Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Postnatal'
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1
Healy, Maria Isobel. "Rethinking postnatal care : a Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenological study of postnatal care in Ireland." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2012. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/6654/.
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The postnatal period is an important and extremely vulnerable time for new mothers and their infants. Research has outlined the considerable extent of maternal physiological and psychological morbidity following childbirth. The underreporting and undiagnosed aspect of this morbidity has also been highlighted. Newborn infants are totally dependent on their needs being met and are also at risk of newborn conditions particularly if they are undiagnosed, for example neonatal jaundice. There is however, mounting evidence regarding the lack of postnatal support from health professionals, with women continuing to report their dissatisfaction with postnatal care. Research into postnatal care is pre-dominantly quantitative and clinically focused. Few empirical studies have examined the meaning women give to their postnatal care experiences. This research aims to generate a deeper understanding of the meanings, and lived experiences of postnatal care. In addition, it aims to reveal future possibilities to enhance women’s postnatal care experiences. Initially, an in-depth examination of relevant literature is undertaken followed by a presentation of the process and findings from a qualitative meta-synthesis. An in-depth exploration of Martin Heidegger’s biography and explication of his philosophy is then outlined. This research is a Heideggerian hermeneutical phenomenological study of Irish women’s aspirations for, and experiences of, postnatal care. Purposive sampling is utilised in this research, which was undertaken in two phases. Phase one involved group interviews over three different time periods (between 28-38 weeks gestation, 2-8 weeks and 3-4 months postnatally), with a cohort of primigravid women and a cohort of multigravid women. The second phase involved recruiting two further cohorts of primigravid and multigravid women who participated in individual in-depth interviews over the same longitudinal period. In total nineteen women completed the study. Thirty-three interviews were held in total. The data analysis is guided by Crist and Tanner’s (2003) interpretative hermeneutic framework. The women’s aspirations/expectations for their postnatal care are represented through three interpretive themes: ‘Presencing’, ‘Breastfeeding help and support’ and ‘Dispirited perception of postnatal care’. In addition, five main themes emerged from the data and capture the meanings the women gave to their lived experiences of postnatal care: ‘Becoming Family’, ‘Seen or not seen’, ‘Saying what matters’, ‘Checked in but not always checked out’ and ‘The struggle of postnatal fatigue’. The original insights from this research clearly illuminate the vulnerability women face in the days following birth. A further in-depth interpretation and synthesis of the findings was undertaken. This philosophical-based discussion drew from the work of Heidegger (1962) and Arendt (1998). Engaging with these theoretical perspectives contributed to a new understanding about why some women within a similar context, have positive experiences of postnatal care while others do not. As such, the very nature that midwives and other postnatal carers are human beings has an influence on a woman’s experience of her care. These carers, in their exposition of ‘being’ have the ability to demonstrate ‘inauthentic’ or ‘authentic’ caring practices. It is those who choose to be ‘the sparkling gems’ that are the postnatal carers who make a difference and stand out from the others. For the women in this study, their postnatal care experiences mattered. While some new mothers reported positive and meaningful experiences others revealed experiences which impacted unnecessarily. The relevance of these findings, recommendations and suggestions for future research are offered.
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Ghosh, Manonita. "Postnatal depression vs. suffering : an anthropological approach to South Asian migrant women's postnatal feelings." University of Western Australia, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0130.
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This thesis is an ethnography of the postnatal experiences of South Asian migrant women in Perth, Western Australia. I examine cultural differences relating to mothering and argue that the South Asian culture in which these migrant women were socialized can impact greatly on how they experience the feelings of what is called “postnatal depression” in the Western medical arena. I carried out ethnographic research among the members of the Bangladeshi and Indian communities in Perth. The main focus group of this study is first time mothers who gave birth in Australia, but I also worked with other women who had grown up children. Due to migration the South Asian women and their families experienced social isolation, cultural differences, language difficulties, economic hardship and low job satisfaction. Moreover, when these women gave birth in Perth they were faced with a lack of physical and emotional support, and also distress at not being able to perform their traditional birth rituals. Their difficult situations led the women to cry, feel despondent, to suffer and to experience a sense of hopelessness. Their painful postnatal feelings can be defined as an illness - depression - by the Western medicine. However, I found these women did not perceive their negative postnatal feelings as an illness, but accepted them as a part of life. I analysed these women’s postnatal psychological understandings about “postnatal depression” by examining the South Asian convention of female virtue which is practiced through restrictions on female behaviour. The migrant women in my study, having internalizing the South Asian cultural schema of womanhood, articulate their negative postnatal feelings as a prerequisite of motherhood. In this thesis I argue that feelings are not the totality of experience, rather, experience is also formulated by the particular sociocultural perspective of the individual who is having the experience. The culture a person belongs to, defines how that person will experience his or her feelings. I also suggest that it is possible to modify dysphoric affect by altering the meaning of feelings
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Mauthner, Natasha Susan. "Postnatal depression : a relational perspective." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/244882.
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Current research conceptualizes postnatal depression as individual pathology or as a socio-political problem. By adopting a relational perspective, this thesis bridges the theoretical divides between individualistic and social explanatory frameworks, and between psychology and sociology. The self is seen to be essentially relational, and postnatal depression understood in terms of interrelationships between an active self, others and society. In-depth interviews were conducted with 40 mothers of young children living in Britain, recruited through community sources. Mothers defined their own psychological state following childbirth: 17 found motherhood unproblematic; five had difficult experiences which they distinguished from 'postnatal depression'; 18 experienced, what they defined as, 'postnatal depression', after the birth of their first, second or third child. These 18 mothers are the central focus of the study. The data were analysed using Brown and Gilligan's (1992) 'voice-centred relational method'. Key methodological and theoretical concerns include: listening to mothers on their own terms; considering the interpretations and meanings mothers attribute to their experiences; theorizing similarities, and differences, amongst mothers; exploring changes within individual mothers over time. Postnatal depression was characterized by, and resulted from, a psychological process of relational disconnection, in which mothers felt alienated from themselves and others. During the depressipn, they believed their moral worth and social acceptability depended on complying with cultural expectations of motherhood. The 12 first-time mothers felt under pressure to conform to normative definitions of the 'good', selfless mother. All 18 mothers felt under pressure to conform to a cultural ethic of individuality and self-sufficiency. In order to protect their own integrity, and preserve their relationships, mothers actively withdrew their needs and feelings from relationships with their children, partners, relatives, friends, other mothers with young children, and health professionals. This social withdrawal was distinct to, and occurred irrespective of, physical isolation and unsupportive relationships. Although the mothers conformed, they also questioned cultural norms which construct the needs of self and other as separate, competing forces. During the depression, their resistance was a silent one. The move out of depression was accompanied by shifts in the mothers' moral beliefs about themselves, others and society. They felt it morally acceptable to attend to their own needs and those of others. Relationships with other mothers were critical to these moral re-evaluations. They enabled them to openly question normative constructions of motherhood, providing them with the possibility of a voiced resistance. Policy implications of this research are considered in terms of prevention and intervention programmes for depressed mothers.
