Journal articles: 'Potassium batterie'

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Lee, Suyeong, Jun Lee, Jaekook Kim, Marco Agostini, Shizhao Xiong, Aleksandar Matic, and Jang-Yeon Hwang. "Recent Developments and Future Challenges in Designing Rechargeable Potassium-Sulfur and Potassium-Selenium Batteries." Energies 13, no. 11 (June 1, 2020): 2791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112791.

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The use of chalcogenide elements, such as sulfur (S) and selenium (Se), as cathode materials in rechargeable lithium (Li) and sodium (Na) batteries has been extensively investigated. Similar to Li and Na systems, rechargeable potassium–sulfur (K–S) and potassium–selenium (K–Se) batteries have recently attracted substantial interest because of the abundance of K and low associated costs. However, K–S and K–Se battery technologies are in their infancy because K possesses overactive chemical properties compared to Li and Na and the electrochemical mechanisms of such batteries are not fully understood. This paper summarizes current research trends and challenges with regard to K–S and K–Se batteries and reviews the associated fundamental science, key technological developments, and scientific challenges to evaluate the potential use of these batteries and finally determine effective pathways for their practical development.

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Sun, Hao, Peng Liang, Guanzhou Zhu, Wei Hsuan Hung, Yuan-Yao Li, Hung-Chun Tai, Cheng-Liang Huang, et al. "A high-performance potassium metal battery using safe ionic liquid electrolyte." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 45 (October 26, 2020): 27847–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2012716117.

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Potassium secondary batteries are contenders of next-generation energy storage devices owing to the much higher abundance of potassium than lithium. However, safety issues and poor cycle life of K metal battery have been key bottlenecks. Here we report an ionic liquid electrolyte comprising 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride/AlCl3/KCl/potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl) imide for safe and high-performance batteries. The electrolyte is nonflammable and exhibits a high ionic conductivity of 13.1 mS cm−1at room temperature. A 3.6-V battery with K anode and Prussian blue/reduced graphene oxide cathode delivers a high energy and power density of 381 and 1,350 W kg−1, respectively. The battery shows an excellent cycling stability over 820 cycles, retaining ∼89% of the original capacity with high Coulombic efficiencies of ∼99.9%. High cyclability is also achieved at elevated temperatures up to 60 °C. Uniquely, robust K, Al, F, and Cl-containing passivating interphases are afforded with this electrolyte, which is key to superior battery cycling performances.

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Popovic, J. "Review—Recent Advances in Understanding Potassium Metal Anodes." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 030510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac580f.

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In the recent years, together with sodium, potassium-based batteries are raising a considerable attention as a possible alternative for replacing lithium batteries. This concise review gives an insight in the particularities of the interphases (solid electrolyte interphase) and interfaces (dendrite growth) in battery cells where potassium metal is in contact with liquid electrolytes, based on available theories and very recent experimental evidence. In addition, the electrochemical background of issues occurring in solid-state batteries with K metal anodes are touched upon.

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Wang, Yiwei, Yunzhuo Liu, Fengjun Ji, Deping Li, Jinru Huang, Hainan Sun, Shuang Wen, Qing Sun, Jingyu Lu, and Lijie Ci. "A Comparative Study on the K-ion Storage Behavior of Commercial Carbons." Crystals 12, no. 8 (August 13, 2022): 1140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12081140.

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Potassium-ion battery, a key analog of lithium-ion battery, is attracting enormous attentions owing to the abundant reserves and low cost of potassium salts, and the electrochemically reversible insertion/extraction of the K-ion within the commercial graphite inspires a research spotlight in searching and designing suitable carbon electrode materials. Herein, five commercially available carbons are selected as the anode material, and the K-ion storage capability is comparably evaluated from various aspects, including reversible capacity, cyclability, coulombic efficiency, and rate capability. This work may boost the development of potassium-ion batteries from a viewpoint of practical applications.

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Zhu, Xingqun, Rai Nauman Ali, Ming Song, Yingtao Tang, and Zhengwei Fan. "Recent Advances in Polymers for Potassium Ion Batteries." Polymers 14, no. 24 (December 17, 2022): 5538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14245538.

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Potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) are considered to be an effective alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their abundant resources, low cost, and similar electrochemical properties of K+ to Li+, and they have a good application prospect in the field of large-scale energy storage batteries. Polymer materials play a very important role in the battery field, such as polymer electrode materials, polymer binders, and polymer electrolytes. Here in this review, we focus on the research progress of polymers in KIBs and systematically summarize the research status and achievements of polymer electrode materials, electrolytes, and binders in potassium ion batteries in recent years. Finally, based on the latest representative research of polymers in KIBs, some suggestions and prospects are put forward, which provide possible directions for future research.

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Khudyshkina, Anna D., Polina A. Morozova, Andreas J. Butzelaar, Maxi Hoffmann, Manfred Wilhelm, Patrick Theato, Stanislav S. Fedotov, and Fabian Jeschull. "Poly(ethylene oxide)-Based Electrolytes for Solid-State Potassium Metal Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 1 (July 7, 2022): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01166mtgabs.

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Most conventional batteries today employ organic liquid electrolytes (LEs) that are not only flammable, but also serve as a medium for irreversible side reactions at the electrode interfaces, especially when metal is used as electrode. In post-lithium systems, such as potassium batteries, this issue is even more pronounced due to a higher reactivity of the metal as compared to lithium, and typically results in electrochemical instability leading to a rapid capacity fade of the battery.[1] When switching from LEs to solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) that typically show better electrochemical stability at low (< 0.5 V vs. K+/K) and high (> 4 V vs. K+/K) potentials due to polymers inherent inertness, enhanced cycle life of the battery is expected.[2] Moreover, well-known disadvantage of SPEs in Li-based batteries, i.e., poor ionic conductivity at ambient temperature, could be overcome in systems with larger cation size, e.g. K+ [3,4], potentially removing some of the bottlenecks previously encountered in the case of Li-transport. In this presentation, a series of poly(ethylene oxide) - potassium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide (PEO-KTFSI) compositions with different salt concentration was investigated for their potential application as SPEs in potassium metal batteries. To identify the most promising candidate in terms of ion transport and mechanical integrity, the effect of KTFSI concentration on thermal, rheological and electrochemical properties was studied. Several electrolyte compositions were examined in solid-state potassium batteries with a potassium metal negative electrode, and a positive electrode from Prussian blue analogue family. Our results reveal the advantages of solid-state systems with respect to improved capacity retention and Coulombic efficiency as compared to the reference system with carbonate-based LE, as demonstrated in Figure 1, thus paving the way for a new generation of potassium batteries with significantly improved key performance parameters. Figure 1. Comparison of potassium half-cells employing different electrolyte systems: carbonate-based liquid electrolyte (LE) vs. PEO-based solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) (a) capacity retention and (b) corresponding Coulombic efficiencies. [1] H. Wang, D. Zhai, F. Kang, Energy Environ. Sci. 2020, 13, 4583–4608. [2] J. Mindemark, M. J. Lacey, T. Bowden, D. Brandell, Prog. Polym. Sci. 2018, 81, 114–143. [3] M. Perrier, S. Besner, C. Paquette, A. Vallée, S. Lascaud, J. Prud’homme, Electrochim. Acta 1995, 40, 2123–2129. [4] U. Oteo, M. Martinez-Ibañez, I. Aldalur, E. Sanchez-Diez, J. Carrasco, M. Armand, H. Zhang, ChemElectroChem 2019, 6, 1019–1022. Figure 1

