Journal articles: 'Potassium nitrate|sub'

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Dwiyono, Kisroh, and Maman Abdurachman Djauhari. "Effect of Potassium Nitrate (KNO₃) on Indonesian Konjac Productivity." Universal Journal of Agricultural Research 9, no. 2 (March 2021): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/ujar.2021.090202.

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Guzii, Sergii G., Ihar Bazhelka, Volodymyr Romaniuk, and Svitlana Davydivna Lapovska. "Influence of Nitrate Species ANO3 and ANO3·nH2O on Physico-Mechanical Properties of the Aluminosilicate Adhesives for Wood and Wooden Structures." Solid State Phenomena 325 (October 11, 2021): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.325.143.

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The article presents the results of studies of the effect of lithium, sodium, potassium and ammonium nitrates on the physical and mechanical properties of aluminosilicate adhesives intended for gluing wood and structures based on them. Nitrates were introduced into the aluminosilicate adhesive of composition Na2O·Al2O3·6SiO2·20H2O in amounts of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 wt. %. Changes in the shear strength along the fibers of substrates made of pine, beech, and oak wood were studied after 7 and 28 days of hardening of aluminosilicate adhesives in vivo. It is shown that for gluing pine wood it is most expedient to use adhesives containing lithium nitrate, potassium nitrate and ammonium nitrate is within 1.5 wt. %, the shearing strength along the fibers after 28 days of hardening is 1.7-1.8 times higher than the strength of the adhesive without additives. For gluing beech wood, it is most advisable to use adhesives containing potassium and ammonium nitrate in an amount of 1.5 wt. %, the shearing strength along the fibers after 28 days of hardening is 1.5 times lower than the strength of the adhesive without additives. For gluing oak wood, it is most advisable to use adhesives containing lithium nitrate, potassium nitrate and ammonium nitrate in amounts of 0.5 and 1.5 wt. %, the shear strength along the fibers increases by 1.3-1.5 times for 7 and 28 days of hardening compared to the strength of the adhesive without additives. According to the degree of influence on strength, modifying additives can be ranked in the series LiNO3×3H2O>KNO3>NH4NO3>NaNO3.

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Turan, Metin, and Yildrum Sezen. "Nitrate reductase activity in cabbage (Brassica oleracae var. capitata) seedlings affected by the different nitrogen fertilizer forms." Acta Agrobotanica 57, no. 1-2 (2013): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2004.004.

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The effect of different nitrogen fertilizer (potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, urea and farmyard manure) on nitrate reductase activity in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) seedlings were studied. pH of the plant growth niedia was higher in the nitrate fertilizer treatment than the ammonium and other fertilizer forms. NO3--N application increased NRA in plant, but NH4+-N decreased NRA in plant. Harvesting date and different fertilizer doses increased NRA while NH4+-N decreased plant nitrate uptake. There was a significant relationship between NRA and fertilizer types.

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Buczek, J. "Ammonium and potassium effect on nitrate assimilation in cucumber seedlings." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 48, no. 2 (2015): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1979.014.

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The effect of ammonium present in the induction medium toghether with nitrate on the activity of nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), glutamic acid dehydrogenase (GDH) and absorption and accumulation of NO3- in cucumber seedlings were investigated. Maximum NR and NiR activity in the cotyledons was observed when seedlings were supplied with KNO3 as the sole source of nitrogen. When plants were supplied with NH4NO3 the presence of NH4+ in the induction medium repressed by about 50 per cent the activity of both reductases in the cotyledons. Addition of K+ to this medium abolished completely the inhibitory effect of NH4+. The effect of K+ cannot be replaced by that Na+ ions. On the other hand, ammonium has no effect on the level of NR activity in roots, while NiR was almost completely repressed. Under the experimental conditions ammonium, in the presence of nitrates, decreased the activity of GDH, but this diminution did not occur when the plants were supplied with K+ simultaneously. It has found that NH4+ ions reduced NO3- absorption but at the same time, the ratio of NO3- absorbed to that reduced was increased more than twice. The presumable mechanism of these phenomena is discussed.

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Feng, Nengjie, Jie Meng, Yang Wu, Chong Chen, Lei Wang, Lu Gao, Hui Wan, and Guofeng Guan. "KNO3 supported on three-dimensionally ordered macroporous La0.8Ce0.2Mn1−xFexO3 for soot removal." Catalysis Science & Technology 6, no. 9 (2016): 2930–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cy02025e.

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The KNO₃ supported on 3DOM La_0.8Ce_0.2Mn_1−xFe_xO₃ perovskites have been prepared and used for soot removal. The presence of potassium nitrate can accelerate the soot combustion at both low and high temperature. The catalysts exhibit high activities for soot combustion.

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Song, Menglu, Xiangui Yang, and Gongying Wang. "Preparation of polycarbonate diols (PCDLs) from dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and diols catalyzed by KNO3/γ-Al2O3." RSC Advances 8, no. 61 (2018): 35014–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra07141a.

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γ-Al₂O₃ loaded with potassium nitrate (KNO₃/Al₂O₃) catalysts were prepared, characterized and employed as a type of heterogenous solid base catalyst in the synthesis of polycarbonate (1,4-butane carbonate)-diol (PBC–OH) via the transesterification of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and 1,4-butanediol (BD).

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Kula, E., A. Pešlová, and P. Martinek. "Effects of nitrogen on growth properties and phenology of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth)." Journal of Forest Science 58, No. 9 (October 23, 2012): 391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/109/2011-jfs.

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Effects of stress caused by differentiated inputs of nitrogen after the application of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) on silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) were monitored in a greenhouse. The applied ammonium nitrate did not affect pH values but increased differently the content of nitrogen in soil and leaves. With increased inputs of nitrogen the height and diameter increment of birch also decreased, budbreak was delayed and the autumn leaf-fall slowed down. Frost heaving of shoots occurred particularly in the lower half of the birch stem. With the increasing content of nitrogen in leaves the content of phosphorus decreased and the level of potassium increased.

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Borowski, Edward, and Sławomir Michałek. "The effect of foliar feeding of potassium salts and urea in spinach on gas exchange, leaf yield and quality." Acta Agrobotanica 62, no. 1 (2012): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2009.018.

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In a pot experiment conducted in a phytotron, the effectiveness of foliar feeding of different potassium salts, with and without the addition of 0.5% CO(NH2)2, in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) was investigated. Potassium was applied 3 times in the form of 1% solutions KCl, KNO3, K2SO4 and C6H5K3O7•H2O, compared to water as the control treatment. The obtained results show that foliar feeding of potassium salts in spinach is an efficient method of supplementing the level of K+ in plants during vegetation. Plants fed with KNO3 had the highest content of potassium in leaves, and those fertilized with K2SO4, C6H5K3O7 × H2O and KCl had an only slightly lower potassium content. The application of potassium salts resulted in more intensive gas exchange in leaves (stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, transpiration) and, as a consequence of that, increased leaf yield. Potassium nitrate and citrate influenced most effectively the abovementioned processes. The treatment of spinach with potassium salts resulted in an increased content of protein, chlorophyll, carotenoids, nitrates and iron as well as a decreased content of vitamin C and calcium in leaves.

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Tzortzakis, N. G. "Potassium and calcium enrichment alleviate salinity-induced stress in hydroponically grown endives." Horticultural Science 37, No. 4 (November 3, 2010): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1/2010-hortsci.

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Salinity either of soil or of irrigation water causes disturbance in plant growth and nutrient balance and reduces crop yields. The effects of NaCl salinity and/or calcium or potassium level on the plant growth and severity of gray mold (Botrytis cinerea [De Bary] Whetzel) were investigated in endive (Cichorium endivia L., cv. Green Curled) grown with the nutrient film technique under greenhouse conditions during early spring. Plants were supplied with nutrient solutions containing 40 mmol/l of sodium chloride (NaCl) and/or 10 mmol/l potassium sulphate (K2SO4). Additionally, plants treated with foliar spray of 15 mmol/l calcium nitrate [(CaNO3)2] or distilled water. Salinity or K- and Ca-enrichment mainly affected the upper part of endive plants and reduced leaf area. However, when salinity combined with either K- or Ca-enrichment, the negative impact of salinity on plant growth was reversed. Salinized and/or K- and Ca-enriched, plants did not differ in plant biomass, leaf/root ratio, leaf fresh weight, leaf number, and root length. Salinity did not have any impacts on photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular CO2 concentration. Indeed, photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance increased with Ca foliar application and decreased with K while the opposite effects were observed for the intercellular CO2 concentration. Total nutrient uptake was reduced 2-fold in salt-treated plants compared to controls. No symptoms of tip-burn or blackheart were recorded throughout the experimental study. Endive grown in the nutrient film technique had tolerance to NaCl salinity, and this method could be used to exploit saline water in soilless culture. These findings also suggest that a proper management of the salt concentration of the nutrient solution plus external elemental enrichment may provide an efficient tool to improve the quality of leafy vegetables with little effect on yield.

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Todorovic, Nikola, Valdemar Stajer, Aleksandra Milovancev, Danijela Musulin Banjanin, Milijana Celarevic, Laszlo Ratgeber, Jozsef Betlehem, et al. "The Effects of Nitrate-Based Nutritional Formula on Oxygen Saturation and Patient-Reported Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Current Topics in Nutraceutical Research 20, no. 4 (April 13, 2022): 720–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37290/ctnr2641-452x.20:720-724.

