Academic literature on the topic 'Potassium glycerate'

This paper reports a study into the dependence of efficient glycerate potassium production involving glycerin and potassium hydroxide solution on the process conditions. The concentration of potassium glycerate in the resulting product has been used as a parameter of the efficient glycerate potassium production process. Glycerates of metals are applied to produce articles in the construction industry, electronics, medicine; they are employed as transesterification catalysts to obtain special fats for various purposes, as well as biodiesel fuel. In order to derive potassium glycerate, heating was applied while agitating a mixture of glycerin and potassium hydroxide. The analysis of potassium hydroxide was performed, in which the basic substance mass fraction was 85.5 %, the mass fraction of carbonate potassium – 0.9 %. The p.a.-grade glycerin was applied in this work, whose basic substance mass fraction was 99.5 %. The effect of the heating temperature of the reaction mixture on the concentration of potassium glycerate in the product has been determined. It has been shown that the rational heating temperature is 145 °C. The dependence of potassium glycerate concentration in the resulting product on the following conditions of the process has been established: a change in the molar concentration of glycerin and a reaction mixture heating duration. Such rational conditions for obtaining potassium glycerate have been defined as a molar concentration of glycerin of 60 % and a heating duration of 4 hours. The experimentally established concentration of potassium glycerate in the product under these conditions was 75.77 %. For potassium glycerate, the melting point (69 °C) and the mass fraction of moisture (0.8 %) have been determined. The results of experimental studies would make it possible to obtain potassium glycerate directly at enterprises where the glycerates of metals are used, from available raw materials, under rational conditions. The defined conditions for obtaining potassium glycerate could make it possible to efficiently utilize material and energy resources.

Fatty acid monoglycerides are a valuable component of the products of various industries. The emulsifying ability of monoglycerides is used in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food production. The process of fatty acid monoglycerides obtaining by the reaction of vegetable hydrogenated fat (salomas) with glycerol (glycerolysis method) has been studied. Potassium glycerate is used as a catalyst, which is characterized by high efficiency and safety of production and use. A feature of the work is the study of the dependence of the yield and melting point of monoglycerides on the technological parameters of glycerolysis. As a raw material, hydrogenated refined fat according to DSTU 5040 (CAS Number 68334-28-1) was used: melting point – 48 °C, mass fraction of moisture and volatile substances – 0.08 %, acid value – 0.25 mg KOH/g, peroxide value – 2.8 ½ O mmol/kg. In all experiments, the glycerolysis temperature was 180 °C, the catalyst concentration – 0.5 % in terms of metal. Rational conditions for glycerolysis were determined: duration (90 min.) and glycerol concentration (50 %). Under these conditions, the monoglycerides yield was 32.9 %, melting point – 61.5 °C. The mass fraction of free glycerol in monoglycerides was 1.0 %, acid value – 2.2 mg KOH/g. The efficiency of monoglycerides obtaining using potassium hydroxide and glycerol mixture as a catalyst under certain rational conditions has been studied. The monoglycerides yield of 30.1 %, melting point of 59 °C were obtained. Therefore, the use of potassium glycerate catalyst is more efficient. The results of the study make it possible to improve the technology for the production of fatty acid monoglycerides using a new catalyst and use resources rationally

The production of glycerol and ester by alcoholysis of vegetable oils has been widely studied. Various catalysts, such as sodium and potassium hydroxide and sulfuric acid have been used to increase the rate of reaction. This preliminary research studied the possibility of using potassium carbonate catalyst. The experiment was conducted in an autoclave. A certain amount of nyamplung seed oil was poured into the autoclave and then the heater was switched on to heat up the oil to the required temperature of reaction. Besides, a mixture of ethanol and potassium carbonate was heated in a flask equipped with condenser to form ethanolate. As soon as the required temperature was reached, the ethanolate was quickly put into the autoclave containing the nyamplung seed oil. The temperature of the reaction was kept constant for a period of time. At the end of each process, a sample was withdrawn and analyzed for its glycerine content by acetin method. The variables studied were reaction time and catalyst concentration. The experimental data were evaluated by applying pseudo homogeneous approach. It was found that data were in good agreement with first order reaction with respect to nyamplung seed oil. Using an equivalent ratio of 5.1 ethanol to nyamplung seed oil, a temperature of lOQoC,and an agitation speed of 150 rpm, the favorable catalyst concentration was found to be at 0.008 gram of potassium carbonate per gram of nyamplung seed oil. Under this condition, the glyceride conversion was 0.5159 in 75 min.