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Chang, Wei‐Chung, Jen‐Hsuan Wu, Kuan‐Ting Chen, and Hsing‐Yu Tuan. "Potassium‐Ion Batteries: Red Phosphorus Potassium‐Ion Battery Anodes (Adv. Sci. 9/2019)." Advanced Science 6, no. 9 (May 2019): 1970052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/advs.201970052.

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Abedin, Muhammad Raisul, Shamsul Abedin, Md Hasib Al Mahbub, Nandini Deb, and Mohidus Samad Khan. "A Hydrometallurgical Approach to Recover Zinc and Manganese from Spent Zn-C Batteries." Materials Science Forum 886 (March 2017): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.886.117.

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This study addresses the recovery of recovery of zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) from spent dry cell (Zn-C battery) batteries using a hydrometallurgical approach. Every year, a significant number of Zn-C dry cell batteries are consumed and disposed worldwide. Zn-C dry cell batteries constitute more than 60% of Zn and Mn together. Higher amount of Zn and Mn present in Zn-C dry cells shows an industrial interest in recycling and recovering Zn and Mn. In this study the recovery of Zn and Mn from spent dry cells was investigated through an energy efficient hydrometallurgical route. Zn-C batteries were manually dismantled to collect the battery paste. Neutral leaching was carried out to remove potassium and non-metal contents. The battery powder was leached in sulfuric acid medium with glucose as reducing agent. The experiments were conducted according to ‘24 full factorial design’. The purpose of the design was to identify the most effective and optimum condition for Zn and Mn recovery from spent Zn-C batteries. Using the optimum operating condition, up to 86.54 % of Mn and 82.19% of Zn were recovered from the original battery powder.

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Ebin, Burçak, Martina Petranikova, Britt-Marie Steenari, and Christian Ekberg. "Recovery of industrial valuable metals from household battery waste." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 37, no. 2 (January 11, 2019): 168–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18815966.

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The modern community is dependent on electronic devices such as remote controls, alarm clocks, electric shavers, phones and computers, all of which are powered by household batteries. Alkaline, zinc–carbon (Zn-C), nickel metal hydride, lithium and lithium-ion batteries are the most common types of household energy storage technologies in the primary and secondary battery markets. Primary batteries, especially alkaline and Zn-C batteries, are the main constituents of the collected spent battery stream due to their short lifetimes. In this research, the recycling of main battery components, which are steel shells, zinc (Zn) and manganese oxides, was investigated. Household batteries were collected in Gothenburg, Sweden and mechanically pretreated by a company, Renova AB. The steel shells from spent batteries were industrially separated from the batteries themselves and the battery black mass obtained. A laboratory-scale pyrolysis method was applied to recover the Zn content via carbothermic reduction. First, the carbothermic reaction of the battery black mass was theoretically studied by HSC Chemistry 9.2 software. The effect of the amount of carbon on the Zn recovery was then examined by the designed process at 950°C. The recovery efficiency of Zn from battery black mass was over 99%, and the metal was collected as metallic Zn particles in a submicron particle size range. The pyrolysis residue was composed of mainly MnO2with some minor impurities such as iron and potassium. The suggested recycling process is a promising route not only for the effective extraction of secondary resources, but also for the utilization of recovered products in advanced technology applications.

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Baioun, Abeer, Hassan Kellawi, and Ahamed Falah. "Nano Prussian Yellow Film Modified Electrode: A Cathode Material for Aqueous Potassium Ion Secondary Battery with Zinc Anode." Current Nanoscience 14, no. 3 (April 18, 2018): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573413714666180103153511.

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Background: Demands of rechargeable energy storage devices such as batteries are increasing. Potassium is cheap and abundant contrary to Li. Prussian blue and analogues PBAs are promising cathodes materials for K- ion batteries, because of facile synthesis and low cost. However, PB and close analogues (Prussian green and Prussian white) suffer from low coulombic efficiency and low cyclability owing to structure deficiency. We present here a facile synthesis dip-dry method at elevated temperature of Prussian yellow film cathode for aqueous potassium battery with Zn anode. The device exhibits a high specific capacity, coulombic efficiency and long cycling life with satisfactory charge/discharge behavior. Method: Prussian yellow(PY) film was prepared as a thin film on ITO substrate by dip dry method from a solution mixture of Fe3+ (0.1M) and Fe(CN)-6 (0.1M) at (80°C). Precipitation time was fifteen minutes. Films where characterization by FTIR, TGA, XRD, EDS, SEM, CV and EIS. Batteries composed of PY cathode and zinc metal anode were tested in 0.1M KCl electrolyte. Results: Battery gave OCV 1.9V with specific capacity of 142 mAh/g at rate of (~ 3C), with satisfactorily cycling ability up to 500 cycles & reversible charge/discharge behavior. Good crystal structure of PY film was demonstrated by several characterization methods e.g., FT-IR, TGA, XRD, EDS, SEM and electrochemical techniques. All showed good crystallinity quality of prepared PY films which demonstrate cathode qualities K cathode for K charge / discharge battery. Conclusion: Prussian yellow film, one of Prussian blue close analogues prepared in a simple and very facile nonelectrical method can be used as a robust cathode with highly reversible redox reactions that enable this material to be used as a cathode in battery of potassium aqueous electrolyte with Zinc anode. Battery has a significant cycle life (~500 cycle) and satisfactory capacity of 142mAhg-1 at rate of (~3C) with efficiency retention of 82%.

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Le Pham, Phuong Nam, Romain Wernert, Giuliana Aquilanti, Patrik Johansson, Laure Monconduit, and Lorenzo Stievano. "Prussian Blue Analogues for Potassium-Ion Batteries: Application of Complementary Operando X-Ray Techniques." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 1 (July 7, 2022): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01160mtgabs.

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In the last 5 years, potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have been considered as a promising post-lithium-ion battery technology, much due to cost effectiveness and a variety of electrode materials available [1]. Prussian Blue Analogues (PBAs), with advantages such as simple synthesis, high capacity, and eco-friendliness, have gained a huge interest [2–4] and here we present a detailed study on the electrochemical mechanism of K x Mn2/3Fe1/3[Fe(CN)6] y .zH2O. We do this by combining complementary operando techniques: X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, supported by ex situ 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. Chemometric analysis of the operando data allows us to follow the physico-chemical and structural evolution during electrochemical cycling, providing deeper understanding. From this, a reversible phase transition between monoclinic and cubic crystal structure was observed during the oxidation/reduction of Mn species. The local geometry information on Fe and especially Mn, as obtained from the EXAFS data analysis, serves to explain the volume expansion of the Fe–CN–M (M = Mn, Fe) framework during the extraction of potassium. This paves the way for optimizing the PBA composition for PIB application. References [1] T. Hosaka, K. Kubota, A.S. Hameed, S. Komaba, Research Development on K-Ion Batteries, Chem. Rev. 120 (2020) 6358–6466. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00463. [2] X. Jiang, T. Zhang, L. Yang, G. Li, J.Y. Lee, A Fe/Mn-Based Prussian Blue Analogue as a K-Rich Cathode Material for Potassium-Ion Batteries, ChemElectroChem. 4 (2017) 2237–2242. https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201700410. [3] A. Zhou, W. Cheng, W. Wang, Q. Zhao, J. Xie, W. Zhang, H. Gao, L. Xue, J. Li, Hexacyanoferrate-Type Prussian Blue Analogs: Principles and Advances Toward High-Performance Sodium and Potassium Ion Batteries, Adv. Energy Mater. 11 (2021) 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202000943. [4] K. Hurlbutt, S. Wheeler, I. Capone, M. Pasta, Prussian Blue Analogs as Battery Materials, Joule. 2 (2018) 1950–1960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.07.017.

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Liao, Jiaying, Qiao Hu, Yingtao Yu, Heyang Wang, Zhongfeng Tang, Zhaoyin Wen, and Chunhua Chen. "A potassium-rich iron hexacyanoferrate/dipotassium terephthalate@carbon nanotube composite used for K-ion full-cells with an optimized electrolyte." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 36 (2017): 19017–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta05460b.

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Liu, Chang, Ze Song, Tianyi Ma, and Jieshan Qiu. "S, N co-doped pitch-based composite carbon nanofibers with enlarged interlayer distance as a superior potassium ion batteries anode." E3S Web of Conferences 213 (2020): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021302003.

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Potassium ion batteries (PIBs), an alternative to traditional lithium ion batteries to large-scale energy storage device, have attracted tremendous attention, due to abundant reserves of potassium resources and low cost. However, it still remains challenge to fabricate suitable anode materials with high K storage capabilities. In this work, facile S/N co-doped pitch based composite carbon nanofibers has been fabricated by electrospinning of coal tar pitch and polyacrylonitrile, and followed by carbonization under H2S/Ar atmosphere. The formation of -C-S-Cbond effectively increased S utilization, and enlarged carbon interlayer distance to some degree. As anode for PIBs, the S/N co-doped carbon displayed enhancement of capacity, rate capability and cycle stability. This work would shed a light on the fabrication of S/N co-doped materials for both battery, supercapacitor and electrocatalytic electrodes.

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Eftekhari, Ali, Zelang Jian, and Xiulei Ji. "Potassium Secondary Batteries." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 9, no. 5 (October 21, 2016): 4404–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b07989.

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Valvo, Mario, Christina Floraki, Elie Paillard, Kristina Edström, and Dimitra Vernardou. "Perspectives on Iron Oxide-Based Materials with Carbon as Anodes for Li- and K-Ion Batteries." Nanomaterials 12, no. 9 (April 22, 2022): 1436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12091436.

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The necessity for large scale and sustainable energy storage systems is increasing. Lithium-ion batteries have been extensively utilized over the past decades for a range of applications including electronic devices and electric vehicles due to their distinguishing characteristics. Nevertheless, their massive deployment can be questionable due to use of critical materials as well as limited lithium resources and growing costs of extraction. One of the emerging alternative candidates is potassium-ion battery technology due to potassium’s extensive reserves along with its physical and chemical properties similar to lithium. The challenge to develop anode materials with good rate capability, stability and high safety yet remains. Iron oxides are potentially promising anodes for both battery systems due to their high theoretical capacity, low cost and abundant reserves, which aligns with the targets of large-scale application and limited environmental footprint. However, they present relevant limitations such as low electronic conductivity, significant volume changes and inadequate energy efficiency. In this review, we discuss some recent design strategies of iron oxide-based materials for both electrochemical systems and highlight the relationships of their structure performance in nanostructured anodes. Finally, we outline challenges and opportunities for these materials for possible development of KIBs as a complementary technology to LIBs.

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Tatara, Ryoichi, Kenta Ishihara, Motohiro Kosugi, Kazuma Aoki, Yuko Takei, Takahiro Matsui, Toshiharu Takayama, and Shinichi Komaba. "Application of Potassium Ion Conducting KTiOPO₄ as Effective Inner Solid-Contact Layer in All-Solid-State Potassium Ion-Selective Electrode." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 170, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 027507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/acb4bd.

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Solid electrolytes used in all-solid-state batteries electronically separate the positive and negative electrodes in the battery and only allow the carrier ions to pass through. KTiOPO4 (KTP), a potassium ion-conducting solid electrolyte, was first applied as the inner solid contact layer of an all-solid-state potassium ion-selective electrode (ISE) to stabilize the membrane potential. Application of the KTP layer improved the long-term potential stability of the ISE by stabilizing the membrane potential. This can be further improved by adding acetylene black (AB) to the KTP layer which reduced the electrode resistance owing to its high double-layer capacitance.

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Feng, Jin Lai. "Study on the Discharge Performance that the High Barium Ferrite as the Electrochemical Properties of Super-Iron Battery Cathode Active Material." Applied Mechanics and Materials 329 (June 2013): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.329.66.

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The super-iron battery has a green, voltage stability and high-energy characteristics, but the stability is one of the key issues restricting its development. We select high barium ferrite as the active material of the cathode material, research on the stability of sodium silicate (Na 2 SiO 3 · 9H 2 O) and potassium permanganate (KMnO 4) as synthetic additives, the battery and its discharge properties. The study showed that the adding 0.2g sodium silicate barium salt of battery has a high discharge voltage and discharge energy, which is greater than the output current, made for 86.89% of the total power of the electric power made by the discharge voltage of 1.4 volts. While adding 0.4 g of sodium silicate barium salt of the battery having a relatively flat discharge platform and a high discharge capacity, which is larger than the discharge voltage of 1.2 volts, the output capacitor accounts for the total output capacity of 93.3%; adding potassium permanganate, barium salt battery compared with no additives barium salt battery discharge voltage of 1.4 volts, 91% of the total capacity of the discharge capacity, discharge energy to the total energy of 93.4%. The modified alkaline high barium ferrite batteries (Zn / BaFeO 4) suitable for high current discharge voltage and stable work occasions.

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Zhang, Yue, Wei Lu, Donald J. Freschi, Yulong Liu, and Jian Liu. "Investigation of Cathode Structure and Electrolyte Chemistry for Emerging Metal-Tellurium Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 4 (July 7, 2022): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-014567mtgabs.

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Tellurium (Te) has received rising attention as electrode materials in next-generation high-energy-density rechargeable batteries due to its superior electronic conductivity and comparable specific volumetric capacity compared to conversion-type sulfur or selenium. To date, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the fundamental electrochemistry, structure design and electrolyte chemistry in emerging metal-Te battery systems. Herein, extensive efforts have been made in our group to figure out the role of carbon host in Te/C cathode architecture and construct highly stable Te/C cathodes. Our finding is that an ideal porous carbon is required to possess a majority of micropores to confine Te active materials and a small portion of mesopores to facilitate electrolyte wetting and Li-ion transport. Importantly, a durable Li-Te battery over 1,000 cycles at 2C was achieved with microporous carbon as Te host to constrain volume change of Te. A quasi-solid-state Li-Te is also constructed and demonstrates superior cycling and rate performance than Li-S/Se batteries with the same cell configuration. Moreover, the electrolyte chemistry and reaction mechanism in K-Te battery system are comprehensively revealed from the aspects of redox kinetics and surface chemistry. The two electrolyte salts (potassium hexafluorophosphate, KPF6 and potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, KFSI) induce similar phase transformation but different specific capacity, reaction kinetics, and SEI composition on the Te/C cathode. These findings are expected to promote the development of Te-based next-generation energy storage systems.

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Han, Yupei, Ajay Piriya Vijaya Kumar Saroja, Henry R. Tinker, and Yang Xu. "Interphases in the electrodes of potassium ion batteries." Journal of Physics: Materials 5, no. 2 (March 29, 2022): 022001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7639/ac5dce.

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Abstract Rechargeable potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) are of great interest as a sustainable, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective energy storage technology. The electrochemical performance of a PIB is closely related to the reaction kinetics of active materials, ionic/electronic transport, and the structural/electrochemical stability of cell components. Alongside the great effort devoted in discovering and optimising electrode materials, recent research unambiguously demonstrates the decisive role of the interphases that interconnect adjacent components in a PIB. Knowledge of interphases is currently less comprehensive and satisfactory compared to that of electrode materials, and therefore, understanding the interphases is crucial to facilitating electrode materials design and advancing battery performance. The present review aims to summarise the critical interphases that dominate the overall battery performance of PIBs, which includes solid-electrolyte interphase, cathode-electrolyte interphase, and solid–solid interphases within composite electrodes, via exploring their formation principles, chemical compositions, and determination of reaction kinetics. State-of-the-art design strategies of robust interphases are discussed and analysed. Finally, perspectives are given to stimulate new ideas and open questions to further the understanding of interphases and the development of PIBs.

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Huang, Xiang Long, Zaiping Guo, Shi Xue Dou, and Zhiming M. Wang. "Rechargeable Potassium–Selenium Batteries." Advanced Functional Materials 31, no. 29 (May 6, 2021): 2102326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202102326.

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Ding, Jia, Hanlei Zhang, Hui Zhou, Jun Feng, Xuerong Zheng, Cheng Zhong, Eunsu Paek, Wenbin Hu, and David Mitlin. "Potassium-Ion Batteries: Sulfur-Grafted Hollow Carbon Spheres for Potassium-Ion Battery Anodes (Adv. Mater. 30/2019)." Advanced Materials 31, no. 30 (July 2019): 1970217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201970217.

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Dutta, Debayon, Robert J. Messinger, Damon E. Turney, Sanjoy Banerjee, and Timothy N. Lambert. "Quantification of Hydrogen Evolution on a Zinc Rotating Disk Electrode in Traditional Alkaline Electrolytes and Acetate-Based Water-in-Salt “Wise” Electrolytes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 2 (October 9, 2022): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-022151mtgabs.

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Rechargeable batteries as energy storage devices for the electric grid are advantageous to bridge the intermittency in the daily energy demand and production by renewable energy sources such as solar microgrids. Another important consideration to satiate this energy landscape is the need for inexpensive, safe, and non-toxic rechargeable battery technology and chemistry. Zinc aqueous (alkaline) batteries are one of the prime candidates that satisfies the aforementioned criterion and has thus warranted a lot of scientific and technological research for commercial applicability. There has been considerable work conducted by the researchers in this field to bolster the cycle life and active material utilization of zinc in alkaline systems. However, zinc is thermodynamically susceptible to hydrogen gas evolution in alkaline solutions as witnessed by its Pourbaix diagram. On a device level, this affects the columbic efficiency due to the deleterious side reaction, which in turn negatively impacts the energy density of the battery. Water-in-salt electrolytes (WiSE) are a recently developed class of electrolytes that directly address this shortcoming of dilute electrolytes due to the modified solvation structure of water which lowers the activity of free water molecules in solution. In this work, we show a type of non-toxic and cheap acetate-based WiSE that has lower hydrogen gassing rates when compared to traditional alkaline potassium hydroxide-based electrolytes. Specifically, we quantify hydrogen gas evolution at the zinc electrode-electrolyte interface using the rotating disk electrode technique at different overpotentials to show the remarked improvement in gassing observed. At overpotentials of 100, 300 and 500 mV, 27 m (molal) potassium acetate is observed to have gassing rates of up to 16 times less than that of 25 weight percent potassium hydroxide. Using the Koutecky-Levich equation, mass-transfer and kinetic parameters for the hydrogen evolution reaction were also determined. The results establish the applicability of this class of WiSE in reducing gassing on zinc and thus, improving the overall efficiency of zinc-based aqueous batteries.

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Zhao, Xinxin, Peixun Xiong, Jianfang Meng, Yanqin Liang, Jiangwei Wang, and Yunhua Xu. "High rate and long cycle life porous carbon nanofiber paper anodes for potassium-ion batteries." J. Mater. Chem. A 5, no. 36 (2017): 19237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta04264g.

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Exceptional rate performance of porous carbon nanofiber anodes in potassium-ion batteries was demonstrated, showing that potassium-ion batteries are a promising system for low-cost and large scale energy storage applications.

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Ding, Jia, Hao Zhang, Wenjie Fan, Cheng Zhong, Wenbin Hu, and David Mitlin. "Potassium–Sulfur Batteries: Review of Emerging Potassium–Sulfur Batteries (Adv. Mater. 23/2020)." Advanced Materials 32, no. 23 (June 2020): 2070174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.202070174.

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Qin, Lei, Songwei Zhang, Jingfeng Zheng, Yu Lei, Dengyun Zhai, and Yiying Wu. "Pursuing graphite-based K-ion O2 batteries: a lesson from Li-ion batteries." Energy & Environmental Science 13, no. 10 (2020): 3656–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ee01361g.

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An artificial SEI enables reversible graphite-intercalation in a potassium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (KTFSI)-based electrolyte to ensure the holistic anode–electrolyte–cathode compatibility in the potassium-ion oxygen battery.

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Zhu, Zhuo, Xiaomeng Shi, Dongdong Zhu, Liubin Wang, Kaixiang Lei, and Fujun Li. "A Hybrid Na//K+-Containing Electrolyte//O2 Battery with High Rechargeability and Cycle Stability." Research 2019 (January 16, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2019/6180615.

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Na-O2 and K-O2 batteries have attracted extensive attention in recent years. However, the parasitic reactions involving the discharge product of NaO2 or K anode with electrolytes and the severe Na or K dendrites plague their rechargeability and cycle stability. Herein, we report a hybrid Na//K+-containing electrolyte//O2 battery consisting of a Na anode, 1.0 M of potassium triflate in diglyme, and a porous carbon cathode. Upon discharging, KO2 is preferentially produced via oxygen reduction in the cathode with Na+ stripped from the Na anode, and reversely, the KO2 is electrochemically decomposed with Na+ plated back onto the anode. The new reaction pathway can circumvent the parasitic reactions involving instable NaO2 and active K anode, and alternatively, the good stability and conductivity of KO2 and stable Na stripping/plating in the presence of K+ enable the hybrid battery to exhibit an average discharge/charge voltage gap of 0.15 V, high Coulombic efficiency of >96%, and superior cycling stability of 120 cycles. This will pave a new pathway to promote metal-air batteries.

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Jo, Jeonggeun, Seulgi Lee, Jihyeon Gim, Jinju Song, Sungjin Kim, Vinod Mathew, Muhammad Hilmy Alfaruqi, Seokhun Kim, Jinsub Lim, and Jaekook Kim. "Facile synthesis of reduced graphene oxide by modified Hummer's method as anode material for Li-, Na- and K-ion secondary batteries." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 4 (April 2019): 181978. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181978.

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Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets were synthesized by a modified Hummer's method without additional reducing procedures, such as chemical and thermal treatment, by appropriate drying of graphite oxide under ambient atmosphere. The use of a moderate drying temperature (250°C) led to mesoporous characteristics with enhanced electrochemical activity, as confirmed by electron microscopy and N 2 adsorption studies. The dimensions of the sheets ranged from nanometres to micrometres and these sheets were entangled with each other. These morphological features of rGO tend to facilitate the movement of guest ions larger than Li + . Impressive electrochemical properties were achieved with the rGO electrodes using various charge-transfer ions, such as Li + , Na + and K + , along with high porosity. Notably, the feasibility of this system as the carbonaceous anode material for sodium battery systems is demonstrated. Furthermore, the results also suggest that the high-rate capability of the present rGO electrode can pave the way for improving the full cell characteristics, especially for preventing the potential drop in sodium-ion batteries and potassium-ion batteries, which are expected to replace the lithium-ion battery system

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Zhu, Zhuo, Xiaomeng Shi, Dongdong Zhu, Liubin Wang, Kaixiang Lei, and Fujun Li. "A Hybrid Na//K+-Containing Electrolyte//O2 Battery with High Rechargeability and Cycle Stability." Research 2019 (January 16, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6180615.

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Na-O2 and K-O2 batteries have attracted extensive attention in recent years. However, the parasitic reactions involving the discharge product of NaO2 or K anode with electrolytes and the severe Na or K dendrites plague their rechargeability and cycle stability. Herein, we report a hybrid Na//K+-containing electrolyte//O2 battery consisting of a Na anode, 1.0 M of potassium triflate in diglyme, and a porous carbon cathode. Upon discharging, KO2 is preferentially produced via oxygen reduction in the cathode with Na+ stripped from the Na anode, and reversely, the KO2 is electrochemically decomposed with Na+ plated back onto the anode. The new reaction pathway can circumvent the parasitic reactions involving instable NaO2 and active K anode, and alternatively, the good stability and conductivity of KO2 and stable Na stripping/plating in the presence of K+ enable the hybrid battery to exhibit an average discharge/charge voltage gap of 0.15 V, high Coulombic efficiency of >96%, and superior cycling stability of 120 cycles. This will pave a new pathway to promote metal-air batteries.

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Khudyshkina, Anna D., Iurii Panasenko, Philip Henkel, Christian Njel, and Fabian Jeschull. "(Invited) Degradation Processes at the Potassium Hexacyanoferrate Electrode in Potassium-Ion Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 59 (October 9, 2022): 2205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02592205mtgabs.

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Prussian blue analogues (PBAs)[1] with the general composition A2M[Fe(CN)6] (A: alkali metal; M: Fe, Mn, etc) are an attractive positive electrode for potassium-ion batteries, owing to their chemical composition based on widely abundant materials, ease of synthesis, high electrochemical reversibility and higher average potential compared to its sodium congener [1]. The combination of a PBA electrode with a graphite negative electrode in a full cell configuration showed great promise as post-Li battery system. However, the upper cut-off potentials of K2Fe[Fe(CN)6] and K2Mn[Fe(CN)6] pose serious stability issues with respect to irreversible electrolyte degradation reactions. In addition, the electrolyte components have to be compatible with the potassium intercalation reaction at the graphite electrode[2], thus limiting the number of suitable electrolyte constituents. In this presentation, we discuss aspects of the material synthesis and electrolyte degradation processes at high potentials in liquid carbonate-based electrolytes. As we will be shown the choice of the precursors is paramount to arrive at suitable particle sizes and has a great impact on the electrochemical behavior of the material. Likewise, the density of Fe-vacancies strongly depends on the chosen synthesis and may lead to significant losses in the achievable discharge capacity. The electrode-electrolyte interface in half and full cell configurations was studied by in-house and synchrotron-based photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) for a detailed characterization of the surface layer and the oxidation states of iron in K2Fe[Fe(CN)6] electrodes. This combined analysis of electrochemical and surface-sensitive analytical studies provides a general picture of the electrode degradation at high potentials and fosters the development of better electrolyte mixtures. Our results further show, how a deliberate choice of electrolyte components can help to reduce irreversible reactions and improve cycling stability and cycle life of potassium-ion batteries. For this we have recently expanded our activities also to solid polymer electrolytes, showing superior capacity retention to liquid electrolyte systems[3]. Figure 1. left: K2Fe[Fe(CN)6] obtained using different Fe-precursors; right: capacity retention of PBA-K cells cycled in either a liquid (black) or solid polymer (red/purple) electrolyte. Reference s : [1] Kim et al., Trends Chem. 1 (2019) 682–692. [2] Allgayer et al., ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 5 (2022) 1136–1148. [3] Khudyshkina et al., ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 4 (2022) 2734–2746. Figure 1

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Yang, Qingyun, Yanjin Liu, Hong Ou, Xueyi Li, Xiaoming Lin, Akif Zeb, and Lei Hu. "Fe-Based metal–organic frameworks as functional materials for battery applications." Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 9, no. 5 (2022): 827–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1qi01396c.

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This review presents a comprehensive discussion on the development and application of pristine Fe-MOFs in lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, potassium-ion batteries, metal–air batteries and lithium–sulfur batteries.

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Zhang, Wenli, Jian Yin, Wenxi Wang, Zahra Bayhan, and Husam N. Alshareef. "Status of rechargeable potassium batteries." Nano Energy 83 (May 2021): 105792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.105792.

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Gálvez, Francisco, Marta Cabello, Pedro Lavela, Gregorio F. Ortiz, and José L. Tirado. "Sustainable and Environmentally Friendly Na and Mg Aqueous Hybrid Batteries Using Na and K Birnessites." Molecules 25, no. 4 (February 19, 2020): 924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040924.

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Sodium and magnesium batteries with intercalation electrodes are currently alternatives of great interest to lithium in stationary applications, such as distribution networks or renewable energies. Hydrated laminar oxides such as birnessites are an attractive cathode material for these batteries. Sodium and potassium birnessite samples have been synthesized by thermal and hydrothermal oxidation methods. Hybrid electrochemical cells have been built using potassium birnessite in aqueous sodium electrolyte, when starting in discharge and with a capacity slightly higher than 70 mA h g−1. Hydrothermal synthesis generally shows slightly poorer electrochemical behavior than their thermal counterparts in both sodium and potassium batteries. The study on hybrid electrolytes has resulted in the successful galvanostatic cycling of both sodium birnessite and potassium birnessite in aqueous magnesium electrolyte, with maximum capacities of 85 and 50 mA h g−1, respectively.

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Yuan, Hongming, He Li, Tingsong Zhang, Guanghua Li, Tianmin He, Fei Du, and Shouhua Feng. "A K2Fe4O7 superionic conductor for all-solid-state potassium metal batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 18 (2018): 8413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta01418c.

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Shen, Qing, Pengjie Jiang, Hongcheng He, Changmiao Chen, Yang Liu, and Ming Zhang. "Encapsulation of MoSe2 in carbon fibers as anodes for potassium ion batteries and nonaqueous battery–supercapacitor hybrid devices." Nanoscale 11, no. 28 (2019): 13511–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr03480c.

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Gerold, Eva, Stefan Luidold, and Helmut Antrekowitsch. "Separation and Efficient Recovery of Lithium from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries." Metals 11, no. 7 (July 8, 2021): 1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11071091.

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The consumption of lithium has increased dramatically in recent years. This can be primarily attributed to its use in lithium-ion batteries for the operation of hybrid and electric vehicles. Due to its specific properties, lithium will also continue to be an indispensable key component for rechargeable batteries in the next decades. An average lithium-ion battery contains 5–7% of lithium. These values indicate that used rechargeable batteries are a high-quality raw material for lithium recovery. Currently, the feasibility and reasonability of the hydrometallurgical recycling of lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries is still a field of research. This work is intended to compare the classic method of the precipitation of lithium from synthetic and real pregnant leaching liquors gained from spent lithium-ion batteries with sodium carbonate (state of the art) with alternative precipitation agents such as sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate. Furthermore, the correlation of the obtained product to the used type of phosphate is comprised. In addition, the influence of the process temperature (room temperature to boiling point), as well as the stoichiometric factor of the precipitant, is investigated in order to finally enable a statement about an efficient process, its parameter and the main dependencies.

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Khezri, Ramin, Soraya Hosseini, Abhishek Lahiri, Shiva Rezaei Motlagh, Mai Thanh Nguyen, Tetsu Yonezawa, and Soorathep Kheawhom. "Enhanced Cycling Performance of Rechargeable Zinc–Air Flow Batteries Using Potassium Persulfate as Electrolyte Additive." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 19 (October 2, 2020): 7303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197303.

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Zinc–air batteries (ZABs) offer high specific energy and low-cost production. However, rechargeable ZABs suffer from a limited cycle life. This paper reports that potassium persulfate (KPS) additive in an alkaline electrolyte can effectively enhance the performance and electrochemical characteristics of rechargeable zinc–air flow batteries (ZAFBs). Introducing redox additives into electrolytes is an effective approach to promote battery performance. With the addition of 450 ppm KPS, remarkable improvement in anodic currents corresponding to zinc (Zn) dissolution and limited passivation of the Zn surface is observed, thus indicating its strong effect on the redox reaction of Zn. Besides, the addition of 450 ppm KPS reduces the corrosion rate of Zn, enhances surface reactions and decreases the solution resistance. However, excess KPS (900 and 1350 ppm) has a negative effect on rechargeable ZAFBs, which leads to a shorter cycle life and poor cyclability. The rechargeable ZAFB, using 450 ppm KPS, exhibits a highly stable charge/discharge voltage for 800 cycles. Overall, KPS demonstrates great promise for the enhancement of the charge/discharge performance of rechargeable ZABs.

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Yang, Qiuran, Zhixin Tai, Qingbing Xia, Weihong Lai, Wanlin Wang, Binwei Zhang, Zichao Yan, et al. "Copper phosphide as a promising anode material for potassium-ion batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, no. 13 (2021): 8378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta11496k.

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Li, Yuanshun, Brian Washington, Gabriel Goenaga, and Thomas A. Zawodzinski. "Improve the Zinc Slurry-Air Battery Performance: New Operational Mode to Separate Effects." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 2 (October 9, 2022): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-022156mtgabs.

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In recent years, zinc air batteries received substantial interest as a viable next generation of batteries based on their merits of high energy densities, high performance, environmentally friendly, inexpensive, and abundant electrode material. Traditional secondary zinc air flow batteries use zinc metal as an anode. Severe dendrite growth and passivation limits the cycling behavior, which hinders commercialization in the industry. By substituting the zinc plate with a zinc slurry (zinc particles suspended in the alkaline media, typically with a high concentration of potassium hydroxide), the battery can in principle achieve higher energy density and attain more cycles but with very limited performance. Important questions related to such systems include the accessible percentage of Zn capacity, controlled by the formation of passivating layers on the particle and the intrinsic resistance of the slurry. Here, we present a new operational mode to investigate the performance of zinc slurry air battery. The anode of the test battery system consists of 5 cm2 nickel plate as current collector for 5 cm3 zinc slurry. The cathode consists of air electrode, bipolar plate, and current collector. Zinc particles (Spectrum) were suspended in 4M KOH stabilized by polyacrylic acid (PAA). In our testing, the polarization loss was measured and is separated from that associated with the air electrode using a reference electrode. The conductivity of the slurry was measured by the simply modified configuration of the cell. The utilization of zinc is measured by chronopotentiometry. The battery can work at 1.1 V with 200mA/cm2, and the slurry can achieve 48.7% utilization. Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the US Department of Energy Office of Electricity Storage Systems Program directed by Dr. Imre Gyuk and the University of Tennessee Governor’s Chair Fund for support of this work. Figure 1

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John, Shibu, S. Natarajan, and G. A. Pathanjali. "Exploring Titanium Material for Developing High Energy/High Power Battery for Strategic Defense Applications." Advanced Science, Engineering and Medicine 12, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asem.2020.2486.

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Commercial Pure (CP) grade-2 titanium is a choice material for the construction of Silver Oxide Zinc reserve-battery components like battery containers, cell casings, electrolyte bladder housings, etc. The above-said components are either not directly exposed to electrolyte or have limited duration exposure, e.g., the cell-case is filled with electrolyte just before operational use, by transferring the stored electrolyte from the electrolyte tanks, using pressurized gas. There is a need to widen the application CP grade-2 titanium material for the construction of electrolyte tank-reservoir in reserve batteries, where long storage requirement exists. Therefore, a study was undertaken on the corrosion behavior of CP grade-2 titanium material, with the known concentration of Potassium Hydroxide (KOH), as used in reserve battery applications. The samples for the conduct of the experiment were carefully prepared by TIG welding procedure. Material characterization studies were undertaken by macro and microstructural analysis using optical microscope (OM), phase analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Further, different corrosion studies like immersion test, salt spray test, potentiodynamic polarization studies, and surface morphology studies were undertaken. The results of all the above studies revealed that CP grade-2 titanium material with weld joints if prepared with the standardized procedure, can be effectively used in the construction of electrolyte tanks for Silver Oxide Zinc based Reserve Batteries for meeting strategic defense applications.

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Sultana, Irin, Thrinathreddy Ramireddy, Md Mokhlesur Rahman, Ying Chen, and Alexey M. Glushenkov. "Tin-based composite anodes for potassium-ion batteries." Chemical Communications 52, no. 59 (2016): 9279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc03649j.

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Hundekar, Prateek, Swastik Basu, Xiulin Fan, Lu Li, Anthony Yoshimura, Tushar Gupta, Varun Sarbada, et al. "In situ healing of dendrites in a potassium metal battery." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 11 (March 2, 2020): 5588–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915470117.

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The use of potassium (K) metal anodes could result in high-performance K-ion batteries that offer a sustainable and low-cost alternative to lithium (Li)-ion technology. However, formation of dendrites on such K-metal surfaces is inevitable, which prevents their utilization. Here, we report that K dendrites can be healed in situ in a K-metal battery. The healing is triggered by current-controlled, self-heating at the electrolyte/dendrite interface, which causes migration of surface atoms away from the dendrite tips, thereby smoothening the dendritic surface. We discover that this process is strikingly more efficient for K as compared to Li metal. We show that the reason for this is the far greater mobility of surface atoms in K relative to Li metal, which enables dendrite healing to take place at an order-of-magnitude lower current density. We demonstrate that the K-metal anode can be coupled with a potassium cobalt oxide cathode to achieve dendrite healing in a practical full-cell device.

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Yvenat, Marie-Eve, Benoit Chavillon, Eric Mayousse, Fabien Perdu, and Philippe Azaïs. "Development of an Adequate Formation Protocol for a Non-Aqueous Potassium-Ion Hybrid Supercapacitor (KIC) through the Study of the Cell Swelling Phenomenon." Batteries 8, no. 10 (September 21, 2022): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8100135.

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Hybrid supercapacitors have been developed in the pursuit of increasing the energy density of conventional supercapacitors without affecting the power density or the lifespan. Potassium-ion hybrid supercapacitors (KIC) consist of an activated carbon capacitor-type positive electrode and a graphitic battery-type negative one working in an electrolyte based on potassium salt. Overcoming the inherent potassium problems (irreversible capacity, extensive volume expansion, dendrites formation), the non-reproducibility of the results was a major obstacle to the development of this KIC technology. To remedy this, the development of an adequate formation protocol was necessary. However, this revealed a cell-swelling phenomenon, a well-known issue whether for supercapacitors or Li-ion batteries. This phenomenon in the case of the KIC technology has been investigated through constant voltage (CV) tests and volume measurements. The responsible phenomena seem to be the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation at the negative electrode during the first use of the system and the perpetual decomposition of the electrolyte solvent at high voltage. Thanks to these results, a proper formation protocol for KICs, which offers good energy density (14 Wh·kgelectrochemical core−1) with an excellent stability at fast charging rate, was developed.

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Li, Youpeng, Chenghao Yang, Fenghua Zheng, Xing Ou, Qichang Pan, Yanzhen Liu, and Gang Wang. "High pyridine N-doped porous carbon derived from metal–organic frameworks for boosting potassium-ion storage." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 37 (2018): 17959–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta06652c.

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Maenetja, Khomotso, and Phuti Ngoepe. "Elucidating the Adsorption and Co-adsorption of Potassium and Oxygen on (110) MnO₂, TiO₂ and VO₂ Surfaces." MATEC Web of Conferences 370 (2022): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202237002001.

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In metal air battery, oxygen reacts with lithium ions on the cathode side of the cell which makes it much lighter than conventional cathodes used in Li-ion batteries. Density functional theory (DFT) study is employed in order to investigate the surfaces of, (Rutile) R-MnO2, TiO2 and VO2 (MO2), which act as catalysts in metal-air batteries. Adsorption and co-adsorption of metal K and oxygen on (110) β-MO2 surface is investigated, which is important in the discharging and charging of K- air batteries. Only five values of (gamma) are possible due to the size of the supercell and assuming that oxygen atoms occupy bulk-like positions around the surface metal atoms. The manganyl, titanyl and vanadyl terminated surface are not the only surfaces that can be formed with Γ= +2, oxygen can be adsorbed also as peroxo species (O2)2-, with less electron transfer from the surface vanadium atoms to the adatoms than in the case of manganyl, titanyl or vanadyl formation. MnO2 promotes formation of KO2 for all configurations whereas TiO2 partially promote nucleation of KO2 whereas VO2 surfaces form very stable KO2 clusters, thus VO2 is not a good catalyst for the formation of KO2. The fundamental challenge that limits the use of metal air battery technology, however, is the ability to find a catalyst that will promote the formation and decomposition of discharge products during the charging and discharging cycle, i.e. oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER).

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Tao, Li, Liang Liu, Ruofei Chang, Huibing He, Peter Zhao, and Jian Liu. "Investigation and Design of Soybean-Derived Carbon Anode Materials for Potassium-Ion Battery Applications." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 4 (July 7, 2022): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-014535mtgabs.

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Lithium-ion battery (LIBs) system is one the most widely used energy storage systems in today’s renewable energy field. However, with the dramatically increased demand over the past decades and limited core material storage, concerns arise regarding its sustainability and large-scale applications. While trying to make more efficient LIBs, the studies of alternative battery systems also appear to be more and more critical. Among many newly studied battery systems, Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have caught our attention. With the advantage of high abundance of Potassium (K) and low redox potential of K/K+ (2.93 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode), it appears to be a perfect candidate for substituting many of the current LIBs applications. However, the absence of a suitable carbon anode has hindered the development of PIBs. Herein, we used low-cost and abundant soybean as base material and developed a high-performance hard carbon anode for PIBs. Hard carbon, produced with 500 degrees process, exhibited the highest discharge capacity of 225 mA h g-1, long lifetime of 900 cycles, and good rate capability. Benefited from low activation temperature, the soybean-derived carbon has a medium surface area, large interplanar spacing graphene layers and low degree of graphitization, which are favored by the adsorption-dominated K-ion storage mechanism. To further improve the anode efficiency, a thin layer of Al2O3 coating (~ 2 nm) was applied on the hard carbon by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) to function as artificial solid electrolyte interphase and increased the Coulombic efficiency from 99.0% to 99.6%. After investigating the relationship among electrochemical performance, material interface, structural design, and mechanism of potassium-ion storage, we provided new insights for the design and synthesis of carbonaceous materials with improved storage capacity and efficiency for future developments of PIBs.

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Kim, Haegyeom, Dong-Hwa Seo, Alexander Urban, Jinhyuk Lee, Deok-Hwang Kwon, Shou-Hang Bo, Tan Shi, Joseph K. Papp, Bryan D. McCloskey, and Gerbrand Ceder. "Stoichiometric Layered Potassium Transition Metal Oxide for Rechargeable Potassium Batteries." Chemistry of Materials 30, no. 18 (August 29, 2018): 6532–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b03228.

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Yamamoto, Hiroki, Chih-Yao Chen, Keigo Kubota, Kazuhiko Matsumoto, and Rika Hagiwara. "Potassium Single Cation Ionic Liquid Electrolyte for Potassium-Ion Batteries." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 124, no. 29 (June 29, 2020): 6341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c03272.

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Yang, Huan, Chih-Yao Chen, Jinkwang Hwang, Keigo Kubota, Kazuhiko Matsumoto, and Rika Hagiwara. "Potassium Difluorophosphate as an Electrolyte Additive for Potassium-Ion Batteries." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 12, no. 32 (July 21, 2020): 36168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c09562.

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Lu, Ke, Hong Zhang, Fangliang Ye, Wei Luo, Houyi Ma, and Yunhui Huang. "Rechargeable potassium-ion batteries enabled by potassium-iodine conversion chemistry." Energy Storage Materials 16 (January 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2018.04.018.

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Zhou, You, Ming Zhao, Zhi Wen Chen, Xiang Mei Shi, and Qing Jiang. "Potential application of 2D monolayer β-GeSe as an anode material in Na/K ion batteries." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 48 (2018): 30290–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp05484c.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Potassium batterie'

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