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Dunford, Emma Louise. "Understanding and treating postnatal depression." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.599882.
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Postnatal depression is a major public health problem that affects approximately 10•15% of new mothers and adversely impacts on infant development and the mother-infant relationship. The first paper provides a systematic review of mother-infant interventions for postnatal depression. Overall, mother-infant interventions led to significant improvements in a wide range of mother-infant relationship, maternal and infant outcomes. The format of interventions and outcome measures used within the studies were diverse. The methodological quality of the studies varied. Further studies are needed to replicate the findings and to determine predictors of good treatment outcomes. Research evaluating the longer term benefits of mother-infant interventions tor postnatal depression is necessary. The second paper presents an empirical investigation of maternal shame and guilt and their association with postnatal depressive symptoms and attitudes towards help-seeking. An online series of questionnaires were completed by a community sample of British women who had an infant between four weeks and one year of age. Shame proneness and event-related shame and guilt predicted postnatal depressive symptoms. Furthermore, shame and guilt were found to predict negative attitudes towards help-seeking. These findings highlight the potential negative consequences of feelings of shame and guilt in the context of motherhood. The clinical implications of these finding: are discussed, alongside directions for future research.
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Gardner, Philippa. "Postnatal depression in African mothers." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/postnatal-depression-in-african-mothers(65f63ab7-113f-4c77-b1a4-a1e2e8ae629c).html.
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Paper one is a systematic review aimed at improving our understanding of the culturally determined risk factors of postnatal depression (PND) within 'Sub-Saharan Africa', by integrating evidence from quantitative and qualitative studies. A mixed-method systematic review approach was employed, nine quantitative and three qualitative studies were quality assessed, synthesised, and integrated. Stressful life events, adhering to cultural values and traditions, the effects of negative cultural perceptions and difficulties within the African extended family system were found to be risk factors for the development and maintenance of PND in Sub-Saharan Africa. The objective of paper two was to explore the lived experience of postnatal depression in West African mothers living in the UK. A qualitative design using semi-structured interviews with six West African mothers (Nigeria = 3; Ghana = 3) who were experiencing low mood in the postnatal period was undertaken. Participants were recruited from mother and baby groups within the National Health Service. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used to explore and analyse the data. Five overarching themes emerged: (1) conceptualiszing PND, (2) isolation, (3) loss of identity, (4) issues of trust and (5) relationships as a protective factor. Each theme consisted of a number of subthemes. Women exhibited symptoms of PND but did not regard it as an illness, with the name 'depression'. They viewed their emotional distress as a result of social stress, and described feelings of isolation, loss of identity and relationship difficulties. Women's cultural background influenced their help-seeking behaviour; participants often avoided talking about their feelings and kept their distress to themselves. The findings have clinical implications in how services should be designed to meet the needs of African communities. Paper three reflects on the process of developing culturally competent research through the development of the current thesis. Suggestions for future research and reflections on the strengths and limitations of the research process are embedded throughout. Clinical implications are discussed with reference to a community psychology model.
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Meki, Aula. "Perceived causes of postnatal depression." Thesis, Staffordshire University, 2014. http://eprints.staffs.ac.uk/2037/.
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This thesis aims to provide an understanding of the perceived causes of Postnatal Depression (PND). Despite increasing research exploring the aetiology and risk factors for PND, to date, little research has explored how individuals perceive the causes of PND. The first part of this thesis reviews the literature on causal beliefs in adults in clinical, community and general population samples. Thirteen papers were critically appraised to reveal insights into these perceived causes. Beliefs were grouped into four emergent themes: (1) biological; (2) psychological; (3) social; and (4) cultural (including religious). The review identified a need to explore how PND is understood culturally, particularly amongst lay individuals from minority faith and ethnic groups. In accordance with these recommendations, the second part of this thesis is a Q-methodological study of the perceived causes of PND amongst British Muslim women of Arab origin. The sample comprised eleven participants recruited from a community organisation. Participants sorted 50 statements, each detailing a possible cause of PND, according to how much they believed them to be causes of PND. Findings identified two clear and distinct accounts: stress-generation and diathesis-stress, significant in causing PND. Although both accounts were clearly embedded in faith and values, the viewpoints operated with a subtly different interpretation of the role of faith in relation to PND. The third paper provides a reflective commentary on the research process, including a methodological critique of the research project and reflections on the personal impact of the research on the researcher. Contrary to the dominant biomedical model, the thesis highlights the existence of wide-ranging, multi-factorial explanatory models for PND. Eliciting and understanding these causal models can help to engage clients and provide culturally sensitive interventions.
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Patel, Sonia. "Maternal understandings of postnatal depression." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/maternal-understandings-of-postnatal-depression(f86e827e-cbf9-4940-9a7f-841ee188b01c).html.
