Academic literature on the topic 'Poteaux plantés'

Cette étude s’est déroulée dans une plan- tation forestière en Amérique centrale, proche de la ville de Diriamba au Nica- ragua, où des plantations de teck sur 48,9 ha, dans une zone de reboisement de 76,5 ha, sont renouvelées depuis 2006 (2006 : 7,90 ha ; 2007 : 13,63 ha ;2008 : 11,93 ha ; 2009 : 12,87 ha ; 2010 :21,70 ha). Cette plantation sort de l’ordi- naire du fait de l’espacement de 1 x 1 m des arbres et des facteurs écologiques limitants de cette zone tropicale aride. L’espacement de 1 x 1 m a été choisi pour favoriser la croissance en hauteur et obtenir ainsi des tiges de haute taille, et pour limiter les ramifications afin d’éviter la formation de houppiers importants. Cela permet de démarrer une production de poteaux de teck, adaptés à certaines constructions, dès la première coupe d’éclaircissement. Les paramètres de croissance des tecks (hauteur, circonfé- rence) ont été mesurés dans les placettes expérimentales mises en place en 2011. Des données complémentaires (morta- lité, arbres cassés ou tordus) ont égale- ment été relevées. Une méthodologie de terrain a été développée et les résultats restitués sous forme de tableaux et gra- phiques. Une évaluation statistique des paramètres de croissance a été menée à partir des mesures prises sur les placettes expérimentales délimitées dans la planta- tion. Les jeunes arbres plantés la même année ont été comparés selon leur prove- nance en termes de hauteur, de circonfé- rence, de productivité et de mortalité. Au total, 10 955 arbres sur 143 placettes ont été mesurés. Sur ces peuplements de 1 à 5 ans d’âge, le bois sur pied total est estimé à 1 287,89 m3, la masse moyenne de bois à l’hectare à 17,89 m3, la hauteur moyenne des peuplements à 3,03 m et la circonférence moyenne à hauteur de poitrine à 2,74 cm. Les arbres cassés représentent 5,64 %, les arbres tordus 5,66 % et la mortalité moyenne s’établit à 21,48 %.

Orchid plants collected from different nurseries were tested for Cymbidium Mosaic Virus (CYMV), Odontoglossum ring spot virus (ORSV), Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV), Potex virus and Poty virus with Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Positive samples were tested for presence of Cymbidium Mosaic Virus and ORSV, Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV), Potex Virus and Poty virus through transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In this comparative study, compared to other virus Cymbidium Mosaic Virus (CYMV) infected more, in Dendrobium orchids than Odontoglossum ring spot virus (ORSV), Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV), Potex virus, Poty virus.

Expansion and intensification of global trade in horticultural plants has increased the risk of spread of new alien pathogen species in the EU. Alien species of pathogenic viruses and viroids in horticultural plants have been introduced into Finland in infected plant material (plants, seedlings, cuttings, tubers, seeds). By 1997, about 30 virus species of horticultural plants had been detected in Finland. We aimed at compiling emerging new virus and viroid records during 1997-2010. Eight new viruses belonging to tospo-, potex-, poty-, tymo-, ilar- and allexiviruses were detected in horticultural plants: four occurred in greenhouse crops, two in vegetables and two in garden ornamentals outdoors. Five new findings of viroids were made in ornamental and vegetable greenhouse crops during 2008-2009. More rapid and accurate diagnostic methods have contributed to identifying new alien pathogens. Global trade seems to be the main reason for the introduction of the newest virus and viroid pathogens into Finland.;

