Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Postpositivist'

This study focuses on the experiences of a group of educators engaged in a professional development program by distance education in Papua New Guinea. The participants in this study have been keeping professional journals, for periods of up to three years, about their experiences of distance education. Their discourses have been used to form a ‘connected group’ of research participants, who use an action framework to focus on problematic issues surrounding distance education in Papua New Guinea. It is a piece of research, framed by critical theory, and characterised by participation, collaboration, reflexivity, reciprocity and empowerment. The process of the study is based in dialogue, and takes the view that research is constituted of a transformative perspective, which alters the way research participants understand the multiple realities in which they live and work, arid ultimately results in improvements in their lived experiences. The nature of the methodology privileges Voice' and a discourse of difference from each participant which contributes to the problematic nature of the study. The study has concerned itself, increasingly, with issues of power and control in the research process, and this has resulted in significant changes in the research as participants have become more conscious of issues such as distance, dialogue and difference. The study has evolved over a period of time in significant ways, and evidence is available that teachers in Papua New Guinea, despite structural and pedagogical barriers, are critically reflective and are able to transform their practice in ways which are consistent with social, cultural and political contexts in which they live and work. A number of 'local1 theories about research and distance education in Papua New Guinea are developed by the participants as they become informed about issues during the research. The practice of distance education and professional development, at personal and institutional levels, undergoes reconstruction during the life of the research and the study 'signals' other ways in which distance education and professional development may be reconstructed in Papua New Guinea.

The present PhD thesis develops and applies an evaluative methodology suited to the evaluation of policy and governance in complex policy areas. While extensive literatures exist on the topic of policy evaluation, governance evaluation has received less attention. At the level of governance, policymakers confront choices between different policy tools and governance arrangements in their attempts to solve policy problems, including variants of hierarchy, networks and markets. There is a need for theoretically-informed empirical research to inform decision-making at this level. To that end, the PhD develops an approach to evaluation by combining postpositivist policy analysis with heterodox political economy. Postpositivist policy analysis recognises that policy problems are often contested, that choices between policy options can involve significant trade-offs and that knowledge of policy options is itself dispersed and fragmented. Similarly, heterodox economics combines a concept of incommensurable values with an appreciation of the strengths and weaknesses of different institutional arrangements to realise them. A central concept of the field is coordination, which orientates policy analysis to the interactions of stakeholders in policy processes. The challenge of governance is to select the appropriate policy tools and arrangements which facilitate coordination. Via a postpositivist exploration of stakeholder ‘frames’, it is possible to ascertain whether coordination is occurring and to identify problems if it is not. Evaluative claims of governance can be made where arrangements can be shown to frustrate the realisation of shared values and objectives. The research makes a contribution to knowledge in a number of ways a) a distinctive evaluative approach that could be applied to other areas of health and public policy b) greater appreciation of the strengths and weaknesses of different forms of evidence in public policy and in particular health policy and c) concrete policy proposals for the governance and organisation of diabetes services, with implications for the NHS more broadly.

The purpose of this paper is to synthesize literatures on stress, social support, symbolic interaction, and de Certeau as they pertain to the recovery of a homosexually-identified individual from a homophobic interaction. A model of the initial stressful interaction as well as the interaction between a homosexually-identified individual and his socially-supportive network is posited with the consumption of culturally-disseminated roles and the salience of role-identities as the mechanisms by which it works. The model is then considered as a form of resistance in the light of broader gay liberation social movements. The study focuses on white, middle-class, American, homosexually-identified males in order to control for variations that might occur from variables of race, class, nationality, and gender. Queer theoretical, essentialist, and postpositivist realist perspectives on identity are considered. The thesis concludes with possible future directions for an empirical study using the model outlined above.