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Paper one is a systematic literature review of qualitative studies examining postnatal depression in immigrant mothers using a metasynthesis approach. This review involved three phases: a systematic literature search of qualitative studies reporting on postnatal depression among immigrant mothers, critical appraisal of the studies from the literature search, and the metasynthesis of these studies. Fifteen studies met the inclusion, exclusion and quality criteria. The synthesis of the studies demonstrated that immigrant mothers are subjected to two overarching factors of migration and cultural influences that interact and give rise to psychosocial understandings of postnatal depression, healthcare barriers and views of potential remedies lying within the psychosocial domain. Mothers use self-help coping strategies in line with this. Social support appears to play an integral and mediating role for these immigrant mothers removed from their sociocultural context.A grounded theory approach was taken in the second paper to explore illness beliefs in mothers with postnatal depression. Eleven participants were interviewed using a semi-structured interview schedule and data was analysed in line with a grounded theory methodology. A theory of illness beliefs in PND was developed encompassing six core categories: 'unmet expectations', 'identifying stressors in their life context', 'conflict over label', 'antidepressants: the lesser of two evils', 'loss of time' and 'uncertain futures.' It was concluded that participants made multiple appraisals of their PND in light of their initial difficulties, following service involvement, their improvements, their consequences and the future. Participants' narratives were conflicting and uncertain with internal struggles evident as mothers were torn between their desire to be good mothers and their perceptions that PND meant that they were not good enough mothers. The final paper is a critical appraisal that outlines my personal journey through a grounded theory methodology in exploring illness beliefs in postnatal depression. This appraisal first discusses why a qualitative design was chosen and more specifically a grounded theory approach. The difficulties attached to using grounded theory are then considered. Finally in keeping with the need for transparency within the methodology, there is a reflective account of the challenges encountered, the knowledge and skills gained throughout the process and how this has been important for my learning and progression towards becoming a qualified Clinical Psychologist.
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Chew, Wei Leong. "Postnatal Genome Editing With CRISPR." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493352.
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Targeted genome editing holds tremendous promise for permanent correction of many genetic diseases. The recently developed CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing tool exhibits facile programmability and robust gene-editing efficiency, and has been applied in cell cultures and animal tissues. However, multi-organ gene-editing in live mammals has not been examined or achieved. This study demonstrates genetic modification in multiple organs of postnatal mice by systemic delivery of CRISPR with adeno-associated viruses (AAVs). I resolved the AAV payload limitation by splitting Cas9 and reconstituting the native protein in vivo using scarless split-intein protein trans-splicing, which preserves full activity of Cas9. I determined that the delivery efficiency of AAV-CRISPR dictates gene-targeting rates in vivo, with the preferential gene-editing in liver and heart, and more modest editing efficiencies in skeletal muscle, brain and gonads, directly reflecting the infection profile of the virus serotype. To track CRISPR biodistribution, I established two reporter systems that apply in situ fluorescence activation to demarcate CRISPR-targeting events at single-cell resolution, identifying rare gene-edited cells that normally evade detection by sequencing. This exquisite detection sensitivity further allows evaluation of inter-generational transmission of gene-editing viruses. Finally, although Cas9 elicits host immune responses, these can be ameliorated by immunosuppression. I also identified a public Cas9-responsive T-cell clonotype and mapped the B-cell epitopes on Cas9 and AAV. Engineering tolerance to immunodominant epitopes may provide an avenue for avoiding immune rejection of AAV-CRISPR. The ability to create programmable genetic modifications in multiple organs of postnatal mammals provides a powerful tool for biological research, and foretells that the genomes of whole mammals may be rewritten at will.Medical Sciences
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Murray, Linda Jennifer. "Postnatal depression in Central Vietnam." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/63485/1/Linda_Murray_Thesis.pdf.
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Postnatal depression (PND) is a significant global health issue, which not only impacts maternal wellbeing, but also infant development and family structures. Mental health disorders represent approximately 14% of global burden of disease and disability, including low and middle-income countries (LMIC), and PND has direct relevance to the Millennium Development Goals of reducing child mortality, improving maternal health, and creating global partnerships (United Nations, 2012; Guiseppe, Becker & Farmer, 2011). Emerging evidence suggests that PND in LMIC is similar to, or higher than in high-income countries (HIC), however, less than 10% of LMIC have prevalence data available (Fisher, Cabral de Mello, & Izutsu 2009; Lund et al., 2011). Whilst a small number of studies on maternal mental disorders have been published in Vietnam, only one specifically focuses on PND in a hospital-based sample. Also, community based mental health studies and information on mental health in rural areas of Vietnam is still scarce. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of PND, and its associated social determinants in postnatal women in Thua Thien Hue Province, Central Vietnam. In order to identify social determinants relevant to the Central Vietnamese context, two qualitative studies and one community survey were undertaken. Associations between maternal mental health and infant health outcomes were also explored.
The study was comprised of three phases. Firstly, iterative, qualitative interviews with Vietnamese health professionals (n = 17) and postpartum women (n = 15) were conducted and analysed using Kleinman's theory of explanatory models to identify narratives surrounding PND in the Vietnamese context (Kleinman, 1978). Secondly, a participatory concept mapping exercise was undertaken with two groups of health professionals (n = 12) to explore perceived risk and protective factors for postnatal mental health. Qualitative phases of the research elucidated narratives surrounding maternal mental health in the Vietnamese context such as son preference, use of traditional medicines, and the popularity of confinement practices such as having one to three months of complete rest. The qualitative research also revealed the construct of depression was not widely recognised. Rather, postpartum changes in mood were conceptualised as a loss of 'vital strength' following childbirth or 'disappointment'. Most women managed postpartum changes in mood within the family although some sought help from traditional medicine practitioners or biomedical doctors.
Thirdly, a cross-sectional study of twelve randomly selected communes (six urban, six rural) in Thua Thien Hue Province was then conducted. Overall, 465 women with infants between 4 weeks and six months old participated, and 431 questionnaires were analysed. Women from urban (n = 216) and rural (n = 215) areas participated. All eligible women completed a structured interview about their health, basic demographics, and social circumstances. Maternal depression was measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) as a continuous variable. Multivariate generalised linear regression was conducted using PASW Statistics version 18.0 (2009). When using the conventional EPDS threshold for probable depression (EPDS score ~ 13) 18.1% (n = 78) of women were depressed (Gibson, McKenzie-McHarg, Shakespeare, Price & Gray, 2009). Interestingly, 20.4% of urban women (n = 44) had EPDS scores~ 13, which was a higher proportion than rural women, where 15.8% (n = 34) had EPDS scores ~ 13, although this difference was not statistically significant: t(429) = -0.689, p = 0.491. Whilst qualitative narratives identified infant gender and family composition, and traditional confinement practices as relevant to postnatal mood, these were not statistically significant in multivariate analysis. Rather, poverty, food security, being frightened of your husband or family members, experiences of intimate partner violence and breastfeeding difficulties had strong statistical associations. PND was also associated with having an infant with diarrhoea in the past two weeks, but not infant malnutrition or acute respiratory infections.