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The main objective of this randomized controlled trial was to analyze the acute effects of a nitrate-based nutritional formula on peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO₂), patient-reported outcomes, and safety indices in patients with acute COVID-19 infection. The participants completing the protocol for the trial (n = 71) were allocated in a double-blind design to receive either a multicomponent nutritional formula (containing 1200 mg of potassium nitrate, 200 mg of magnesium, 50 mg of zinc, and 1000 mg of citric acid), or a placebo (2.5 g of inulin) during a 72-h monitoring period. All participants were requested to take an intervention (four capsules; weight of each capsule was ~2.5 g) every 4 h during the intervention period. A two-way mixed model ANOVA with repeated measures revealed a significant difference in SpO₂ between interventions (P = 0.007). As many as 30 out of 38 patients (78.9%) receiving nitrate-based nutritional formula, who all started the treatment with SpO₂ ≤ 95%, finished the intervention with SpO₂ of at least 95% at 72-h follow-up, whereas in the placebo group, 13 patients out of 33 (39.4%) finished the trial with SpO₂ of at least 95% (P < 0.05). The hospital admission rate after the 72-h follow-up was 21.1% in patients receiving nitrate-based formula compared to 33.3% in the placebo group (P = 0.25). The nitrate-based formula might be recognized as a potent strategy to tackle hypoxemia and concomitant features of the COVID-19 pandemic. In conclusion, it appears that the novel nitrated-based nutritional formulation described here was able to improve oxygen saturation and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Although the exact mechanism of action remains unknown, the nitrate-based formula might be recognized as a potent, safe, and convenient strategy to tackle hypoxemia and concomitant features of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Milinskiy, A. Y., and S. V. Baryshnikov. "Stabilization of the ferroelectric phase of potassium nitrate in a (KNO₃)_0,9(NaNO₂)_0,1 double salt system." Ferroelectrics 600, no. 1 (November 18, 2022): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150193.2022.2115807.

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Habeeb, M. I., and B. H. Abdullah. "Effect of Spraying with Potassium and Kinetin on Specific Physiological and Productive Characteristics of Three Mungbean Genotypes (Vigna Radiata L.)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 904, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/904/1/012029.

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Abstract A field experiment was carried out in the fall season of 2019 in Anbar Governorate, Al-Khalidiya city, located at longitude °43.46 and latitude ° 33.41, in order to study the effect of foliar nutrition with three concentrations of potassium (0, 400, and 800 mg.L-1). Combined with, three concentrations of kinetin (0, 100, and 200 mg.L-1) on the physiological and productive characteristics of three Mungbean genotypes (Local Khadrawy, Green Indian VC6089A10, and Black Indian GOLDSTAR). The experiment was implementedby the arrangement of the split-split plot using the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. Thus, the genotypes represented the Main plots, and kinetin represented the Sub-plots, while potassium represented the Sub-subplots. The study findings showed that the potassium concentration of 800 mg K.L-1 gave the highest average for leaf area, potassium content in leaves, number of pods/plants, fertility percentage in pods, and seed yield. Whereas, the concentration of 400 mg K.L-1 gave the highest activity of nitrate reductaseenzyme (NR) and the highest average of the pod length. In the same role, the foliar nutrition with a concentration of kinetin 200 mg.L-1 achieved the highest potassium content in leaves and the highest activity of nitrate reductaseenzyme (NR). It also gave the highest average of the number of pods/plants, pod length, fertility percentage per pod, and seed yield per unit area. On the other hand, the local genotype was superior in the two characteristics of leaf area and the number of pods/plants, while the green Indian genotype was superior in the potassium content, NR enzyme activity, pod length, and seed yield, while the black Indian genotype was superior atfertility percentage per pod.

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HW, Scherer, E. Feils, and P. Beuters. "Ammonium fixation and release by clay minerals as influenced by potassium." Plant, Soil and Environment 60, No. 7 (July 2, 2014): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/202/2014-pse.

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It is postulated that stabilized ammonium fertilizers improve fertilizer-N utilization by crops, leading thus to higher yields with the same fertilizer rate, especially on sandy soils. However, it must be taken into consideration that in clayey soil at least a part of the NH4+ ions may be fixed by 2:1 clay minerals, thus delaying the effect of the N fertilizer. Because NH4+ and K+ have similar size and valence properties and therefore compete for the same non-exchangeable sites of 2:1 clay minerals, we investigated the influence of time and K+ application rate on both fixation and release of NH4+. Fixation of NH4+ ions was higher when K+ was applied after NH4+, while the influence of the K+ application rate was less pronounced. Mobilization of non-exchangeable NH4+ was retarded when K+ was applied at the high rate after NH4+. At the first harvest yield formation of ryegrass was neither influenced by the amount as well as the application time of K+, because plant available N was not growth limiting, while yield of the second harvest was significantly higher with the low K+ application rate after NH4+. After the second harvest the blocking effect of K+ on the release of non-exchangeable NH4+ was attenuated and the highest yields of the third cut were reached in the treatments with the high K+ application rate after NH4+. Total dry matter yield was highest when K+ was applied at the low rate after NH4+. Our results show that K+ governs fixation and release of non-exchangeable NH4+, which should be taken into consideration when applying ammonium containing N fertilizers like ammonium sulfate, ammonium sulfate nitrate and ENTEC. Thus K+ can affect N availability when N is applied as NH4+ in both the short and long term.

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GASHI, Bekim, Mirsade OSMANI, and Sali ALIU. "Breaking seed dormancy of Tulipa scardica Bornm. and Tulipa kosovarica Kit Tan, Shuka & Krasniqi by pre-chilling, plant growth regulators and some chemical treatments." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 113, no. 2 (July 29, 2019): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2019.113.2.1.

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Tulipa scardica and T. kosovarica are rare, endemic and endangered plants in Kosovo. This research was carried out to study the dormancy breaking treatment in Tulipa scardica and T. kosovarica seeds by pre-chilling and various concentration of potassium nitrate (KNO3), gibberellic acid (GA3), kinetin, thiourea and sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The experiment was conducted with untreated seeds (without stratification) and with stratified seeds (8 weeks) and treated with different concentration of some chemicals and plant growth regulators. Results showed that the final germination percentage (FGP) of seeds without stratification at both Tulipa plant species was zero, while germination was enhanced by pre-chilling (stratification) especially after treatment of these seeds by above mentioned treatments. Both Tulipa species showed an increase in mean germination time (MGT), an indication of slower germination, as different chemicals or plant growth regulators increased. Depending on treatments, germination was ranging from 80 % to 90 %, the maximum germination was detected in seeds treated with KNO3, GA3, and their combination, while the minimum germination in seeds without treatments and treated with thiourea. The conservation of these plants in botanic gardens by cultivation or propagation for commercial use as ornamental plants could give an effective contribution to the conservation of these plants. Abbreviations: KNO3 – potassium nitrate; GA3 - gibberellic acid; H2SO4 – sulfuric acid; FGP – final germination percentage; MGT – mean germination time

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Sobral, Fabio, Michael J. Silva, Thalita Canassa, Além-Mar Goncalves, and Cícero Cena. "PVDF/KNO3 Composite Sub-Microfibers Produced by Solution Blow Spinning as a Hydrophobic Matrix for Fertilizer Delivery System." Polymers 14, no. 5 (March 1, 2022): 1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14051000.

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Nutrient supplementation is a common practice in agriculture to increase crop productivity in the field. This supplementation is usually excessive, causing nutrient leaching in periods of rainfall leading to environmental problems. To overcome such issues, many studies have been devoted to developing polymeric matrices for the controlled and continuous release of nutrients, reducing losses, and keeping plants nourished for as long as possible. However, the release mechanism of these matrices is based on water diffusion. They start immediately for swellable polymeric matrices, which is not interesting and also may cause some waste, because the plant only needs nutrition only after the germination process. Here, as proof of concept, we tested a hydrophobic polymeric matrix based on sub-microfibers mats, produced by solution blow spinning, filled with potassium nitrate (KNO3) for the controlled release of nutrients to plants. In this work, we used the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer to produce composite nanofibers containing pure potassium nitrate in the proportion of 10% weight. PVDF/KNO sub-microfibers mats were obtained with 370 nm average diameter and high occurrence of beads. We performed a release test using PVDF/KNO3 mats in a water bath. The release kinetic tests showed an anomalous delivery mechanism, but the composite polymeric fibrous mat showed itself to be a promising alternative to delay the nutrient delivery for the plants.

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I. Mensah, Stephen, and Chimezie Ekeke. "Effects of Different Pretreatments and Seed Coat on Dormancy and Germination of Seeds of Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby (Fabaceae)." International Journal of Biology 8, no. 2 (March 9, 2016): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijb.v8n2p77.

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The seed dormancy of Senna obtusifolia was investigated through various methods, namely pretreatments in concentrated sulfuric acid, 2% potassium nitrate (KNO3), 99% ethanol, 99% methanol, and in hydrogen perioxide; examination of the seed coverings; and the determination of water uptake by the seeds in order to ascertain the most effective technique for breaking dormancy and also determine the dormancy type. The results showed that sulfuric acid treatment recorded the highest germination (100%); followed by 2% hydrogen peroxide treatment (24%) in 15minutes immersion. The methanol and ethanol pretreatments gave 18.33% and 16.5% germinations respectively. Pretreatment in 2% potassium nitrate gave the lowest germination (8.50%), while the intact seeds of S. obtusifiolia (control) gave 0% germination. The anatomy of the seed coat indicated the presence of hard, thickened and specialized cells of cuticle, macrosclereids, osteoscereids, and disintegrated parenchyma layers. The water uptake of intact seeds was low (13.5%) after 24 hr imbibitions. These findings revealed that the seed coat acts as barrier to germination by preventing water absorption, possibly gaseous diffusion in and out of the seed and conferring mechanical resistance to the protrusion of embryo. Pretreatments, such as immersion in H2SO4 will soften the seed coat and permit germination. Seed dormancy in S. obtusifolia can be considered of physical nature and classified as physical dormancy. The results obtained in this study may serve as useful information in the production and improvement of S. obtusifolia seedlings, as knowledge on seed dormancy and germination is a critical factor and requirements to the understanding of the propagation of this plant either in situ or ex-situ, in view of the economic potentials/attributes of this species.

