Journal articles on the topic 'Postural control system'
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Massion, Jean. "Postural control system." Current Opinion in Neurobiology 4, no. 6 (December 1994): 877–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0959-4388(94)90137-6.
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Kleiner, Ana Francisca Rozin, Diana Xavier De Camargo Schlittler, and Mónica Del Rosário Sánchez Arias. "O papel dos sistemas visual, vestibular, somatosensorial e auditivo para o controle postural." Revista Neurociências 19, no. 2 (March 31, 2001): 349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.34024/rnc.2011.v19.8382.
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A manutenção de uma determinada orientação corporal é obtida a partir do complexo relacionamento entre informação sensorial e atividade muscular. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi revisar o papel das informações visuais, somatossensoriais, vestibulares e auditivas para manutenção e controle postural. Método. foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados CAPES e PubMed, nos últimos 24 anos, com as seguintes palavras-chave: postural control, sensory information, vestibular system, visual system, somatosensory system, auditory system e haptic system. Resultados. foram analisadas a influência de cada sistema sensorial, bem como sua integração para a manutenção e controle postural. Conclusão. a literatura apontou que existe uma redundância nas informações fornecidas pelos canais sensoriais. Assim, o sistema nervoso central escolhe a fonte principal para controlar a postura.
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GOPALAI, ALPHA AGAPE, and S. M. N. AROSHA SENANAYAKE. "ASSISTIVE VIBROTACTILE BIOFEEDBACK SYSTEM FOR POSTURAL CONTROL ON PERTURBED SURFACE." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 13, no. 01 (January 10, 2013): 1350006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519413500061.
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Postural control is an important aspect of human locomotion and stance. When inputs to the Central Nervous System (CNS), consisting of the vestibular, somatosensory, and visual senses, degrade or become dysfunctional, the postural control is affected. Biofeedback has been established as a potential intervention method to assist individuals improve postural control, by augmenting or complementing signals to the CNS. This paper presents an approach to help achieve better postural control using vibrotactile biofeedback. Tests to monitor postural control, in eyes open and eyes closed states, on a wobble board were introduced to assess the viability of the designed system in providing accurate real-time biofeedback responses. Postural control was gauged by measuring the angular displacement of perturbations experienced. Perturbations along the anterior and posterior direction are used to determine the level of provided vibrotactile biofeedback. The feedback informs subjects the severity of perturbation and direction of imbalance. Significant improvement (p-value < 0.05) in postural control while on perturbed surface was detected when the designed biofeedback system was used. The wearable system was found to be effective in improving postural control of the subjects and can be expanded for rehabilitation, conditioning, and strengthening applications dealing with human postural control.
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Chander, Harish, Sachini N. K. Kodithuwakku Arachchige, Christopher M. Hill, Alana J. Turner, Shuchisnigdha Deb, Alireza Shojaei, Christopher Hudson, Adam C. Knight, and Daniel W. Carruth. "Virtual-Reality-Induced Visual Perturbations Impact Postural Control System Behavior." Behavioral Sciences 9, no. 11 (November 12, 2019): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs9110113.
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Background: Virtual reality (VR) is becoming a widespread tool in rehabilitation, especially for postural stability. However, the impact of using VR in a “moving wall paradigm” (visual perturbation), specifically without and with anticipation of the perturbation, is unknown. Methods: Nineteen healthy subjects performed three trials of static balance testing on a force plate under three different conditions: baseline (no perturbation), unexpected VR perturbation, and expected VR perturbation. The statistical analysis consisted of a 1 × 3 repeated-measures ANOVA to test for differences in the center of pressure (COP) displacement, 95% ellipsoid area, and COP sway velocity. Results: The expected perturbation rendered significantly lower (p < 0.05) COP displacements and 95% ellipsoid area compared to the unexpected condition. A significantly higher (p < 0.05) sway velocity was also observed in the expected condition compared to the unexpected condition. Conclusions: Postural stability was lowered during unexpected visual perturbations compared to both during baseline and during expected visual perturbations, suggesting that conflicting visual feedback induced postural instability due to compensatory postural responses. However, during expected visual perturbations, significantly lowered postural sway displacement and area were achieved by increasing the sway velocity, suggesting the occurrence of postural behavior due to anticipatory postural responses. Finally, the study also concluded that VR could be used to induce different postural responses by providing visual perturbations to the postural control system, which can subsequently be used as an effective and low-cost tool for postural stability training and rehabilitation.
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Jančová, Jitka. "Measuring the Balance Control System – Review." Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic) 51, no. 3 (2008): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/18059694.2017.14.
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Past studies of postural control during standing have employed wide range of procedures including the outcome measures use to quantify postural control, the duration of the sample collected, sampling frequency and methods for data processing. Due to these differences there remains little, if any, common grounds for comparisons between studies to establish a concrete understanding of the features and bouns which characterize normal healthy postural control. This article deals with terms such as reliability and repeatability of stabilometric measurements, stabilometric data quantification and analysis. To clear up those terms is suggested, by the author of this paper, very important. The stabilometric measurements remain, nevertheless, different when dealing with aging adults. Though, we notes some alterations of the aging systems, this article is not entirely dedicated to the seniors population. Measurements of COP and technical notes remain the main axis of present paper.
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Barra, Julien, Laurent Auclair, Agnès Charvillat, Manuel Vidal, and Dominic Pérennou. "Postural control system influences intrinsic alerting state." Neuropsychology 29, no. 2 (March 2015): 226–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/neu0000174.
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Deliagina, Tatiana G., Grigori N. Orlovsky, Pavel V. Zelenin, and Irina N. Beloozerova. "Neural Bases of Postural Control." Physiology 21, no. 3 (June 2006): 216–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00001.2006.
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The body posture during standing and walking is maintained due to the activity of a closed-loop control system. In the review, we consider different aspects of postural control: its functional organization, the distribution of postural functions in different parts of the central nervous system, and the activity of neuronal networks controlling posture.
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Manor, Brad, Madalena D. Costa, Kun Hu, Elizabeth Newton, Olga Starobinets, Hyun Gu Kang, C. K. Peng, Vera Novak, and Lewis A. Lipsitz. "Physiological complexity and system adaptability: evidence from postural control dynamics of older adults." Journal of Applied Physiology 109, no. 6 (December 2010): 1786–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00390.2010.
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The degree of multiscale complexity in human behavioral regulation, such as that required for postural control, appears to decrease with advanced aging or disease. To help delineate causes and functional consequences of complexity loss, we examined the effects of visual and somatosensory impairment on the complexity of postural sway during quiet standing and its relationship to postural adaptation to cognitive dual tasking. Participants of the MOBILIZE Boston Study were classified into mutually exclusive groups: controls [intact vision and foot somatosensation, n = 299, 76 ± 5 (SD) yr old], visual impairment only (<20/40 vision, n = 81, 77 ± 4 yr old), somatosensory impairment only (inability to perceive 5.07 monofilament on plantar halluxes, n = 48, 80 ± 5 yr old), and combined impairments ( n = 25, 80 ± 4 yr old). Postural sway (i.e., center-of-pressure) dynamics were assessed during quiet standing and cognitive dual tasking, and a complexity index was quantified using multiscale entropy analysis. Postural sway speed and area, which did not correlate with complexity, were also computed. During quiet standing, the complexity index (mean ± SD) was highest in controls (9.5 ± 1.2) and successively lower in the visual (9.1 ± 1.1), somatosensory (8.6 ± 1.6), and combined (7.8 ± 1.3) impairment groups ( P = 0.001). Dual tasking resulted in increased sway speed and area but reduced complexity ( P < 0.01). Lower complexity during quiet standing correlated with greater absolute ( R = −0.34, P = 0.002) and percent ( R = −0.45, P < 0.001) increases in postural sway speed from quiet standing to dual-tasking conditions. Sensory impairments contributed to decreased postural sway complexity, which reflected reduced adaptive capacity of the postural control system. Relatively low baseline complexity may, therefore, indicate control systems that are more vulnerable to cognitive and other stressors.