This study is the first to explore maternal mental health in Central Vietnam, and provides further evidence that PND is a universally experienced phenomenon. The independent social risk factors of depressive symptoms identified such as poverty, food insecurity, experiences of violence and powerlessness, and relationship adversity points to women in a context of social suffering which is relevant throughout the world (Kleinman, Das & Lock, 1997). The culturally specific risk factors explored such as infant gender were not statistically significant when included in a multivariable model. However, they feature prominently in qualitative narratives surrounding PND in Vietnam, both in this study and previous literature. It appears that whilst infant gender may not be associated with PND per se, the reactions of close relatives to the gender of the baby can adversely affect maternal wellbeing.
This study used a community based participatory research approach (CBPR) (Israel.2005). This approach encourages the knowledge produced to be used for public health interventions and workforce training in the community in which the research was conducted, and such work has commenced. These results suggest that packages of interventions for LMIC devised to address maternal mental health and infant wellbeing could be applied in Central Vietnam. Such interventions could include training lay workers to follow up postpartum women, and incorporating mental health screening and referral into primary maternal and child health care (Pate! et al., 2011; Rahman, Malik, Sikander & Roberts, 2008). Addressing the underlying social determinants of PND through poverty reduction and violence elimination programs is also recommended.
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Scullion, Catherine. "Midwives' ability to estimate women's vulnerability to postnatal depressive symptoms in the first three postnatal months." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485941.
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Background: There is a need to improve identification of mothers at risk of postnatal depression. This study aimed to assess if postnatal ward midwives could identify vulnerable mothers on wards; also to determine if midwives' estimates of risk could add to the predictive value of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression scale (EPDS; Cox, Holden & Sagovsky, 1987). Method: Using a prospective longitudinal survey design, 121 mothers on postnatal wards in a maternity hospital were recruited within 72 hours of delivery when they completed self-report measures of depressive symptoms (EPDS), infant temperament (lCQ) and parenting confidence (PSOC). Midwives completed a Likert-style questionnaire giving their concurrent views on these variables and estimating mothers' risk ofdepressive symptoms at 10-12 weeks. At follow up by post at 10-12 postnatal weeks, 92 women completed repeat measures. Results: There was a significant relationship between midwives' estimates of risk and mothers' EPDS Time 2 scores. Midwives correctly identified 36.4% of vulnerable women and 97.1% of those who did not develop symptoms of depression. Midwives' estimates of risk added significantly to the variance explained by EPDS Time 1 scores on EPDS Time 2 scores. Conclusion: While midwives' ability to recognise women who are vulnerable to symptoms of postnatal depression is limited, they are rarely mistaken, suggesting they could usefully alert primary care services to give priority to these women.
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Hiltunen, P. (Pauliina). "Maternal postnatal depression, causes and consequences." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2003. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514270541.
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Abstract
A longitudinal follow-up study of postnatal depression was performed in the years 1995-2000 in the University of Oulu. A volunteer, ramdomly selected group of 187 mothers from maternal wards of the University Hospital of Oulu were studied with different questionnaires in the first postpartum week. Depressive symptoms were re-assessed with Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale four months postpartum when paternal depression was evaluated with Beck Depression Inventory. 16.2% of the women were immediately after delivery screened as being depressed. Four months postpartum 13.0% of the mothers were depressed whereas 5.1 % of the fathers were having depressive symptoms. The cumulative incidence of maternal postnatal depression within the first four months was 22.2%.
These mothers who immediately showed depressive symptoms were at a higher risk to be depressed later. Maternal age 30 years or less predicted postnatal depression. The occurrence of maternal postnatal depression varied slightly during different seasons; during dark time immediate depressive symptoms increased and the spring seemed to protect from later postnatal depression. Analgesia during vaginal delivery, e.g. nitrous oxide, epidural analgesia or paracervical blockade, protected from postnatal depression as well. Caesarean section, either elective or emergency, did not predict postpartum mental well-being. Scores from the GHQ and the EPDS were strongly interrelated. Seven (5%) fathers were depressed four moths postpartum. They all were men whose partners also scored high in the EPDS.
Those mothers who were depressed interpreted infant facial signals differently, seeing less joy, disgust and anger, but more sadness in the infant facial pictures. Cultural variability was found in complex blended facial features of emotions, e.g. distress, in the Infant Facial Expression from Looking at Picture scale, although remarkable agreement was achieved and reinforced.
In the videotaped early mother-infant interaction small, but essential, changes were observed at 10 months postpartum. Overall, mothers who had had persistent depressive symptoms showed less negative expressions and had less anger and anxiety in their interaction. Their children were slightly less impulsive and seemed to have less visual and communicative contact with their mothers. The dyad was characterised by short periods of uninvolvement between the mother and the infant; e.g. the moments of reciprocity were less frequent than in the non-depressed mothers. At 42 months postpartum, the children of the persistently depressed mothers scored lower on the Expressive language scale than the children of the mothers who were depressed in one measurement or never.
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Chisholm, Sarah Anne. "Postnatal mood disorders : do subtypes exist?" Thesis, University of Essex, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.574485.