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Kubik-Dobosz, Genowefa. "Aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes in cucumber roots as depending upon the mineral composition of the medium." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 50, no. 3 (2014): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1981.068.

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Aspartate aminotransferase (GOT) isoenzymes separated by means of electrophoresis on cellulose acetate gel were examined. Five GOT isoenzymes were discovered in cucumber roots after several days of their growth. The activity of these isoenzymes was dependent upon the mineral composition of the medium. If the medium did not contain nitrogen, isoenzymes 1, 3, and 4 showed only slight activity. Activity of all of the isoenzymes in the roots of seedlings assimilating NH4+ ions was higher than in the roots of seedlings assimilating N03- ions. Higher activity was observed in all of the isoemzymes in the nitrate or ammonium medium lacking calcium, while only some showed higher activity at the lack of potassium.

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Vigovskis, Janis, Aivars Jermuss, Agrita Svarta, and Daina Sarkanbarde. "The Changes of Nutrient Content in Soil in Long-term Fertilizer Experiments." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 2 (June 17, 2015): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2015vol2.624.

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The paper describes the influence of long term (more than 30 years) fertilizer application to the changes of soil properties and identifies the influence of different fertilization rates to phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium accumulation in soil.The research has been carried out at the Research Institute of Agriculture of Latvian University of Agriculture in the long-term subsurface drainage field established in Skrīveri in 1981 under the guidance of professor J. Štikāns. The long-term drainage field was established in the uncultivated gleyic sod-podzolic Hypostagnic Endogleyic Albeluvisol (Hypereutric), stw-ng-AB(he) loam that had not been used in agriculture for 20 years before. The experimental field was established with four rates of mineral fertilizers: without fertilizers, N45P30K45; N90P60K90 N135P90K135 calculated in form of P2O5 and K2O. Since 1994 a seven-year crop rotation has been organized: 1) winter triticale, 2) potatoes, 3) spring wheat, 4) spring oilseed rape, 5) spring barley + perennial grasses (red clover, timothy), 6) perennial grasses, 1st year of using, and 7) perennial grasses 2nd year of using. Mineral fertilizers were applied according to the anticipated rates of plant nutrient elements annually during the cultivation of soil before sowing. For winter cultivars the phosphorus as superphosphate and potassium as potassium chloride fertilizers were cultivated before the sowing in autumn and nitrogen in form of ammonium nitrate was applied the next spring at the beginning of vegetation and at the stage of tillering. During the vegetation period all the required common agro-technical measures were taken – treatment with herbicides, fungicides and insecticides.After 32 years of trial similar soil parameters showed significantly different content of nutrients related to the different level of fertilizer application. On a low background of fertilizers (N45P30K45) a small increase of mobile phosphorus in soil has only been observed in recent years. At the fertilizer rate N90P60K90 the content of available phosphorus and potassium in soil gradually begins to grow. Fertilization norm N135P90K135 caused a constant accumulation of nutrients in soil. In 30 years’ time the content of exchangeable phosphorus (calcium lactate – extractable) has increased more than 20 times (from 9 till 184 mg P2O5 kg-1) and exchangeable potassium (calcium lactate – extractable) has increased more than 4 times (from 64 till 223 mg K2O kg-1). There were no relation between different fertilizing rates and calcium and magnesium content in soil observed.

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Kishore, Medikondu, and Y. Hanumantharao. "Assessment of Water Pollution in Tipparthy Revenue Sub-Division, Nalgonda (District), Andhra Pradesh, India." E-Journal of Chemistry 7, s1 (2010): S587—S593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/482539.

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A systematic study has been carried out to explore the physicochemical characteristics of drinking water sources of Tipparthy revenue sub-division, Nalgonda (District), Andhra Pradesh, India. Totally 49 water samples were collected from the different locations (22 villages) of the study area including bore well, open well and hand pump water and analyzed for pH, EC, TDS, turbidity, total hardness, fluoride, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, sulphate, phosphates, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, Iron and dissolved oxygen. On an average, in almost all the samples, one or the other chemical constituent was beyond the permissible limits it was also concluded that water sources in the study area not fit for potability. Sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and water quality (WQI) studies indicate water available from all sources not fit for irrigation also. The study indicates the need for periodic monitoring of ground water in the study area.

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Vigovskis, Janis, Aivars Jermuss, Daina Sarkanbarde, and Agrita Svarta. "The Nutrient Concentration in Drainage Water in Fertilizer Experiments in Skriveri." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 2 (June 17, 2015): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2015vol2.277.

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The paper describes the influence of long term (more than 30 years) fertilizer application to nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium leaching through subsurface drainage in small experimental catchment. The effect of crop and cultivation practice on nutrient concentrations in drainage water is analyzed. This paper presents leaching data during 2011-2013 when spring oilseed rape (OSR), spring barley (SB) and perennial grasses (GC) were grown.The research has been carried out at the Research Institute of Agriculture of Latvian University of Agriculture in the long-term subsurface drainage field established in Skrīveri in 1981 under the guidance of professor J. Štikāns. The long-term drainage field was established in the uncultivated gleyic sod-podzolic Hypostagnic Endogleyic Albeluvisol (Hypereutric), stw-ng-AB(he) loam that had not been used in agriculture for 20 years before. The experimental field was established with four rates of mineral fertilizers: without fertilizers, N45P30K45; N90P60K90 N135P90K135 calculated in form of P2O5 and K2O. Since 1994 a seven-year crop rotation has been organized: 1) winter triticale, 2) potatoes, 3) spring wheat, 4) spring oilseed rape, 5) spring barley + perennial grasses (red clover, timothy), 6) perennial grasses, 1st year of using, and 7) perennial grasses 2nd year of using. The total area (1.6 ha) of the experimental field was divided into 16 plots (15x50 m). Each plot was supplied with a seepage tile drain at the depth of 80-100 cm and an inspection well for drain water sampling and measurement of total water amount.The nitrate nitrogen content in subsurface drain water was significantly affected by fertilizer rate and crop species. The concentration of nitrogen in drain water was significantly lower from non-fertilised plots than from other treatments and was considerably lower growing grass without autumn soil tillage than with conventional ploughing. Different fertilizer rates (applying 30, 60 or 90 kg ha-1 of phosphorus and no fertilizer) had no significant effect on phosphorus concentration in drain water. However, concentration of potassium in drain water depended remarkably (p<0.001) on fertilization rate and was lower from non-fertilized plots. Without autumn ploughing and providing vegetation potassium leaching was significantly lower. The use of fertilizers increased the subsurface water concentration of calcium and magnesium considerably.

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Çavuşoğlu, Kürşat, Sevilay Cadıl, and Dilek Çavuşoğlu. "Role of Potassium Nitrate (KNO₃) in Alleviation of Detrimental Effects of Salt Stress on Some Physiological and Cytogenetical Parameters in Allium cepa L." CYTOLOGIA 82, no. 3 (2017): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.82.279.

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Jelonkiewicz, Małgorzata, and Andrzej Borowy. "Growth and yield of cucumber under no-tillage cultivation using rye as a cover crop." Acta Agrobotanica 62, no. 1 (2012): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2009.017.

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In the first two years of study, method of cultivation did not affect the emergence of cucumber seedlings. In the third year, a drought occurring during the spring was the cause of poor seedling emergence on no-tilled plots. Six weeks after seed sowing, the shoots of cucumbers grown on the no-tilled plots were much shorter, especially in the last study year. At the time of cucumber seed sowing, no-tilled soil contained less phosphorus and potassium and in the middle of the fructification period the content of these elements in cucumber leaves was higher under no-tillage cultivation. Additional spring fertilization of rye with ammonium nitrate resulted in a higher N-NO3 content in soil and later in a higher nitrogen content of cucumber leaves. The content of calcium and magnesium in soil and than in cucumber leaves was independent of the cultivation method. In the first two years, method of cultivation did not affect the yield of cucumber fruits and in the third year the yield was much lower under no-tillage because of poor seedling emergence. Moreover, in the third year the fruits were smaller and dry matter content of the fruit was significantly higer under no-tillage cultivation.

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Kant, Shashi, Y. V. Singh, Lokesh Kumar Jat, R. Meena, and S. N. Singh. "Assessment of ground water quality of lahar block, Bhind district in Madhya Pradesh." International Journal of Advanced Geosciences 3, no. 2 (October 14, 2015): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijag.v3i2.4949.

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In sustainable groundwater study, it is necessary to assess the quality of groundwater in terms of irrigation purposes. The present study attempts to assess the groundwater quality through Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) in hard-rock aquifer system and sustainable water use in Lahar block, Bhind of district, Madhya Pradesh, India. The quality of ground water in major part of the study area is generally good. In order to understand the shallow groundwater quality, the water samples were collected from 40 tube wells irrigation water. The primary physical and chemical parameters like potential Hydrogen (pH), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), bicarbonate (HCO3-), carbonate (CO32-), chloride (Cl-), and nitrate (NO3-) were analyzed for (irrigation water quality index ) IWQI. The secondary parameters of irrigation groundwater quality indices such as Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Sodium Soluble Percentage (SSP), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Permeability Index (PI), and Kellies Ratio (KR) were also derived from the primary parameter for irrigation water quality index (IWQI). The IWQI was classified into excellent to unfit condition of groundwater quality based on their Water Quality Index (WQI). The IWQI (82.5%+15.0%) indicate that slightly unsustainable to good quality of ground water. Due to this quality deterioration of shallow aquifer, an immediate attestation requires for sustainable development.

