Academic literature on the topic 'Posture de formation'

We propose a style of hand postures to trigger commands on a laptop. The key idea is to perform hand-postures while keeping the hands on, beside, or below the keyboard, to align with natural laptop usage. 36 hand-posture variations are explored considering three resting locations, left or right hand, open or closed hand, and three wrist rotation angles. A 30-participant formative study measures posture preferences and generates a dataset of nearly 350K images under different lighting conditions and backgrounds. A deep learning recognizer achieves over 97% accuracy when classifying all 36 postures with 2 additional non-posture classes for typing and non-typing. A second experiment with 20 participants validates the recognizer under real-time usage and compares posture invocation time with keyboard shortcuts. Results find low error rates and fast formation time, indicating postures are close to current typing and pointing postures. Finally, practical use case demonstrations are presented, and further extensions discussed.

Purpose Sitting in a chair is a typical act of modern people. Prolonged sitting and sitting with improper postures can lead to musculoskeletal disorders. Thus, there is a need for a sitting posture classification monitoring system that can predict a sitting posture. The purpose of this paper is to develop a system for classifying children’s sitting postures for the formation of correct postural habits. Design/methodology/approach For the data analysis, a pressure sensor of film type was installed on the seat of the chair, and image data of the postu.re were collected. A total of 26 children participated in the experiment and collected image data for a total of seven postures. The authors used convolutional neural networks (CNN) algorithm consisting of seven layers. In addition, to compare the accuracy of classification, artificial neural networks (ANN) technique, one of the machine learning techniques, was used. Findings The CNN algorithm was used for the sitting position classification and the average accuracy obtained by tenfold cross validation was 97.5 percent. The authors confirmed that classification accuracy through CNN algorithm is superior to conventional machine learning algorithms such as ANN and DNN. Through this study, we confirmed the applicability of the CNN-based algorithm that can be applied to the smart chair to support the correct posture in children. Originality/value This study successfully performed the posture classification of children using CNN technique, which has not been used in related studies. In addition, by focusing on children, we have expanded the scope of the related research area and expected to contribute to the early postural habits of children.

In order to make an intensive study of issues related on aircraft assembly operators, such as the behavior of humans habit, the typical posture of manufacturing, the limb internal coordination mechanism and the working environment cognitive mechanism, aircraft assembly posture data acquisition experiment is designed and implemented in this paper. Firstly, the purpose and object of the experiment are determined. Secondly, the design and implementation of the experiment scheme are completed, including the definition of tasks and parameters, layout of measuring signalized points and experiment environment, and implementation of data acquisition experiment. Finally, the data acquired is processed to establish the relationship between human postures and operating points, and the results are analyzed. By using the method proposed in this paper, formation rules base of aircraft assembly process posture can be founded, which is the foundation of human global approximate posture generation algorithm.

Background. A review of the health and physical activity of children and teenagers in Lithuania over the last twenty years has shown that many aspects of pupil physical capacity have deteriorated between 1992 and 2012 (Venckunas, Emeljanovas, Mieziene, & Volbekiene, 2017). Also research has shown that musculoskeletal disorders were most commonly found in children aged 4 to 6 years (Daniusevičiutė-Brazaitė & Grėbliauskienė, 2019). Therefore, if these negative trends continue, the growing health problems will pose a greater threat to human well-being and become a serious financial burden for the state and society. Currently technologies are an integral part of everyday life, so the need for interactive games or animated programs cannot be doubted. Research (Lobel, Engels, Stone, Burk, & Granic, 2017) has shown that the use of play-based intervention for children significantly improves fine and visual motor performance. Hence, it is important to identify the possible factors affecting pre-school children’s irregular posture formation. Methods. The study included 377 preschool children from 4 to 6 years old. Three evaluations were performed in the study: posture (using W. K. Hoeger posture assessment methodology), abdominal and back muscle endurance, and balance (Arcinavičius,, Kesminas, & Milčarek, 2004). Results. Assessing the results of the shoulder position of 5-year-old children, results showed that only 16% had good shoulder posture, satisfactory – 74%, bad – 10%. Age was found to have no effect on posture assessment results. According to the study, balance, back, and abdominal functional capacity were better in 6-year-old children. Conclusion. After analyzing 4-year old children group torso, abdomen, lower spine and legs, we can see that a higher percentage of children had a satisfactory posture in the aforementioned body parts. According to the posture results, the most abnormal part of the body was the abdomen. The study data showed that 6-year-old subjects’ balance, lower spine and abdominal performance were better compared to other age groups. Keywords: preschool child, physical activity, posture.

We show that under natural viewing, the responses of cells in the temporal lobe of the macaque to the sight of static head and body postures is controlled by the sight of immediately preceding actions. Cells in the anterior part of the superior temporal sulcus responded vigorously to the sight of a face or body posture that followed a particular body action, but not when it followed other actions. The effective action or posture presented in isolation or in different sequences failed to produce a response. Our results demonstrate that cells in the temporal cortex could support the formation of expectations about impending behavior of others.

Cet article explore la construction d’une posture d’accompagnement à récriture en s’appuyant sur des recherches et la mise en œuvre d’un dispositif dans un cursus universitaire. Cette posture est un équilibre fragile entre aider, prescrire, guider et évaluer.

Avec une analyse de sociologie politique des rapports de pouvoirs, il s’agit d’identifier une méthodologie en recherche et formation pour soutenir une posture cohérente avec les valeurs et l’histoire des métiers du travail social dans le champ des pratiques professionnelles. L’auteur postule que le changement climatique et les récits de l’anthropocène sont une reformulation des paradoxes du travail social entre normativité et émancipation. Il suggère ainsi d’assumer une posture pragmatiste qui prend au sérieux les pratiques professionnelles émancipatrices dans leur relation à l’environnement entre social et vivant, humain et non humain, pour favoriser une pratique de la sobriété. Il débouche ainsi sur le social qui contient une substance écologique s’inscrivant dans les enjeux de la transition écologique.

With the increasing incidence of posture defects in children and adolescents, screening of children's postures in early school periods and in the second stage of education, which is carried out, among others during routine visits to the doctor and during the balance sheet examination, is gaining significance. Early detection of the defect, at the stage of functional changes, enables full recovery, using non-invasive methods, prevents the formation of secondary changes and protects against their consequences, which significantly improves the comfort and quality of life in adulthood

The work is devoted to the definition of anatomical and physiological features of the formation of the movement culture of schoolchildren. The relevance of the issue of increasing the effectiveness of physical exercise classes for primary school girls with postural disorders is substantiated and is the formation of a culture of movements. It has been established that postural disorders are a prerequisite for the appearance of accompanying diseases and abnormalities in physical development and negatively affect the culture of movements, distorting the physique, plasticity of movements, gait, impair motor achievements during physical exercises, lead to a decrease in motivation for motor activity, negatively affect well-being children, lead to the emergence of psychological complexes and complicate socialization in the student body. According to the index method, which included the determination of the shoulder index, which characterizes the level of stooping (kyphotic posture), and the index of vertical curvature of the spine, which indicates the presence of scoliotic posture, it was found that 26.3% of schoolgirls have various posture disorders, while 82 of them .8% of girls have slouching (kyphotic posture), the other 17.2% of schoolgirls have scoliotic posture in various variants of vertical curvature of the spine. Since the level of some motor indicators indirectly determines the culture of girls' movements and affects the formation of a posture stereotype, pedagogical testing of various types of strength, coordination abilities and flexibility of elementary school students was conducted. At the same time, a significant difference was recorded between the motor development of schoolgirls with various postural disorders in the indicators of strength endurance of the muscles of the abdomen, back, flexibility, plasticity and static balance of healthy girls and schoolgirls with postural disorders. The conducted linear correlation analysis using the Pearson method between posture indicators and movement indicators showed a reliable relationship of moderate strength between the posture indicator and some movement indicators, which justifies the need to develop a methodology for teaching the movement culture of elementary school students with posture disorders in the process of physical education.

