Academic literature on the topic 'Potash raw materials'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Potash raw materials.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Potash raw materials"
1
Luo, Qiong, Hua Zhi Gu, Ao Huang, and Mei Jie Zhang. "Potash Erosion Resistance of Chromium-Containing Materials." Solid State Phenomena 281 (August 2018): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.281.144.
Full textAbstract:
Compared with the traditional entrained flow gasifier, coal catalytic gasifier has the advantages of low reaction temperature, high production efficiency and low energy consumption, but it also has higher requirements for potash erosion resistance. Chromium-containing material is commonly used as lining material for gasification furnaces. In this paper, potash erosion resistance of chromium-containing raw materials and products were respectively researched by using powder tabletting sintering and potassium vapor erosion method. The potash erosion resistance are characterized by XRD and SEM. The study show that:(1)There are obvious potassium salt deposition on the surface of chromium-containing raw materials and products after potash erosion experiment. Potash reacts with chrome-corundum and magnesium-chrome spinel to form K2CrO4,and reacts with chromium oxide to form K2Cr2O7at 750°C. (2)Potassium vapor enters into chromium-containing products through pores and leads to crack formation and volume change, which destroy the structure and reduce high temperature volume stability of material.
2
Qi, Hong Bin, Huan Li, and Da Wei Liu. "Preparation of Slow-Release Potash." Materials Science Forum 852 (April 2016): 1162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.852.1162.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, water glass was used as the silicon source to explore the production process of silicone gel coating potassium sulfate. Two experimental programs were put forward as follows: water glass coating potassium sulfate by spraying and silicone gel coating potassium sulfate by mixing. The impacts of the ratio of raw materials, experimental temperature and experimental time on the experiment were also in consideration at the same time. The morphology of the products was characterized by the SEM.
3
Surkova, T. Yu, B. E. Abdikerim, A. N. Berkinbayeva, M. N. Azlan, and Zh A. Baltabekova. "Obtaining modified sorbents based on natural raw materials of Kazakhstan and research of their properties." Kompleksnoe Ispolʹzovanie Mineralʹnogo syrʹâ/Complex Use of Mineral Resources/Mineraldik Shikisattardy Keshendi Paidalanu 322, no. 3 (May 2, 2022): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31643/2022/6445.25.
Full textAbstract:
With the huge explored reserves of potash salts in Kazakhstan, there is still no production of potash fertilizers, the demand for which is constantly growing. In this regard, research of processing of the largest Chelkar deposit ore into potash fertilizers and salts is an urgent problem. The article presents the research results of washed potash ore decomposition with nitric acid and nitric acid suspension filtration. The filtering properties and granulometric composition of the insoluble residue were studied, on what basis the decomposition mode with precipitate double washing was determined. To ensure good suspension filterability, washed, uncalcined ore should be used. Tests of a by-product, gypsum, as a gypsum binder were carried out, which confirmed its compliance with the normally hardening gypsum binder of the G-2 B grade. Advantage of the obtained gypsum is its environmental friendliness. Salts, which are chlorine-free water-soluble potassium-magnesium fertilizers have been obtained by crystallization from nitric acid solution. On the basis of results of experimental-and-laboratory tests, a basic flow scheme has been developed for obtaining potash and complex potassium-nitrogen-magnesium fertilizers from the Chelkar deposit ore.
4
Gazdič, Dominik, Marcela Fridrichová, Karel Dvořák, Adéla Halešová, and Dalibor Všianský. "Influence of Firing Regime and Potassium Ions on Synthetic Preparation of Belite Clinker." Solid State Phenomena 296 (August 2019): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.296.64.
Full textAbstract:
The study of the influence of selected temperature regime and potassium ions on the process of synthesis of belite (2CaO·SiO2, C2S) was carried out. The basic raw material was calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and amorphous silica (SiO2). The dosage of both components was based on the stoichiometric ratio of CaO:SiO2 in belite. The modification of the raw meal was carried out in the form of potash, K2O. Potash was dosed in the form of potassium carbonate, K2CO3, and potassium sulfate, K2SO4. The firing process was performed in a superkanthal furnace with two temperature modes, firing temperature: 1150 °C / 3 hours soaking and 1450 °C / 5 hours soaking. The evaluation performed by the experiment was based on mineralogical analysis by XRD analysis.