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Ismuratov, Sabit, Aida Dukeyeva, Saniya Abiltaevna Tulkubayeva, and Yuriy Valerievich Tulayev. "Field interpretation of earth remote sensing data and ground field surveys in the Republic of Kazakhstan, Kostanay region in the pre-sowing season." E3S Web of Conferences 176 (2020): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017604001.

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The aim of the research is to carry out field and office work on conducting a sub-satellite survey on test sites of the Kostanay region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Grain-sowing districts of the Kostanay region were selected as the objects of examination: Karabalyk, Fedorov, Mendykara, Uzunkol, Sarykol, Altynsarin, Kostanay, Denisov, Karasu, Taranov, Zhitikara, Auliekol, Kamysty, Naurzum. The determination of the reserves of productive soil moisture in the 0-100 cm layer by control points (100 points) carried out in the pre-sowing season of 2019 showed that the soils are characterized by satisfactory and, for the most part, insufficient moisture. The fields fixed in the coordinate system were evaluated by five indicators - pH, humus, nitrate nitrogen (N-NO3), mobile phosphorus (P2O5), and exchange potassium (K2O). Most of the soils examined had a soil solution reaction that was neutral or close to neutral. In terms of humus content, soils of the Karabalyk, Fedorov, Uzunkol and Sarykol districts had an average degree of availability, which exceeded the indicators of other districts of the Kostanai region and depended on the type of soil. The content of the basic elements of plant nutrition - nitrogen and phosphorus - varied within various limits, and, to a large extent, was determined by the previous culture, tillage, fertilizer application, and climatic conditions of the year. The level of exchangeable potassium in the soils of the examined districts of the Kostanay region was characterized as elevated or very high.

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Timonen, H., M. Aurela, K. Saarnio, A. Frey, S. Saarikoski, K. Teinilä, M. Kulmala, and R. Hillamo. "Monitoring of inorganic ions, carbonaceous matter and mass in ambient aerosol particles with online and offline methods." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 4, no. 5 (October 28, 2011): 6577–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-4-6577-2011.

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Abstract. Year-long high timeresolution measurements of major chemical components in atmospheric sub-micrometer particles were conducted at an urban background station in Finland 2006–2007. Ions were analyzed using a particle-into-liquid sampler combined with an ion chromatograph (PILS-IC), organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC) by using a semicontinuos OC/EC aerosol carbon analyzer (RT-OCEC), and PM2.5 mass with a tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM). Long time series provides information on differences between the used measurement techniques as well as information about the diurnal and seasonal changes. Chemical mass closure was constructed by comparing the identified aerosol mass with the measured PM2.5. The sum of all components measured online (ions, particulate organic matter (POM), EC) represented only 65% of the total PM2.5 mass. The difference can be explained by the difference in cutoff sizes (PM1 for online measurements, PM2.5 for total mass) and by evaporation of the semivolatile/volatile components. In general, some differences in results were observed when the results of the continuous/semicontinuous instruments were compared with those of the conventional filter samplings. For non-volatile compounds, like sulfate and potassium, correlation between the filter samples and the PILS was good but greater differences were observed for the semivolatile compounds like nitrate and ammonium. For OC the results of the RT-OCEC were on average 10% larger than those of the filters. When compared to filter measurements, high resolution measurements provide important data on short pollution plumes as well as on diurnal changes. Clear seasonal and diurnal cycles were observed for nitrate and EC.

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Istadi, Istadi, Udin Mabruro, Bintang Ayu Kalimantini, Luqman Buchori, and Didi Dwi Anggoro. "Reusability and Stability Tests of Calcium Oxide Based Catalyst (K2O/CaO-ZnO) for Transesterification of Soybean Oil to Biodiesel." Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 11, no. 1 (March 10, 2016): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.11.1.413.34-39.

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This paper was purposed for testing reusability and stability of calcium oxide-based catalyst (K2O/CaO-ZnO) over transesterification reaction of soybean oil with methanol to produce biodiesel. The K2O/CaO-ZnO catalyst was synthesized by co-precipitation method of calcium and zinc nitrates followed by impregnation of potassium nitrate. The fresh and used catalysts were tested after regeneration. The catalysts were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and BET Surface Area in order to compare the catalyst structure between the fresh and used catalysts. The catalyst testing in transesterification proses was carried out at following operating conditions, i.e. catalyst weight of 6 wt.%, oil to methanol mole ratio of 1:15, and temperature of 60 oC. In addition, metal oxide leaching of K2O/CaO-ZnO catalyst during reaction was also tested. From the results, the catalysts exhibited high catalytic activity (80% fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield after three-cycles of usage) and acceptable reusability after regeneration. The catalyst also showed acceptable stability of catalytic activity, even after three-cycles of usage. Copyright © 2016 BCREC GROUP. All rights reservedReceived: 10th November 2015; Revised: 16th January 2016; Accepted: 16th January 2016How to Cite: Istadi, I., Mabruro, U., Kalimantini, B.A., Buchori, L., Anggoro, D.D. (2016). Reusability and Stability Tests of Calcium Oxide Based Catalyst (K2O/CaO-ZnO) for Transesterification of Soybean Oil to Biodiesel. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 11 (1): 34-39. (doi:10.9767/bcrec.11.1.413.34-39)Permalink/DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.11.1.413.34-39">http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.11.1.413.34-39</a>

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Zhang, Hao, Shuang Li, Mengyao Shi, Sheliang Wang, Lei Shi, Fangsen Xu, and Guangda Ding. "Genome-Wide Systematic Characterization of the NPF Family Genes and Their Transcriptional Responses to Multiple Nutrient Stresses in Allotetraploid Rapeseed." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 17 (August 19, 2020): 5947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21175947.

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NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1 (NRT1)/PEPTIDE TRANSPORTER (PTR) family (NPF) proteins can transport various substrates, and play crucial roles in governing plant nitrogen (N) uptake and distribution. However, little is known about the NPF genes in Brassica napus. Here, a comprehensive genome-wide systematic characterization of the NPF family led to the identification of 193 NPF genes in the whole genome of B. napus. The BnaNPF family exhibited high levels of genetic diversity among sub-families but this was conserved within each subfamily. Whole-genome duplication and segmental duplication played a major role in BnaNPF evolution. The expression analysis indicated that a broad range of expression patterns for individual gene occurred in response to multiple nutrient stresses, including N, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) deficiencies, as well as ammonium toxicity. Furthermore, 10 core BnaNPF genes in response to N stress were identified. These genes contained 6–13 transmembrane domains, located in plasma membrane, that respond discrepantly to N deficiency in different tissues. Robust cis-regulatory elements were identified within the promoter regions of the core genes. Taken together, our results suggest that BnaNPFs are versatile transporters that might evolve new functions in B. napus. Our findings benefit future research on this gene family.

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van Sambeek, M. H. G., H. G. M. Eggenkamp, and M. J. M. Vissers. "The groundwater quality of Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao: a hydrogeochemical study." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 79, no. 4 (December 2000): 459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600021958.

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AbstractThe Groundwater resources on the Caribbean Islands of Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao are limited and of poor quality. The groundwater of the islands is brackish, due to both seawater mixing and the semi-arid climate of the islands. Two hundred and thirty water samples were collected to relate chemical variations in the groundwater of the three islands to the underlying differences in geology, and to define the natural versus anthropogenic influences. Both the chemical and isotopic (δ180, δD, and δ37Cl) compositions of samples were determined.Several geochemical processes are recognised in the chemistry of the groundwater samples. The most important processes are calcite dissolution, cation exchange, silicate weathering and potassium fixation. In (sub)urban areas anthropogenic influences affect the groundwater quality: high nitrate concentrations were measured. Infiltrating domestic and agricultural (waste)water replenishes the aquifer, and has a desalinization effect on the groundwater quality. This phenomenon is primarily seen on Curaçao, the most populated island.Oxygen and hydrogen isotopie compositions of groundwaters from Curaçao and Bonaire show that the samples are either meteoric water, or are affected by evaporation or seawater mixing. No distinction could be made between the last two processes. Only a few samples were measured for the Cl-isotope composition; all showed that no physical processes have taken place.

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Barros, Allan Cunha de, Marcos Vinícius Folegatti, Claudinei Fonseca Souza, and Bruno L. Santoro. "DISTRIBUIÇÃO DA SOLUÇÃO NO SOLO APLICADO POR GOTEJAMENTO ENTERRADO E SUPERFICIAL." IRRIGA 15, no. 4 (December 20, 2010): 361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2010v15n4p361.

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O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar distribuição da solução no solo fertirrigado por gotejamento enterrado e superficial. O ensaio foi conduzido na área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da ESALQ/USP - Piracicaba, SP. Para o estudo foram abertas 6 trincheiras e instaladas sondas de TDR, dispostas a 0,05; 0,15; 0,25; 0,35 e 0,45 m – profundidade, e a 0,05; 0,15; 0,25; 0,35 m – comprimento, totalizando 17 sondas por trincheira. Os tratamentos foram baseados na profundidade de aplicação (0,00 e 0,10 m) e vazão aplicada (2 e 4 L h-1): ENT2; ENT4; SUP2 e SUP4. A cada hora era aplicado 1 L de solução de KNO3, seguida de monitoramento do movimento dos íons com o TDR. Assim, foi possível verificar que: em relação aos sistemas superficiais, os íons aplicados pelos sistemas enterrados atingiram maior largura e profundidade e as maiores concentrações foram obtidas próximas aos pontos de emissão. UNITERMOS: Fertirrigação, Nitrato de potássio, Nitossolo, TDR. BARROS, A. C.; FOLEGATTI, M. V.; SOUZA, C. F.; SANTORO, B. L. SOIL SOLUTION DISTRIBUTION APPLIED BY SUB-SURFACE AND SURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION 2 ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to assess the soil solution distribution applied by sub-surface and surface drip irrigation. The trial was conducted in an experimental area at the Engineering Rural Department of ESALQ/USP - Piracicaba, SP. Six trenches were opened, and TDR probes were installed on them arranged as follow: 0.05; 0.15; 0.25; 0.35 and 0.45 m - depth, and 0.05; 0.15; 0.25; 0.35 m - length, totaling 17 probes per trench. The treatments were based on the application depth (0.00 and 0.10m) and flow rate applied (2 and 4 Lh-1): ENT2; ENT4; SUP2 and SUP4. Every hour 1 L of KNO3 solution was applied (10 L total), followed by monitoring ions movement with TDR. Thus, it was possible to verify that, in terms of surface systems, the ions applied by sub-surface drip irrigation achieved larger depth and width, and the largest concentrations were found near the emissions points. KEY WORDS: irrigation, potassium nitrate, NITOSOL, TDR

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Gao, Lin, Junyu Qi, Sheng Li, Glenn Benoy, Zisheng Xing, and Fan-Rui Meng. "Effects of sampling frequency on estimation accuracies of annual loadings for water quality parameters in different sized watersheds." Water Quality Research Journal 55, no. 3 (April 2, 2020): 261–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2020.012.