La construction figure parmi les secteurs les plus à risques en matière de santé et de sécurité. La sécurité sociale attribue plus de 14% des accidents recensés en 2018 au secteur du BTP. En plus des risques sur la sécurité, les compagnons sont exposés aux maladies professionnelles. Les troubles musculo-squelettiques (TMS) sont en tête de liste des maladies professionnels les plus fréquentes. Afin de répondre à ces problématiques, les entreprises de construction ont mis en place une politique santé et sécurité afin de préserver la vie de leurs salariés. Cette politique prévoit, entre autres, une amélioration de l'aspect organisationnel du travail, l'adaptation du travail à l'homme et la formation.La formation se déroule selon une méthodologie classique : une formation théorique et une formation pratique. La formation représente des contraintes de coût, de durée et d'organisation. Le contenu doit s'adapter à des profils spécifiques, être répétable et permettre aux formateurs d'évaluer le niveau des stagiaires.Pour les formations aux bons gestes et à la bonne posture afin d'éviter les risques d'apparition de TMS, l'impact d'une formation en réalité virtuelle (RV) est moins pertinent en raison de l'absence de retour haptique.Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une nouvelle méthodologie de formation basée sur une immersion visuelle, une plateforme robotique pour une interaction haptique avec un suivi de mouvement. Cette méthodologie est évaluée pour un sujet particulier : la banche, un outil métier fortement sensible.Nous pensons que cette approche permettrait de mieux engager les compagnons lors des formations sur la banche, d'assurer leur sécurité et la prise de conscience en matière de risques TMS.L'objectif à travers cette méthode, est de permettre au compagnon de comprendre les risques liés à son métier et de le former à éviter les risques, et au formateur de bénéficier d'un outil de suivi et d'accompagnement des compagnons.Afin de valider notre méthodologie, nous avons mené des expérimentations auprès de deux profils de personnes : des novices et des professionnels. Cette expérimentation montre une acceptation de la solution par les compagnons
Construction is one of the sectors most at risk in terms of health and safety. The social security system attributes more than 14% of the accidents recorded in 2018 to the construction sector. In addition to safety risks, construction workers are exposed to occupational diseases. Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) are at the top of the list of the most frequent occupational diseases. In order to address these issues, construction companies have implemented a health and safety policy to protect the lives of their employees. This policy provides, among other things, for an improvement in the organizational aspect of work, the adaptation of work to people and training.Training is carried out according to a classic methodology: theoretical and practical training. The training represents constraints of cost, duration and organization. The content must be adapted to specific profiles, be repeatable and allow the trainers to assess the level of the trainees.For training on the right gestures and posture to avoid the risk of MSDs, the impact of virtual reality (VR) training is less relevant due to the lack of haptic feedback.In this thesis, we propose a new training methodology based on visual immersion, a robotic platform for haptic interaction with motion tracking. This methodology is evaluated for a particular subject: the formwork panel, a highly sensitive tool.We believe that this approach would allow to better engage the construction workers during training on the formwork, to ensure their safety and awareness of MSD risks.The objective through this method is to enable the construction workers to understand the risks linked to his job and to train him to avoid risks, and to enable the trainer to benefit from a tool for monitoring and supporting the construction workers.In order to validate our methodology, we conducted experiments with two profiles of people: novices and professionals. This experimentation shows an acceptance of the solution by the construction workers

Au cours des travaux menés dans cette thèse, nous avons analysé les discours des enseignants et des formateurs sur leur pratique pédagogique résultant de la formation à la médiation cognitive en formation continue en région parisienne. Nous nous sommes appuyés sur la perspective théorique, qui se situe à la croisée des conceptions de Vygotski sur le rôle des interactions sociales dans le développement/l'apprentissage, de la médiation brunérienne de tutelle, et de travaux de la médiation cognitive de Feuerstein et de Britt-Mari Barth, qui nous a permis de construire une grille de comportements du médiateur plus adaptés selon le besoin, selon le public, ou le contexte. Prendre conscience de la posture du médiateur qui travaille sur le fonctionnement cognitif suppose donc le postulat de l'éducabilité cognitive (comme toutes les méthodes de l'éducabilité cognitive), qui nous a invité à analyser la recherche d'Huteau et al. : l'évaluation d'une méthode d'éducation cognitive. Contrairement à nos auteurs qui insistent sur les effets de la méthode proprement dite, nous avons essayé, quant à nous, de découvrir auprès des pratriciens ce qui s'est passé pendant la formation et son impact sur l'enseignement des pratriciens qui peut nous permettre de vérifier nos hypothèses. Il s'agit d'illustrer empiriquement la thèse selon laquelle la posture de médiateur résulte de la transformation du processus de la formation à travers les outils ou le support utilisé lors de la formation en appropriation méthodologique
In this doctor's thesis we have analyzed the discourse about the practice teachers and instructors who were trained in the field of the cognitive mediation in junior high schools, and the general adult education of promgrams of Life Long Education in Ile-de-France. On the basis of this theory we focused on conceptions of Vygotski about the role of social interaction of children's development and learning and the cognitive mediation of Brunet about a tutor, and the works of the mediation of Feuerstein and of Britt-Mari Barth, which help us organize action guides as a mediator to be adapted better according to the need of educational situations or objects. To be conscious of the posture of a mediator who studies the cognitive function supposes the postulate of the cognitive educability which allowed us to analyze The Evaluation of the Method of Cognitive Education, the research of Huteau and his party. Differently from authors who simply insist the effect on the method itself, what tried to find out in this thesis is things which happened through the training of teachers and the impact of the educational practice. That verified hypotheses of this thesis. In short this thesis experientially shows the posture of mediators caused by the transformation which they used in training through the methods and the tools while they were trained

La problématique de la thèse consiste à interroger, par le biais du langage, le cheminement possible de l'expérience. L'insertion professionnelle et les situations de formation se lient à l'efficience du vécu. La portée du langage, elle est envisagée comme intelligibilité du rapport au monde. L'étude qualitative au travers de trois entretiens avec une jeune femme sur cinq années invite à la repérer. Les différentes théories du langage retenues sont mises au service d'une compréhension dialogique des situations discursives. Le cheminement de l'expérience se décline selon des processus intra et inter-personnels, entre vécu et épreuve, entre sédimentation et décantation du vécu. On peut ainsi penser un fond de constitution, jamais achevé, toujours en cours de réalisation qui conduit à l'émergence d'un fond de poétisation. La continuité entre ces fonds fait s'acheminer une compétence en situation, celle de faire l'expérience d'une posture de l'accueil dans le contexte de la formation
The thesis aims at exploring the possible development of experience by means of language. Professional integration and training situations are linked to the efficiency of what is experienced. As regards the significance of language, it must be considered as the intelligibility of the relationship with the surround. The qualitative study, carried out during 3 interviews with a young lady for 5 years, aims at focusing on the intellibility of the surround. The different language theories are at the disposal of a dialogical understanding of discursive situations. The experience development can be explained thanks to an inside process and the relationship, between what has been lived and what is experienced, between sedimentation and decantation of what has been lived. Then, one can create a never achieved belonging background, which is still under process. And finally it enacts a poetizing background. The continuity between these backgrounds enables an ability to emerge. This one consists in experiencing a receptiveness of mind posture during training