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GHOMASHCHI, HAMED, ALI ESTEKI, ALI MOTIE NASRABADI, JULIEN CLINTON SPROTT, and FARID BAHRPEYMA. "DYNAMIC PATTERNS OF POSTURAL FLUCTUATIONS DURING QUIET STANDING: A RECURRENCE QUANTIFICATION APPROACH." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 21, no. 04 (April 2011): 1163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021812741102891x.
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When standing quietly, the human body is continuously moving about an upright posture in an erratic fashion. Conventional posturographic analyses that ignore structure of postural steadiness time series do not fully characterize properties of sway dynamics. Recurrence quantification analysis is a technique that can extract the dynamics of postural fluctuations through several variables. In this study, standing-still-sway dynamics of intact and deteriorated postural control systems were investigated by recurrence quantification of stabilograms. The results indicated that both normal and changed postural fluctuations time series, despite erratic and irregular appearance, contain a hidden structure. Although the two components of postural sway originated from an integrated control system, they exhibit distinct dynamical patterns. More determinism, greater local stability, higher degrees of nonstationarity and more laminar states were observed in fore-aft movements. Our findings reveal that decay of postural control mechanism affects dynamical properties of postural control system (especially along mediolateral direction because of the type of impairment). Determinism, nonstationarity and rigidity of balance program as well as laminar states characteristics were increased due to deterioration of postural control system. These findings imply that these measures not only can be used as the pathologic measures to discriminate between group differences, but also provide new openings to understand the nature of postural sway.
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Stamenkovic, Alexander, Paul J. Stapley, Rebecca Robins, and Mark A. Hollands. "Do postural constraints affect eye, head, and arm coordination?" Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 2066–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00200.2018.
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If a whole body reaching task is produced when standing or adopting challenging postures, it is unclear whether changes in attentional demands or the sensorimotor integration necessary for balance control influence the interaction between visuomotor and postural components of the movement. Is gaze control prioritized by the central nervous system (CNS) to produce coordinated eye movements with the head and whole body regardless of movement context? Considering the coupled nature of visuomotor and whole body postural control during action, this study aimed to understand how changing equilibrium constraints (in the form of different postural configurations) influenced the initiation of eye, head, and arm movements. We quantified the eye-head metrics and segmental kinematics as participants executed either isolated gaze shifts or whole body reaching movements to visual targets. In total, four postural configurations were compared: seated, natural stance, with the feet together (narrow stance), or while balancing on a wooden beam. Contrary to our initial predictions, the lack of distinct changes in eye-head metrics; timing of eye, head, and arm movement initiation; and gaze accuracy, in spite of kinematic differences, suggests that the CNS integrates postural constraints into the control necessary to initiate gaze shifts. This may be achieved by adopting a whole body gaze strategy that allows for the successful completion of both gaze and reaching goals. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Differences in sequence of movement among the eye, head, and arm have been shown across various paradigms during reaching. Here we show that distinct changes in eye characteristics and movement sequence, coupled with stereotyped profiles of head and gaze movement, are not observed when adopting postures requiring changes to balance constraints. This suggests that a whole body gaze strategy is prioritized by the central nervous system with postural control subservient to gaze stability requirements.
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Liang, Jing Nong, and David A. Brown. "Impaired foot-force direction regulation during postural loaded locomotion in individuals poststroke." Journal of Neurophysiology 110, no. 2 (July 15, 2013): 378–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00005.2013.
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Following stroke, hemiparesis results in impaired motor control. Specifically, inappropriate direction of foot-forces during locomotion has been reported. In our previous study ( Liang and Brown 2011 ) that examined poststroke foot-force direction during a seated, supported locomotor task, we observed that foot-force control capabilities were preserved poststroke. In this current study, we sought to better understand the mechanisms underlying the interaction of locomotor and postural control as an interactive mechanism that might interfere, poststroke, with appropriate foot-force generation. We designed an experiment in which participants performed biomechanically controlled locomotor tasks, under posturally challenged pedaling conditions while they generated mechanical output that was comparable to pedaling conditions without postural challenge, thus allowing us to monitor the strategies that the nervous system adopts when postural conditions were manipulated. We hypothesized that, with postural influence, individuals poststroke would generate inappropriate shear forces accompanied by inappropriate changes to muscle activity patterns when performing a mechanically controlled locomotor task, and would be exaggerated with increased postural loading. Sixteen individuals with chronic poststroke hemiparesis and 14 age-similar nonimpaired controls pedaled on a cycle ergometer under 1) seated supported and 2) nonseated postural loaded pedaling conditions, generating matched pedal force outputs of two effort levels. When we compared postural influence with seated pedaling, we observed increased magnitudes of forward-directed shear forces in the paretic legs associated with increased magnitude of leg extensor muscle activity, but not in controls. These findings provide evidence to support a model that describes independent controllers for posture and locomotion, but that the interaction between the two controllers is impaired poststroke.
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Palmieri, Riann M., Christopher D. Ingersoll, Marcus B. Stone, and B. Andrew Krause. "Center-of-Pressure Parameters Used in the Assessment of Postural Control." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 11, no. 1 (February 2002): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.11.1.51.
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Objective:To define the numerous center-of-pressure derivatives used in the assessment of postural control and discuss what value each might provide in the assessment of balance.Data Sources:MEDLINE and SPORTDiscus were searched with the termsbalance, postural control, postural sway,andcenter of pressure. The remaining citations were collected from references of similar papers. A total of 67 references were studied.Conclusions:Understanding what is represented by each parameter used to assess postural control is crucial. At the present time the literature has failed to demonstrate how the variables reflect changes made by the postural-control system. Until it can be shown that the center of pressure and its derivatives actually reveal changes in the postural-control system, the value of using these measures to assess deficits in postural control is minimized.
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Minshew, N. J., K. Sung, B. L. Jones, and J. M. Furman. "Underdevelopment of the postural control system in autism." Neurology 63, no. 11 (December 13, 2004): 2056–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000145771.98657.62.
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Mauerberg-deCastro, Eliane. "Developing an “Anchor” System to Enhance Postural Control." Motor Control 8, no. 3 (July 2004): 339–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/mcj.8.3.339.
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Gopalai, Alpha Agape, S. M. N. Arosha Senanayake, Loo Chu Kiong, and Darwin Gouwanda. "Real-time stability measurement system for postural control." Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 15, no. 4 (October 2011): 453–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2010.10.005.
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Goodworth, Adam, and Sandra Saavedra. "Postural mechanisms in moderate-to-severe cerebral palsy." Journal of Neurophysiology 125, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 1698–719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00549.2020.
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Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common cause of motor disability in children. People with moderate-to-severe CP are typically nonambulatory and have major impairments in trunk postural control. We present the first systems identification study to investigate postural responses to external stimulus in this population and hypothesize at how the atypical postural control system functions with use of a feedback model. People with moderate-to-severe CP may use a simple control system with significant sensorimotor noise.