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Abstract Potential errors or uncertainties of annual loading estimations for water quality parameters such as suspended solids (SS), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), ortho-phosphorus (Ortho-P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) can be greatly affected by sampling frequencies. In this study, annual loading estimation errors were assessed in terms of the coefficient of variation, relative bias, and probability of potential errors that were estimated with statistical samples taken at a series of sampling frequencies for a watershed in northwestern New Brunswick, Canada, and one of its sub-watersheds. Results indicate that annual loading estimation errors increased with decreasing sampling frequency for all water quality parameters. At the same sampling frequencies, the estimation errors were several times greater for the smaller watershed than those for the larger watershed, possibly due to the flushing nature of streamflows in the smaller watershed. We also found that low sampling frequency tended to underestimate the annual loadings of water quality parameters dominated by stormflow events (SS and K) and overestimate water quality parameters dominated by baseflow (Mg and Ca). These results can be used by hydrologists and water quality managers to determine sampling frequencies that minimize costs while providing acceptable estimation errors. This study also demonstrates a novel approach to assess potential errors when analyzing existing water quality data.

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Singh, Upma, Rishikesh K. Tiwari, and Ravi S. Pandey. "Physicochemical Characteristics of Fertilizer Industry Effluent and its Toxicological Impact on the Activity of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in Freshwater Teleosts Heteropneustes fossilis and Labeo rohita." Croatian Journal of Fisheries 77, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cjf-2019-0008.

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Abstract Industrial revolution is a good indicator of economic development of a country; however, it can be a threat to the flora and fauna if the untreated effluent of an industry is discharged. The present study is aimed to assess the comparative toxicological impacts of treated and untreated industrial effluents on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in Heteropneustes fossilis and Labeo rohita, the most common edible fishes having diverse characters which include differences in morphology, habitat, food and feeding, etc. The physico-chemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), alkalinity, hardness, dissolved oxygen (DO), phosphate, sulphate, nitrate, free ammonia, chloride, zinc, iron, chromium and potassium of both untreated and treated effluent from the fertilizer industry were also analyzed as these parameters were not in range as per ISO guidelines. The LC50 value for untreated effluent was 2.34% (v/v) and 0.80% (v/v) for 96 h in H. fossilis and L. rohita, respectively, while no mortality was recorded in the treated effluent. The AChE activity in both fish species was found to decline in metabolically responsive organs like brain, muscle and gills through exposure to sub-lethal concentrations (1/15th, 1/10th and 1/5th of LC50 value) of the untreated effluent for 96 h. Further studies on biochemical and molecular aspects may reveal the mechanism of their action.

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Fernandes, Andre Luis, and Helio Grassi Filho. "MANEJO DA FERTIRRIGAÇÃO NITROGENADA E POTÁSSICA NA CULTURA DO MELÃO RENDILHADO (Cucumis melo reticulatus Naud)." IRRIGA 8, no. 3 (December 4, 2003): 178–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2003v8n3p178-190.

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MANEJO DA FERTIRRIGAÇÃO NITROGENADA E POTÁSSICA NA CULTURA DO MELÃO RENDILHADO (Cucumis melo reticulatus Naud) André Luis Fernandes Hélio Grassi FilhoDepartamento de Recursos Naturias, área Cência do Solo, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP.CP, 237, CEP 18603-970. E-mail: heliograssi@fca.unesp.br 1 RESUMO O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido, na área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Botucatu, localizado no município de Botucatu, Estado de São Paulo, com latitude sul 22º51’, longitude oeste 48º26’ e altitude de 786 metros. Foram utilizadas mudas do meloeiro híbrido Bônus II. Utilizou-se o sistema de irrigação por gotejamento, “Queen gil”, com vazão de 1,5 litros por hora por gotejador, com 0,30 m de espaçamento entre gotejadores. O manejo da irrigação foi realizado pela reposição integral da evapotranspiração determinada pelo tanque “Classe A”, através de lâminas de irrigação a cada 2 dias. Adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado no esquema fatorial com duas doses de nitrogênio (60 e 90 kg de N por ha na forma de nitrato de cálcio (120g kg-1 de N) e quatro de potássio (40, 70, 100 e 130 kg de K2O por ha, na forma de cloreto de potássio (600g kg-1 de K2O) em cobertura, via água de irrigação, com 3 repetições, totalizando 24 parcelas. As doses de cada tratamento foram subdivididas em 06 sub-doses, variando em porcentagem de acordo com o desenvolvimento vegetativo da cultura e suas respectivas necessidades de nutrientes: aos 15, 22, 30, 37, 45 e 52 dias do transplantio, respectivamente, com 15, 20, 30, 20, 10 e 5% da dose. Foram avaliados, o diâmetro do caule; o teor de clorofila das folhas; análise química das folhas e nos frutos; as determinações de peso do fruto com e sem casca, comprimento, diâmetro, pH, textura, teor de sólidos solúveis, acidez total titulável e ratio. Os tratamentos nitrogenados não influenciaram nos teores de clorofila das folhas, diâmetro do caule, pesos frescos dos frutos e no formato dos frutos. Doses nitrogenadas e potássicas não alteraram características químicas dos frutos: pH, sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável e ratio. A elevação das doses nitrogenadas e potássicas, respectivamente, reduziram e aumentaram a textura dos frutos; Maiores doses potássicas reduziram os pesos frescos dos frutos e aumentaram o diâmetro do caule do meloeiro. UNITERMOS: fertirrigação, potássio, nitrogênio, melão rendilhado FERNANDES, A. L.; GRASSI FILHO, H. NITROGEN AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZER AND TRICKLE IRRIGATION IN MUSKMELON PLANT(Cucumis melo reticulatus, Naud) 2 ABSTRACT This experiment was held in a plastic green house at the Rural Engineering Department, Agricultural Science College from Paulista State University – UNESP/ Botucatu, São Paulo State, at 22º51’ S latitude, 48º26’ W longitude, and 786m altitude. Hybrid muskmelon seedlings, Bônus II, of 99% purity and 96% germination potential seeds were used. A trickle irrigation system called “Queen gil”, 15-liter flow/hour per trickle, and 0.30 m space between trickles were used. Irrigation was performed by evapotranspiration total replacement determined by a “Class A” pan, using an irrigation schedule every two days. Complete randomized block in a factorial design with 3 repetitions and 24 plots were applied. Two nitrogen doses (60 and 90 kg/N/ha) as calcium nitrate (120g kg-1 N) and four potassium doses (40, 70, 100, and 130 kg/K2O/ha) as potassium chloride (600g Kg-1 K2O) with complementary fertilization by irrigation water have been used. Doses of each treatment were subdivided into 6 sub-doses, with varying percentages depending on plant vegetative development and nutrient requirements at 15, 22, 30, 37, 45, and 52 transplanting days at 15, 20, 30, 20, 10 and 5% dose, respectively. The following parameters were evaluated: stem diameter, chlorophyll content of leaves, and chemical analysis of leaves. Determinations in fruits were carried out as follows: fruit weight with and without peel, length, diameter, pH, texture, soluble solid content, acidity and ratio. The nitrogen treatments did not influence leaf chlorophyll content, stem diameter, fresh fruit weights, and fruit shape. Nitrogen and potassium doses did not alter fruit chemical characteristics: pH, soluble solids, titulable acidity, and ratio. Nitrogen and potassium increasing doses decreased and increased fruit texture respectively. Higher potassium doses reduced fresh fruit weights and increased muskmelon stem diameter. KEYWORDS: muskmelon, nitrogen, potassium, trickle irrigation.

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Lubis, Muhammad edwin syahputra. "Effect of Fertilizer Application on Groudwater Quality at an Oil Palm Plantation." Sustainability in Environment 2, no. 1 (February 24, 2017): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/se.v2n1p67.

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Oil palm plantations need fertilizers for optimum growth and production. However, excessive use of fertilizers can lead to pollution of groundwater. For this reason, a study was carried out to investigate groundwater quality of an oil palm ecosystem, which involved the measurement of 9-point monitor wells and run-off. This research was conducted in Kabun-Aliantan (N: 0002.925’ E: 100049.977’). Tandun, Riau-Indonesia. The location points of the monitored wells in this study comprised a young oil palm area (P1), an adult oil palm area near Lau river (P2), a housing complex at oil palm plantation (P3), an adult oil palm area at Marihat, Block A (P4), a housing 1 at the sub-district town (P5), a housing 2 at the sub-district town (P6), a cocoa area (P7), a village housing (P8), at the side of Lau river (PR), and a run-off in a micro catchment (N: 00027.936’ E: 100049, 977’). The parameters analyzed in the water samples were pH, nitrate-N (NO3-N), nitrite-N (NO2-N), ammonium-N (NH4-N), phosphate (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). In general, pH, NO3-N, NO2-N, NH4-N, P, K, Ca and Mg increased after fertilizer application and decreased with time. All levels of parameters were lower than the WHO standard for drinking water. This study showed that the fertilizers on the oil palm plantation did not pollute the groundwater quality. However, groundwater pollution was found to be caused by residential wastes, such as the use of detergents and other human activities.