A queda natural de frutos maduros da bananeira, resultado da separação individual de frutos da coroa da penca, também chamada despencamento, é uma característica indesejável, que pode limitar o lançamento de uma nova cultivar. O fruto destacado da penca tem vida de prateleira reduzida, além de não demonstrar boa aparência aos olhos do consumidor. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram quantificar a suscetibilidade à queda natural dos frutos de bananeiras de grupos genômicos e ploidias diferentes, e identificar correlações entre a queda natural e diversas características físicas dos frutos. Foram utilizados 37 genótipos de bananeiras. De acordo com análise de variância e teste de Scott-Knott, os resultados evidenciaram a alta resistência ao despencamento dos genótipos pertencentes ao grupo genômico BB (Butuhan, Piraí e BB França), Terra (AAB), Poteau Nain (tipo figo) (ABB) e Thap Maeo (AAB), enquanto Prata-Anã (AAB), Grande Naine (AAA), Ambrósia (AAAA), Ouro (AA) e FHIA 18 (AAAB) obtiveram valores intermediários de resistência ao despencamento. Com relação às bananeiras suscetíveis, destacam-se os híbridos melhorados Pioneira (AAAB), YB42-21 (AAAB), Buccaneer (AAAA) e Calypso (AAAA) e a cultivar Ouro da Mata (AAAB). Verificou-se associação de 74% entre a firmeza do fruto e a resistência ao despencamento. Os estudos de grupos genômicos e ploidias indicaram maior resistência ao despencamento das bananeiras pertencentes ao grupo BB e dos genótipos triplóides ABB e AAB.

Stunting, chlorosis, and light yellow mottling resembling symptoms of nutrient deficiency were observed in angelonia (Angelonia angustifolia) in commercial production in New York. Numerous, filamentous particles 520 to 540 nm long and spherical virus particles 30 nm in diameter were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in negatively stained partially purified extracts of symptomatic Angelonia leaf tissue. Two viruses, the filamentous potexvirus Alternanthera mosaic virus (AltMV) and the spherical carmovirus Angelonia flower break virus (AnFBV) were subsequently identified on the basis of nucleotide sequence analysis of amplicons generated by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using total RNA isolated from infected leaf tissue. A 584-bp portion of the replicase-encoding region of the AltMV genome was obtained with the degenerate primers Potex 2RC (5′-AGC ATR GNN SCR TCY TG-3′) and Potex 5 (5′-CAY CAR CAR GCM AAR GAT GA-3′) (3). Forward (AnFBV CP 1F-5′-AGC CTG GCA ATC TGC GTA CTG ATA-3′) and reverse (AnFBV CP 1R-5′-AAT ACC GCC CTC CTG TTT GGA AGT-3′) primers based on the published AnFBV genomic sequence (GenBank Accession No. NC_007733) were used to amplify a portion of the viral coat protein (CP) gene. The nucleotide sequence of the amplicon generated using the potexvirus-specific primers (GenBank Accession No. EU679362) was 99% identical to the published AltMV (GenBank Accession No. NC_007731) sequence and the nucleotide sequence of the amplicon obtained using the AnFBV CP primers was 99% identical to the published AnFBV genomic sequence (GenBank Accession No. EU679363). AnFBV occurs widely in angelonia (1) and AltMV has been identified in phlox (2). These data confirm the presence of AltMV and AnFBV in diseased angelonia plants showing stunting and nutrient deficiency-like symptoms and substantiates, to our knowledge, this first report of AltMV in angelonia in the United States. References: (1) S. Adkins et al. Phytopathology 96:460, 2006. (2) J. Hammond et al. Arch. Virol. 151:477, 2006. (3) R. A. A. van der Vlugt and M. Berendeson. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 108:367, 2002.

Abstract. Utina R, Katili AS, Lapolo N, Dangkua T. 2019. Short Communication: The composition of mangrove species in coastal area of Banggai District, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 840-846. The mangrove ecosystem possesses unique ecological functions. This research is one part of the activities to prepare reports on mangrove condition in Banggai District, Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The objectives of this study were to explore the composition of mangrove species and mangrove zoning in coastal area of Banggai. The data were collected by survey method spread within 16 spots, with a total area of 7,387 hectares. The data were analyzed with descriptive qualitative methods. The results showed that there were 32 families of mangrove plants in Banggai, classified into 53 species, consisting of 25 true mangrove species and 28 associated mangrove species. An endangered species of mangrove was found, i.e., Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea. This endangered species was found only in Tingki-tingki Village and Uwedikan Village (Balean and Potean Island) of Banggai. The pattern of mangrove zoning within the research site follows the pattern of mangrove zoning commonly found all over Indonesia. The Rhizophoraceae family (Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora stylosa, Rhizophora lamarchii and Ceriops tagal) was found more often than the other families in study site. It means that the Rhizophoraceae family had wide distribution area within site.