Oysters and clams are important for food security and of commercial value worldwide. They are affected by anthropogenic changes and opportunistic pathogens and can be indicators of changes in ocean environments. Therefore, studies into biomarker discovery are of considerable value. This study aimed at assessing extracellular vesicle (EV) signatures and post-translational protein deimination profiles of hemolymph from four commercially valuable Mollusca species, the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), soft shell clam (Mya arenaria), Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), and Atlantic jacknife clam (Ensis leei). EVs form part of cellular communication by transporting protein and genetic cargo and play roles in immunity and host–pathogen interactions. Protein deimination is a post-translational modification caused by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), and can facilitate protein moonlighting in health and disease. The current study identified hemolymph-EV profiles in the four Mollusca species, revealing some species differences. Deiminated protein candidates differed in hemolymph between the species, with some common targets between all four species (e.g., histone H3 and H4, actin, and GAPDH), while other hits were species-specific; in blue mussel these included heavy metal binding protein, heat shock proteins 60 and 90, 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydrolyase, GTP cyclohydrolase feedback regulatory protein, sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase, and fibrinogen domain containing protein. In soft shell clam specific deimination hits included dynein, MCM3-associated protein, and SCRN. In Eastern oyster specific deimination hits included muscle LIM protein, beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein, myosin heavy chain, thaumatin-like protein, vWFA domain-containing protein, BTB domain-containing protein, amylase, and beta-catenin. Deiminated proteins specific to Atlantic jackknife clam included nacre c1q domain-containing protein and PDZ domain-containing protein In addition, some proteins were common as deiminated targets between two or three of the Bivalvia species under study (e.g., EP protein, C1q domain containing protein, histone H2B, tubulin, elongation factor 1-alpha, dominin, extracellular superoxide dismutase). Protein interaction network analysis for the deiminated protein hits revealed major pathways relevant for immunity and metabolism, providing novel insights into post-translational regulation via deimination. The study contributes to EV characterization in diverse taxa and understanding of roles for PAD-mediated regulation of immune and metabolic pathways throughout phylogeny.

The present study aims to produce a cosmetic emulsion containing the co-product glycerine, generated in the production of biodiesel by the transesterification of canola oil. The first part of the work consisted in the production of biodiesel by the transesterification of crude canola oil, using potassium hydroxide as catalyst, with a molar ratio of oil:methanol (1:6) and a temperature of 25 °C. The final reaction mixture had to be washed and filtered to obtain biodiesel, which was characterized and considered within the specifications of the National Oil Agency (ANP). The second step was based on the pre-purification of the glycerine by acid hydrolysis, by the addition of concentrated phosphoric acid/crude glycerin in the 2:3 molar ratio. This step was important to remove impurities such as the catalyst and fatty acids to later use the glycerine in the manipulation of the cream. Finally, the formulations of the Lanette® cream were made, one with the pharmaceutical glycerine other for the pre-purified glycerine of the biodiesel, and comparative tests were made among them, which proved the viability of the pre-purification of the residual glycerine of the biodiesel.

Potato starch (PS), also one amylose-rich starch (high amylose maize starch, HAMS) and one amlyopectin-rich starch (waxymaize starch, WMS) were used for the syntheses as raw materials. Starch acetates were synthesized by reaction with acetic acid anhydride and potassium carbonate as activator. Tests of thermoplastic processability of the starch acetates were performed by extrusion followed by injection molding to specimens. Glycerine triacetate (triacetin, TAc) was attached as plasticizer to starch acetate. For this system a processing procedure was acquired under variation of different parameters. Starch- and cellulose-based films containing inorganic luminescent quantum dots, namely europium doped yttrium vanadate (YVO4:Eu) and cerium and terbium doped lanthanum phosphate (LaPO4:Ce,Tb) as well as an organic laser dye (naphthaldiimide, LV 570) were prepared by tape casting and air brush technique. Under UV-light exposure, they show a bright fluorescence radiation depending on the incorporate dye or quantum dot.