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Banerjee, Purabi, Visha Kumari Venugopalan, Rajib Nath, Yusuf S. Althobaiti, Ahmed Gaber, Hatim Al-Yasi, and Akbar Hossain. "Physiology, Growth, and Productivity of Spring–Summer Black Gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) as Influenced by Heat and Moisture Stresses in Different Dates of Sowing and Nutrient Management Conditions." Agronomy 11, no. 11 (November 17, 2021): 2329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112329.

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Heat and soil moisture stress account for serious abiotic constraint in black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) production during spring–summer under Gangetic plains of Eastern India. Concurrence of these two can bring about early completion of phenophases that hampers normal metabolism of legumes by disrupting their defense mechanism, leading to poor seed set. The field experiment was conducted with two different sowing dates as the main plot, soil application of cobalt (Co) as subplots and foliar sprays of potassium (K) and boron (B) either alone or in combination as sub–sub plot treatment in a split–split plot design during spring–summer seasons of 2020 and 2021 with black gram (variety: Pant U 31). The study was aimed at evaluating the impact of sowing time and nutrients application alleviating adversities of abiotic stress during reproductive development of black gram. The March first week sown crop took significantly higher days to complete its life cycle compared to March third week sown one (82.0 vs. 78.2 and 81.8 vs. 78.8). This in turn relatively allowed a broader window for leaf area expansion, flowering, and seed filling in the first crop compared to the second one leading to the attainment of superior yield in the normal sown crop during the consecutive years. Crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), pod number per plant, seed yield, and harvest index were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) with soil Co @ 4 kg ha−1 and foliar 1.25% K + 0.2% B applications through stress mitigation by stimulating chlorophyll biosynthesis, nitrate reductase activity, proline accumulation, and cell membrane stability, irrespective of the years. Fluctuations in per plant pod number explained about 96 and 94% variations in seed yield through linear regressions in respective years. Optimum sowing date along with soil Co application combined with foliar K+B sprays manifested immense potential to achieve higher black gram production. In addition, this nutrient schedule proved to be efficient enough to promote satisfactory growth and optimum seed yield of late sown blackgram through relief of stress during the spring–summer season.

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Yoldaş, Funda, Şafak Ceylan, İbrahim Duman, Ömer Lütfü Elmacı, and Eftal Düzyaman. "Impact of Nitrogen Levels and Planting Density on the Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 9, no. 8 (September 3, 2021): 1467–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9i8.1467-1473.4291.

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The study was carried out to the effects of different plant densities and nitrogen levels on okra yield and plant development. Field trials were conducted in two locations, the training fields of the Ege University, Ödemiş Research and Training area, and Ege University Faculty of Agriculture, Menemen Research and Training Farm. The field layout was a split-plot design with 3 replicates, where main plots consisted of nitrogen applications and sub-plots of plant densities. Fertilizer was applied in the form of Triple Superphosphate, Potassium Sulfate, Urea and Ammonium Nitrate. Five different nitrogen levels (F1: 0, F2: 40, F3: 80; F4: 120 and F5: 160 kg N ha-1) and two different rows spacing (PD1: 15 cm×70 cm and PD2: 25 cm×70 cm) have been tested. Yield and yield components, plant height at flowering, height of the first fruits, the number of leaves, the number of branches, the number of days from sowing to first flowering, the number of days from sowing to first harvest, plant height, foliation status, total yield, yield of plant, average fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter have been noted in the field experiments. Total yield ranged from 5923.8 to 12888.9 kg ha-1 at the Ödemiş location, while it was 3363.3-5009.2 kg ha-1 at the Menemen location. In conclusion, the highest yield is taken from F2 in both plant densities in Ödemiş. In Menemen, the highest yield is taken from the dose of F3 (80 kg Nha-1) and F4 (120 kg Nha-1).

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Guzii, Sergii G., Volodymyr Romaniuk, Svitlana Davydivna Lapovska, Oleg Semkiv, and Ihar Bazhelka. "Influence of ANO₃ and ANO₃·nH₂O Nitrates on the Deformation Properties of Aluminosilicate Adhesives for Wood Products and Structures." Materials Science Forum 1038 (July 13, 2021): 210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1038.210.

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As a result of the research, the deformation properties of aluminosilicate adhesives modified with nitrate salts and intended for gluing wooden products and structures made of pine, beech and oak wood at different stages of their hardening were determined. Considering that pine is the most common wood in the manufacture of products and structures, then in order to reduce the numerical values of the elastic modulus in glued materials, it is advisable to add ammonium, lithium and sodium nitrates in an amount of 0.5%, potassium nitrate in an amount of 1% into the composition of an aluminosilicate adhesive. which will ensure the approximation of the elastic modulus values to the values of the unmodified aluminosilicate adhesive and will significantly affect the water resistance of the glue joint and the depth of penetration of the adhesive into the wood structure. For gluing beech wood products to reduce the elasticity modulus, it is advisable to introduce 0.5% ammonium and potassium nitrates and 1% lithium and sodium nitrates, which will reduce the numerical values of the elastic modulus in glued materials by 1.18 and 1.53 times compared with the values of the elastic modulus of the unmodified aluminosilicate adhesive. For gluing oak wood products to reduce the elasticity modulus, it is advisable to introduce 0.5% potassium nitrate and 1.5% sodium nitrate, which will reduce the numerical values of the elastic modulus in glued materials by 1.4 and 2.83 times compared to the values modulus of elasticity of unmodified aluminosilicate adhesive.

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Ibiang Arikpo Oka and Sylvanus Akpak Upula. "Physicochemical, bacteriological, and correlational evaluation of water obtained from boreholes and springs in a sub-urban community." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 11, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.11.3.0419.

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Inadequate safe and portable water supply particularly in underdeveloped and developing countries has been associated with posing serious public health implications, especially as water related diseases continue to be a major health challenge in resource limited settings worldwide. Physicochemical and bacteriological parameters of borehole and spring water sources in a sub-urban community were assessed to determine their potability and correlation index. Twenty (20) water samples, 10 from boreholes and 10 from springs were randomly collected from different locations and analysed using standard microbiological and physicochemical methods. The results were compared with NIS and WHO standards for drinking water. Physicochemical parameters including; temperature, pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total hardness, total dissolved solid, Iron, Manganese, Zinc, Chloride, Sodium, Nitrate, Ammonium and Potassium were determined following the procedures prescribed by American Public Health Association Standard Method. Results obtained revealed that 99.3% of the analysed physicochemical parameters were within the maximum acceptable limits of NIS and WHO guidelines for drinking water except borehole iron concentration (0.52mg/L) and Manganese concentration (0.14mg/L). The total heterotrophic bacterial count (THB), total coliform count and faecal coliform count ranged from 1.6x103cfu/100ml to 4.7x103cfu/100 ml, 8.0cfu/100ml to 25cfu/ml, 0cfu/100ml to 14cfu/100ml respectively for boreholes, and 1.7x103cfu/100ml to 4.6x103cfu/100ml, 10cfu/100ml to 21cfu/100ml, 9cfu/100ml to 17cfu/100ml respectively for samples from spring water supply. Phenotypic characterization of the samples revealed the presence of certain organisms with pathogenic potentials such as Staphylococcus aureus 27.5%, followed by E. coli 19.6%, P. aeruginosa 11.8%, Klebsiella spp. 9.8%, Enterobacter spp. 7.8%, Enterococcus spp. 7.8%, Lactobacillus spp. 5.9%, Proteus spp. 3.9%, Shigella spp. 3.9% and Vibrio cholerae 2.0%. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed significantly strong positive correlation between total heterotrophic bacteria count and total coliforms (r = 0.643) and strong negative correlation between pH and total dissolved solids (r = -0.640). Other parameters such as faecal coliform, temperature, pH, turbidity, Zinc, Ammonium and Sodium shows significant correlation among variables.

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Brazhnikov, P. N., A. B. Sainakova, and O. V. Litvinchuk. "Inﬂuence of tillage methods on the yield of winter rye variety Sudarushka." Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 51, no. 6 (January 4, 2022): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2021-6-1.

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The results of studying the elements of the technology of cultivation of a new variety of winter rye Sudarushka are presented. The research took place in 2019, 2020 in the sub-taiga zone of the Tomsk region. The impact of soil cultivation methods as well as the impact of humic fertiliser from peat Gumostim on the yield of winter rye Sudarushka is evaluated. The soils of the experimental plot are acidic (pH 4.3) soddy-podzolic loamy sandy loam. The arable horizon has a low humus content (1.5%), a low (0.2 mg/100g) content of nitrate nitrogen, a medium content of mobile phosphorus (19.2) and exchangeable potassium (7.1) and a high (11.0 mg/100g) content of mobile aluminium. The scheme of the experiment included four variants of cultivation: ploughing of fallow lands with PlN-4-35 + cultivation KPN-4,2, sowing without packing and with packing; disking with BDMK-2,8 + cultivation KPN-4,2, sowing without packing and with packing. Treatment with humic fertilizer from peat Gumostim at a concentration of 0.001% was carried out during the growing season in the beginning phase of the leaf-tube formation. The average yield of winter rye in the variety Sudarushka during the years of research was 4.66 t/ha in the variant with disking, subsequent cultivation before sowing and further sowing with packing, which is 0.34 t/ha higher than with the traditional method of soil cultivation. The application of humic fertilizer from peat Gumostim on cold sod-podzolic soils enabled the average yield of winter rye to be 4.31 t/ha y, which is 0.39 t/ha higher than without the fertilizer.