L’éducation spécialisée est confrontée à l’impasse d’articuler les logiques contradictoires. Cet obstacle ainsi que le malaise inhérent à la subjectivité du métier d’éducateur génère de la souffrance qui se traduit par une posture de toute-puissance. La dimension émancipatrice de la relation éducative est étouffée sous les phénomènes de stigmatisation et d’aliénation renforcés par la posture de guidage. Ces difficultés sont repérables au sein des dispositifs d’analyse de la pratique à travers la prégnance de la résolution de problèmes, des entraves à la problématisation et des difficultés à articuler théorie et pratique. Le travail de problématisation vise à explorer les effets de l’usage des incursions théoriques et de la PAC (problématisation par l’articulation des contraires) dans un dispositif d’APP dans lequel l’intervenant adopte une posture clinique. Il s’inscrit dans un cadre théorique mettant en tension l’évaluation, la problématisation et l’émancipation. Cette thèse s’intéresse aux processus en jeu dans la relation éducative, entre le clinicien et le sujet, le sujet et les usagers, en mimésis dans les dynamiques de changement. En ce sens, la méthode clinique s’est imposée pour les rendre intelligibles. L’analyse des entretiens renforce notre hypothèse selon laquelle l’usage des incursions théoriques et de la PAC favorise la problématisation et l’émancipation des sujets tant sur le plan professionnel que personnel. Un phénomène de ricochet a été observé. Les résultats montrent l’importance de l’identification à la posture du clinicien comme mise en scène de l’articulation des contradictions et incarnation du savoir, ainsi qu' un remaniement du rapport au savoir
Specialized education has to face the difficulty linked to the articulation of contradictory forms of logics. This complexity as well as the uneasiness related to the subjective implication inherent to the profession of educator cause suffering, which leads to an attitude of omnipotence. The emancipating dimension of the educating relationship is neutralized because of phenomens of stigmatisation and alienation. Those difficulties can be distinguished through the devices of analysis of practices, by solving issues, going beyond the obstacles to the process of problematization and beyond the complexity related to the articulation between theory and practice. Adressing those issues aims at exploring the impact of the use of theoretical incursions and of the PAC (problematization through the coordination of contradictory notions) with the help of the APP device, which will be used by the participant in order to adopt a clinical attitude. This work is accomplished within a theoretical framework articulating the evaluating, problematizing and emancipating parts. The clinical method aims at making them intelligible. The analysis of interviews strengthens our hypothesis: using the theoretical incursions and the PAC method is positive in order to problematize and emancipate the patients, as well in terms of professional as personal development. A ripple effect has been observed. The results show how important is the process of identification to the attitude of the clinician, representing thus a way to stage the articulation of contradictory notions as well as the personification of knowledge, and a reorganization of our relationship to knowledge

Et si apprendre était autant une question de lien, que de temps et de lieux ?C’est à partir de cette idée que la présente recherche est née. Elle s’enracine dans le terrain des Maisons Familiales Rurales, incitées, comme nombre d’organisations de formation, à hybrider les formations. Après avoir exploré les évolutions de la formation professionnelle et situé l’hybridation de formation, la revue de littérature permet une première approche des dispositifs hybrides et de formation par alternance à visée intégrative.Cette exploration nous entraîne à considérer, non plus les dispositifs tels que pensés, mais tels que vécus, du point de vue du sujet qui se forme ; et nous conduit à repérer la manière dont les alternants sont mis en situation de créer des liens entre les expériences vécues. L’étude se centre sur ces situations en envisageant les processus contributifs à la construction de reliances (à soi, aux autres, aux mondes) dans les situations interface des environnements multiples de formation.Pour étudier ces processus de mise en capacité à relier chez les personnes en formation, nous adoptons une démarche multiméthode et nous appuyons sur l’étude de cas de deux dispositifs de formation hybrides et par alternance. Nous mobilisons différents cadres de lecture, sur ces dispositifs, les reliances vécues et les postures des alternants nous permettant d’étudier les processus de mises en capacités à l’aide de l’approche par les capabilités. Après avoir identifié les situations interface et les différentes postures des alternants vis-à-vis de la formation, l’étude analyse 6 de ces situations au regard des mises en capacité de reliances à soi, aux autres, aux mondes qui s’y jouent. La recherche montre ainsi comment les alternants sont effectivement mis en capacité de relier leurs expériences, en termes de ressources, d’opportunité et de choix.Mots-clefs :Dispositif de formation hybride et par alternance, Formation adultes, Alternance à visée intégrative, Reliance (à soi, aux autres, aux mondes), Déliance (à soi, aux autres, aux mondes), Capabilité, Hybridation, Système interface, Situation interface, Activité interface, Posture de formation
What if learning was as much a question of links as of time and place?It was from this idea that this research was born. It is rooted in the field of Maisons Familiales Rurales, which, like many training organisations, are encouraged to hybridise their training courses. After exploring developments in vocational training and situating training hybridisation, the literature review provides an initial approach to hybrid and sandwich training schemes with an integrative aim.This exploration leads us to consider the systems not as they are thought out, but as they are experienced, from the point of view of the person undergoing the training; and leads us to identify the way in which work-study students are put in a position to create links between the experiences they have undergone. The study focuses on these situations by looking at the processes that contribute to the construction of connections (to oneself, to others, to worlds) in the interface situations of multiple training environments.To study these processes of enabling trainees to relate, we are adopting a multi-method approach based on a case study of two hybrid and sandwich training schemes. We use different reading frameworks for these systems, the connections experienced and the postures of the alternating trainees, enabling us to study the processes of building capacity using the capability approach. After identifying the interface situations and the different postures adopted by the work-study students in relation to the training, the study analyses 6 of these situations in terms of the development of their ability to relate to themselves, to others and to the worlds in which they work. The research thus shows how work-study students are effectively enabled to relate their experiences, in terms of resources, opportunities and choices.Key words:Hybrid and work-linked training system, Adult training, Integrative work-linked training, Reliance (on oneself, on others, on worlds), Deliance (on oneself, on others, on worlds), Capability, Hybridization, Interface system, Interface situation, Interface activity, Training posture

Les Centres de Ressources de Langues (CRL) de l’Université de Strasbourg constituent le terrain d’étude de la recherche. Ce dispositif vise le développement de l’autonomie d’apprentissage des étudiant.e.s, au même titre que celui de leurs compétences linguistiques. La présente recherche interroge la place et le rôle qu’y ont les enseignant.e.s en termes de soutien au développement de l’autonomie d’apprentissage. Pour ce faire, les postures de douze enseignant.e.s ont été approchées dans leurs deux expressions : leur posture déclarée (ce que les enseignant.e.s disent de l’autonomie d’apprentissage) a été recueillie au moyen du questionnaire développé par Borg et Al-Busaidi (2012a) ; leur posture incarnée a été appréhendée par des entretiens d’explicitation de l’action en re-situ subjectif. Un codage ouvert (Strauss et Corbin 2004), effectué selon une méthode inter-juges négociée (Garrison et al. 2006), a permis une analyse catégorielle relevant de la théorie ancrée (grounded theory). Les données ainsi collectées ont été traitées qualitativement, aboutissant à la rédaction d’une monographie par enseignant.e ; l’ensemble des monographies a ensuite été synthétisé et confronté aux principes fondamentaux
This study was carried out at the Language Resource Centres of the University of Strasbourg, which are set up to develop student autonomy in language learning as well as linguistic competence. It examines, in this context, the place and role of teachers in terms of fostering student learning autonomy. In order to do this, twelve teachers were involved in reflecting upon their own beliefs and practice. Their beliefs – in relation to what they think, know and believe about learning autonomy – were gathered by means of a questionnaire developed by Borg and Al-Busaidi (2012a). Their practice – how they interact with students - was examined through interviews in which the teachers gave their own descriptions and explanations whilst reviewing their recorded teaching/learning session. An open coding (Strauss and Corbin, 2004), based on inter-rater agreement (Garrison et al., 2006), has enabled a category-based analysis related to grounded theory. The data thus collected have been analyzed qualitatively, resulting in the production of individual teacher monographs. These have then been related to the principles underlying language learner autonomy