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Morelli, Nathan, and Matthew Hoch. "A Proposed Postural Control Theory Synthesizing Optimal Feedback Control Theory, Postural Motor Learning, and Cerebellar Supervision Learning." Perceptual and Motor Skills 127, no. 6 (June 24, 2020): 1118–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031512520930868.
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Multiple theories regarding motor learning and postural control development aim to explain how the central nervous system (CNS) acquires, adjusts, and learns postural behaviors. However, few theories of postural motor development and learning propose possible neurophysiologic correlates to support their assumptions. Evidence from behavioral and computational models support the cerebellum’s role in supervising motor learning through the production of forward internal models, corrected by sensory prediction errors. Optimal Feedback Control Theory (OFCT) states that the CNS learns new behaviors by minimizing the cost of multi-joint movements that attain a task goal. By synthesizing principles of the OFCT, postural sway characteristics, and cerebellar anatomy and its internal models, we propose an integrated learning model in which cerebellar supervision of postural control is governed by movement cost functions.
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Permoda-Białozorczyk, Anna, Marzena Olszewska-Karaban, Andrzej Permoda, Jolanta Zajt, Marek Wiecheć, and Arkadiusz Żurawski. "Evaluation of the Functional Status of the Posture Control System in Children with Detected Disorders in Body Posture." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21 (November 5, 2022): 14529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114529.
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Screening tests for body posture defects and abnormalities conducted over the past several decades have revealed a significant and constantly increasing problem of health risks in children. A sedentary lifestyle, which is considered to be the primary cause, can result in proprioceptive disorders leading to postural instability. The aim of the study was to find the correlation between the level of proprioceptive control and the number of postural disorders. The study involved a representative group of 1090 children aged 8–10 years, from randomly selected primary schools. Subjects who scored from 1 to 5 points in a prior postural screening test were qualified for the examination of the postural control system. The examination of the postural control system was carried out using an electronic station enabling assessment of postural stability and proprioception. A single leg stance test showed that the number of postural disorders does not significantly impact proprioceptive control. Proprioceptive control was found to significantly increase with the age of the children, and girls presented significantly better proprioceptive control in relation to the boys in each age group.
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Wachholz, Felix, Tove Kockum, Thomas Haid, and Peter Federolf. "Changed Temporal Structure of Neuromuscular Control, Rather Than Changed Intersegment Coordination, Explains Altered Stabilographic Regularity after a Moderate Perturbation of the Postural Control System." Entropy 21, no. 6 (June 21, 2019): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21060614.
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Sample entropy (SaEn) applied on center-of-pressure (COP) data provides a measure for the regularity of human postural control. Two mechanisms could contribute to altered COP regularity: first, an altered temporal structure (temporal regularity) of postural movements (H1); or second, altered coordination between segment movements (coordinative complexity; H2). The current study used rapid, voluntary head-shaking to perturb the postural control system, thus producing changes in COP regularity, to then assess the two hypotheses. Sixteen healthy participants (age 26.5 ± 3.5; seven females), whose postural movements were tracked via 39 reflective markers, performed trials in which they first stood quietly on a force plate for 30 s, then shook their head for 10 s, finally stood quietly for another 90 s. A principal component analysis (PCA) performed on the kinematic data extracted the main postural movement components. Temporal regularity was determined by calculating SaEn on the time series of these movement components. Coordinative complexity was determined by assessing the relative explained variance of the first five components. H1 was supported, but H2 was not. These results suggest that moderate perturbations of the postural control system produce altered temporal structures of the main postural movement components, but do not necessarily change the coordinative structure of intersegment movements.
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Nishihara, Kazue, Mitsuo Wada, and Ryouichi Hashimoto. "Postural Control of Living Organisms and Its Engineering Systems." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 4, no. 3 (June 20, 1992): 186–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1992.p0186.
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Application of the postural control mechanisms to the flexible movemen mechanisms will develop the humaninterface technology which aims to aid and substitute human motor function. In this research study, physiological and biomechanical knowledge of the postural control mechanisms of living bodies are summarized to give basic materials to the future mechanical equilibrating technology. (a) Postural control system of living organisms. The system is composed of four stratified subsystems of spine and brain stem, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and cerebrum. Spinal reflex, which is thought to be a fundamental servo mechanism, maintains automatically man's standing posture. Brain stem reflex controls posture and dynamical balance of a body to stabilize involuntary motions. Cerebellum, conducting cooperation control of partial motions of the body, adjusts posture and maintains equilibrium. Basal ganglia is thought to be a higher nerve center to stabilize slow and repetitive body actions. Cerebral motor cortex executes fine and subtle controls in voluntary actions. (b) Mechanical equilibrators. Mechanical equilibrafors must be of use in future legged robots travelling on rough terrain surfaces. The following three equilibrators were examined; 1) The leg supporting pivot slides up and down, right and left, 2) The leg supporting pivot has a torque generator, 3) The upper limb is equipped with some reaction mechanisms. (c) Problems of balance and walking controls. Dynamic motion of a leg-body system is achieved by three control modes of leaping hight, posture and balance control. The three modes of the motion control should be realized by the sensor directed parallel and stratified controling architecture. Considering coming aging society, postural control technology in the medical and welfare fields is hopeful of advance in assistance and substitution of man's lower limb function.
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Peterka, R. J. "Sensorimotor Integration in Human Postural Control." Journal of Neurophysiology 88, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): 1097–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.88.3.1097.
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It is generally accepted that human bipedal upright stance is achieved by feedback mechanisms that generate an appropriate corrective torque based on body-sway motion detected primarily by visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive sensory systems. Because orientation information from the various senses is not always available (eyes closed) or accurate (compliant support surface), the postural control system must somehow adjust to maintain stance in a wide variety of environmental conditions. This is the sensorimotor integration problem that we investigated by evoking anterior-posterior (AP) body sway using pseudorandom rotation of the visual surround and/or support surface (amplitudes 0.5–8°) in both normal subjects and subjects with severe bilateral vestibular loss (VL). AP rotation of body center-of-mass (COM) was measured in response to six conditions offering different combinations of available sensory information. Stimulus-response data were analyzed using spectral analysis to compute transfer functions and coherence functions over a frequency range from 0.017 to 2.23 Hz. Stimulus-response data were quite linear for any given condition and amplitude. However, overall behavior in normal subjects was nonlinear because gain decreased and phase functions sometimes changed with increasing stimulus amplitude. “Sensory channel reweighting” could account for this nonlinear behavior with subjects showing increasing reliance on vestibular cues as stimulus amplitudes increased. VL subjects could not perform this reweighting, and their stimulus-response behavior remained quite linear. Transfer function curve fits based on a simple feedback control model provided estimates of postural stiffness, damping, and feedback time delay. There were only small changes in these parameters with increasing visual stimulus amplitude. However, stiffness increased as much as 60% with increasing support surface amplitude. To maintain postural stability and avoid resonant behavior, an increase in stiffness should be accompanied by a corresponding increase in damping. Increased damping was achieved primarily by decreasing the apparent time delay of feedback control rather than by changing the damping coefficient (i.e., corrective torque related to body-sway velocity). In normal subjects, stiffness and damping were highly correlated with body mass and moment of inertia, with stiffness always about 1/3 larger than necessary to resist the destabilizing torque due to gravity. The stiffness parameter in some VL subjects was larger compared with normal subjects, suggesting that they may use increased stiffness to help compensate for their loss. Overall results show that the simple act of standing quietly depends on a remarkably complex sensorimotor control system.