Over three billion cups of coffee are consumed daily, making waste coffee grounds readily available throughout the world. Containing approximately 10–15 wt% of oil, they have great potential for biodiesel production. The goal of this work was to produce high quality biodiesel from waste coffee grounds. One fresh and four different types of waste coffee grounds were collected. Oil was extracted by the Soxhlet method with n-hexane and then purified via extractive deacidification with a potassium carbonate-based deep eutectic solvent. Biodiesels were synthesized by means of alkali catalyzed transesterification at different catalyst:methanol:oil mass ratios and reaction times. Impurities present in crude biodiesels were extracted with a choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent. All batch extraction experiments were performed at room conditions in a small scale extractor. Optimal conditions for synthesis and purification were defined in order to assure high quality of the produced biodiesel. Additionally, continuous column extraction with the choline chloride-based solvent was tested as a purification method for crude biodiesel. Stabilization time and optimal biodiesel to solvent mass ratio were determined. The potassium carbonate-based solvent efficiently reduced the total acid number of the feedstock (deacidification efficiency ranged from 86.18 to 94.15%), while the one based on choline chloride removed free glycerol and glycerides from crude biodiesels. After continuous purification, the purified biodiesel was of excellent quality with glycerol and glyceride contents below the EN 14214 limit.

Combustion of biomass produces solid carbon particles, whereas their generation is highly unlikely when a biomass is heated instead of being burnt. For instance, in the Tobacco Heating System (THS2.2), the tobacco is heated below 350°C and no combustion takes place. Consequently, at this relatively low temperature, released compounds should form an aerosol consisting of suspended liquid droplets via a homogeneous nucleation process. To verify this assumption, mainstream aerosol generated by the heat-not-burn product, THS2.2, was assessed in comparison with mainstream smoke produced from the 3R4F reference cigarette for which solid particles are likely present. For this purpose, a methodology was developed based on the use of a commercial Dekati thermodenuder operating at 300°C coupled with a two-stage impactor to trap solid particles. If any particles were collected, they were subsequently analyzed by a scanning electron microscope and an electron dispersive X-ray. The setup was first assessed using glycerine-based aerosol as a model system. The removal efficiency of glycerin was determined to be 86 ± 2% using a Trust Science Innovation (TSI) scanning mobility particle sizer, meaning that quantification of solid particles can be achieved as long as their fraction is larger than 14% in number. From experiments conducted using the 3R4F reference cigarette, the methodology showed that approximately 80% in number of the total particulate matter was neither evaporated nor removed by the thermodenuder. This 80% in number was attributed to the presence of solid particles and/or low volatile liquid droplets. The particles collected on the impactor were mainly carbon based. Oxygen, potassium, and chloride traces were also noted. In comparison, solid particles were not detected in the aerosol of THS2.2 after passing through the thermodenuder operated at 300°C. This result is consistent with the fact that no combustion process takes place in THS2.2 and no formation and subsequent transfer of solid carbon particles is expected to occur in the mainstream aerosol.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.18.06 – технологія жирів, ефірних масел і парфумерно-косметичних продуктів. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут" Міністерства освіти і науки України, м. Харків, 2016. Дисертаційну роботу присвячено вирішенню конкретного науково-практичного завдання щодо розробки наукових засад технології переетерифікування жирів з використанням нових каталізаторів, які представляють собою гліцерати лужних металів. Визначено триацилгліцерольний склад початкових та переетерифікованих індивідуальних олій. Встановлено вплив переетерифікування з традиційним каталізатором на температуру плавлення олій. Обгрунтовано вибір тестового жиру для досліджень переетерифікування жирів. Доведено ефективність гліцерату калію та гліцерату натрію як каталізаторів переетерифікування жирів. Встановлено характер змін триацилгліцерольного складу тестового жиру у результаті переетерифікування у присутності гліцерату калію в порівнянні з промисловим каталізатором – метилатом натрію. Визначено термін зберігання гліцерату калію та виявлено можливість його регенерування після втрати каталітичної активності. Встановлено залежність каталітичної активності гліцерату калію від основних фізико-хімічних властивостей початкової сировини. Розроблено математичні моделі переетерифікування тестового жиру у присутності гліцерату калію в залежності від основних технологічних параметрів. Сформульовано рекомендації щодо вибору режимів та визначено раціональні умови переетерифікування. Доведено можливість застосування гліцерату калію у виробництві якісних переетерифікованих жирів із сумішей олій та жирів. Проведено економічні розрахунки собівартості гліцерату калію. Розроблено удосконалену технологію хімічного переетерифікування жирів з використанням гліцератів лужних металів. Розроблено проект технологічної інструкції на виробництво жирів переетерифікованих з використанням гліцератів лужних металів.