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a demonstração e a sedimentação da força de norma que possuem os princípios constitucionais; ou seja, a aptidão, a capacidade e, sobretudo, a necessidade que estes possuem para a concentração final do direito materializado nas decisões judiciais. De início, pretendemos fundamentar na filosofia acerca da importância desta espécie normativa e nas suas diversas vertentes fundamentadoras, bem como da sua indispensabilidade no enriquecimento da interpretação, solução e justiça dos casos confiados a judiciário. Não somente isso, entendemos necessária a demonstração de uma moderna atividade interpretativa, no sentido de se conferir maior racionalidade e efetividade para esse mister. Por fim, a inclusão ao estudo de um caso concreto (caso difícil), para que se visualize, na prática, a realização de toda essa idéia. No enfrentamento da ADI 3.510 - que operou ponderações diversas a respeito da preservação do direito a vida embrionária, em conflito com outros direitos igualmente fundamentais como a saúde e dignidade da vida dos já cidadãos, por exemplo -, restou histórico julgamento, onde valores diversos de todo o conhecimento humano concluíram numa decisão controvertida, com forte conteúdo moral e político, porém juridicamente bem sedimentada.
This paper aims to demonstrate the strength and sedimentation that have the rule of constitutional principles; i.e., the ability, capacity, and above all the need they have for the final concentration of law embodied in judicial decisions. Initially, we intend to support the philosophy of the existence of this species rules, and its indispensability in enriching the interpretation, settlement and justice of cases entrusted to the judiciary. Not only that, we believe it necessary to demonstrate a modern interpretive activity, in order to bring greater rationality and effectiveness for this task. Finally, the inclusion to the study of a case (hard case) for you to view, in practice, the realization of this whole idea.

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A presente dissertação tem como proposta compreender a problemática do contrato sob o paradigma pós-positivista. Nesse cenário contemporâneo, no qual a ordem jurídica incorporou em si valores morais eleitos pela sociedade, e no qual fora evidenciada a necessidade de se estender a eficácia dos direitos fundamentais também às relações privadas, seja em razão de sua multiplicação e pulverização, seja pela sua complexidade e potencialidade de causar danos à pessoa, torna-se imperioso repensar o fenômeno do contrato, em razão de que o seu objeto, as suas partes ou o modo como fora atingido o seu consenso poderão fazer com que essa eficácia se dê em maior ou menor grau. Também a Filosofia da Linguagem serviu como subsídio nessa empreitada, em razão de possibilitar ao intérprete o instrumental necessário para entender o contrato como um fenômeno de extensa riqueza significativa, no qual o arranjo de palavras em que se consubstancia pode conter muito mais do que a sua interpretação literal deixa transparecer. Por fim, concluiu-se que a interpretação de um contrato ultrapassa a sua compreensão como um instrumento de transação entre iguais, em razão de que a realidade encerra vetores que direcionarão a sua compreensão para um paradigma mais social ou mais liberal, a depender de suas peculiaridades.
The purpose of this work is to understand the problem of contracts under the postpositivism paradigm. In this contemporary scenario, in which the legal system has incorporated moral values as elected by society, and in which there is a need to extend the effectiveness of fundamental rights also to private relationships, whether due to its multiplications and spread or to its complexity and potential to cause harm to the person, it is imperative to rethink the Contract phenomenon, given that its object, its parts or the way its consensus was reached may cause this effectiveness to be a greater or lesser degree. Also, the Philosophy of Language served as a support in this endeavor, because it empowers the interpreter with the necessary instruments to understand the Contract as phenomenon of extensive and rich meaning in which the arrangement of words on which it is based may contain much more than its literal interpretation reveals. Finally, it was concluded that the interpretation of a Contract exceeds its understanding as a transaction instrument amongst equals, because reality contains vectors that guide its understanding towards a more social or more liberal paradigm, depending on its peculiarities.

Over the last two decades research into the notion of empowerment has been focused on the three primary dimensions of process, outcomes and environment within the contexts of the individual, community groups and business organisations. As a psychological attribute, empowerment at the individual level has been investigated significantly by such theorists as Rappaport (1995) and Zimmerman (2000). However, studies in this field neglect deep understanding of the reality of the individual's experiences of the empowerment process. Definitions within the literature refer to empowerment as being a process which occurs over time for the individual who is personally challenged to achieve power and control within his/her own life context by the application and reflection of learning new knowledge and skills. The purpose of this investigative case study is to examine the reality of the empowerment process as it occurs in the individual lives of a group of women who have actively participated in the learning environment of an investment club over a 2 year period in Brisbane. The three dimensions of empowerment support the structure of the study with the findings evidencing 'authentic empowerment' is achieved when the individual seeks to operate within the dual learning environments of the supportive group as well as the solo learning environment. The reality of individual authentic empowerment proved to be a continuum of experience dependent upon the individual's levels of motivation, energy, decision-making abilities, knowledge, risk taking, confidence, time and goals. Sustainability of empowerment related to the participant's level of active involvement in the dual learning environments while accepting complete responsibility for actions and consequences.