Le Conseiller Principal d’Éducation (C.P.E.), figure d’une division du travail éducatif dans l’établissement scolaire du second degré, participe dans son champ de compétences spécifiques, à l’accompagnement du parcours scolaire des élèves sur les plans pédagogique et éducatif. L’entretien individuel constitue une activité privilégiée de ce suivi de l’élève, dans un contexte professionnel où le C.P.E. reste soumis à des représentations faussées de son métier liées à son histoire. En questionnant sa posture face à des attentes parfois contradictoires de l’institution, ce travail de recherche propose une démarche compréhensive pour tenter de comprendre comment le C.P.E. peut engager une relation d’accompagnement individuel tout en exerçant ses responsabilités d’organisation de la vie collective dans l’établissement. Il s’inscrit dans un cadre théorique qui définit le concept d’accompagnement en lien avec les notions d’éthique et de responsabilité. La méthode, d’inspiration phénoménologique, s’appuie sur des entretiens de recherche visant à recueillir le récit du vécu de professionnels, suivis d’une étude confirmatoire par questionnaire. Les résultats mettent en évidence la cohabitation de trois types de posture chez le C.P.E. accompagnant l’élève à différents moments pédagogiques de leur rencontre : celles intimement liées du compagnon, qui lui porte une attention bienveillante, et de l’accompagnateur qui se charge d’étayer son parcours ; la figure du guide intervient pour inscrire l’action individualisée dans un cadre socialisant. La relation d’accompagnement s’enrichit en outre de la création de collectifs de travail au sein de l’établissement
Deans of studies (educational principal counselor : C.P.E. in French) play a key part in French high schools as they supervise and support pupils in their educational and learning training. They carry out their training supervision mostly with individual interviews of the pupils, this takes place in a professional context in which deans of studies suffer from misrepresentations about what their jobs consist in, misrepresentations often inherited from the history of their role in schools. By questioning the Deans’ position when sometimes confronted with contradictory expectations from the institution, this research aims at presenting a comprehensive approach about in trying to understand how deans can commit themselves in a personal supervising relationship with pupils while at the same time being responsible for organizing collective life in schools. It lies within the theoretical concept of accompaniment linked to the notions of ethics and responsibility. The method is inspired by the phenomenological principle and supported by research interviews to collect stories of professional lives, followed by an online survey for audit. The results reveal three kinds of professional positions for C.P.E. accompanying pupils at different moments during their training. The first position, one of a companion in a caring relationship, and the supervisor supporting the pupil in his training, are linked to one another. The guide acts so as to make a personalized action fall within the scope of a socializing frame. Indeed the supervising relationship gets improved to the seting up of collective workshops in the schools

L’accompagnement s’impose en formation d’adultes. En nous inscrivant dans une approche complexe de l’accompagnement, nous cherchons à comprendre en quoi des modes d’intervention favorisent l’émergence d’une posture professionnelle de cadre. Dans un souci de cohérence, nous mettons en oeuvre une démarche de recherche qualitative et compréhensive fondée sur des principes de la démarche clinique. Auprès de trois formations de cadres dans les domaines de la santé, de l’entreprise et du travail social, nous interrogeons les tensions, ruptures et continuités vécues lors du parcours « formation-travail ». Les résultats de la recherche montrent que l’accompagnement peut être conçu comme une création de contextes d’émergence, au niveau du dispositif et de la relation. Il s’agit de penser ces contextes mais également de les créer en situation
Support proves to be essential in adult training. In a complex approach of support, we try to understand how ways of acting can promote the emergence of a professional executive position. For consistency, we choose an approach of qualitative and comprehensive research based on some principles of the clinical approach. In three populations of executives dealing with health, companies and social work, we question the tensions, disruptions and continuities experienced by people through the run of training and work. The results of the research show that support can be conceived as a creation of emerging situations both in the programme and the relationship. We must analyze these situations as well as create them when appropriate

À quelles conditions est-il possible de se construire une professionnalité sur le lieu de travail ? Telle est la question principale de notre sujet de thèse. Celui-ci est né d’une situation problématique qui se résumerait en la précarité que connaît l’enseignement/apprentissage du français (première langue étrangère) dans le système éducatif marocain. Les politiques éducatives, hormis les efforts déployés en réformes et changements, semblent ne pas pouvoir remédier à ces conditions. La formation à l’enseignement (initiale et continue) reste quelque peu aléatoire. Certains enseignants n’en ont pas du tout reçu. La professionnalité de certains d’entre eux interroge. Aider les uns et les autres à développer une posture réflexive favoriserait leur professionnalisation. Observation de leçons didactiques en classe réelle ; analyse des pratiques pédagogiques in concreto ; accompagnement ; écriture réflexive…sont, entre autres outils, démarches ou encore protocoles à expérimenter, à l’aune de la professionnalisation enseignante… en vue d’engager le novice dans le développement des compétences professionnelles et de réajuster l’agir-professionnel chez le plus expérimenté : telle est la visée de notre étude
Under which conditions is it possible to create work-place professionalism? This is the main question addressed by the theme of this thesis. The theme came up as a result of the precariousness/downgrading of teaching/instructing French as a foreign language under the current Moroccan educational system. Other than efforts pertaining to reform and change, it does not seem that the current educational policies are capable of addressing this situation. Instruction as well as continuing education in basic training remains somewhat uncertain, keeping in mind that some instructors have not been given any such training. Professionalism among some of these instructors is lacking. However, helping them to develop a reflexive position would improve their level of professionalism. The purpose of this study is to ensure that didactic educational lessons are undertaken in a real classroom environment, that analysis of pedagogical practices is done concretely, that guidance/coaching is provided, and that reflexive writing is encouraged. These are steps or protocols among other instruments to experiment with towards further professionalization of instruction, in order to lead the new learner to develop his professional skills and to further improve the professional performance of those who are more experienced

Cet ouvrage contribue aux travaux qui définissent la pensée humaine de manière dialogique, en psychologie et en éducation. Sans chercher à unifier un champ de recherche extrêmement vivant, il rend compte des enjeux d’une approche dialogique qui interroge les frontières habituellement admises entre Soi et l’autre et entre les disciplines des sciences humaines et sociales. À partir de leur étude de différents contextes du quotidien et de pratiques professionnelles (d’enseignement, de tests psychologiques, de rencontres artistiques, de conversation, etc.), les auteur·e·s qui y sont réuni·e·s apportent des éléments de méthode et d’analyse permettant de mettre en lumière les processus de construction de sens et leur ancrage dans des dynamiques interactives et culturelles. En convoquant l’«Autre» dans la compréhension de la pensée humaine, c’est également la posture de chercheur·e qui est interrogée, dont la responsabilité éthique et citoyenne est rappelée. Les travaux présentés contribuent de manière innovante au développement d’outils théoriques et méthodologiques permettant de mieux comprendre comment les personnes pensent, communiquent et apprennent. Cet ouvrage collectif se révèle ainsi un très bon guide pour les chercheur·e·s, étudiant·e·s et praticien·ne·s qui souhaitent s’initier aux approches dialogiques en psychologie, en formation et en éducation.

The mechanism for maintaining balance in man is complex. Vision, proprioception, and vestibular inputs are integrated in the central nervous system, and modulated by activity from the cerebellum, the extrapyramidal system, the reticular formation, and the cortex. This integrated, modulated information provides one mechanism for control of oculomotor activity, controls posture, gait, and motor skills and allows perception of the head and body in space. Recent evidence also supports an effect upon autonomic function, cognition, and emotion. The complexity of the system is such that pathology in a variety of different bodily systems, including the endocrine system, the cardiovascular system, and the haemopoietic system, can impact upon vestibular activity, in addition to primary otological and neurological pathology.Patients with dysfunction in the vestibular end-organs or vestibular pathways commonly complain of symptoms of dizziness, vertigo, unsteadiness, light-headedness, imbalance, and a plethora of synonyms associated with a sense of instability. Not infrequently, in an attempt to define their ‘unphysiological’ experience, patients use rather vague and imprecise semantics. The clinical distinction between dizziness, a symptom of non-specific pathological significance, and vertigo, a hallucination or illusion of movement, is rarely made, although the latter is a cardinal manifestation of a disorder of the vestibular system (Dix 1973). Ten to 20 per cent of all ‘dizzy’ patients are reportedly seen in neurology clinics (Dieterish 2004), therefore it behoves the neurologist to have a clear diagnostic strategy, including knowledge of detailed neuro-otological examination, to enable appropriate diagnosis and management of the patient with vestibular symptoms.