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Yildirim, M., A. Elvan, G. Ercegil, I. E. Simsek, S. Savci, and K. Alptekin. "Postural control and executive functioning in patients with schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.2132.
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IntroductionPatients with schizophrenia commonly show deficits in executive functioning that allow a person to make plans, solve problems, do many tasks simultaneously and adapt to unexpected conditions. Executive dysfunction is associated with very simple and automatic activities, such as walking in schizophrenia patients. However, no study exists about its relation to postural control in these patients.AimTo investigate the effect of executive functioning on postural control using dual task paradigms.MethodsFifteen clinically stable schizophrenia outpatients and 15 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Postural control was assessed with bilateral stance test using the Balance Master system under three different conditions with eyes open and eyes closed (EC): without a task, during a cognitive task (verbal fluency) and during a motor task (holding a cup of water).ResultsStanding on a foam surface with EC resulted in higher postural sway velocities in schizophrenia patients under all conditions (P = 0.009, P = 0.032, P = 0.013). During a cognitive task, both schizophrenia patients and healthy controls showed higher velocities on firm surface with EC in comparison to the condition without a task (P = 0.023). Both schizophrenia patients and healthy controls did not show higher postural sway velocities during the motor task.ConclusionThe effect of verbal fluency on postural sway shows the relationship between executive functioning and postural control in schizophrenia patients. Foam surface also higher postural sway velocities in schizophrenia patients in EC condition suggesting the difficulties in integrating the proprioceptive information in the absence of visual input.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Rodriguez, Alvaro, Juan R. Rabunal, Alejandro Pazos, Antonio Rodriguez Sotillo, and Norberto Ezquerra. "Wearable Postural Control System for Low Back Pain Therapy." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 70 (2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3057935.
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Gurfinkel, V. S., and K. E. Popov. "Constraints and some capabilities of the postural control system." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8, no. 1 (March 1985): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00020082.
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Sasaki, Osamu, Shin-ichi Usami, Pierre-Marie Gagey, Jacques Martinerie, Michel Le Van Quyen, and Patrick Arranz. "Role of visual input in nonlinear postural control system." Experimental Brain Research 147, no. 1 (November 1, 2002): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-002-1170-1.
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Di Girolamo, S., W. Di Nardo, A. Cosenza, F. Ottaviani, A. Dickmann, and G. Savino. "The role of vision on postural strategy evaluated in patients affected by congenital nystagmus as an experimental model." Journal of Vestibular Research 9, no. 6 (December 1, 1999): 445–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-1999-9606.
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The role of vision in postural control is crucial and is strictly related to the characteristics of the visual stimulus and to the performance of the visual system. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of chronically reduced visual cues upon postural control in patients affected by Congenital Nystagmus (CN). These patients have developed since birth a postural strategy mainly based on vestibular and somatosensorial cues. Fifteen patients affected by CN and 15 normal controls (NC) were enrolled in the study and evaluated by means of dynamic posturography. The overall postural control in CN patients was impaired as demonstrated by the equilibrium score and by the changes of the postural strategy. This impairment was even more enhanced in CN than in NC group when somatosensorial cues were experimentally reduced. An aspecific pattern of visual impairment and a pathological composite score were also present. Our data outline that in patients affected by CN an impairment of the postural balance is present especially when the postural control relies mainly on visual cues. Moreover, a decrease in accuracy of the somatosensory cues has a proportionally greater effect on balance than it has on normal subjects.
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Sahinoğlu, Dilek, Gürsoy Coskun, and Nilgün Bek. "Effects of different seating equipment on postural control and upper extremity function in children with cerebral palsy." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 41, no. 1 (July 9, 2016): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364616637490.
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Background:Adaptive seating supports for cerebral palsy are recommended to develop and maintain optimum posture, and functional use of upper extremities.Objectives:To compare the effectiveness of different seating adaptations regarding postural alignment and related functions and to investigate the effects of these seating adaptations on different motor levels.Study design:Prospective study.Methods:A total of 20 children with spastic cerebral palsy (Gross Motor Function Classification System 3–5) were included. Postural control and function (Seated Postural Control Measure, Sitting Assessment Scale) were measured in three different systems: standard chair, adjustable seating system and custom-made orthosis.Results:In results of all participants ungrouped, there was a significant difference in most parameters of both measurement tools in favor of custom-made orthosis and adjustable seating system when compared to standard chair ( p < 0.0017). There was a difference among interventions in most of the Seated Postural Control Measure results in Level 4 when subjects were grouped according to Gross Motor Function Classification System levels. A difference was observed between standard chair and adjustable seating system in foot control, arm control, and total Sitting Assessment Scale scores; and between standard chair and custom-made orthosis in trunk control, arm control, and total Sitting Assessment Scale score in Level 4. There was no difference in adjustable seating system and custom-made orthosis in Sitting Assessment Scale in this group of children ( p < 0.017).Conclusion:Although custom-made orthosis fabrication is time consuming, it is still recommended since it is custom made, easy to use, and low-cost. On the other hand, the adjustable seating system can be modified according to a patient’s height and weight.Clinical relevanceIt was found that Gross Motor Function Classification System Level 4 children benefitted most from the seating support systems. It was presented that standard chair is sufficient in providing postural alignment. Both custom-made orthosis and adjustable seating system have pros and cons and the best solution for each will be dependent on a number of factors.
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Zelenin, P. V., T. G. Deliagina, S. Grillner, and G. N. Orlovsky. "Postural Control in the Lamprey: A Study With a Neuro-Mechanical Model." Journal of Neurophysiology 84, no. 6 (December 1, 2000): 2880–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.84.6.2880.
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The swimming lamprey normally maintains the dorsal-side-up orientation due to activity of the postural control system driven by vestibular organs. Commands for postural corrections are transmitted from the brain stem to the spinal cord mainly by the reticulospinal (RS) pathways. As shown in previous studies, RS neurons are activated by contralateral roll tilt, they exhibit a strong dynamic response, but much weaker static response. Here we test a hypothesis that decoding of these commands in the spinal cord is based on the subtraction of signals in the left and right RS pathways. In this study, we used a neuro-mechanical model. An intact lamprey was mounted on a platform that restrained its postural activity but allowed lateral locomotor undulations to occur. The activity in the left and right RS pathways was recorded by implanted electrodes. These natural biological signals were then used to control an electrical motor rotating the animal around its longitudinal axis toward the stronger signal. It was found that this “hybrid” system automatically stabilized a normal orientation of the lamprey in the gravitational field. The system compensated for large postural disturbances (lateral tilt up to ±180°) due to wide angular zones of the gravitational sensitivity of RS neurons. In the nonswimming lamprey, activity of RS neurons and their vestibular responses were considerably reduced, and the system was not able to stabilize the normal orientation. However, the balance could be restored by imposing small oscillations on the lamprey, which elicited additional activation of the vestibular organs. This finding indicates that head oscillations caused by locomotor movements may contribute to postural stabilization. In addition to postural stabilization, the neuro-mechanical model reproduced a number of postural effects characteristic of the lamprey: 1) unilateral eye illumination elicited a lateral tilt (“dorsal light response”) due to a shift of the equilibrium point in the vestibular-driven postural network; 2) removal of one labyrinth resulted in a loss of postural control due to an induced left-right asymmetry in the vestibulo-reticulospinal reflexes, which 3) could be compensated for by asymmetrical visual input. The main conclusion of the present study is that natural supraspinal commands for postural corrections in the roll plane can be effectively decoded on the basis of subtraction of the effects of signals delivered by the left and right RS pathways. Possible mechanisms for this transformation are discussed.