5
Lesovik, V. S., A. А. Sheremet, I. L. Chulkova, and A. E. Zhuravleva. "Geonics (geomimetics) and search for optimal solutions in building materials science." Russian Automobile and Highway Industry Journal 18, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 120–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26518/2071-7296-2021-18-1-120-134.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. Methodological approaches and validation of the emergence of a new transdisciplinary area -geonics, which is considered as the art of applying knowledge of the inorganic world, are presented.Materials and methods. The concept of technogenic metasomatism as a stage in the evolution of building materials, characterized by the adaptation of the composite to changing conditions is formulated. The Law of affinity of structures, which consists in the selection of raw materials for a composite with similar physical and mechanical characteristics, is described.Results. The examples of non-traditional raw materials use in the areas of construction materials science (intelligent composites, restoration mixtures) and architecture (the building of the Belarusian Potash Company in Belarus, the 'Reflection of the mineral’ building in Japan, the design concept of the monument to the Kursk magnetic anomaly) are presented.Discussion and conclusions. It is proved that the development of a transdisciplinary approach to geonics will improve the comfort of human stay in the environment.
6
Correia, Sivaldo Leite, K. A. S. Curto, Dachamir Hotza, and Ana M. Segadães. "Using Experiments Design to Model Linear Firing Shrinkage of Triaxial Ceramic Bodies." Materials Science Forum 498-499 (November 2005): 430–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.498-499.430.
Full textAbstract:
In the development and manufacture stages of floor and wall ceramic tiles, firing shrinkage is basically determined by the combination of raw materials and frequently used as quality control parameters. This configures the ideal scenario to apply the techniques of experiments design, often used in various other areas, to model those properties of such ceramics bodies. In this work, ten formulations of three different raw materials, namely a clay mixture, potash feldspar and quartz (triaxial compositions) were selected and processed under conditions similar to those used in the ceramics industry. With the experimental results, a regression model was calculated, relating linear shrinkage with composition. After statistical analysis and verification experiments, the significance and validity of the model was confirmed. The regression model can then be used to select the best combination of those three raw materials to produce a ceramic body with specified properties.
7
Kasrani, S., A. Harabi, S. E. Barama, L. Foughali, M. T. Benhassine, and D. M. Aldhayan. "Sintering and dielectric properties of a technical porcelain prepared from economical natural raw materials." Cerâmica 62, no. 364 (December 2016): 405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132016623641994.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In this study, the production of a technical porcelain, for the ceramic dielectric applications by using economical natural raw materials, was investigated. The basic porcelain composition was selected consisting of 30 wt% kaolin, 45 wt% potash-feldspar and 25 wt% quartz. The obtained phases in the sintered samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, and scanning electron microscopy images. It has been confirmed by these techniques that the main crystalline phases were quartz and mullite. Dielectric measurements of technical porcelains have been carried out at 1 kHz from room temperature to 200 °C. The dielectric constant, loss factor, dielectric loss tangent, and resistivity of the porcelain sample sintered at 1160 °C were 22-25, 0.32-1.80, 0.006-0.07, and 0.2-9 x 1013 Ω.cm, respectively. The value of dielectric constant was significantly high when compared to that of conventional porcelains which did not exceed generally 9.
8
Baryakh, А. А., E. V. Smirnov, S. Y. Kvitkin, and L. O. Tenison. "Russian potash industry: Issues of rational and safe mining." Mining Industry Journal (Gornay Promishlennost), no. 1/2022 (March 15, 2022): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2022-1-41-50.