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39

Arivoli, Subramanian, Miriam Vassou, Samuel Tennyson, Athikesavan Ramanan, Selvaraj Divya, and Pac Kamatchi. "Analysis of Soil and Water Quality in Selected Villages of Ranipet District, Tamil Nadu, India." Current World Environment 16, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 477–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.16.2.14.

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Quality of soil and water are determined by measuring the concentration of their parameters and comparing them with standards. In the present study, soil samples (top, sub and inner) from three zones, zone 1 (industrial area), zone 2 (10km from industrial area) and zone 3 (agricultural land/fields) of Puliyanthangal village, and the bore well, well and pond water samples of Kathiyavadi village were analysed from January 2019 to December 2019. Soil texture was sandy loam in all the zones. The pooled values for pH, electrical conductivity (dS/m), organic carbon (%), available nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, iron, manganese, zinc and copper (mg/Kg) tested in zone 1, 2 and 3 were 7.9, 6.8 and 6.8; 0.3, 0.3 and 0.1; 0.09, 0.5 and 0.5; 11.7, 96.0 and 137.8; 4.5, 4.5 and 4.2; 88.3, 111.3 and 206.7; 3.6, 3.4 and 3.7; 2.1, 1.7 and 2.3; 0.4, 0.3 and 0.2; and 0.7, 0.5 and 0.7, respectively. The bore well and well water samples were clear and colourless without odour, whereas the pond water was slightly yellowish in appearance and colour, and without odour in all the three zones. The physicochemical parameters viz., water temperature, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solids, pH, total alkalinity and total hardness for bore well, well and pond water were 27.9, 22.8 and 33.0°C; 975, 1532 and 737μS/cm; 0, 1 and 11NTU; 683, 1072 and 516mg/L; 7.4, 7.8 and 7.3; 276, 344 and 248mg/L; and 190, 732 and 272mg/L, respectively. Calcium, magnesium, free ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, chloride, fluoride, sulphate and phosphate represented the nutrient parameters and their respective values (mg/L) were 41, 174 and 58; 21, 71 and 30; 0, 0 and 1.1; 24, 29 and 22; 0, 0 and 0.8; 100, 184 and 60; 0.4, 0.4 and 0.4; 77, 120 and 49; 0, 0 and 0.8. The values of metal parameters reported nil except for iron (0.2mg/L) in pond water. The study inferred that the waning nature of soil and water might be due to location of industrial units.

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Çetinbaş, M., and F. Koyuncu. "Improving germination of Prunus avium L. seeds by gibberellic acid, potassium nitrate and thiourea." Horticultural Science 33, No. 3 (November 23, 2011): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3750-hortsci.

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To break dormancy and increase the germination of Prunus avium L. (mazzard cherry) seeds, various methods were tested including the removal of the seed coat after cold moist stratification and treatment with GA3, KNO3, or thiourea. Treatments with 7,500 ppm KNO3 after 120 days of stratification were more effective, yielding 64.54% germination of seeds with coat. In seeds without coat, 500 ppm GA3 treatment after 120 days of stratification gave 79.74% germination; a value increased about 29% compared to control.

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Bhusal, Arjun, Jacob Nelson, Dennis Pletcher, and Peter M. Muriana. "Comparison of Sodium Nitrite and ‘Natural’ Nitrite on the Inhibition of Spore Germination and Outgrowth of Clostridium sporogenes in Low- and High-Fat Frankfurters." Applied Microbiology 1, no. 1 (May 27, 2021): 104–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol1010009.

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In the US, sodium and potassium nitrite are regulated food preservatives that prevent the germination of Clostridium spores in cured and processed meats. In recent years, the use of vegetable-derived nitrite (i.e., vegetable nitrate fermented to nitrite) has been designated as ‘natural nitrite’ to accommodate natural meats that cannot use artificial ingredients, and such meat products can be labelled as having ‘no added preservatives’. This new status and labelling allowance for microbially-modified nitrite provides for a ‘clean label’ application of nitrite against the stigma of chemical ingredients and has found increased use within the processed meat industry. The objectives of this study were to examine Clostridium sporogenes as a pathogen-surrogate challenge organism and the use of vegetable (celery) nitrite to prevent spore germination in cooked meat products. A three-strain spore crop of C. sporogenes ATCC 3584, ATCC 19404 and ATCC BAA-2695 was applied during ingredient formulation of low and high-fat hotdogs that were divided into three sub-batches (control without nitrite, hotdogs with sodium nitrite, hotdogs with celery nitrite). In both low and high-fat processes, sodium nitrite was compared to hotdogs made with comparable levels of celery nitrite (156 ppm). All treatments were performed with duplicate trial replication and triplicate sample testing within each trial. Comparisons were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance to determine significant difference (p < 0.05) of time course treatments. In shelf-life assays, growth was inhibited at both 5 °C and 15 °C, even if nitrite was absent; however, spore germination and growth readily occurred at 35 °C. Comparison of nitrite effects was best evaluated at 35 °C as a permissive condition to examine the effects of nitrite treatments. Celery nitrite showed no significant difference from sodium nitrite when used in both low and high-fat hotdogs, and spore outgrowth was only observed after 2–3 days at 35 °C compared to hotdogs without nitrite. Application of bacteriocin preparations in the formulation that were effective against Listeria monocytogenes, and moderately inhibitory towards the 3-strain spore mixture of C. sporogenes, were not effective in spore control in manufactured hotdogs. The nitrite validation hotdog trials described herein demonstrates that (celery or sodium) nitrite may prevent Clostridium spore germination for 24–48 h even under permissive conditions to help keep processed meat safe.

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42

Rahman, Mohammed Mukhlesur, M. Mahfuzur Rahman, and Mohammed Kamrul Huda. "Seasonal variations of chemical properties of water of the Kaptai lake, Rangamati, Bangladesh." Jahangirnagar University Journal of Biological Sciences 6, no. 2 (May 7, 2018): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jujbs.v6i2.36586.

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The chemical properties are the most important factors in the aquatic environment. The present study was carried out to analyze the chemical properties of the water of the Kaptai lake, Rangamati. The investigation was done from December, 2007 to November, 2008, during four seasons in two sites and three sub-sites. The main aim of the present research was to analyze the water quality of the Kaptai lake. Chemical properties of the water of this lake were determined by different standard methods. The chemical properties of water varied in different sites and seasons. The value of pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) was higher in undisturbed (UD) area than in less disturbed (LD) and disturbed (D) area (UD>LD>D). The nitrate (NO3) value was higher in disturbed area than undisturbed and less disturbed area (D>UD>LD). The phosphate (PO4) value was higher in less disturbed area than disturbed and undisturbed area (LD>D>UD). The electrical conductivity (EC), biological oxygen demand (BOD) chemical oxygen demand (COD) were higher in disturbed area than less disturbed and undisturbed area (D>LD>UD). The potassium (K) value was LD>UD>D. The pH value was higher in winter (W) than in late monsoon (LM), early monsoon (EM) and monsoon (M) (W>LM>EM>M). The NO3 -1 value was EM>M>LM>W>EM. The PO4 -2 value was LM>M>W>EM. The EC value was W>LM>M>EM. The biological oxygen demand (BOD) value was EM> W>LM>M. The DO value was higher in monsoon than late monsoon, early monsoon, and winter (M>LM>EM>W). The COD was EM>M>W>LM. The K value was EM>W>M>LM. The highest value of pH, K, NO3 and BOD were recorded in the Kaptai hydroelectricity project area (site –A) and the highest value of the DO, EC and COD were recorded in the Longudu area (site-B). This study is the first initiative to assess the detail chemical properties of water of the Kaptai lake.Jahangirnagar University J. Biol. Sci. 6(2): 11-17, 2017 (December)

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Delekar, S. D., and P. P. Hankare. "Chemically Deposited Cd_1-xPb_xSe Thin Films for Photoelectrochemical Studies." Materials Science Forum 764 (July 2013): 293–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.764.293.

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Optimum composition of Cd1xPbxSe thin films (0.1 x 0.9) were deposited using single precursor bath containing cadmium sulfate octahydrate, lead nitrate, tartaric acid, potassium hydroxide, ammonia and sodium selenosulfate onto fluorinedoped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrates. The photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells were fabricated using Cd1xPbxSe as an active photoelectrode with sulphide/polysulphide redox couple as an electrolyte and sensitized graphite rod as a counter electrode. The various characteristics of the cells namely currentvoltage (IV), capacitancevoltage (CV) in dark, power output, builtinpotential, photoresponse, spectral response measurements were investigated. The cell performance parameters such as opencircuit voltage (Voc), shortcircuit current (Isc), series resistance (Rs), shunt resistance (Rsh), conversion efficiency (η), fill factor (FF), junction ideality factor (nd), builtinpotential (ΦB), flatband potential (Vfb) were evaluated. PEC characteristics reveal ntype semiconducting nature for Cd1xPbxSe thin films with lead composition x < 0.5, while ptype nature for remaining Cd1xPbxSe thin films. Among the various cells, the maximum PEC efficiency (η = 1.401 %) was found to Cd0.7Pb0.3Se thin films; due to its increase in opencircuit voltage (225 mV) as well as shortcircuit current (3.983 mA/cm2),decrease in resistance (Rs= 0.75 kΩ and Rsh= 331 Ω), and increase in photoelectrode absorption as compared to other thin film materials.