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Background: It has been suggested that two sub types of women with postnatal depression exist. These sub types are distinguishable based on the role that childbirth plays; as either a causative or a non-specific, trigger for the depressive episode. Evidence for these proposed subtypes has been inconsistent to date. Additionally, gaps in research have also been identified relating to the existence of possible subtypes of postnatal anxiety and the differential role of childbirth in triggering anxiety during the postnatal period. Method: 98 postnatal women completed a questionnaire designed to gather information relating to symptoms of depression, general and maternal-specific dysfunctional cognitions and symptoms of state and trait anxiety. A three-step cluster analysis technique was conducted as a method of exploring the existence of subtypes within the sample recruited. Following the identification of subtypes, further statistical analysis explored the stability and validity of the cluster solutions and characteristics of the subtypes. Results: Women with postnatal depression could be categorised into subtypes based on reports of general and maternal-specific dysfunctional cognitions: a) those experiencing a depressive episode specifically related to the experience of childbirth and motherhood, and b) those experiencing a non-specific depressive episode similar to depression experienced at other time of life. Additionally, a subtype of women with postnatal depression was found who did not report any dysfunctional cognitions. Women with postnatal anxiety could be categorised into subtypes based on reports of state and trait anxiety: a) those experiencing anxiety specifically related to the experience of childbirth and motherhood, and b) those experiencing a non-specific anxious episode similar to anxiety experienced at other times of life. Implications: As well as adding to the limited amount of research exploring subtypes of postnatal mood disorders, outcomes include implications for screening and treatment of postnatal depression and anxiety.
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Doan, Daniel. "Pamper Partum, LLC| A Postnatal Facility." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10749979.
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The rigors of labor and childbirth are incredibly demanding on the mother's body physically, emotionally, and psychology. Most new mothers deliver in a hospital setting where they are discharged after approximately two days. However, the mother's health and well-being does not improve that drastically within those two days of post-delivery recovery. Common struggles that new mothers face include postpartum depression, intimate partner violence, mood and body changes, as well as nutrition and sleep deprivation. Therefore, it is not only important to be attentive to the newborn but to the mother's recuperation as she adjusts to postnatal life. While there are many options for new mothers to deliver their baby through hospitals or birth centers, there is a lack of postnatal care facilities in comparison.
Pamper Partum, LLC is a private company with an organizational mission to offer quality service and care that eases the transition to motherhood, to empower a new mother through education and community support, and to reduce any preventable risks associated with the postnatal period. Pamper Partum, LLC is an all-inclusive healthcare facility that provides services such as breastfeeding assistance, peer-support groups, private counseling, nutrition, general health care, and 24/7 infant monitoring in a state-of-the-art nursery. Pamper Partum, LLC will seek to be the first postnatal care facility that serves Orange County.
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Hipwell, Alison E. "Psychological vulnerability to postnatal depressive symptomatology." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327139.
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Depressive disorders arising in the postnatal period can affect 10-16% of women and there is growing evidence for a range of adverse consequences for the mother and her child long after the symptoms may have remitted. Nevertheless, reliably detecting women who may be at risk of depression following childbirth continues to be problematic to health care workers. Drawing on a diathesis-stress model, the current study used a prospective design to investigate cognitive factors that might indicate a vulnerability to postnatal depressive symptomatology. A cohort of nulliparous pregnant women were recruited from antenatal clinics and parentcraft classes. They were interviewed during the third trimester of pregnancy when assessments of social support, mood, early experience of maternal behaviour, and neurotic personality traits were carried out. In addition, three sets of cognitive measures were included in this interview: the specificity of autobiographical recall, the nature of self-discrepancies, and self-devaluation. Ninety-four women without mental health problems at the time of the baseline assessment were followed up at two weeks and at two months post-delivery, when they were asked to complete measures relating to their mood. It was hypothesised that the cognitive characteristics would predict mood score at 2 months postpartum (Time 3), but not at the earlier follow-up stage of 2 weeks (Time 2) when biologicaVhormonal factors were believed to playa predominant role in aetiology. It was also hypothesised that these factors would mediate the relationship between both early experience and personality style, and postnatal mood. The results showed that the degree of self-devaluation, and low specificity of autobiographical recall, predicted depressive symptoms at Time 3, and that selfdevaluation also mediated the effects of early experience and neuroticism on postnatal mood. Self-discrepancy scores were not found to be useful in predicting subsequent levels of depression in the current sample. The clinical implications of these findings for the detection and prevention of postnatal depressed mood are discussed.
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McCorry, N. K. "Prenatal prediction of postnatal brain function." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411140.
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Henshaw, Carol Anne. "A longitudinal study of postnatal dysphoria." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312368.
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Background: Postnatal depression (PND) follows 10-15% of deliveries. Postnatal blues occur in the first postpartum week and are thought to have little significance. Studies report links between them, PND and premenstrual symptomatology but are methodologically flawed. Hypotheses: Women with severe blues are more likely to become depressed in the 6 months after delivery and more likely to experience premenstrual symptomatology when menstruation resumes. Subjects: First-time mothers who were literate, English speaking, had a singleton pregnancy, no current severe mental illness and whose fetus was healthy. Method: Written informed consent was obtained in late pregnancy. Baseline data include the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), sociodemographic and obstetric details. The Blues Questionnaire was completed on postpartum days 3 & 5. Obstetric data were recorded. Subjects (scores >/75th centile on the Blues Questionnaire) and controls (\<25th centile) were matched for age, marital status and social class. All participants completed monthly postal EPDS. When menstruation returned, daily Menstrual Distress Questionnaires and visual analogue scales for premenstrual symptoms were completed for 2 cycles. At 6 months all women with EPDS scores >/9 at any time postpartum were interviewed using the Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia (Lifetime version). Research Diagnostic Criteria diagnoses were made for current or past psychiatric disorder. 1 in 5 women with EPDS scores <9 were interviewed to exclude false negatives. Results: Women with severe blues were 3.8 times more likely to become depressed and to have a major rather than minor illness. Their depressions began sooner after delivery and lasted longer than those with no blues. They were more likely to experience premenstrual symptoms. Discussion: Results support the idea that these conditions are variants of affective disorder, severe blues acting as a marker of affective vulnerability. Clinical applications of the results and areas for further research are explored.
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Stantzou, Amalia. "BMP signaling controls postnatal muscle development." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066337/document.