Full textAbstract:
The Russian Federation controls almost a quarter of potash fertilizer world market. Natural potassium salts serve as the main source for the fertilizer production. Mineral and raw materials base considers nine potash deposits to be on the state balance. However, potash mining in production quantities is currently executed only at the Perm region Verchnekamskoe deposit by four mines of the Uralkali Company and by the Usolskiy mine of EuroChem. During 2020 almost 52 million t were mined, which allowed to produce more than 14 million t of potash fertilizer. The main feature of salt deposit development is the necessity to protect the mines from fresh and brackish waters breakthrough. Experience of developing potash deposit throughout the world helped to formulate basic principles of mining operations. Protection of mine openings from underground and surface waters, that are corrosive to the rock salts, is secured by formation of a waterproof rock stratum, referred to as the waterproof pillar in mining practice, between the top of the upper mined layer and the bottom of the lowest aquifer. Usually, it is achieved through application of the room-and-pillar mining system that has to maintain the integrity of the waterproof pillar during the mine life until its liquidation and completion of the undermined rock mass deformation process. Despite the applied security measures, a significant number of mines were lost as a result of hazardous flooding. Three large-scale accidents took place at the Verchnekamskoe deposit. Mining and geological conditions that accompanied those hazardous situations are examined, and analysis of probable causes of water breakthrough into mine openings is carried out. Based on summarizing the experience of Verchnekamskoe potash deposit development it is demonstrated that the main factor that determines the efficiency of rock salt mining is provision of mining security and protection of mines from flooding. At the same time the approach to minimization of anthropogenic hazards should be based on applying justified engineering regulations at the mine planning stage and on the up-to-date information-based scientific support of the mining process, based on permanently functioning system of complex monitoring of the rock mass state.
9
Wang, Feng Jie. "Synthesis of 1,2,13,14-Four Carboxyl-24-Crown-8." Advanced Materials Research 554-556 (July 2012): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.554-556.89.
Full textAbstract:
The corresponding salt of 1,2,13,14-four carboxyl-24-crown-8 was synthesized using the triethylene glycol and the sodium-potassium tartrate as mainly raw materials, then the goal product:1,2,13,14-four carboxyl-24-crown-8 was taken through the hydrochloric acid acidification.The idea synthesis technological conditions are :potash as catalyst,tetrahydrofuran as solvent, Triethylene glycol added using drops method, the mole ratio of reaction ( triethylene glycol : potassium tartrate sodium) is 2:1, the highest response temperature is 170 °C, for 20 hours, acidified for 4 hours, crystallized temperature at 0°C.
10
Duan, Hongying, Liang Qu, Xiaolin Cheng, Yan Su, Aiguo Shen, and Shiwei Wang. "Study of Cloisonné enamel glaze of decorative components from Fuwangge in the Forbidden City by means of LA-ICP-MS and micro-Raman Spectroscopy." MRS Proceedings 1656 (August 21, 2014): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2014.663.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTTwo Cloisonné enamel architectural components from Fuwangge in the Forbidden City that were produced from Yangzhou (one production center) in Qing Dynasty (1616-1911 A.D.) were chosen and analyzed. A combination of Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and micro-Raman spectroscopy was successfully used to analyze eight colors in enamel glazes (yellow, white, pink, turquoise, yellow green, deep blue, red and deep green). Chemical composition results reveal that the enamel glaze matrix belongs to lead-potash-lime glass (PbO-K2O-CaO-SiO2). Based on Raman spectroscopy, lead-tin yellow types II, cassiterite, lead arsenate, fluorite and hematite were found as opacifiers and/or colorants. In addition, a detailed discussion of raw materials, such as fluorite and borax, might provide valuable information to trace manufacturing technology and provenance.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Potash raw materials"
1
Панасенко, Владимир Алексеевич, Григорий Иванович Гринь, Евгений Александрович Семенов, and Елена Анатольевна Очередко. "Разработка новой технологии получения карбоната калия на Украине." Thesis, Український державний хіміко-технологічний університет, 2006. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/30123.