O presente trabalho busca examinar, em perspectiva histórica, aspectos sociopolíticos e jurídicos relacionados à formação da Administração Pública no Brasil e às suas características, notadamente no que concerne ao processo de legitimação do exercício do poder pelo aparelho burocrático e ao seu potencial controle pelos cidadãos. Argumenta-se que, se por um lado tais características revelam a resistência de um modelo associado ao legado ibérico, de outro evidenciam uma peculiar e progressiva abertura ao controle democrático, especialmente após a redemocratização e a promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988. Adotando o exercício do poder administrativo discricionário como categoria de análise, os aspectos inerentes ao processo de transformação daquele modelo são examinadas a partir de quatro eixos, a saber: a singular tensão entre Iberismo e Americanismo no Brasil; a renovação teórica acerca da democracia representativa e das perspectivas sobre o controle democrático; o pós-positivismo e sua potencial conexão com uma concepção responsiva do direito e, finalmente, a queda de velhos paradigmas de legitimação do exercício do poder discricionário estatal, em âmbito mundial, a partir dos anos 1980, o que teria dado ensejo ao crescimento e fortalecimento de um escrutínio pragmático e consequencialista das decisões discricionárias da administração pública também no Brasil.
This work intents to analyze, in a historical perspective, some sociopolitical and juridical traits of the Brazilian public administration formation and its associated characteristics, particularly those related to the legitimization process of the bureaucratic power exercise and its accountability by citizens. We shall argue that, if at the one side those characteristics testify the resilience of an original bureaucratic model, by the other they open some ways to a peculiar and progressive democratic accountability, specifically after the return of the democracy and the few years later adoption of a new Constitution in 1988. Taking the discretionary power as an analytical frame, the main traits related to the progressive transformation of the Iberian original administrative model are here analyzed under four major axes: the peculiar tension between Iberism and Americanism along Brazilian history; the theoretical renovation of the representative democracy and of the perspectives over democratic accountability; the post-positivism and its links with the transition toward responsive law and, finally, the fall down of the old paradigms that used to legitimate the exercise of discretionary powers, all over the occidental world, until the early 1980s, what brought and made grow up new promising kinds of pragmatic and democratic scrutiny over some States traditionally discretionary decisions in Brazil.

This paper shows a mismatch between a real and pressing demand for a philosophical analysis that allows us to explain the emergence of new phenomena in law, and the limited supply of theoretical tools to satisfy this demand by the traditional model of positivistic science of law. After an initial diagnosis of a mismatch between supply and demand, the resistance of legal positivism to accept practical rationality stands out as a core problem of the traditional model of positivistic science of law and the viability of this way of rationality is defended. The paper concludes with a proposal for the reinvention of the philosophy of law of the 21st century that incorporates new objectives and rethinks its method.
En este trabajo se constata un desajuste entre una demanda real y acuciante de un análisis filosófico que permita dar cuenta de la irrupción de nuevos fenómenos en el panorama del derecho y la limitada oferta de herramientas teóricas con que satisfacer esta demanda que aporta el modelo tradicional de ciencia positivista del derecho. Tras el diagnóstico inicial de desajuste entre la oferta y la demanda, se destaca como un problema medular del modelo tradicional de ciencia positivista del derecho su resistencia a asumir una racionalidad de tipo práctico y se defiende la viabilidad de esta forma de pensamiento. El trabajo concluye con una propuesta para la reinvención de la filosofía del derecho del siglo XXI, redefiniendo sus objetivos y replanteando su método.