This issue of Astronomical and Astrophysical Transactions comprises the papers presented at the tenth annual conference on Modern Stellar Astronomy, held in Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences in October 2019. The “Modern Stellar Astronomy” conferences provide a forum for Russian scientists and scientists from the former Soviet Union concerned with stellar astronomy and related topics. The program consisted of invited talks, contributed oral talks, and poster papers. There were about 110 registered participants at the meeting. The program of the 2019 conference included 84 oral and 26 poster presentations. The key topics for the conference were Binary stars, Variable stars, Stellar clusters, Star formation, Exoplanets, Structure, kinematics and dynamics of the Milky Way Galaxy, Other galaxies. This volume comprises eleven of the papers that were presented at the conference.

The Upper Cretaceous Horseshoe Canyon Formation deposits near Drumheller, Alberta, Canada form world-class exposures of tidally-influenced, marginal marine to shoreline depositional environments. These outcrops have represented a fundamental training ground for generations of Canadian and international geoscientists. The compilation of work in this publication is the product of seven years of study by WAVE Consortium geoscientists. The WAVE Consortium was an industry-funded research collective run by the Australian School of Petroleum & Energy Resources, University of Adelaide between 2008 and 2014. The work integrates interpretations of outcrop observations with core descriptions and wireline log data to generate depositional models. These models were then convolved into 3D reservoir models from which synthetic seismic volumes were generated. This digital resource is provided in three parts: A) A Field and Core Guide: Volume 1, B) A Core and Outcrop Facies and Ichnology Guide: Volume 2, C) Posters - which can be downloaded from the SEPM Supplemental Materials Website.

Volume 112 of Literary Heritage contains Andrey Bely’s fundamental two-volume treatise History of the Formation of a Self-Conscious Soul (1926–1931), the main, summary work of his life, published in its entirety on the basis of the author’s autographs for the first time. It presents the symbolist writer as an original philosopher, an outstanding historian and cultural critic. In it Bely explores the laws of human development, starting with the appearance of Christianity and ending with the XX century, the era of symbolism and anthroposophy. The unique set of related materials is published for the first time: the draft of the treatise, fragments of the first edition, explanatory notes by Andrey Bely himself and his widow K.N. Bugayeva. For the first time, drawings, diagrams and accompanying posters are reproduced that clarify the author’s idea of History of the Formation of a Self-Conscious Soul. The publication is provided with essential detailed scholarly commentary, an introduction and afterword, indexes of names and illustrations. The book is intended for philologists, historians, philosophers; for researchers, postgraduates, students and a wide range of readers interested in the history of world culture and civilization.

Undifferentiated forms of DST are widespread among children living in Khanty-Mansiysk, in connection with which it is relevant to assess the influence of this pathology on the formation of posture in schoolchildren of the North. Determination of the type of posture and the identification of stigmas of dysembryogenesis was carried out in 208 schoolchildren of the city of Khanty-Mansiysk. Posture types were divided into: normal, round, flat and stooped. Participants with the number of stigmas from 0 to 5 were allocated to the comparison group (n = 66), the rest (6 or more) made up the study group (n = 143). A card was entered, including 43 hair dryers. The study found that the incidence of UCTD among children in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Yugra is noticeably higher than among those living in temperate latitudes and has a negative effect on the formation of posture. Key words: North, posture, physical development, undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia.

The expediency of using static-dynamic exercises in the process of forming a rational posture in training sessions for young ka-artists 10–12 years old has been substantiated. The article describes the experimental methodology of rational posture formation among athletes-karatekas 10–12 years old with the use of static-dynamic exercises. The positive influence of the experimental methodology on the normalization of the posture state of young sportsmen-karateka 10–12 years old, as well as a statistically significant increase in the activity of the mobility of the spinal column forward, to the side and indicators characterizing the functional state of the "muscle corset" is shown. The use of special static-dynamic complexes contributed to the effective development of static, dynamic strength endurance, speed-strength abilities.

Abstract In this work, a local adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) embedded incompressible flow solver is developed for biomedical flows. This AMR technique is based on the block-structured mesh and adapted from an in-house numerical solver for the Navier-Stokes equations with immersed-boundary method embedded, which is suitable for flows with complex and moving boundaries in biomedical applications. Flow behavior of the human upper airway under various head-neck postures is evaluated using the developed AMR technique, where the head-neck posture is hypothesized to change the cross-sectional area of the airway, therefore the airflow and aerodynamic behavior. The anatomically accurate three-dimensional human upper airway model is reconstructed from human magnetic resonance images (MRI) with measurements from the literature. Analyses were performed on vortex dynamics and pressure fluctuations in the pharyngeal airway. It was found that the vortex formation and aerodynamic pressure were affected by the airway bending. The sniffing position or the head-neck junction extension posture tend to facilitate the airflow through the upper human airway.

Abstract Snoring is a common breathing disorder during sleep. It is hypothesized that head posture during sleep could change the bending angle and the cross-sectional area of the airway, which could cause changes in airflow and aerodynamic pressure during sleep. In this work, an experiment-driven computational study was conducted to examine the aerodynamics and pressure behavior in human upper airway during snoring. An anatomically accurate human upper airway model associated with a dynamic uvula was reconstructed from human magnetic resonance image (MRI) and high-speed photography. The airway bending at different head posture and the corresponding change in airway cross-sectional area are modeled based on measurements from literature. An immersed-boundary-method (IBM)-based direct numerical simulation (DNS) flow solver was adopted to simulate the corresponding unsteady flows of the bent airway model in all their complexity. Analyses were performed on vortex dynamics and pressure fluctuations in the pharyngeal airway. It was found that the vortex formation and aerodynamic pressure were significantly affected by the airway bending. A head-neck junction extension posture tends to facilitate the airflow through the upper human airway. Fast Fourier transformation (FFT) analysis of the pressure time history revealed the existence of higher order harmonics of base frequency with significant pressure amplitudes and energy intensities. The results of this study help better understand the pathology of snoring under the influence of head posture from an aerodynamic perspective.

La coopération des équipes en EPLE (établissement public local d’enseignement) est un des enjeux majeurs de la réussite de tous les élèves. S’agissant de compétences professionnelles qui ne sont pas innées mais construites tout au long de la carrière des enseignants et CPE (conseiller principal d’éducation), il paraît incontournable de s’y intéresser dès la formation initiale, au moment même où de jeunes enseignants et CPE novices construisent puis développent leur posture éducative au travers de l’apprentissage de gestes professionnels complexes et interreliés. Cet article expose une démarche de formation et d'évaluation des compétences de coopération dans l'enseignement supérieur à travers une expérimentation menée depuis cinq ans à l’INSPÉ de Limoges. Au-delà du compte-rendu, il invite à une réflexion approfondie sur le design pédagogique à élaborer en formation initiale pour répondre aux enjeux de formation et aux défis scolaires.