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Noé, Frédéric, Xavier García-Massó, Damien Ledez, and Thierry Paillard. "Ski Boots Do Not Impair Standing Balance by Restricting Ankle-Joint Mobility." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 61, no. 2 (October 3, 2018): 214–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720818801734.
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Objective: This study was undertaken in order to provide new insight into sensorimotor control of posture when wearing high-shaft (HS) boots as ski boots. Background: Previous studies into the effects of HS boots on postural control have produced controversial results. Some studies reported postural control impairments with ski boots in bipedal postural tasks due to ankle movement restrictions without quantifying the actual restrictive effect of these boots and specifying the adaptations of the postural control system. Method: Eighteen young healthy subjects took part in the experiment. Bilateral postural control was assessed on stable and unstable surfaces, while standing barefoot or wearing ski boots. Center of pressure (COP) parameters, ankle, knee, and hip joints movements were calculated and EMG activity from main postural muscles was recorded. Results: Ski boots did not restrict the amplitude of ankle angular movements and largely impacted COP parameters and EMG activity on stable ground. In conditions of mediolateral instability, COP data illustrated an enhanced postural control in the frontal plane when wearing ski boots. Conclusions: Ski boots do not affect bipedal postural balance by restricting the ankle angular motions but induce complex adaptations of the postural control system which combine factors of a mechanical, motor, and sensorial nature. They impede postural control mainly when standing on stable ground without producing similar deleterious effects on unstable surfaces. Application: Our results show that HS boots as ski boots can improve lateral balance on unstable surfaces, which can contribute to prevent fall risk and ankle sprain.
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Lundin, Thomas M., Jon W. Feuerbach, and Mark D. Grabiner. "Effect of Plantar Flexor and Dorsiflexor Fatigue on Unilateral Postural Control." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 9, no. 3 (August 1993): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.9.3.191.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of plantar flexor and dorsiflexor fatigue on postural sway amplitude during unilateral, or one-legged, stance. It was hypothesized that plantar flexor and dorsiflexor fatigue would increase unilateral postural sway amplitude. Eight uninjured male subjects participated in pre- and postfatigue unilateral stability tests. Selected parameters describing medial-lateral (ML) and anterior-posterior (AP) postural sway were measured on a Chattecx Balance System before and after an isokinetic fatigue protocol. The fatigue protocol resulted in a significant increase in ML postural sway amplitude (p< 0.05) and an increase in AP sway amplitude (p= 0.065). Previously, links have been established between increased postural sway amplitude and ankle joint injury. Thus, fatigue of the plantar flexors and dorsiflexors, which increased postural sway amplitude, may render the ankle joint susceptible to injury. Induced ankle muscle fatigue may represent a valid paradigm to study the causes of traumatic ankle joint injury.
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Ilha, Jocemar, Mayara B. Récchia, Caroline C. Do Espírito Santo, Marcelo P. Pereira, and Natália D. Pereira. "The influence of goal-directed reaching distance on standing postural control variability in non-disabled individuals." Brazilian Journal of Motor Behavior 16, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v16i2.272.
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BACKGROUND: Performing everyday standing tasks is relevant to the individuals independence. It is a challenging postural action that requires upper extremity (UE) movements to interact with objects of the environment. Postural movement variability is a strategy of the postural system for exploring postural boundaries during the action. The distance to the target to be reached may affect the variability in postural control parameters. AIM: To test if the variability in postural control parameters is enhanced by reaching beyond the UE-length during a goal-directed standing task. METHOD: Twelve non-disabled adult individuals performed reaching to turn on a light switch (target) while standing, which was placed at 100% and 130% of the UE-length distance. The kinetic data were recorded using a force plate during the UE movement, and the centre of pressure (CoP) displacement variability index was calculated. RESULTS: The variability index of the CoP displacement for reaching was greater at the distance of 130% of UE-length compared to 100% in both anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions (p = 0.019). No differences in time to complete the task were observed. CONCLUSION: Postural system increases the variability in postural controlling variable CoP displacement for reaching beyond the UE-length while standing. This movement variability helps individuals explore the boundaries of this standing action and may be useful for learning processes and counterbalancing postural disturbances.
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Orendorz-Frączkowska, Krystyna, and Marzena Kubacka. "The development of postural control in 6–17 old years healthy children. Part I Postural control evaluation in modified Clinical Test for The Sensory Interaction on Balance in 6–17 old year children (mctsib)." Otolaryngologia Polska 74, no. 1 (July 18, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2965.
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Introduction: Proper development of postural control in children is connected with the maturation of the central nervous system, development of sensory organisation with appropriate use of proprioceptive, visual, vestibular information as well as reactions and postural strategy which allow the maintenance of balance in changeable environmental conditions. Developmental disturbances in this particular area is reflected in postural disfunctions and the assessment of these disfunctions and disturbances needs referring to normative values of the healthy population of children. Aim: Examination of postural control development in children aged 6–17 years. Material: 127 healthy children were tested (65 girls and 62 boys) aged 6–17 years. Method: Laryngological investigation, medical history interview, audiometry and tympanometry were conducted in all children. In the evaluation of postural control (mCTSIB-modified Clinical Test For The Sensory Interaction On Balance) a computer posturography system was used (Balance Master Neurocom). R esults: Further development of postural control was found in healthy children up to the age of 13 years of age. The development was not linear but showed transient characteristics with a faster development stage between the age of 6–7 and 8–9. Better postural control in girls, particularly the youngest, in comparison with boys was noticed. C onclusions: 1. The values of norm postural control in posturographic test mCTSIB in children aged 6–17 was established. In this test postural control development was completed in children before 13 year and it was not linear. 2. Due to gender differences it seems appropriate to use separate norms in order to evaluate the development of postural control in boys and girls.
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Zelenin, P. V., L. J. Hsu, G. N. Orlovsky, and T. G. Deliagina. "Use of galvanic vestibular feedback to control postural orientation in decerebrate rabbits." Journal of Neurophysiology 107, no. 11 (June 1, 2012): 3020–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00042.2012.
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In quadrupeds, the dorsal-side-up body orientation during standing is maintained due to a postural system that is driven by feedback signals coming mainly from limb mechanoreceptors. In caudally decerebrated (postmammillary) rabbits, the efficacy of this system is considerably reduced. In this paper, we report that the efficacy of postural control in these animals can be restored with galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) applied transcutaneously to the labyrinths. In standing intact rabbits, GVS causes a lateral body sway towards the positive electrode. We used this GVS-caused sway to counteract the lateral body sway resulting from a mechanical perturbation of posture. Experiments were performed on postmammillary rabbits that stood on the tilting platform with their hindlimbs. To make the GVS value dependent on the postural perturbation (i.e., on the lateral body sway caused by tilt of the platform), an artificial feedback loop was formed in the following ways: 1) Information about the body sway was provided by a mechanical sensor; 2) The GVS current was applied when the sway exceeded a threshold value; the polarity of the current was determined by the sway direction. This simple algorithm allowed the “hybrid” postural system to maintain the dorsal-side-up orientation of the hindquarters when the platform was tilted by ± 20°. Thus, an important postural function, i.e., securing lateral stability during standing, can be restored in decerebrate rabbits with the GVS-based artificial feedback. We suggest that such a control system can compensate for the loss of lateral stability of various etiologies, and can be used for restoration of balance control in patients with impaired postural functions.