Sugarcane striate mosaic (ScSM)-affected sugarcane leaves contain a disease-associated 9-kilobase (kb) double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), usually together with 6- and 2.6-kb dsRNAs. The purified 9-kb dsRNA was amplified by the randomly primed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cloned. The nucleotide sequences of three separate regions, representing about 2.55 kb (28%) of the dsRNA sequence, were found to have significant similarities to viruses in the genera Capillo-, Carla-, Fovea-, Potex-, Poty-, Tricho-, and Tymovirus. Greatest overall similarity was found to apple stem pitting virus, with less similarity to blueberry scorch virus and potato virus M. A standard virus purification procedure was used to identify slightly flexuous filamentous particles that copurified with the disease-associated RNA. Particle modal lengths were approximately 950 and 1,900 nm with a diameter of 15 nm. Preparations contained a 51-kDa putative capsid protein and a 9-kb single-stranded RNA with a probable 3′ polyadenylate tract. These ScSM-associated virus particles differ physically from viruses in existing genera because of their relative rigidity, length, and putative coat protein size. Reverse-transcription PCR with a primer pair designed from the sequenced segments amplified a 820-base pair fragment from ScSM-affected but not healthy sugarcane plants.

L’étude des bâtiments en terre et bois des agglomérations du Second âge du Fer (IIIe-Ier s. av. n. è.) de Gaule interne (hors littoral méditerranéen) a permis de construire une réflexion autour de deux thématiques de recherche à la fois peu investies et complémentaires. Les nombreux débats concernant la caractérisation de ces habitats agglomérés et leur éventuel statut urbain m’ont amené à développer une approche croisée dans le cadre de ce doctorat. L’objectif a ainsi été de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension du phénomène d’urbanisation et des caractéristiques des agglomérations (oppida et agglomérations ouvertes) à travers une étude fine de l’architecture, permettant de préciser dans quelle mesure les formes architecturales sont révélatrices mais également vectrices de dynamiques socioéconomiques particulières. L’étude technique de 339 bâtiments, provenant de 39 agglomérations, s’est appuyée sur une méthodologie rigoureuse et originale. Celle-ci combine l’analyse des divers types de vestiges architecturaux et des dynamiques taphonomiques intégrant à la fois la documentation archéologique et ethnographique. Si une grande partie de ces constructions est constituée de poteaux plantés, une place privilégiée a été accordée aux architectures en pan de bois et à l’usage de pièces de contreventement obliques. Ces traditions architecturales ont ensuite été intégrées dans une recherche plus globale, considérant à la fois l’organisation spatiale des agglomérations, les usages des bâtiments et les statuts sociaux de leurs occupant·e·s, ainsi que les différences avec l’architecture rurale. Un modèle interprétatif, tenant compte du contexte environnemental et de toute la complexité de ces agglomérations, a ainsi été proposé. Une partie au moins de ces habitats groupés serait caractérisée par la mise en œuvre d’économies et de gestions rationnelles du bois d’œuvre et de la construction, par le développement de réseaux d’artisans ainsi que par des adaptations des modèles architecturaux à l’urbanisme et au degré d’urbanisation
The study of the earthen and wooden buildings of the Late Iron Age agglomerations (3rd-1st century BC) of inner Gaul (except the Mediterranean coast) allows to develop a reflection around two research topics both little invested and complementary. Many debates concerning the characterisation of these grouped settlements and their possible urban status have thus led me to develop an interdisciplinary approach in this PhD. The aim was therefore to contribute to a better understanding of the urbanisation process and of the agglomerations (oppida and open agglomerations) features through a detailed study of architecture, allowing to define how architectural forms reveal and convey particular socio-economic dynamics. The technical study of 339 buildings, from 39 agglomerations, was based on a strict and original methodology: this combines the analysis of various types of architectural remains and taphonomic dynamics integrating both archaeological and ethnographic documentation. While a large part of these constructions is made up of earthfast posts, a significant place was given to timber-framed architecture and the use of diagonal braces. These architectural traditions were then integrated into a more global research, considering at the same time the spatial organisation of agglomerations, the use of buildings and the social status of their inhabitants, as well as the differences between rural architecture and that of grouped settlements. An interpretative model, taking into account the environmental context and all the complexity of Late Iron Age agglomerations, has thus been proposed. At least part of these grouped settlements would be characterised by the development of economies and rational management of timber and construction, craftsmen networks as well as by adaptations of architectural models to urban planning and urbanisation degree