The fact that people are living longer is a social and economic challenge for developed countries in the 21st century. An ageing society leads to an increase in the number of people living with multiple chronic conditions, facing the loss of independence and autonomy in daily activities and suffering social isolation caused by the pandemic or by the necessity of long-term care at home. The increasing incidence of sedentarism as well as prolonged immobility caused by long-stay settings (care home) is also a growing health concern. Indeed, spending too much time sitting daily could increase the incidence of postural changes and pressure ulcer formation, further reducing the physical, social, and emotional well-being of older adults.These problems are countable as significant contributors among many threats to elderly health and well-being leading to morbidity, disability, and premature death. In this view, Ambient Assisted Living solutions to monitor house routines of elderly patients and offer simple and healthy exercises daily are essential.This paper reports the results of the research activity conducted by the authors in collaboration with a well-known Italian sofa and armchair producer and health experts to develop an innovative solution for promoting active and safe ageing at home using a Smart Relax Armchair. The goal of the study was to introduce new smart functions to a Relax Armchair to help maintain a correct posture as well as to reduce the formation of bedsores by inducing frequent repositioning.To reach the goal, firstly the authors conducted a benchmarking analysis to identify the smart functions dedicated to health and wellbeing purposes already available on the market in the home furniture sector. A user-centred design methodology has been implemented to identify the Smart Relax Armchair functionalities, by involving industry experts, researchers in active ageing, biomedical engineers, and potential users since the early design stage. A dedicated design thinking tool has been used for users’ needs identification and translation into metrics (i.e. technical features). The Quality Function Deployment (QFD) method and tool have been used to rank such metrics and drive the design of the final product to meet users’ needs at best.3D virtual manikins, technical standards, ergonomic manuals, and the know-how of biomedical engineers and experts in Functional Recovery and Rehabilitation have been used to identify postural misbehaviour in daily life and potential intervention areas on a commercial Relax Armchair. Several active and passive solutions have been identified and tested to help maintain the correct posture and reduce the formation of bedsores. A sensorised mat has been used to assess changes in pressure distribution with respect to different layers of cushioning materials and to help select the specific pressure relief mattresses for bedsore prevention to be integrated into the final design.At the same time, an innovative protocol (anti-decubitus function) has been developed and implemented via ARDUINO to automatically induce a repositioning of the Smart Relax Armchair and thus changing the pressure distribution on the body, if the APP detects prolonged sitting.The protocol of the anti-decubitus function has been validated on a preliminary prototype thanks to a sensorised mat which demonstrated the effectiveness on pressure distribution variation, thus allowing the patenting of the idea.In order to promote active ageing at home, a set of simple rehabilitation exercises to be performed with the help of the Smart Relax Armchair has been designed and implemented in the APP specifically developed to control the product via a Smartphone or a vocal assistant.A final prototype including all the selected and developed solutions has been produced and a clinical trial will be conducted in the next months for the final validation of the product.The solutions developed and implemented on the Smart Relax Armchair have the potential to be applied to any model of Armchair or Sofa by the producer, thus changing the conventional paradigm of expensive products for active ageing only available for residential care facilities which cannot be afforded by those willing to age in place.

Abstract Hemodynamic performance of a polyurethane heart valve prosthesis was evaluated in comparison with that of Björk-Shiley Monostrut mechanical valve in steady and pulsatile flow. Pressure losses through the valves were obtained from the streamwise pressure distributions downstream of the valves under steady flow condition. Unsteady and turbulent flow through the heart valve prostheses were investigated using PIV in conjunction with the opening behaviors of valve leaflets. Direct measurements of the wall shear stress by hot-film anemometry (HFA) were compared with the PIV data. By examining the velocity field downstream of the polyurethane heart valve, it is known that high shear stress regions exist at the interface between strong axial jet flows along the wall and vortical flows in the central area. In addition, there are large recirculation regions near the valve, where thrombus formation can be induced by accumulation of damaged blood cells. A correlation between the flow pattern downstream of the valve and the corresponding opening posture of the polyurethane valve leaflet gives useful data necessary for improved design of the superstructure and leaflet geometry of the valve.

In this study we utilize the concept of synergy formation as a simplifying control strategy to manage the high number of degrees of freedom presented in the maintenance of the posture of the shoulder joint. We address how to find the muscle synergy recruitment map to the biomechanical demands (biaxial external torque) during an isometric shoulder task. We use a numerical optimization based shoulder model to obtain muscle activation levels when a biaxial external isometric torque is exposed at the shoulder glenohumeral joint. In the numerical simulations, different shoulder torque vectors parallel to the horizontal plane are considered. For each selected direction for the torque, the resulting muscle activation data are calculated and then used for grouping muscles in some fixed element synergies by nonnegative matrix factorization method Next, the muscle synergies are converted from activation level to the torque space to see how muscle synergy recruitment addresses the torque production in a specific direction at the shoulder joint. The results confirmed our expectation that the few dominant synergies are sufficient to address the torque vectors in directions which coincide to the basic vectors of torque space, such that each muscle contributed to more than one synergy.

Abstract Drilling long horizontal sections of directional wells are always challenging due to wellbore stability, hole cleaning, penetration and lubricity challenges. To overcome these troubles, Non-Aqueous Fluids (NAF's) are commonly used and fluid loss control is one of the key essential property that can affect the success of the drilling operation. Globally, conventional powders such as uintaite, grahamite or amine treated lignite are the commonly used fluid loss controlling agents in NAF's due to their ready availability and apparent economic posture. The enhancement in wellbore stability and lubricity as well as reduction in differential sticking, mud losses, and formation damage can be directly influenced effective by fluid-loss control and quality of filter cake properties. There are two major factors that limit the usage of powders. First, environmental concerns related to fluid's toxicity or biodegradation issues. Industry perception is strong that any asphaltic-based additives are detrimental if discharged into a marine environment. Whilst actual tests to validate this perception may be sparse, more operators are choosing the safe option of apparently costlier solid polymeric filtrate loss reducers. The second key aspect is the potential for formation damage through the solids invasion that occurs during dynamic fluid circulation while drilling before the filter cake is formed. The formation of an impermeable external filter-cake is considered essential for minimizing formation damage, and this should take place as soon as the reservoir rock is penetrated. Once the filter cake is established, the filtration process is controlled by the cake itself rather than by the rock. The design of a polymeric liquid fluid loss controlling agent is specifically to minimize the formation damage caused by the presence of solids in non-aqueous fluid and to improve the filtration properties with minimal additions when compared to conventional powder treatments. Reduced solids content in the mud helps in minimizing the potential for damage, which consequently has benefits in enhancing the production, by minimizing the solids invasion into the formation. No incompatibility issues were observed with either mineral or synthetic base fluids and the performance of the material was unaffected by temperatures up to 350˚F. The polymeric liquid fluid loss controlling agent functions synergistically with other additives to tighten the fluid loss at significantly lower concentration levels, than would have otherwise been required with traditional asphaltic powders, without negatively influencing the rheological properties of the mud. Another benefit is, No screened out from the mud on shaker screens unlike the powdered material. This paper reviews the effectiveness of the newly developed polymeric liquid fluid loss controlling agent both in the lab and the field. A case history of successfully drilled wells are discussed with challenges overcome in those fields.

The purpose of the article is to determine the artistic and graphic peculiarities of the Franco-Belgian exhibition poster of the 1890s in the context of the formation of the Art Nouveau style. The research methodology of the work is based on the use of traditional art methods: historical and cultural, reconstructive and model, historical and attributive, which contributed to the revealing of artistic and graphic transformations in the field of Franco-Belgian spectacular poster. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the author’s artistic interpretation of the stylistic manner of the creators of the spectacular poster in “style floreale” as one of the leading directions of the development of the artistic style of that period. The distinctive features of this type of the artistic work are outlined on the basis of the review of the stylistic and image transformations of exhibition posters of the famous artists – J. Chéret, A. Toulouse-Lautrec, E. Grasset, A. Mucha, A. Privat-Livemont and others. Attention is focused on the identification of the presentation features of the advertised exhibition events as an important cultural events of that time. Means of artistic visualization of information are studied taking into consideration the specific nature of the poster. Conclusions. In the general cultural and historical context of that time, the poster has become a significant component of the formation of national trends in the artistic style of the day, in particular - the Franco-Belgian Art Nouveau style. The exhibition poster, reflecting the stylistic landmarks of the time, contributed to the formation of the artistic vision as a manifestation of the cultural and artistic landmarks of the studied period.