This dissertation aims to demonstrate how the expansion of instructive powers of the judge, under the collective process, is an appropriate mechanism to densify access to the legal system, calling it the attributes of equity and effectiveness. To give support to this proposal, it is through the theoretical contributions of post-positivism as a promising paradigm proper legal foundation, through the legal argument at the time that it reveals an instrument of control and improvement of judicial decisions. On the other hand, the proposal places the collective protection in the second renewals wave of civil procedure, describing the extra-legal obstacles to access to jurisdiction and analyzes the constitutional postulate in its material dimension, pointing out the risk of its sacredness and its negative impact on the protection of collective goods. The collective process is raised to the status of an autonomous branch of the civil process, composing a microsystem endowed with natural principles. When entering your analysis describes its social and political relevance, underlying having a society permeated by massed relations. As a theoretical reference the expansion of instructive powers leaned over the device and inquisitorial systems. This polarization emerges a discussion of the role of the judiciary. We propose a new perspective of judicial action, more dynamic and embedded in the social environment that surrounds it, a position aligned with the publicist view of the process. In this context it works with a new process model, cooperative, a convergent analysis with collective protection, enhancing its democratic foundation and its contribution to the delivery of a fair and appropriate remedy. The powers are described in kind, highlighting the paradigms in consumeristas and environmental labors. The right to trial was submitted to a constitutional reading to support their investment and modulation inspired by the nature of the legal interests at stake. The theory of dynamic distribution is presented as strengthening the judicial action in favor of the effectiveness of collective action. They are faced limits to this outburst, with the goals of the constitutional process principles. Given these assumptions, the outlook point-of attracting organized civil society to make use of collective actions, from the strengthening of judicial functions aimed to eradicate the barriers of access to the differentiated protection.
A presente dissertação objetiva demonstrar como a dilatação dos poderes instrutórios do julgador, no âmbito do processo coletivo, é um mecanismo adequado a densificar o acesso à ordem jurídica, qualificando-a pelos atributos da equidade e efetividade. Para dar sustentação a essa proposta, recorre-se aos aportes teóricos do Pós-positivismo como um paradigma promissor a adequada fundamentação judicial, por meio da argumentação jurídica, ao tempo em que se revela um instrumento de controle e aperfeiçoamento das decisões judiciais. Por outro lado, a proposta situa a tutela coletiva na segunda onda renovatória do processo civil, descrevendo os obstáculos extrajurídicos do acesso à jurisdição e analisa o postulado constitucional em sua dimensão material, apontando o risco de sua sacralização e seu impacto negativo sobre a tutela dos bens coletivos. O processo coletivo é alçado à condição de um ramo autônomo do processo civil, compondo um microssistema dotado de princípios singulares. Ao ingressar em sua análise descreve-se sua relevância social e política, tendo subjacente uma sociedade permeada por relações massificadas. Como referencial teórico a ampliação dos poderes instrutórios debruçou-se sobre os sistemas dispositivo e inquisitivo. Dessa polarização emerge uma discussão sobre o papel do Poder Judiciário. Propõe-se uma nova perspectiva de atuação judicial, mais dinâmica e inserida no ambiente social que o circunda, numa posição alinhada à visão publicista do processo. Neste contexto trabalha-se com um novo modelo processual, cooperativo, numa análise convergente com a tutela coletiva, realçando seu fundamento democrático e sua contribuição para a entrega de uma tutela jurisdicional justa e adequada. São descritos os poderes em espécie, realçando os paradigmas nas lides consumeristas e ambientais. O direito à prova foi submetido a uma leitura constitucional para embasar a sua inversão e modulação inspiradas na natureza dos bens jurídicos em disputa. A teoria da distribuição dinâmica é apresentada como reforço a atuação judicial em prol da efetividade das ações coletivas. São enfrentados os limites a este assomo, tendo como balizas os princípios constitucionais do processo. Diante destas premissas, apontam-se as perspectivas de atrair a sociedade civil organizada para que faça uso das ações coletivas, a partir do fortalecimento das funções judiciais vocacionadas a debelar as barreiras de acesso a essa tutela diferenciada.