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Torres-Oviedo, Gelsy, Jane M. Macpherson, and Lena H. Ting. "Muscle Synergy Organization Is Robust Across a Variety of Postural Perturbations." Journal of Neurophysiology 96, no. 3 (September 2006): 1530–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00810.2005.
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We recently showed that four muscle synergies can reproduce multiple muscle activation patterns in cats during postural responses to support surface translations. We now test the robustness of functional muscle synergies, which specify muscle groupings and the active force vectors produced during postural responses under several biomechanically distinct conditions. We aimed to determine whether such synergies represent a generalized control strategy for postural control or if they are merely specific to each postural task. Postural responses to multidirectional translations at different fore-hind paw distances and to multidirectional rotations at the preferred stance distance were analyzed. Five synergies were required to adequately reconstruct responses to translation at the preferred stance distance—four were similar to our previous analysis of translation, whereas the fifth accounted for the newly added background activity during quiet stance. These five control synergies could account for >80% total variability or r2 > 0.6 of the electromyographic and force tuning curves for all other experimental conditions. Forces were successfully reconstructed but only when they were referenced to a coordinate system that rotated with the limb axis as stance distance changed. Finally, most of the functional muscle synergies were similar across all of the six cats in terms of muscle synergy number, synergy activation patterns, and synergy force vectors. The robustness of synergy organization across perturbation types, postures, and animals suggests that muscle synergies controlling task-variables are a general construct used by the CNS for balance control.
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Ghorbanpour, Zahra, Ghorban Taghizadeh, Seyed Ali Hosseini, Ebrahim Pishyareh, Farhad Tabatabai Ghomsheh, Enayatollah Bakhshi, and Hajar Mehdizadeh. "Overload of anxiety on postural control impairments in chronic stroke survivors: The role of external focus and cognitive task on the automaticity of postural control." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 22, 2021): e0252131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252131.
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Background Despite the high prevalence of anxiety among chronic stroke survivors and evidence of its negative effects on postural control in healthy subjects, it is unclear whether anxiety also affects postural control in these patients. Recent evidence of improved postural control of healthy subjects by distracting the attention using an external focus (EF) or cognitive task, raises the question of whether similar benefits would be observed in stroke survivors. Thus, the current study aimed to investigate the effects of anxiety and distracting the attention on postural control of chronic stroke survivors in terms of both postural sway measures and neuromuscular regulation. Methods Postural sway measures and ankle muscle activity of chronic stroke survivors with the high and low level of anxiety (HA-stroke (n = 17), and LA-stroke (n = 17), respectively) and age-, sex-, height-, and weight-matched healthy subjects (n = 17) were assessed while standing on rigid and foam surfaces under following conditions: baseline, internal focus (IF), EF, simple and hard cognitive tasks (SC and HC, respectively). Results Stroke survivors, particularly HA-stroke participants, showed greater postural sway measures (i.e. postural instability) and enhanced co-contraction of ankle muscles (i.e. stiffening of the neuromuscular system) compared with healthy subjects. As opposed to baseline and IF conditions, postural instability and neuromuscular stiffening significantly reduced in EF condition and decreased more in cognitive task conditions, particularly HC condition. Conclusions The results suggest that anxiety enhances stroke-induced postural instability promoting improper neuromuscular control of posture with stiffening strategy, which can be alleviated by EF and cognitive tasks.
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Tjernström, Fredrik, Per-Anders Fransson, Babar Kahlon, Mikael Karlberg, Sven Lindberg, Peter Siesjö, and Måns Magnusson. "Different Visual Weighting due to Fast or Slow Vestibular Deafferentation: Before and after Schwannoma Surgery." Neural Plasticity 2019 (February 18, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4826238.
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Background. Feedback postural control depends upon information from somatosensation, vision, and the vestibular system that are weighted depending on their relative importance within the central nervous system. Following loss of any sensory component, the weighting changes, e.g., when suffering a vestibular loss, the most common notion is that patients become more dependent on visual cues for maintaining postural control. Dizziness and disequilibrium are common after surgery in schwannoma patients, which could be due to interpretation of the remaining sensory systems involved in feedback-dependent postural control and spatial orientation. Objective. To compare visual dependency in spatial orientation and postural control in patients suffering from unilateral vestibular loss within different time frames. Methods. Patients scheduled for schwannoma surgery: group 1 (n=27) with no vestibular function prior to surgery (lost through years), group 2 (n=12) with remaining vestibular function at the time of surgery (fast deafferentation), and group 3 (n=18) with remaining function that was lost through gentamicin installations in the middle ear (slow deafferentation). All patients performed vibratory posturography and rod and frame investigation before surgery and 6 months after surgery. Results. Postural control improved after surgery in patients that suffered a slow deafferentation (groups 1 and 3) (p<0.001). Patients that suffered fast loss of remaining vestibular function (group 2) became less visual field dependent after surgery (p≤0.035) and were less able to maintain stability compared with group 1 (p=0.010) and group 3 (p=0.010). Conclusions. The nature and time course of vestibular deafferentation influence the weighting of remaining sensory systems in order to maintain postural control and spatial orientation.
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Albiol-Pérez, Sergio, José-Antonio Gil-Gómez, Maria-Teresa Muñoz-Tomás, Hermenegildo Gil-Gómez, Raquel Vial-Escolano, and José-Antonio Lozano-Quilis. "The Effect of Balance Training on Postural Control in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease Using a Virtual Rehabilitation System." Methods of Information in Medicine 56, no. 02 (2017): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3414/me16-02-0004.
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SummaryObjectives: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor clinical alterations among others. Postural problems have serious consequences for patients, not only limiting their daily life but also increasing some risks, like the risk of fall. Inadequate postural control and postural instability is a major problem in PD patients. A Virtual Motor Rehabilitation System (VMR) has been tested in patients with PD in the intervention period. Our purpose was to analyze the evolution of the spatial postural control during the intervention period, to see if there are any changes caused precisely by this intervention.Methods: Ten people with PD carried out 15 virtual rehabilitation sessions. We tested a groundbreaking system based on Virtual Motor Rehabilitation in two periods of time (baseline evaluation and final evaluation). In the training sessions, the participants performed a customizable treatment using a low-cost system, the Active Balance Rehabilitation system (ABAR). We stored the pressure performed by the participants every five hundredths of a second, and we analyzed the patients’ pressure when they maintained their body on the left, on the right, and in the center in sitting position. Our system was able to measure postural control in every patient in each of the virtual rehabilitation sessions.Results: There are no significant differences in the performance of postural control in any of the positions evaluated throughout the sessions. Moreover, the results show a trend to an improvement in all positions. This improvement is especially remarkable in the left/right positions, which are the most important positions in order to avoid problems such as the risk of fall. With regard to the suitability of the ABAR system, we have found outstanding results in enjoyment, success, clarity, and helpfulness.Conclusions: Although PD is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, the results demonstrate that patients with PD maintain or even improve their postural control in all positions. We think that the main factor influencing these results is that patients use more of their available cognitive processing to improve their postural control. The ABAR system allows us to make this assumption because the system requires the continuous attention of patients, promoting cognitive processing.