Geologic Resources Inventory reports provide information and resources to help park managers make decisions for visitor safety, planning and protection of infrastructure, and preservation of natural and cultural resources. Information in GRI reports may also be useful for interpretation. This report synthesizes discussions from a scoping meeting held in 2007 and a follow-up conference call in 2020. Chapters of this report discuss the geologic heritage, geologic features and processes, and geologic resource management issues of John Muir National Historic Site. Guidance for resource management and information about the previously completed GRI map data is also provided. A GRI map poster (separate product) illustrate the GRI map data. Geologic features, processes, and resource management issues identified include the Great Valley sequence, an unconformity, the Martinez Formation, the San Andreas Fault, an anticline, fluvial features and processes, erosion, flooding, slope movements, earthquakes, climate change, and paleontological resources.

La estrategia didáctica que se emplea es una propuesta académica de buena práctica en el interior del aula. Consiste en una técnica de video basada en la revisión de artículos, a la que denominaremos videografía. La aplicabilidad de esta técnica es estandarizada; no obstante, el método de medición se basa en reconocer las variables o categorías para verificar la apropiación de un elemento de competencia dentro de un curso de manera integrada. Los pasos que la constituyen reflejan, entre otros aspectos, la búsqueda de información científica en artículos de bases de datos, la confrontación de posturas teóricas, el debate reflexivo de la propuesta, la argumentación y analítica de datos. El proceso concluye con un producto puesto en una escena de videograbada en un formato establecido, donde el estudiante es el protagonista de su reflexión a través de un diálogo entre pares expertos, quienes darán cuenta en una escala numérica con expresiones cualitativas de la puntuación, que luego le otorgará, en las dimensiones del conocimiento, un resultado acorde con la calidad y la naturaleza de la videografía.