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Diao, Xian Zhen, and Zhu Lin Peng. "Preparation and Photocatalytic Performance Study of Na⁺/K⁺-WO₃ by Ultrasonic Micro Method." Advanced Materials Research 887-888 (February 2014): 693–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.887-888.693.

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With n-butanol/CTAB/cyclohexane as micro emulsion system, sodium tungstate and hydrochloric acid as raw material, alkali metals (Na+, K+) nitrate as dopant, pure WO3、Na+-WO3, K+-WO3 and Na+/K+-WO3 powders were prepared by ultrasonic micro-emulsion method; And performances of samples were analyzed by visible spectrophotometer. Photocatalytic activity study show that alkali metal sodium ion and potassium ion doped, photocatalytic activities of WO3 are improved markedly; When doping amount is 1.0%, catalyst amount is 2g/L, methyl orange concentration is 20mg/L, degradation time is 80 min, Na+-WO3 powder has the best photocatalytic degradation performance at 460nm, and the degradation rate is as high as 65%.

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45

Zayana, N. Y., and M. Rusop. "Synthesis of ZnO Complex Structures at Different Molar Ratio of Zn (NO₃)₂ and KOH by Precipitation Method." Advanced Materials Research 576 (October 2012): 330–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.576.330.

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ZnO as a semiconductor with wide direct band gap (3.37 eV) and high exciton binding energy of 60 meV. It has attracted in several applications such as solar cells, field emission, sensor, etc. In this study, different ZnO complex structures were prepared by precipitation method at different molar ratio. Zinc nitrate as zinc source, potassium hydroxide as precipitating agent and sodium dodecly sulphate as surfactant were used to synthesis the ZnO. The effect of different molar ratio on the morphology and size of final product have been investigated. The final products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) with Cu Kα radiation, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with an attached energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and photoluminescence spectrofluorophotometer (PL). From XRD patterns, all synthesized ZnO shows good crystallinity. Different morphologies of synthesized ZnO were obtained from FESEM including flower composed flakes, flower composed radial rods and single straight rods while the EDS result demonstrates elements Zn and O obtained in the product. A very strong UV emission at ~390 nm observed in PL spectra indicated that the ZnO are of high crystal quality.

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46

Ekawati, F., I. Suliansyah, M. Erona S, E. O. Palja, and M. R. Ibrahim. "Effect of pruning and application of KNO₃ + MKP fertilizer on the generative development of several varieties of grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1160, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1160/1/012009.

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Abstract Research on grape cultivation is still rarely carried out in Indonesia (Tropical Countries) unless it is carried out by Research Centers, which are indeed engaged in developing grapes. This study aims to examine the effect of pruning and application of white Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) and Mono Potassium Phosphate (MKP) on the development of the generative phase of several grape varieties. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors, namely varieties (V1: Taldun, V2: Akademik, and V3: Jupiter), and several combinations of fertilizers (P1: KNO3 1 g/L + MKP 3 g/L, P2: KNO3 2 g/L + MKP 5 g/L, and P3: KNO3 3 g/L + MKP 7 g/L). Observations were made on post-pruning bud sprouting time, percentage of buds that produced flowers, percentage of flowers turning into fruit, fruit size (diameter), and total soluble solids (°brix). The data revealed that pruning treatment followed by fertilizer application of KNO3 3 g/L + MKP 7 g/L accelerated the generative phase and produced better fruit quality and quantity for the Jupiter variety.

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47

Hidayah, Nur Md Said, Wei Wen Liu, Wei Lai Chin, N. Z. Noriman, and Uda Hashim. "Effect on Variation of KMnO₄ Amount for Production of Graphene Oxide (GO)." Advanced Materials Research 1133 (January 2016): 476–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1133.476.

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Mass production of GO has always been an issue. Generally, there are 3 general methods available, namely Brodie’s, Staudenmaier’s and Hummer’s Method. These three methods differ in the type of oxidation agents used. There are plenty of developed methods to produce GO were reported in the literature including the improved Hummer’s method. This method is associated with the use of mixture of sulphuric acid/phosphoric acid (H2SO4/H3PO4) in 9:1 ratio without the presence of sodium nitrate (NaNO3).The amount of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) was set at 9.0g. This method allows high yield and ease of control. In this reaction, one of the important indicators was the colour changes during the addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into the mixture. However, with the large amount of KMnO4 added, the colour change was hardly observed. Therefore, one possible way to cope with that was to vary the amount of added KMnO4. Subsequently, the produced GO were characterized by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM).

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48

Xu, J., Q. Zhang, Z. Wang, G. Yu, X. Ge, and X. Qin. "Insights into the chemical composition of summertime PM2.5 at the northeast of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 1 (January 15, 2015): 1307–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-1307-2015.

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Abstract. Aerosol filter samples were collected at a high-elevation mountain observatory in the northeastern part of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau (QXP) during summer 2012 using a low-volume sampler and a micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI). The aim was to improve our understanding of the chemical composition of free tropospheric aerosols in the QXP region. The samples were analyzed for water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIs), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water soluble organic carbon (WSOC), and total organic nitrogen (TON). The bulk chemical composition and the average oxidation degree of water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) were assessed using a high resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer. Furthermore, the concentrations of both primary organic aerosol (POA) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) were estimated. The average mass concentration of the sum of the analyzed species in PM2.5 (WSIs + OC + EC + TON) was 3.74 μg m−3, 36.2% of which was sulfate, 17.8% OC, 16.9% nitrate, 10.1% ammonium, 6.6% calcium, 6.4% TON, 2.6% EC, 1.5% sodium, 0.9% chloride, 0.5% magnesium, and 0.3% potassium. The size distribution of sulfate and ammonium peaked in the accumulation mode (0.32–0.56 μm), whereas the size distributions of both nitrate and calcium peaked in the range of 1.8–3.2 μm, suggesting the formation of nitrate on mineral dust. OC, EC and TON were also predominantly found in the accumulation mode. High average ratios of OC / EC (7.6) and WSOC / OC (0.79) suggested that organic aerosols were primarily made of secondary species. WSOM was found to be highly oxidized in all PM2.5 samples with the average oxygen-to-carbon atomic ratio (O / C) being 1.16 and organic mass to carbon ratio (OM / OC) being 2.75. The highly oxidized WSOM was likely related to active cloud processing during upslope air mass transport coupled with strongly oxidizing environments caused by snow/ice photochemistry. SOA was estimated on average accounting for 75.3% (46.4–96.4%) of the PM2.5, indicating that SOA accounted for a significant portion of the free tropospheric aerosols over the northern QXP.

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Zhou, Liyuan, Zhancong Liang, Beatrix Rosette Go Mabato, Rosemarie Ann Infante Cuevas, Rongzhi Tang, Mei Li, Chunlei Cheng, and Chak K. Chan. "Sulfate formation via aerosol-phase SO₂ oxidation by model biomass burning photosensitizers: 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, vanillin and syringaldehyde using single-particle mixing-state analysis." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 23, no. 9 (May 10, 2023): 5251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5251-2023.

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Abstract. Atmospheric oxidation of sulfur dioxide (SO2) to sulfate has been widely investigated by means of gas-phase and in-cloud chemistry studies. Recent field measurements have shown significant sulfate formation in cloud-free environments with high aerosol loadings. As an important fraction of biomass burning aerosol components, particulate phenolic and non-phenolic aromatic carbonyls may initiate photosensitized multiphase oxidation of SO2 in aerosols, of which our knowledge however is still in its nascent stage. In this study, on the basis of single-particle aerosol mass spectrometry (SPAMS) measurements, we find evident sulfate formation in the biomass-burning-derived photosensitizer particles under UV and SO2 exposure, attributable to photosensitized oxidation of S(IV), while almost no sulfate was observed under dark conditions. The efficiency of sulfate production by photosensitizer particles under UV irradiation, represented by the number percentage of sulfate-containing particles (99 %–43 %) and the relative peak area (RPA) of sulfate (0.67–0.12) in single-particle spectra, in descending order, were 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (DMB), vanillin (VL) and syringaldehyde (SyrAld). Internal mixtures of VL and potassium nitrate (KNO3) gave a slightly lower number percentage and RPA of sulfate than VL particles alone. In externally mixed VL and KNO3 particles, sulfate was predominantly formed on the former, confirming that sulfate formation via photosensitization prevails over that via nitrate photolysis. Our results suggest that photosensitized oxidation of S(IV) could make an important contribution to aerosol sulfate formation, especially in areas influenced by biomass burning.

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Utoyo, B., JSS Hartono, KS Usodri, and W. Yuliana. "Growth Response of Oil Palm Seedlings (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) at Several Intervals of KNO₃ Fertilization in Main-Nursery." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1012, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1012/1/012041.

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Abstract The objectives of this research to get the frequency and interval of potassium nitrate fertilizer suitable to optimize the growth of oil palm seedlings in the main-nursery. Research will be conducted at the Land Development Lampung State Polytechnic Campus 2 New City, South Lampung, Lampung or at Oil Palm Nursery Unit, Lampung State Polytechnic. The experimental design used a single treatment in a randomized block design (RAK) with 4 treatment levels with 6 repetitions. The treatments consisted of fertilizing KNO3 once a week (W1), fertilizing KNO3 every 2 weeks (W1), fertilizing KNO3 once every 3 weeks (W1), fertilizing KNO3 once every 4 weeks (W1). If the results of analysis of variance was significant it will proceed with the least significant difference test (LSD) at level α = 5%. The results showed that the difference in the frequency of kno3 fertilization resulted in significantly different growth of oil palm seedlings in the main nursery. The frequency of KNO3 fertilization once a week showed higher seedling growth in all observation variables when compared to other treatments and was not significantly different from KNO3 fertilization every 2 weeks.

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