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Les "Bone Morphogenetic Proteins" (BMPs) jouent un rôle clef dans la régulation de cellules précurseurs du muscle prénatal et de cellules souches musculaires adultes dénommées "cellules satellites". Les objectifs principaux de ma thèse étaient d'une part de déterminer si la signalisation BMP joue un rôle pendant la phase de croissance du muscle postnatale/juvénile dépendante des cellules satellites, et d'autre part d'investiguer si cette voie est impliquée dans la maintenance de la masse musculaire squelettique adulte. J'ai trouvé que les composants de cette voie de signalisation sont exprimés dans les cellules satellites de souris néonatales, juvéniles et adultes. Par ailleurs, j'ai utilisé des lignées de souris transgéniques pour surexprimer, de manière conditionnelle, l'inhibiteur Smad6 de la cascade de signalisation BMP dans les cellules satellites ou dans le muscle squelettique. J'ai pu ainsi démontrer que cette signalisation est requise pour une prolifération correcte des cellules satellites et pour leur différentiation en myonuclei, assurant que les fibres musculaires en croissance atteignent une taille finale normale. Par ailleurs, mes travaux révèlent que le nombre final de cellules satellites est établis pendant la phase de croissance postnatale/juvénile et que celle-ci dépend de la cascade de signalisation BMP. Enfin, je fournis des preuves montrant que la signalisation BMP est un puissant signal hypertrophique dans le muscle squelettique adulte et que sa présence est indispensable pour le maintien du tissu musculaire. En résumé, mes résultats de recherche démontrent que les BMPs sont des facteurs de croissance essentiels pour le muscle squelettique postnatalBone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs), a subfamily of TGF-β growth factors, have been shown to be key signals that regulate embryonic and fetal muscle precursors during prenatal myogenesis, as well as the stem cells of adult muscle, termed ‘satellite cells’, when activated during muscle regeneration. The main aims of my thesis were to elucidate whether BMP signaling plays a role during postnatal/juvenile satellite cell-dependent muscle growth as well as for maintenance of adult muscle mass. I found that components of BMP signaling pathway are expressed in muscle satellite cells of neonatal, juvenile and adult mice. I used transgenic mouse lines to conditionally overexpress the BMP signaling cascade inhibitor Smad6 in muscle satellite cells and in differentiated skeletal muscle. I show that BMP signaling is required for correct proliferation of muscle satellite cells and their differentiation into myonuclei, thereby ensuring that the growing muscle fibers reach the correct final size. Moreover, I demonstrated that the final number of muscle stem cells is established during the postnatal/juvenile growth phase and this also depends on the BMP signaling cascade. Finally, I provide evidence that BMP signaling is a strong hypertrophic signal for the adult skeletal muscle and its presence is indispensable for muscle tissue maintenance. In summary, my findings demonstrate that BMPs are essential growth factors for postnatal skeletal muscle
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Wickberg, Birgitta. "Postnatal depression prevalence, identification and treatment /." Göteborg, Sweden : Dept. of Psychology, Göteborg University, 1996. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/38000671.html.
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Weißer, Judith. "Steroidogenesis and steroidogenic gene expression in postnatal fetal rat Leydig cells." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-146856.
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Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Steroidogenese und die Expression Leydig-Zellspezifischer Gene in Kulturen postnataler fetaler Leydig-Zellen (PFLC). Die Stimulation von PFLC mit hCG und (Bu)2cAMP bewirkt eine Steigerung der Testosteronproduktion in vitro. Es wurde eine zeitabhängige Abschwächung der Testosteronproduktion durch (Bu)2cAMPstimulierte
PFLC beobachtet. Diese war begleitet von einer Akkumulation von Progesteron im Kulturmedium und einer Suppression der Expression von P450c17 auf dem translatorischen Level. Während der Kultivierung verloren PFLC ihre Fähigkeit der Expression Leydig-Zell-spezifischer Gene (z.B. 3βHSD, P450c17, Insl3). Dieses Phänomen konnte durch Stimulation mit (Bu)2cAMP rückgängig gemacht werden. Außerdem zeigte sich, dass PDGFα allein und in Kombination mit (Bu)2cAMP signifikant die Proliferation der PFLC in vitro stimulierte. Die vorliegende Arbeit deutet darauf hin, dass cAMP-aktivierte Signalkaskaden eine wichtige Rolle in der Regulation von Differenzierung und Funktion von PFLC spielen.
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Taylor, Janice D., University of Western Sydney, College of Social and Health Sciences, and of Nursing Family and Community Health School. "Exploring postnatal fatigue : influential factors and management strategies for women." THESIS_CSHS_NFC_Taylor_J.xml, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/740.
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Caring for a new child is a significant, demanding, and time consuming role, often associated with increased stress. Postnatal depression is one possible outcome of increased stress and research has highlighted the importance of detecting depression in new mothers. However fatigue a correlate of depression, has only recently become a focus of research among health professionals. Understanding the nature of fatigue and its management within the postnatal period, the focus of this study, may reduce its impact on women’s lives. This longitudinal study explores changes in intensity, physical, mental and emotional dimensions of fatigue, factors associated with higher levels of fatigue, the impact of fatigue on women’s usual activities, and strategies for managing fatigue. Self-administered structured questionnaires gathered data form 504 women at 1, 6, 12 and 24 weeks after birth. Reliable and valid instruments were used to measure the relationship between the defined factors and the outcome of fatigue at the various time points. State anxiety was a consistently strong predictor of fatigue intensity across time and group. Women sought to manage their fatigue by using self-care practices and asking for help from family and friends. This research highlights two issues for health professionals – care of new mothers must include recognition that higher levels of state anxiety are associated with higher levels of postnatal fatigue: ongoing assessment of fatigue and the strategies used to manage it is essential beyond the early postnatal periodDoctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Zweifel, Stefan. "Exploring Transcriptional Heterogeneity in the Postnatal SVZ." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1047.