1.1 Macroeconomic summary Economic recovery has consistently outperformed the technical staff’s expectations following a steep decline in activity in the second quarter of 2020. At the same time, total and core inflation rates have fallen and remain at low levels, suggesting that a significant element of the reactivation of Colombia’s economy has been related to recovery in potential GDP. This would support the technical staff’s diagnosis of weak aggregate demand and ample excess capacity. The most recently available data on 2020 growth suggests a contraction in economic activity of 6.8%, lower than estimates from January’s Monetary Policy Report (-7.2%). High-frequency indicators suggest that economic performance was significantly more dynamic than expected in January, despite mobility restrictions and quarantine measures. This has also come amid declines in total and core inflation, the latter of which was below January projections if controlling for certain relative price changes. This suggests that the unexpected strength of recent growth contains elements of demand, and that excess capacity, while significant, could be lower than previously estimated. Nevertheless, uncertainty over the measurement of excess capacity continues to be unusually high and marked both by variations in the way different economic sectors and spending components have been affected by the pandemic, and by uneven price behavior. The size of excess capacity, and in particular the evolution of the pandemic in forthcoming quarters, constitute substantial risks to the macroeconomic forecast presented in this report. Despite the unexpected strength of the recovery, the technical staff continues to project ample excess capacity that is expected to remain on the forecast horizon, alongside core inflation that will likely remain below the target. Domestic demand remains below 2019 levels amid unusually significant uncertainty over the size of excess capacity in the economy. High national unemployment (14.6% for February 2021) reflects a loose labor market, while observed total and core inflation continue to be below 2%. Inflationary pressures from the exchange rate are expected to continue to be low, with relatively little pass-through on inflation. This would be compatible with a negative output gap. Excess productive capacity and the expectation of core inflation below the 3% target on the forecast horizon provide a basis for an expansive monetary policy posture. The technical staff’s assessment of certain shocks and their expected effects on the economy, as well as the presence of several sources of uncertainty and related assumptions about their potential macroeconomic impacts, remain a feature of this report. The coronavirus pandemic, in particular, continues to affect the public health environment, and the reopening of Colombia’s economy remains incomplete. The technical staff’s assessment is that the COVID-19 shock has affected both aggregate demand and supply, but that the impact on demand has been deeper and more persistent. Given this persistence, the central forecast accounts for a gradual tightening of the output gap in the absence of new waves of contagion, and as vaccination campaigns progress. The central forecast continues to include an expected increase of total and core inflation rates in the second quarter of 2021, alongside the lapse of the temporary price relief measures put in place in 2020. Additional COVID-19 outbreaks (of uncertain duration and intensity) represent a significant risk factor that could affect these projections. Additionally, the forecast continues to include an upward trend in sovereign risk premiums, reflected by higher levels of public debt that in the wake of the pandemic are likely to persist on the forecast horizon, even in the context of a fiscal adjustment. At the same time, the projection accounts for the shortterm effects on private domestic demand from a fiscal adjustment along the lines of the one currently being proposed by the national government. This would be compatible with a gradual recovery of private domestic demand in 2022. The size and characteristics of the fiscal adjustment that is ultimately implemented, as well as the corresponding market response, represent another source of forecast uncertainty. Newly available information offers evidence of the potential for significant changes to the macroeconomic scenario, though without altering the general diagnosis described above. The most recent data on inflation, growth, fiscal policy, and international financial conditions suggests a more dynamic economy than previously expected. However, a third wave of the pandemic has delayed the re-opening of Colombia’s economy and brought with it a deceleration in economic activity. Detailed descriptions of these considerations and subsequent changes to the macroeconomic forecast are presented below. The expected annual decline in GDP (-0.3%) in the first quarter of 2021 appears to have been less pronounced than projected in January (-4.8%). Partial closures in January to address a second wave of COVID-19 appear to have had a less significant negative impact on the economy than previously estimated. This is reflected in figures related to mobility, energy demand, industry and retail sales, foreign trade, commercial transactions from selected banks, and the national statistics agency’s (DANE) economic tracking indicator (ISE). Output is now expected to have declined annually in the first quarter by 0.3%. Private consumption likely continued to recover, registering levels somewhat above those from the previous year, while public consumption likely increased significantly. While a recovery in investment in both housing and in other buildings and structures is expected, overall investment levels in this case likely continued to be low, and gross fixed capital formation is expected to continue to show significant annual declines. Imports likely recovered to again outpace exports, though both are expected to register significant annual declines. Economic activity that outpaced projections, an increase in oil prices and other export products, and an expected increase in public spending this year account for the upward revision to the 2021 growth forecast (from 4.6% with a range between 2% and 6% in January, to 6.0% with a range between 3% and 7% in April). As a result, the output gap is expected to be smaller and to tighten more rapidly than projected in the previous report, though it is still expected to remain in negative territory on the forecast horizon. Wide forecast intervals reflect the fact that the future evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic remains a significant source of uncertainty on these projections. The delay in the recovery of economic activity as a result of the resurgence of COVID-19 in the first quarter appears to have been less significant than projected in the January report. The central forecast scenario expects this improved performance to continue in 2021 alongside increased consumer and business confidence. Low real interest rates and an active credit supply would also support this dynamic, and the overall conditions would be expected to spur a recovery in consumption and investment. Increased growth in public spending and public works based on the national government’s spending plan (Plan Financiero del Gobierno) are other factors to consider. Additionally, an expected recovery in global demand and higher projected prices for oil and coffee would further contribute to improved external revenues and would favor investment, in particular in the oil sector. Given the above, the technical staff’s 2021 growth forecast has been revised upward from 4.6% in January (range from 2% to 6%) to 6.0% in April (range from 3% to 7%). These projections account for the potential for the third wave of COVID-19 to have a larger and more persistent effect on the economy than the previous wave, while also supposing that there will not be any additional significant waves of the pandemic and that mobility restrictions will be relaxed as a result. Economic growth in 2022 is expected to be 3%, with a range between 1% and 5%. This figure would be lower than projected in the January report (3.6% with a range between 2% and 6%), due to a higher base of comparison given the upward revision to expected GDP in 2021. This forecast also takes into account the likely effects on private demand of a fiscal adjustment of the size currently being proposed by the national government, and which would come into effect in 2022. Excess in productive capacity is now expected to be lower than estimated in January but continues to be significant and affected by high levels of uncertainty, as reflected in the wide forecast intervals. The possibility of new waves of the virus (of uncertain intensity and duration) represents a significant downward risk to projected GDP growth, and is signaled by the lower limits of the ranges provided in this report. Inflation (1.51%) and inflation excluding food and regulated items (0.94%) declined in March compared to December, continuing below the 3% target. The decline in inflation in this period was below projections, explained in large part by unanticipated increases in the costs of certain foods (3.92%) and regulated items (1.52%). An increase in international food and shipping prices, increased foreign demand for beef, and specific upward pressures on perishable food supplies appear to explain a lower-than-expected deceleration in the consumer price index (CPI) for foods. An unexpected increase in regulated items prices came amid unanticipated increases in international fuel prices, on some utilities rates, and for regulated education prices. The decline in annual inflation excluding food and regulated items between December and March was in line with projections from January, though this included downward pressure from a significant reduction in telecommunications rates due to the imminent entry of a new operator. When controlling for the effects of this relative price change, inflation excluding food and regulated items exceeds levels forecast in the previous report. Within this indicator of core inflation, the CPI for goods (1.05%) accelerated due to a reversion of the effects of the VAT-free day in November, which was largely accounted for in February, and possibly by the transmission of a recent depreciation of the peso on domestic prices for certain items (electric and household appliances). For their part, services prices decelerated and showed the lowest rate of annual growth (0.89%) among the large consumer baskets in the CPI. Within the services basket, the annual change in rental prices continued to decline, while those services that continue to experience the most significant restrictions on returning to normal operations (tourism, cinemas, nightlife, etc.) continued to register significant price declines. As previously mentioned, telephone rates also fell significantly due to increased competition in the market. Total inflation is expected to continue to be affected by ample excesses in productive capacity for the remainder of 2021 and 2022, though less so than projected in January. As a result, convergence to the inflation target is now expected to be somewhat faster than estimated in the previous report, assuming the absence of significant additional outbreaks of COVID-19. The technical staff’s year-end inflation projections for 2021 and 2022 have increased, suggesting figures around 3% due largely to variation in food and regulated items prices. The projection for inflation excluding food and regulated items also increased, but remains below 3%. Price relief measures on indirect taxes implemented in 2020 are expected to lapse in the second quarter of 2021, generating a one-off effect on prices and temporarily affecting inflation excluding food and regulated items. However, indexation to low levels of past inflation, weak demand, and ample excess productive capacity are expected to keep core inflation below the target, near 2.3% at the end of 2021 (previously 2.1%). The reversion in 2021 of the effects of some price relief measures on utility rates from 2020 should lead to an increase in the CPI for regulated items in the second half of this year. Annual price changes are now expected to be higher than estimated in the January report due to an increased expected path for fuel prices and unanticipated increases in regulated education prices. The projection for the CPI for foods has increased compared to the previous report, taking into account certain factors that were not anticipated in January (a less favorable agricultural cycle, increased pressure from international prices, and transport costs). Given the above, year-end annual inflation for 2021 and 2022 is now expected to be 3% and 2.8%, respectively, which would be above projections from January (2.3% and 2,7%). For its part, expected inflation based on analyst surveys suggests year-end inflation in 2021 and 2022 of 2.8% and 3.1%, respectively. There remains significant uncertainty surrounding the inflation forecasts included in this report due to several factors: 1) the evolution of the pandemic; 2) the difficulty in evaluating the size and persistence of excess productive capacity; 3) the timing and manner in which price relief measures will lapse; and 4) the future behavior of food prices. Projected 2021 growth in foreign demand (4.4% to 5.2%) and the supposed average oil price (USD 53 to USD 61 per Brent benchmark barrel) were both revised upward. An increase in long-term international interest rates has been reflected in a depreciation of the peso and could result in relatively tighter external financial conditions for emerging market economies, including Colombia. Average growth among Colombia’s trade partners was greater than expected in the fourth quarter of 2020. This, together with a sizable fiscal stimulus approved in the United States and the onset of a massive global vaccination campaign, largely explains the projected increase in foreign demand growth in 2021. The resilience of the goods market in the face of global crisis and an expected normalization in international trade are additional factors. These considerations and the expected continuation of a gradual reduction of mobility restrictions abroad suggest that Colombia’s trade partners could grow on average by 5.2% in 2021 and around 3.4% in 2022. The improved prospects for global economic growth have led to an increase in current and expected oil prices. Production interruptions due to a heavy winter, reduced inventories, and increased supply restrictions instituted by producing countries have also contributed to the increase. Meanwhile, market forecasts and recent Federal Reserve pronouncements suggest that the benchmark interest rate in the U.S. will remain stable for the next two years. Nevertheless, a significant increase in public spending in the country has fostered expectations for greater growth and inflation, as well as increased uncertainty over the moment in which a normalization of monetary policy might begin. This has been reflected in an increase in long-term interest rates. In this context, emerging market economies in the region, including Colombia, have registered increases in sovereign risk premiums and long-term domestic interest rates, and a depreciation of local currencies against the dollar. Recent outbreaks of COVID-19 in several of these economies; limits on vaccine supply and the slow pace of immunization campaigns in some countries; a significant increase in public debt; and tensions between the United States and China, among other factors, all add to a high level of uncertainty surrounding interest rate spreads, external financing conditions, and the future performance of risk premiums. The impact that this environment could have on the exchange rate and on domestic financing conditions represent risks to the macroeconomic and monetary policy forecasts. Domestic financial conditions continue to favor recovery in economic activity. The transmission of reductions to the policy interest rate on credit rates has been significant. The banking portfolio continues to recover amid circumstances that have affected both the supply and demand for loans, and in which some credit risks have materialized. Preferential and ordinary commercial interest rates have fallen to a similar degree as the benchmark interest rate. As is generally the case, this transmission has come at a slower pace for consumer credit rates, and has been further delayed in the case of mortgage rates. Commercial credit levels stabilized above pre-pandemic levels in March, following an increase resulting from significant liquidity requirements for businesses in the second quarter of 2020. The consumer credit portfolio continued to recover and has now surpassed February 2020 levels, though overall growth in the portfolio remains low. At the same time, portfolio projections and default indicators have increased, and credit establishment earnings have come down. Despite this, credit disbursements continue to recover and solvency indicators remain well above regulatory minimums. 1.2 Monetary policy decision In its meetings in March and April the BDBR left the benchmark interest rate unchanged at 1.75%.

A formative study was conducted under the Breakthrough RESEARCH project by the Population Council to understand the manifestation of mistreatment and experience of newborns, infants, and young children and co-design (with families and providers) a set of interventions that promote a positive experience of care. This poster is one of the job aids/tools created for the intervention.

A formative study was conducted under the Breakthrough RESEARCH project by the Population Council to understand the manifestation of mistreatment and experience of newborns, infants, and young children and co-design (with families and providers) a set of interventions that promote a positive experience of care. This poster is one of the job aids/tools created for the intervention.

A formative study was conducted under the Breakthrough RESEARCH project by the Population Council to understand the manifestation of mistreatment and experience of newborns, infants, and young children and co-design (with families and providers) a set of interventions that promote a positive experience of care. This poster is one of the job aids/tools created for the intervention.