碩士
國立政治大學
教育學系
88
At the beginning of the 20th century, educational administration had just begun to emerge as a recognizable discipline and was therefore in a sort of "prescriptive era." After World War II, the theory movement which was based on the foundation of Logic Positivism started with great swiftness. The movement aimed to establish general and systematic rules for the administration practices, while excluding the subjective elements (values and ethics) of educational administration research. In 1970, the philosophy of science shifts to the postpositivism era and begins to rapidly influence the research of educational administration, thus greatly altering the original methodology. Greenfield, Bates, and Hodgkinson, the key scholars of this movement, criticize the scientific view, and hence influence educational administration methodology away from the dominant positivistic era and into the multi-paradigm era. The purpose of this study is to explore the historical development of paradigm shifts in educational administration methodology, and to explain how the paradigms (including positivism, postpositivism, and postmodernism) have influenced the theory development of education administration. Using the paradigm debates as a main source, this study will reveal the problematic issue of theory development of educational administration and then analyze the problematic issue of contemporarily studies in educational administration. The methods of this study consist primarily of documentary analysis, historical approach, as well as critical analysis. The major findings of this study include: 1. Logic Positivism is still the most influential paradigm in educational administration research, the multi-paradigmatic view needs further enforcement. 2. Most scholars confirm that the scientific view in fact does contribute to the theory development of educational administration. 3. In contemporary paradigm debates, most scholars prefer theoretical pluralism to theory replacement. 4. Postmodernism is still an underdeveloped concept in educational administration research. 5. The range of research of educational administration has become more complicated, therefore leading to the growing popularity of the qualitative method. 6. The improvement of studies in educational administration is dependent on the professional committee''s push. 7. The unavoidable dimensions of "values" and "ethics" have erroneously been neglected in previous research. 8. The "craft" dimension of educational administration and the thought of the inability to link together theory and practice, have been widely neglected in previous research. Based upon the previous discussion and analysis, several recommendations for improving the development of educational administration in Taiwan are made: 1. Latest methodological tendency should be known and different paradigms should be mutually adopted. 2. Different research methods should be respected, thus avoiding falling into the single methodology trap again. 3. Educational Administration professional organizations should come into effect and enforce the academic development. 4. There is a need for academic conferences to be held periodically, as well as the publication of periodicals in order to broadcast the newest theory development. 5. National College of Educational Research should be set up for data synthesis and the development of relevant research affairs. 6. Dimensions of "ethics", "values", and "craft" should be emphasized on. 7. National or international academic interaction should be encouraged and the biases of different groups should be eliminated. 8. Four recommendations are made for further research.

The aim of this dissertation, titled "Multilateralism in discourse: USA, EU and Japan" is to pinpoint differences in perceptions of basic policy concepts across various intellectual traditions. The dissertation is based in the presumption that cultural,intellectual and language context are inseparable parts of our perception of reality and terms, through which we describe it. For the interpretation of these cultural differences, the thesis chose three actors with different cultural, historical and language traditions. In their respective discourses, the thesis interpreted the perception of a basic term of international relations - multilateralism. The discursive perception of multilateralism was connected to a theoretical typology of motivation for the priority for multilateralism over other forms of foreign policy behavior - instrumental, moral and social. This typology was tested against the interpretation of multilateralism on two case studies: the War on Terror and the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol. By doing so, the thesis found out that although there is a single shared definition of multilateralism, individual perceptions on the concept's value and role are significantly differing. The United States prefer instrumental logic, the European Union prefers moral logic and Japan oscillates between...

Halfway into its third decade, the debate surrounding the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis has stalled with political economists and socio-ecologists ascendant and modernization theorists scrambling to give their apparently moribund perspective new life. But beyond the rise and fall of the EKC, there remains a second-order question and decades of data: how do the theoretical perspectives of these contenders shape what their protagonists do and don't see? How have they mistaken episodes of "talking past each other" for genuine dialogue? Which perspective has had the biggest impact on the other’s way of thinking? A qualitative and quantitative analysis compares the top-ranking journals in economics with interdisciplinary journals of environmental economics revealing a categorical divergence in the types of critical thought deployed in the EKC debate over an almost 15 year period. The few articles appearing in the top ranking economic journals systematically fail to grasp the fundamentals of ecology which is evident in both their measurements and conclusions. I offer an abridged discussion of the critiques socio-ecology presents contemporary economics as what, in Kuhnian terminology, may well be described as a discipline in the crisis moment of a paradigm shift in no particular direction. I then conclude by siding with Habermas and Adorno against Popper's ideologically impoverished “falsifactionism”: progress in science depends as much on a theory of ideological critique as it does on the acquisition of technical knowledge. My intent has been to argue that ideological critique is empirically possible as the history of thought.