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Une activité germinale persiste après la naissance dans des niches spécialisées du cerveau des mammifères, à savoir le gyrus denté de l'hippocampe et la zone sous-ventriculaire (SVZ) bordant le ventricule latéral. Les cellules souches neurales (NSC) de la SVZ postnatale se différencient en progéniteurs transitoires qui vont générer des neuroblastes migrant à travers la voie de migration rostrale vers le bulbe olfactif, où ils se différencient en neurones. La SVZ génère également des progéniteurs gliaux qui se dispersent dans le parenchyme voisin. Les travaux récents auxquels j'ai participé soulignent la nature hétérogène de la SVZ postnatale, composée de différents microdomaines générant des lignées neurales distinctes. Les objectifs de mon travail de thèse ont permis de : 1) développer de nouveaux moyens pour explorer l'hétérogénéité de la SVZ; et 2) d'identifier et d'étudier le rôle d'un facteur de transcription exprimé par une sous population des NSCs de la SVZ. Objectif 1: La SVZ est une région hautement complexe et irrégulière dans laquelle une forte activité germinale persiste après la naissance. Le caractère hétérogène de la SVZ est évident et des études récentes ont généré une très grande base de données de transcrits, qui sont différentiellement exprimés entre les microdomaines. Cependant, un outil approprié pour l'analyse rapide du niveau d'expression d'une protéine d'intérêt, le long des axes rostro-caudal et dorso-ventral de la SVZ est toujours manquant et nécessaire. Par conséquent, j'ai développé "FlashMap", un logiciel semi-automatique qui permet une analyse rapide des niveaux d'expression de protéines dans le SVZ, basé sur des mesures de densité optique après immunohistochimie. "FlashMap" génère des cartes thermiques facilement lisibles en deux dimensions, qui peuvent être superposées avec précision aux reconstructions tridimensionnelles du système ventriculaire pour une visualisation spatiale fine et rapide. Cette nouvelle approche accélérera la recherche sur la régionalisation de la SVZ, en permettant l'identification de marqueurs (e.g. facteurs de transcription) exprimés dans des régions discrètes de la SVZ. Objectif 2: J'ai utilisé des approches de transcriptomique et de « fate mapping » des NSCs pour étudier la relation entre l'expression régionale de facteurs de transcription et leur différenciation dans des lignées neurales distinctes. Mes résultats supportent un amorçage précoce des NSCs à produire différents types cellulaires en fonction de leur localisation spatiale dans la SVZ. Nos données identifient Hopx comme un marqueur d'une sous population de NSCs qui génère principalement des astrocytes. De façon intéressante, la manipulation de l'expression de Hopx montre des effets mineurs sur l'astrogénèse, mais entraîne des changements marqués quant au nombre de NSCs et de leur descendance. Dans son ensemble, Mes résultats mettent en évidence à la fois une hétérogénéité spatiale des NSCs postnatales ainsi que leur amorçage précoce à produire des types cellulaires distinctsGerminal activity persists in the postnatal mammalian brain in specialized niches, namely the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ) surrounding the lateral ventricle. Neural stem cells (NSCs) of the postnatal SVZ differentiate into transient amplifying progenitors that will generate neuroblasts migrating through the rostral migratory stream, into the olfactory bulb, where they differentiate into neurons. The SVZ additionally generates glial progenitors that invade the nearby parenchyma. Recent work to which I have participated, highlights the heterogeneous nature of the postnatal SVZ in respect to different microdomains generating distinct neural lineages. The objectives of my PhD work were twice: 1) to develop new means to explore the heterogeneity of the SVZ; and 2) to identify transcription factors expressed by subpopulations of NSCs of the SVZ and acting in their differential specification. Objective 1: The SVZ is a highly complex and irregular region of ongoing postnatal germinal activity. The heterogeneous character of the SVZ is evident and recent studies generated enormous datasets of transcripts, which are differentially expressed between divergent microdomains. However, an appropriate tool for fast analysis of the protein level along the full rostro-caudal and dorso-ventral extend of the SVZ is still missing. Therefore, I developed “FlashMap”, a semi-automatic software that allows rapid analysis of protein levels in the full SVZ, based on optical density measurements after immunohistochemistry. “FlashMap” generates easy readable heatmaps in two dimensions, which can be accurately superimposed on three-dimensional reconstructions of the ventricular system for rapid spatial visualization and analysis. This new approach will fasten research onto SVZ regionalization, by guiding the identification of markers, such as transcription factors expressed in specific SVZ microdomains. Objective 2: I used transcriptomic as well as fate mapping approaches to investigate the relation between regional expression of transcription factors by NSCs and their acquisition of distinct neural lineage fates. Our results support an early priming of NSCs to produce defined cell types depending of their spatial location in the SVZ and identify Hopx as a marker of a subpopulation biased to generate astrocytes. Interestingly, manipulation of Hopx expression showed minor effects on astrogenesis, but resulted in marked changes in the number of NSCs and of their progenies. Taken together, our results highlight transcriptional and spatial heterogeneity of postnatal NSCs, as well as their early priming toward specific lineages and suggest a role for Hopx in the evolution of SVZ germinal activity
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Özbek, Sercan Özgüner Meltem. "Prenatal ve postnatal sıçan dokularında leptin ekspresyonu /." Isparta : SDÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2004. http://tez.sdu.edu.tr/Tezler/TT00132.pdf.
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Nicks, Amy Margaret. "Developmental signals in murine postnatal cardiac growth." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16665/.
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Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, and is increasing in an ageing and growing population. Heart failure in adults results from a loss of functional cardiomyocytes (CMs), which are not replaced because the terminally differentiated state of adult CMs severely limits the capacity of the heart to regenerate. Thus, there is a need to develop strategies that enhance endogenous CM proliferation and enable cardiac repair. This thesis describes the characterisation of a surgical model of pressure overload, suprarenal aortic constriction (SAC), which results in hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. This model can be used to investigate candidates for cardiac regeneration. Previous work in our laboratory suggested that under hypertensive stress, mice with inhibited signalling of the tyrosine kinase receptor, c-Kit, had improved cardiac function and survival due to CM proliferation. Thus, the expression of c-Kit was evaluated in wild-type mice and was found at very low levels in developing and adult CMs, and was not re-expressed in adults following SAC. Therefore, c-Kit is unlikely to contribute to the maintenance of CM terminal differentiation and is not a suitable therapeutic target for CM proliferation. Another approach to identifying candidates for regeneration is to understand the changes in gene expression and regulatory networks that lead to CM proliferation and terminal differentiation. Characterisation of postnatal cardiac growth identified pivotal postnatal days (P) of CM maturation with high CM proliferation (P2), a transition between CM division and enlargement (P10 and P13), and CM terminal differentiation (P70). A standardised protocol for mice of any age was developed to rapidly purify CMs (~95% purity). Poly(A) RNA was extracted from purified CMs at the aforementioned time points for high-throughput sequencing, which identified ~3,800 differentially expressed mRNAs that underpin CM maturation. Thus, this data has enormous potential to identify molecular targets for cardiac regeneration.