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Imaizumi, Shu, Tomohisa Asai, Kentaro Hiromitsu, and Hiroshi Imamizu. "Voluntarily controlled but not merely observed visual feedback affects postural sway." PeerJ 6 (April 17, 2018): e4643. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4643.
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Online stabilization of human standing posture utilizes multisensory afferences (e.g., vision). Whereas visual feedback of spontaneous postural sway can stabilize postural control especially when observers concentrate on their body and intend to minimize postural sway, the effect of intentional control of visual feedback on postural sway itself remains unclear. This study assessed quiet standing posture in healthy adults voluntarily controlling or merely observing visual feedback. The visual feedback (moving square) had either low or high gain and was either horizontally flipped or not. Participants in the voluntary-control group were instructed to minimize their postural sway while voluntarily controlling visual feedback, whereas those in the observation group were instructed to minimize their postural sway while merely observing visual feedback. As a result, magnified and flipped visual feedback increased postural sway only in the voluntary-control group. Furthermore, regardless of the instructions and feedback manipulations, the experienced sense of control over visual feedback positively correlated with the magnitude of postural sway. We suggest that voluntarily controlled, but not merely observed, visual feedback is incorporated into the feedback control system for posture and begins to affect postural sway.
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Menezes, Karla Mendonça, Thaís Doeler Algarve, Fábio Saraiva Flôres, Ivana Beatrice Mânica Cruz, Fernando Copetti, and Aron Ferreira Silveira. "DNA damage and postural balance in multiple sclerosis patients." Fisioterapia em Movimento 30, suppl 1 (2017): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5918.030.s01.ao08.
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Abstract Introduction: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by infiltration of inflammatory cells on the Central Nervous System (CNS). There is evidence that cumulative DNA damage can contribute to various mechanisms underlying MS lesions. Changes in postural balance are frequent observations in subjects with MS. Objective: Evaluated the DNA damage index (DDI)) and postural balance in patients with MS. Methods: A case-control study was conducted with 28 subjects matched for sex, age, and body mass index, divided into MS group and control. The DDI was assessed by comet assay and postural balance through recording the body oscillations of the center of pressure (COP), in the anterior-posterior and lateral middle directions. Results: Showed higher DDI in MS patients (21.3 ± 4.8) than controls (7.9 ± 6.1). Significant differences between groups were also noted in postural control parameters. The wider ranges of postural sway were observed in the MS group. The associations between DDI and postural control parameters showed weak, but significant correlations. No associations were found between DDI and time of diagnosis of MS. Conclusion: People with MS had higher DDI and larger body oscillations than healthy individuals.
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Corbeil, Philippe, Jean-Sébastien Blouin, François Bégin, Vincent Nougier, and Normand Teasdale. "Perturbation of the postural control system induced by muscular fatigue." Gait & Posture 18, no. 2 (October 2003): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-6362(02)00198-4.
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Teresa Blázquez, M., Marta Anguiano, Fernando Arias de Saavedra, Antonio M. Lallena, and Pedro Carpena. "Characterizing the human postural control system using detrended fluctuation analysis." Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 233, no. 6 (January 2010): 1478–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cam.2008.04.038.
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Santinelli, Felipe Balistieri, Emerson Sebastião, Marcela de Oliveira, and Fabio Augusto Barbieri. "Multiple sclerosis: Implications for future research on postural control and gait." Brazilian Journal of Motor Behavior 14, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v14i2.169.
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The objective of this letter is to provide a perspective on the impact of multiple sclerosis (MS) on postural control and gait and suggestions for future studies. Although studies on MS with postural control and gait have been carried out for some time, in Brazil and in the World, there is still insufficient information on MS and impairments in postural control and gait.Postural control and gait impairments are recognized to cause several problems for people with MS, these being two of the symptoms that most affect quality of life.Here, we present studies that have investigated impairments in postural control and gait using different experimental designs and discuss the adaptations of the central nervous system (CNS) due to the damage caused by MS.We recommend future studies focus on how the CNS is organized towards postural control and gait, with a better ecological approach, which could assist the development of rehabilitation programs.
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Abdel Ghafar, Mohamed A., Osama R. Abdelraouf, Abdelgalil A. Abdelgalil, Mohamed K. Seyam, Rafik E. Radwan, and Amira E. El-Bagalaty. "Quantitative Assessment of Sensory Integration and Balance in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Cross-Sectional Study." Children 9, no. 3 (March 3, 2022): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9030353.
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Postural stability is dependent on the interpretation of external inputs acquired by sensory information processes, such as visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive systems, in order to accomplish neuromuscular control, balance maintenance, and appropriate motor response. A defect in any of these systems, or in the integration of information given by these systems, might threaten their capacity to maintain balance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the sensory integration and balance using the Biodex balance system (BBS) in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) during the static posture. Seventy-four children from both sexes, 38 with ASD matched with 36 typically developed (TD) children as a control group, were included in the study. Using the Biodex balance system, the postural sway was evaluated through the modified Clinical Test of Sensory Integration and Balance (m-CTSIB) during quiet standing. In this test, four different situations were considered from standing position: eyes open/firm surface, eyes closed/firm surface, eyes open/foam surface, and eyes closed/foam surface. ASD children showed a significant increase in postural sway under all tested conditions when compared to the TD children group, especially for the conditions in which visual and somatosensory inputs were disrupted (p-value < 0.05). These results provide evidence that postural stability decreased in ASD children. Under static postural challenges, the current study’s findings imply that children diagnosed with ASD have postural control deficiencies, especially for the conditions in which visual and somatosensory input was disrupted. Further research must be conducted to find the best balance training program for ASD cases using the Biodex balance system and considering its impact on motor skills.
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Chikh, Soufien, Hajer Mguidich, Hichem Souissi, and Eric Watelain. "How Does the Central Nervous System Control Forthcoming Movement with Different Emotional Stimuli?" Perceptual and Motor Skills 129, no. 2 (January 22, 2022): 217–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00315125211070107.
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Maintaining postural balance is a key factor in human motor skills, based in part on emotional stimuli. Our objective in this study was to measure the effect of emotion on postural control as influenced by the direction of forthcoming movement. Eighteen right-handed women initiated a step forward or backward or remained in a static position after visualizing an emotional stimulus (positive, negative, or neutral). Center of pressure (COP) parameters (2D velocity, Medio-lateral (ML), and antero-posterior (AP) amplitude) were recorded for 3-second windows for movement direction and emotional stimulus. We observed a motion * direction effect on 2D velocity, characterized by a decrease in the emotional stimulus and static direction windows. The participants’ ML amplitude was influenced by direction, and their reduced amplitude was evident in the presence of emotions. AP amplitude was high in the direction versus emotion window. In the static position, the AP amplitude was high in the direction window and low in the emotion window. The participants’ movement planning and programming phase (direction window) was characterized by less oscillation for forward or backward movements and more oscillation before movement, suggesting anticipatory postural adjustments in the emotion window. Static direction was characterized by low oscillation, compared to forward and backward movement and in negative versus positive emotional context, proving the interactive impact of direction and emotion on COP amplitudes. Thus, postural control was influenced by both movement (direction) and emotional content (valence). This study provided insight regarding the interactive effect of emotion and direction on planning and programming forthcoming movement.
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Garg, Amanmeet, Da Xu, Alexandre Laurin, and Andrew P. Blaber. "Physiological interdependence of the cardiovascular and postural control systems under orthostatic stress." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 307, no. 2 (July 15, 2014): H259—H264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00171.2014.
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The cardiovascular system has been observed to respond to changes in human posture and the environment. On the same lines, frequent fallers have been observed to suffer from cardiovascular deficits. The present article aims to demonstrate the existence of interactions between the cardiovascular and postural control systems. The behavior of the two systems under orthostatic challenge was studied through novel adaptations of signal processing techniques. To this effect, the interactions between the two systems were assessed with two metrics, coherence and phase lock value, based on the wavelet transform. Measurements from the cardiovascular system (blood pressure), lower limb muscles (surface electromyography), and postural sway (center of pressure) were acquired from young healthy adults ( n = 28, men = 12, age = 20–28 yr) during quiet stance. The continuous wavelet transform was applied to decompose the representative signals on a time-scale basis in a frequency region of 0.01 to 0.1 Hz. Their linear coupling was quantified through a coherence metric, and the synchrony was characterized via the phase information. The outcomes of this study present evidence that the cardiovascular and postural control systems work together to maintain homeostasis under orthostatic challenge. The inferences open a new direction of study for effects under abnormalities and extreme environmental conditions.
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Fetter, Michael, Hans-Christoph Diener, and Johannes Dichgans. "Recovery of Postural Control After an Acute Unilateral Vestibular Lesion in Humans." Journal of Vestibular Research 1, no. 4 (October 1, 1991): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-1991-1405.
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Postural control during stance was investigated using the EQUITEST® system in 10 patients during recovery after an acute unilateral vestibular lesion and was compared to the time course of recovery of the static and dynamic vestibulo-ocular imbalance. During the acute phase the patients showed a characteristic pattern with normal upright stance as long as at least one accurate sensory input (visual or somatosensory) was provided and severe postural disturbances when they had to rely primarily on vestibular afferences. Both static vestibulo-ocular and vestibulo-spinal balance recovered very fast, showing basically normal results on postural testing within about 2 weeks after the lesion. Thereafter, no pathological pattern was detectable during postural testing even in patients with persistent complete unilateral vestibular lesions. Reflexive postural responses to unexpected rapid displacements of the support surface seemed not to be influenced by vestibular imbalance even in the acute phase of the lesion.
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MEHRAVAR, MOHAMMAD, NAVA YADOLLAH-POUR, SHIRIN TAJALI, MOHAMMAD-JAFAR SHATERZADEH-YAZDI, and NASTARAN MAJDINASAB. "THE ROLE OF ANTICIPATORY POSTURAL ADJUSTMENTS AND COMPENSATORY CONTROL OF POSTURE IN BALANCE CONTROL OF PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 15, no. 05 (October 2015): 1550087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519415500876.
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Impaired balance is one of the most disabling multiple sclerosis (MS) symptoms. It is known that, in the presence of predictable perturbations, the central nervous system (CNS) utilizes both anticipatory (APAs) and compensatory (CPAs) postural adjustments to maintain balance. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between APAs and CPAs during self-induced postural perturbation in patients with MS. Participants performed a load release task while standing on a force platform. Electrical activity of six leg and trunk muscles, as well as displacements of the center of pressure (COP), was recorded. The results revealed significant APAs deficits in MS patients reflected in short APAs duration and reduced magnitude. The reduced APAs were not accompanied by significant compensatory muscle activity. It can be concluded that there is an impairment of feed-forward postural control in MS, and feedback-based mechanisms (CPAs) are unable to compensate for these APA deficits. These results should be considered in the rehabilitation programs for balance training of MS patients.
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Schmit, Jennifer M., Michael Riley, Sarah Cummins-Sebree, Laura Schmitt, and Kevin Shockley. "Functional Task Constraints Foster Enhanced Postural Control in Children With Cerebral Palsy." Physical Therapy 96, no. 3 (March 1, 2016): 348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20140425.
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BackgroundPostural instability is a classical characteristic of cerebral palsy (CP), but it has not been examined during functional play activity. Recent work has demonstrated that when motor tasks are made functionally more relevant, performance improves, even in children with movement pathology. It is possible that in a disease state, the underlying control mechanisms that are associated with healthy physiology must be elicited.ObjectiveThe study objective was to explore the utility of the functional play task methodology as a more rich and interpretable approach to the quantification of postural instability in children with CP.DesignPostural stability measures obtained from a cross-sectional cohort of children with CP (n=30) were compared with stability measures taken from children with typical development (n=30) during a single measurement period.MethodsPostural stability data were obtained with a portable force platform system. Postural sway was quantified during a precision manual functional play task. A baseline condition (no task) also was included. Postural sway variability and postural sway regularity were analyzed with analyses of variance.ResultsThere was an apparent difference in postural control (greater irregularity, greater sway variability) during quiet stance between children with CP and peers with typical development; this difference was mitigated during the performance of the precision functional play task.LimitationsA small and nonprobability sample of convenience may limit the findings of this study.ConclusionsThe findings illustrate flexibility and adaptability in the postural control system despite the pathological features associated with CP.
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Porro, G., D. van der Linden, O. van Nieuwenhuizen, and D. Wittebol-Post. "Role of Visual Dysfunction in Postural Control in Children With Cerebral Palsy." Neural Plasticity 12, no. 2-3 (2005): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/np.2005.205.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Deficient postural control is one of the key problems in cerebral palsy (CP). Little, however, is known about the specific nature of postural problems of children with CP, nor of the relation between abnormal posture and dysfunction of the visual system.Aim of the study: To provide additional information on the association of abnormalities in postural control and visual dysfunction of the anterior or posterior part of the visual system.Methods: Data resulting from ophthalmologic, orthoptic, neurological, neuro-radiological, and ethological investigations of more than 313 neurologically impaired children were retrospectively analyzed.Results: Abnormal postural control related to ocular and ocular motor disorders consisted of anomalous head control and subsequent abnormal head posture and torticollis. The abnormal postural control related to retrochiasmatical damage of the visual system consisted of a torticollis combined with adjustment of the upper part of the body, as if at the same time adapting to a combination of defects and optimizing residual visual functions.Conclusion: Visual dysfunctions play a distinct role in the postural control of children with CP.
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Rodrigues, Sérgio Tosi, Stefane Aline Aguiar, Paula Fávaro Polastri, Daniela Godoi, Renato Moraes, and José Angelo Barela. "Effects of saccadic eye movements on postural control stabilization." Motriz: Revista de Educação Física 19, no. 3 (September 2013): 614–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-65742013000300012.
Full textAbstract:
Several structures of the central nervous system share involvement in both ocular and postural control, but the visual mechanisms in postural control are still unclear. There are discrepant evidences on whether saccades would improve or deteriorate stabilization of posture. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of saccadic eye movements on postural control while standing in different basis of support. Twelve young adults stood upright in wide and narrow stances while performing fixation and saccades of low and high frequencies. Body sway was attenuated during saccades. Trunk anterior-posterior sway and trunk total displacement decreased during saccades compared to fixation; higher sway mean frequency in anterior-posterior direction during saccades was observed. Body sway was reduced in wide compared to narrow stance during high frequency saccades. These results indicate that eye movement improves postural stabilization and this effect is stronger in combination of wide stance-high frequency gaze condition.