Full textAbstract:
В работе рассмотрена разработка новой технологии получения карбоната калия в Украине из отечественного сырья.The paper considers the development of a new technology for the production of potassium carbonate in Ukraine from domestic raw materials.
Books on the topic "Potash raw materials"
1
Ugonna, C. U. Value chain analysis of potato in Nigeria. Abuja, Nigeria: Raw Material Research and Development Council (RMRDC), 2011.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Potash raw materials"
1
Siddiqui, Saleem, Naseer Ahmed, and Neeraj Phogat. "Potato Starch as Affected by Varieties, Storage Treatments and Conditions of Tubers." In Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101831.
Full textAbstract:
Potato is among the widely grown crop of the world. It is likely that a large portion of the crop is consumed fresh but majority of it is processed into various products, starch being the predominant one. Starch can greatly contribute to the textural properties of many foods and is widely used in food industry as raw material. Since raw potatoes are perishable and accessible only for few months of the year, the food and starch industry has to rely on stored potatoes during off-season. The various varieties of the crop available in the region, storage conditions, pre and post-storage treatments given to the tubers, packaging materials used, etc. are influencing the physical, chemical and functional characteristics of starch extracted from it. The extraction technology from tubers is also having a significant effect on the quality of starch. The knowledge of physical, chemical and functional characteristics of potato starch as affected by varieties, storage treatments and conditions of tubers will help in ensuring uniform and desirable quality of starch for food industry and also provide information for breeding programs and developing the proper postharvest management practices of potatoes.
2
Cuellar Sánchez, Verónica, Marcela González Vázquez, Alitzel B. García-Hernández, Fátima S. Serrano-Villa, Ma de la Paz Salgado Cruz, Arturo García Bórquez, Eduardo Morales-Sánchez, Reynold R. Farrera-Rebollo, and Georgina Calderón-Domínguez. "Starch Biodegradable Films Produced by Electrospraying." In Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101150.
Full textAbstract:
The use of particles obtained from biopolymers is of interest in fields such as bioengineering and nanotechnology, with applications in drug encapsulation, tissue engineering, and edible biofilms. A method used to obtain these particles is electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA), which can generate different structures depending on the process conditions and raw materials used, opening a wide range of research in the biopolymers field, where starch is considered an excellent material to produce edible and biodegradable films. This chapter is a compilation and analysis of the newest studies of this technique, using starch with or without modifications to prepare films or membranes and their potential applications. A systematic literature review, focused on starch, and EHDA was carried out, finding 158 articles that match these criteria. From these results, a search inside them, using the words edible and biodegradable was conducted, showing 93 articles with these key words. The information was analyzed observing the preference to use corn, potato, rice, and cassava starches, obtaining mainly scaffolds and fibers and, in much less proportion, films or capsules. This review shows a window of opportunity for the study of starchy materials by EHDA to produce films, coatings, and capsules at micro or nano levels.
3
Hinton, David A. "Envoi." In Gold and Gilt, Pots and Pins. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199264537.003.0014.
Full textAbstract:
The significance of material culture, and the portable objects that are part of it, is dictated by people’s economic and social power, and their need to give physical expression to their status and aspirations. As in any society, the ability and wish to acquire, display, and use metals, glass, gems, or pots depended in the Middle Ages upon the supply of raw materials and finished products, and the demand that their availability might meet or create. The island of Britain had never been united by the Romans, and different reactions to their army’s withdrawal were only to be expected. Generally, however, power-seeking leaders establishing petty and impermanent fiefdoms relied largely upon being able to demonstrate their success by the acquisition of booty that could be profligately consumed, shown off, or distributed to families and supporters. Swords, brooches, or drinking-vessels symbolize how these social affinities were created and maintained, whether recorded in graves, hoards, and other deliberate deposits, or in accidental loss or intentional jettisoning of what was beyond reuse. The precise meanings that were given to gold and silver, glass and garnets, changed according to their contexts; some gave physical expression to an ambition to inherit the prestigious authority of Rome, others gave credence to stories of descent from far-travelling heroes, while others stressed a person’s place within their own immediate society. Yet artefacts such as pottery show that even people whose priority was subsistence were part of a wider network of contact. External factors influenced behaviour: no leader of a group in Britain could negotiate directly with the Byzantine emperor for the subsidies that brought gold into western Europe, so none could take action to ensure its continuing availability during the seventh century. Its relative value changed as it became rarer, so that it had to be used sparingly if at all; consequently, for some people the display of access to it became even more important. Contemporaneously, however, Christianity’s infiltration changed beliefs about what happened after death, and how people should use and dispose of their worldly goods. In bigger political units, using symbols to show origins and allegiances mattered less, but the large numbers of artefacts now known show that prosperity was not confined in the eighth and ninth centuries to the royal families.