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Sun, Bin. "Epigenetic regulation of postnatal subventricular zone development." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e9ee95c1-b6cb-43c5-aef8-780e3fd50422.
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The postnatal/adult subventricular zone (SVZ) harbours neural stem cells (NSC), which produce neurons that migrate to the olfactory bulbs. SVZ NSC share several biological features with glia, especially reactive astrocytes. However, it is not clear how SVZ NSC simultaneously maintain self-renewal stem cell properties and the potential for generating daughter cells that differentiate into neurons. Multiple cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs), including p16, p19 and p21 have been identified as indispensable for maintaining stem cell potential, in both cyclin dependent and independent manners. However, how these CDKIs are coordinated remains poorly defined. One possible regulator of CDKIs is the canonical Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) that consists of Eed, Suz12, and Ezh2. Ezh2 functions to methylate lysine 27 of histone 3 (H3K27me3) and consequently suppresses target gene expression. Whereas PRC2 serves to balance self-renewal versus differentiation and neuron versus glial fate choices in early and late embryogenesis, respectively, our understanding of its role in the neonatal and adult SVZ is incomplete. In this thesis, I discovered that the PRC2 core subunit Eed, but not Ezh2, was expressed in SVZ NSC. Eed directly repressed p16 and p19, but indirectly fine-tuned p21 expression in SVZ NSC. Conditional deletion or knockdown of Eed in vivo led to loss of constitutive SVZ stemness and blocked NSC activation. This was partly due to selective activation of the PRC2 targets, Cdkn2a and Gata6; in contrast Ezh2 loss of function only activated Cdkn2a but not Gata6. In the SVZ, Gata6 overexpression was sufficient to limit the neurogenic ability of NSC and also inhibited p21 post-transcriptional expression. I also showed that although reactive astrocytes in the cerebral cortex can acquire stem cell properties in response to brain injury, Eed was not involved in this process. Taken together, I identified novel and divergent regulation of SVZ CDKIs by separate subcomponents of PRC2, and showed that these are essential for SVZ NSC maintenance. Whilst this regulatory pathway was specific in the neurogenic niche it had little influence on parenchymal astrocytes. In a relatively small side project, I screened and identified several long non- coding RNAs (lncRNA) that were highly expressed in the adult rodent SVZ. The lncRNA Paupar, which is transcribed upstream from the Pax6 antisense strand, was enriched in the postnatal SVZ and regulated Pax6 and Ezh2 expression. In vivo, Paupar knockdown showed it is necessary for stem cell maintenance and thus regulates postnatal neurogenesis. To conclude, I discovered two interacting epigenetic regulators that control postnatal SVZ NSC and neurogenesis.
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John, P. C., and C. Collistus. "Modern postnatal causes of pneumonia in neonates." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2017. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/60752.
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In the structure of pulmonary pathology in newborns, 80 % is pneumonia (P). P – infectious inflammatory disease that leads to severe pulmonary and extrapulmonary complications; high mortality of newborn children, especially premature, is characteristic.
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Mohamad, Yusuff Aza Sherin. "Breastfeeding and postnatal depression in Sabah, Malaysia." Thesis, Curtin University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1389.
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This is a cohort study of 2072 women in Sabah, Malaysia at an antenatal visit and followed up at 1, 3 and 6 months postpartum. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was administered and details were obtained on infant feeding. 95.9%, 88.2% and 80.7% mothers were breastfeeding at each postpartum visit and the prevalence of depression was 13.8% at antenatal and 7.6%, 7.2% and 8% at 1 month, 3 months and 6 months postpartum, respectively.
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Gausia, Kaniz. "Epidemiology of postnatal depression in rural Bangladesh." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2008. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/194.
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Postnatal depression (PND) is a major public health problem worldwide. Recent evidence suggests that PND affects a high proportion of women in developing countries. The present study was carried out in Bangladesh where there are no reliable data on the magnitude and determinants of PND. The study comprised two phases. In Phase 1, a BangIa version of the internationally accepted screening tool, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), was developed and validated. Phase 11 was an epidemiological investigation to measure the magnitude of PND and its potential contributing risk factors in Bangladeshi women.
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Nicolson, Paula. "The social psychology of 'post natal depression'." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284215.
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The aim of this thesis has been to reconceptualize 'post natal depression' and challenge the 'clinical' and 'social science' models of explanation. It has focussed on a) whether 'post natal depression' is an objective phenomenon, and b) whether the experience of 'post natal depression' is the same for every women, and C) whether there are any common features of the experience of childbirth and early mothering which enable the construction of 'normal' experience. It begins by suggesting that the 'clinical' and 'social science' models are problematic in that they are based on ideological assumptions and not scientific evidence about what is 'normal' following childbirth. This is explored by examining the previous literature and by using a pre-validated measure of 'post natal depression' in the pilot work alongside semi-structured interviews. The literature demonstrates a history of weak conceptualization and associated poor methodology, with explicit and implicit assumptions about the psychology of women, childbirth and the motherhood role. This thesis therefore sets out to re-examine and re-define 'post natal depression' by analysing detailed accounts of pregnancy, childbirth and early motherhood within a framework suggested by Gidden's stratification model of knowledge and other frameworks which take human reflexiveness into account.. The research comprised a small-scale longitiudinal study in which 24 women were interviewed up to four times; during pregnancy, and one, three and six months after delivery. The data comprised indepth verbatim transcriptions (from tape recorded interviews) which were analyzed to consider the meaning of the experience of childbirth, depression and early mothering to the individual respondent, and also to review the common features of the experience in order to suggest a construction of what is 'normal' here. The conclusion identifies certain elements of experience which are likely to lead to 'depression' at various stages after childbirth. These are concerned with physical stress, initial ibsecurities and lack of effective support and loss of former identity. They are not co-terminus with the 'stressors' of the 'social science' model in that their effect is totally subject to the meaning attributed to the events by each woman within the context of her biography.
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Gilinsky, Alyssa. "Promoting physical activity among postnatal women : the More Active Mums in Stirling (MAMMiS) study." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/21226.
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Background: Adults benefit from participating in physical activity (PA) for chronic disease prevention and treatment. