involving large soil boxes containing simulated coated-pipe segments with full size coupon test stations, finite element modeling of coupons near the pipe, full scale pipe tests at the Sugar Grove Test Facility and CC Technologies' Dublin, Ohio Pipe Test Facility, and test sites on operating pipelines throughout the United States.
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Barlo, Thomas. L51502 Investigation of Side-Drain Potential for Cathodic Protection of Bare Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), June 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011425.

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The objectives of this research are: - To determine the relationships between ground-level potential distribution and net cathodic current picked up on a bare pipeline, and - To verify those findings in the field. The research was conducted in two tasks. In Task 1, computer code calculations were performed for selected conditions to examine the relation between ground-level potentials and the current direction and magnitude at the pipe surface for cathodic protection current impressed on a bare pipeline from a distributed-anode, or remote-anode system. In Task 2, measurements were made on a 20-inch diameter bare pipeline in Charleston, West Virginia, and a 10-inch diameter bare pipeline near Hurricane, West Virginia to verify the computer code calculations.
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Yunovich and Tossey. L52128 Effect of High CP Potentials on Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), November 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011111.

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This effort included an experimental program to evaluate high cathodic protection on the impact to coatings and high hydrogen potentially damaging the steel. Pipe (X65) with and without hardspots were evaluated.
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Gummow. L51908 AC Grounding Effects on Cathodic Protection Performance in Pipeline Stations.pdf. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010269.

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Most AC powered equipment at pipeline stations and at motorized valve sites isrequired, by code, to be electrically grounded to one or more ground electrodes. These grounding systems are normally electrically bonded to the AC power distribution grid, which can be quite extensive. Piping, either intentionally or inadvertently, is often connected to the AC electrical grounding grid in pipeline stations. Grounding grid conductors are usually bare and composed of copper or tinned copper, and ground rod materials can consist of a wide variety of metals such as copper-clad steel, carbon steel, stainless steel, galvanized steel, and galvanic anode alloys of zinc and magnesium. The interconnection of these grounding materials to the piping can increase the current requirements of the cathodic protection system, distort the current distribution pattern and complicate the accurate measurement of the pipe potentials. Benefit: The primary objective of this research project was to assess the impact of various types of grounding materials on the performance and testing of cathodic protection systems. The two major issues in this regard were the effects on current requirements and the accuracy of pipe-to-soil potential measurements. In addition, some related issues investigated as follows:the electrical resistance of each groundrod-to-earth was to be measured to determine whether or not there were any changes in the resistance-to-earth as a result cathodic polarization;the potential of galvanized steel was to be measured with increasing zinc consumption to determine if there is a well defined relationship between potential and zinc consumption; the National Electrical Code (NEC) was to be reviewed with respect to the insertion of AC coupling/DC isolating devices in series between the piping and the electrical grounding network. The results of this investigation were intended toprovide information to design more effective cathodic protection facilities for piping in pipeline stations having electrical grounding systems, anddetermine whether or not the resistance of the electrical grounding system increases as a result of receiving cathodic protection, andrecommend pipe-to-soil potential survey techniques to maximize measurement accuracy in the presence of an AC grounding grid, andevaluate the use of DC isolators/AC couplers to interconnect the piping to either the secondary or primary AC grounding system.
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9

Gummow. L52106 Cathodic Protection Gap Analysis. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011098.

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This report contains the results of a review of the cathodic protection research literature on pipelines, published over the last 20 years, with the primary objective to identify areas of cathodic protection technology that require further research efforts. Over 100 research reports and papers were examined, most of which were PRCI sponsored projects. The summary, conclusions, and recommendations of the research reports are included in key word searchable form. A synopsis of the more significant projects is included along with reasoned recommendations for additional research on 15 topics summarized in typical PRCI request-for-proposal format. The recommended research projects, some of which overlap, cover the following areas of interest: development of CP design models, CP design fundamentals such as criteria, current distribution, and current requirements, pipeline potential measurement techniques, stray current interference, and cathodic disbondment/shielding of protective coatings.
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10

Song, Frank. PR-015-0835-R01 Development of Variable Cathodic Protection Criteria. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), October 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010716.

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Abstract:
The CP criteria for buried piping systems are not consistent in different global CP standards. For instance, the standard of the International Standard Organization (ISO) and the European standard (EN) offer more specific CP criteria with respect to environmental conditions such as soil resistivity, aeration, presence of bacteria, pipe temperature and overprotection. However, they do not have the -850 mV on-potential criterion contained in the NACE Standard SP 0169-2007. The Australian National Standard (SAA) recommends the use of coupons or an electrical resistance (ER) probe in conjunction with the -850 mV off-potential or the 100 mV polarization criterion, which was not included in the above standards. Based on operators� experience, the current CP criteria in the NACE Standard SP 169-2007 may not always assure that pipes are effectively protected and some pipe/soil environments may require alternative criteria such as those in other global standards. This effort aimed to collect and analyze available global CP criteria and data to better understand why and when the NACE Standard SP0169 criteria are effective. By compiling and reviewing global CP criteria along with field and laboratory data, the report provides recommendations on evaluation of the -850 mV on-potential criterion, the -850 mV off-potential criterion, the potential criteria in high resistivity soils, the 100 mV polarization criterion, and CP criteria with elevated temperatures and bacteria. It also discusses how the joint use of monitoring and inspection devices with the effective use of CP criteria may affect how appreciate the significance of CP criteria in pipeline external corrosion control and the overall pipeline integrity management. Significant research is still needed to understand the effectiveness of CP criteria from a fundamental perspective. Mathematical modeling of a pipeline CP system with consideration of both the temporal and spatial variations of the pipe potential and corrosion rate and solution chemistry near the pipe surface should be performed. This would provide a broad understanding of the effectiveness of CP criteria from both macro and micro scales.
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