Thesis for a candidate degree of technical sciences by specialty 05.18.06 – fats, essential oils and perfume-cosmetic products technology. – National Technical University "Kharkov Polytechnic Institute" Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Kharkov, 2016. The thesis is dedicated to specific scientific and practical task to develop the scientific foundations of fat interesterification technology using new catalysts that constitute alkali metals glycerates. Triacylglycerol composition of initial and interesterified samples of individual oils was defined. The influence of interesterification with traditional catalyst to the melting point of oils was installed. The choice of test fat for studies of fat interesterification was grounded. The efficiency of potassium glycerate and sodium glycerate as catalysts for interesterification of fats was proved. The character of triacylglycerol composition changes of test fat in the process of interesterification in the presence of potassium glycerate compared with industrial catalyst sodium methylate was installed. Shelf life of potassium glycerate was defined and the possibility of recovery after the loss of catalytic activity was revealed. The dependence of the catalytic activity of potassium glycerate on basic physical and chemical properties of the original material was installed. The mathematical model of the interesterification of test fat in the presence of potassium glycerate depending on the basic technological parameters was developed. Recommendations on the choice of modes were formulated and rational conditions of the interesterification were defined. The possibility of potassium glycerate use in the production of qualitive interesretified fats with mixtures of oils and fats was proved. Economic analysis of the cost potassium glycerate was conducted. The advanced chemical fat interesrerification technology using alkali metals glycerates was developed. The project of technical regulations for production of interesretified fats using alkali metals glycerates was developed.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.18.06 – технологія жирів, ефірних масел і парфумерно-косметичних продуктів. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут" Міністерства освіти і науки України, м. Харків, 2016. Дисертаційну роботу присвячено вирішенню конкретного науково-практичного завдання щодо розробки наукових засад технології переетерифікування жирів з використанням нових каталізаторів, які представляють собою гліцерати лужних металів. Визначено триацилгліцерольний склад початкових та переетерифікованих індивідуальних олій. Встановлено вплив переетерифікування з традиційним каталізатором на температуру плавлення олій. Обгрунтовано вибір тестового жиру для досліджень переетерифікування жирів. Доведено ефективність гліцерату калію та гліцерату натрію як каталізаторів переетерифікування жирів. Встановлено характер змін триацилгліцерольного складу тестового жиру у результаті переетерифікування у присутності гліцерату калію в порівнянні з промисловим каталізатором – метилатом натрію. Визначено термін зберігання гліцерату калію та виявлено можливість його регенерування після втрати каталітичної активності. Встановлено залежність каталітичної активності гліцерату калію від основних фізико-хімічних властивостей початкової сировини. Розроблено математичні моделі переетерифікування тестового жиру у присутності гліцерату калію в залежності від основних технологічних параметрів. Сформульовано рекомендації щодо вибору режимів та визначено раціональні умови переетерифікування. Доведено можливість застосування гліцерату калію у виробництві якісних переетерифікованих жирів із сумішей олій та жирів. Проведено економічні розрахунки собівартості гліцерату калію. Розроблено удосконалену технологію хімічного переетерифікування жирів з використанням гліцератів лужних металів. Розроблено проект технологічної інструкції на виробництво жирів переетерифікованих з використанням гліцератів лужних металів.
Thesis for a candidate degree of technical sciences by specialty 05.18.06 – fats, essential oils and perfume-cosmetic products technology. – National Technical University "Kharkov Polytechnic Institute" Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Kharkov, 2016. The thesis is dedicated to specific scientific and practical task to develop the scientific foundations of fat interesterification technology using new catalysts that constitute alkali metals glycerates. Triacylglycerol composition of initial and interesterified samples of individual oils was defined. The influence of interesterification with traditional catalyst to the melting point of oils was installed. The choice of test fat for studies of fat interesterification was grounded. The efficiency of potassium glycerate and sodium glycerate as catalysts for interesterification of fats was proved. The character of triacylglycerol composition changes of test fat in the process of interesterification in the presence of potassium glycerate compared with industrial catalyst sodium methylate was installed. Shelf life of potassium glycerate was defined and the possibility of recovery after the loss of catalytic activity was revealed. The dependence of the catalytic activity of potassium glycerate on basic physical and chemical properties of the original material was installed. The mathematical model of the interesterification of test fat in the presence of potassium glycerate depending on the basic technological parameters was developed. Recommendations on the choice of modes were formulated and rational conditions of the interesterification were defined. The possibility of potassium glycerate use in the production of qualitive interesretified fats with mixtures of oils and fats was proved. Economic analysis of the cost potassium glycerate was conducted. The advanced chemical fat interesrerification technology using alkali metals glycerates was developed. The project of technical regulations for production of interesretified fats using alkali metals glycerates was developed.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Patients who have received radiation therapy due to oral cancers often present with complications such as salivary dysfunction, mucositis, soft tissue necrosis, infections and dental caries. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial properties of an experimental mouthrinse which also contains analgesic and anticaries compounds and can be used in the management of patients with oral cancers after radiation therapy. Methods: The experimental mouthrinse contained a mixture of 30% glycerine (antimicrobial agent), 7% potassium nitrate (analgesic) and 0.025% sodium fluoride (anticaries agent). The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these ingredients was tested against Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans over 24 hours at different concentrations. MICs of commercially available mouthrinses containing chlorhexidine digluconate (Corsodyl®) and fluoride with triclosan (Plax®) were also determined using the same organisms. All mouthrinses were then tested to determine the percentage kill over 1, 2, and 3 minutes. The costs of these mouthrinses were also compared. Results: The MICs for glycerine were 10%, 25% and 10% for C. albicans, S. aureus and S. mutans respectively. Potassium nitrate, sodium fluoride and alum did not show any antimicrobial effects. The MIC of Corsodyl® was <0.02 mg/ml for all the test organisms. The MIC for Plax was 0.02 mg/ml, <0.002 mg/ml and 0.005 mg/ml for C. albicans, S. aureus and S. mutans respectively. Combining glycerine, potassium nitrate and sodium fluoride into a mixture did not affect the antimicrobial properties of these constituents. The mixture killed 99.78%, 99.88% and 99.98% of C. albicans, 61.74%, 70.64% and 85.09% of S. aureus and 91.72%, 99.47% and 99.99% of S. mutans after 1, 2 and 3 minutes respectively. Two percent chlorhexidine digluconate killed 98.98%, 99.97% and 99.99% of C. albicans, 95.83%, 99.68% and 99.97% of S. aureus and 99.98%, 99.96% and 99.99% of S. mutans after 1, 2 and 3 minutes respectively. Plax® killed 99.99% of C. albicans in one minute, 99.66%, 99.99% of S. aureus in 1 and 2 minutes respectively; and 99.89%, 99.96% and 99.99% of S. mutans in 1, 2 and 3 minutes respectively. The costs of similar amounts of the experimental mouthrinse, Corsodyl® and Plax® were R5.24, R30.00 and R10.00 respectively. Conclusion: A mouthrinse effective in relieving oral symptoms in patients receiving radiation therapy needs to show some antimicrobial activity against in particular, C. albicans and S. mutans, whilst at the same time having a palliative effect. This study has shown that the experimental mouthrinse will fulfil these requirements. The experimental mouthrinse was found to be the cheapest in comparison to Corsodyl® and Plax®.