4
Sunaryo, Yacobus, Maria Theresia Darini, Vita Ratri Cahyani, and Djoko Purnomo. "Potential Liquid Fertilizer Made from Goat Feces to Improve Vegetable Product." In Goat Science - Environment, Health and Economy [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99047.
Full textAbstract:
This study was carried out to examine the production of liquid fertilizer made from goat feces (LFGF) as well as the potency of LFGF for increasing plant growth and yield of vegetables. The study was conducted through 3 studies. The first study was begun with compiling a formulation for LFGF. The selected-raw-material was goat feces added with sugar and ZA, as well as EM (Lactobacillus sp., Actinomycetes sp., Streptomyces sp. and Yeast). The experimental results indicated that an increase in the concentration of ZA resulted in an increase in the total N and S content, as well as an increase EC of LFGF. Increased sugar concentration results in a decrease in pH and an increase in lactic acid content, whereas an increase in ZA decreases the formation of acetic acid. The use of sugar 25 g L−1 water and ZA 50 g L−1 water could produce the best quality of LFGF. The second study was to examine the selected LFGF combined with AB-Mix nutrient solution on the growth and yield of three types of leaf vegetables which were cultivated hydroponically. The results indicated that LFGF can potentially replace AB-Mix fertilizer by up to 50% in hydroponic vegetable cultivation. The third study was to examine the selected LFGF as nutrients availability of mustard that was cultivated in pots, given through planting media with a concentration of 1:40 L−1 water (EC 2300 μS cm−1). It shows that LFGF has the potential to increase the growth and yield of mustard plants in pots.
5
Brück, Joanna. "Introduction: Identity and alterity in Bronze Age Britain and Ireland." In Personifying Prehistory. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198768012.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
In 2004, excavation in advance of the construction of a bypass around Mitchelstown in County Cork uncovered a number of pits on the banks of the Gradoge River (Kiely and Sutton 2007). On the bottom of one of these pits, three pottery vessels and a ceramic spoon had been laid on two flat stones. The pots had been deposited in a row: at the centre of the row was a small vessel that clearly models a human face with eyes, a protruding nose and ears, and, at the base of the pot, two feet (cover images). Oak charcoal from the pit returned a date of 1916–1696 cal BC. This find calls into question one of the basic conceptual building blocks that underpins our own contemporary understanding of the world—the distinction between people and objects—for it hints that some artefacts may have been imbued with human qualities and agentive capacities. This book is about the relationship between Bronze Age people and their material worlds. It explores the impact of the post-Enlightenment ‘othering’ of the non-human on our understanding of Bronze Age society. As we shall see, there is in fact considerable evidence to suggest that the categorical distinctions drawn in our own cultural context, for example between subject and object, self and other, and culture and nature, were not recognized or articulated in the same way during this period. So too contemporary forms of instrumental reason—encapsulated in a particular understanding of what constitutes logical, practical action and in the distinction we make between the ritual and the secular—have had a profound effect on how we view the Bronze Age world. Our understanding of the Bronze Age has undoubtedly changed dramatically since Christian Jürgensen Thomsen first popularized the term in his famous formulation of the three-age system in 1836 (Morris 1992). The very notion of a ‘Bronze Age’ foregrounds concepts of technical efficiency and advancement that doubtless chimed with the preoccupations and cultural values of Thomsen’s audience in the industrializing world in the nineteenth century.
Conference papers on the topic "Potash raw materials"
1
Rudko, Georgii, Mariia Kyrilo, and Maksym Ozerko. "MULTICOMPONENT DEPOSITS WITH BY-PRODUCT AS THE MAIN SOURCE OF FELDSPAR RAW MATERIALS FOR MODERN TECHNOLOGIES." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/32.
Full textAbstract:
"Feldspar is raw materials with a growing volume of production every year, as well as a price for it. Feldspar consumption has been gradually increasing in ceramics, glass industry for solar panels, housing, and building construction. Feldspar raw materials include intrusive, effusive rocks, weathering crust of crystalline rocks, sedimentary altered and altered rocks, as well as partially medium and basic aluminosilicate rocks. It was defined an industrial application for each species of feldspar. Potassium feldspars (orthoclase, microcline, sanidine) are used in electroceramic, electrode, abrasive, and ceramics industries. For these productions, the potash module is fixed in a ratio of 2: 1. For some industries, in particular the manufacture of high-voltage ceramics, the necessary feldspars are as close as possible to pure potassium (with a modulus of at least 4: 1, which corresponds to 80% of the orthoclase component). Potassium-sodium raw materials, from a potassium modulus of at least 0.9, are used for building construction. Sodium minerals with non-standardized potassium modulus are used for the glass industry, the production of enamels, and products such as vitreous porcelain. Calcium feldspars, represented by plagioclase of higher numbers, have limited practical application and their presence in feldspar concentrates is undesirable. According to mineral associations, all types of feldspar raw materials can be divided into five types: 1) feldspar (syenites, trachitis); 2) quartz-feldspar (pegmatites, granites, sands, etc.); 3) nepheline-feldspar (nepheline syenites, alkaline pegmatites); 4) quartz-sericite-feldspar (shales, secondary quartzites); 5) quartz-kaolinite-feldspar (sands, alkaline kaolins, secondary quartzites). It is shown on the example of Ukrainian deposits of feldspar minerals that complex deposits with by-products become the main source for production. Especially if these are new mining operation facilities. The authors have identified three main types of such complex multicomponent deposits: 1) deposits of intrusive rocks where weathering crust of crystalline rocks are mined as a byproduct; 2) complex deposits, where feldspar rocks are enclosing or overburden and can also be considered as byproducts; 3) deposits where feldspar concentrate can be produced as a product of ore components processing."
2
Buddhisatyarini, Triwara, Nur Rahmawati, and Muhammad Thoha. "The Sweet Potato Substitution of Raw Material of Food Processed and Consumers Preferences." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources (FANRes 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/fanres-18.2018.60.
Full text
3
Клемешова, М. Е. "The complex of hand-made pottery from the watch-tower Kazan II near Uzunlar earth bank (morphology and technological analysis)." In Древности Боспора. Crossref, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2018.978-5-94375-250-6.90-108.
Full textAbstract:
The paper presents the description of hand-made pottery from the excavation of the watch-tower Kazan II near Uzunlar earth bank in 2017. The tower is dated to the second half of the I c. B.C. Technological analysis of 92 vessel rims of was carried out, using the method developed by A. A. Bobrinsky. The information about the raw material and paste composing was obtained. The analysis results demonstrate two clearly distinguishable pottery-making traditions: one with the paste composed of silty clay and grog and the other, with the paste composed of silty clay and crushed shell. Morphologically, the pottery with grog is similar to the vessels from the late-scyphian sites of North-West, Central and South-West Crimea. Most of the big container vessels and some of the small pots are made according to this pottery making tradition. The pottery with crushed shell is similar to vessels from Polyanka settlement in morphology and paste. Most of the small pots, bowls and cultic and votive ceramic are made according to this pottery making tradition. The author supposes that the tower garrison consisted of members of two cultural groups who made pottery according to the abovementioned traditions. The group producing ceramic with grog might be similar to late scyphian population of Crimea.
Reports on the topic "Potash raw materials"
1
Litaor, Iggy, James Ippolito, Iris Zohar, and Michael Massey. Phosphorus capture recycling and utilization for sustainable agriculture using Al/organic composite water treatment residuals. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600037.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives: 1) develop a thorough understanding of the sorption mechanisms of Pi and Po onto the Al/O- WTR; 2) determine the breakthrough range of the composite Al/O-WTR during P capturing from agro- wastewaters; and 3) critically evaluate the performance of the composite Al/O-WTR as a fertilizer using selected plants grown in lysimeters and test-field studies. Instead of lysimeters we used pots (Israel) and one- liter cone-tainers (USA). We conducted one field study but in spite of major pretreatments the soils still exhibited high enough P from previous experiments so no differences between control and P additions were noticeable. Due to time constrains the field study was discontinued. Background: Phosphorous, a non-renewable resource, has been applied extensively in fields to increase crop yield, yet consequently has increased the potential of waterway eutrophication. Our proposal impetus is the need to develop an innovative method of P capturing, recycling and reuse that will sustain agricultural productivity while concurrently reducing the level of P discharge from and to agricultural settings. Major Conclusions & Achievements: An innovative approach was developed for P removal from soil leachate, dairy wastewater (Israel), and swine effluents (USA) using Al-based water treatment residuals (Al- WTR) to create an organic-Al-WTR composite (Al/O-WTR), potentially capable of serving as a P fertilizer source. The Al-WTR removed 95% inorganic-P, 80% to 99.9% organic P, and over 60% dissolved organic carbon from the agro-industrial waste streams. Organic C accumulation on particles surfaces possibly enhanced weak P bonding and facilitated P desorption. Analysis by scanning electron microscope (SEM- EDS), indicated that P was sparsely sorbed on both calcic and Al (hydr)oxide surfaces. Sorption of P onto WW-Al/O-WTR was reversible due to weak Ca-P and Al-P bonds induced by the slight alkaline nature and in the presence of organic moieties. Synchrotron-based microfocused X-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) spectrometry, bulk P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES), and P K-edge micro-XANES spectroscopy indicated that adsorption was the primary P retention mechanism in the Al- WTR materials. However, distinct apatite- or octocalciumphosphatelike P grains were also observed. Synchrotron micro-XRF mapping further suggested that exposure of the aggregate exteriors to wastewater caused P to diffuse into the porous Al-WTR aggregates. Organic P species were not explicitly identified via P K-edge XANES despite high organic matter content, suggesting that organic P may have been predominantly associated with mineral surfaces. In screen houses experiments (Israel) we showed that the highest additions of Al/O-WTR (5 and 7 g kg⁻¹) produced the highest lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolial) yield. Lettuce yield and P concentration were similar across treatments, indicating that Al/O- WTR can provide sufficient P to perform similarly to common fertilizers. A greenhouse study (USA) was utilized to compare increasing rates of swine wastewater derived Al/O-WTR and inorganic P fertilizer (both applied at 33.6, 67.3, and 134.5 kg P₂O₅ ha⁻¹) to supply plant-available P to spring wheat (TriticumaestivumL.) in either sandy loam or sandy clay loam soil. Spring wheat straw and grain P uptake were comparable across all treatments in the sandy loam, while Al/O-WTR application to the sandy clay loam reduced straw and grain P uptake. The Al/O-WTR did not affect soil organic P concentrations, but did increase phosphatase activity in both soils; this suggests that Al/O-WTR application stimulated microorganisms and enhance the extent to which microbial communities can mineralize Al/O-WTR-bound organic P. Implications: Overall, results suggest that creating a new P fertilizer from Al-WTR and agro-industrial waste sources may be a feasible alternative to mining inorganic P fertilizer sources, while protecting the environment from unnecessary waste disposal.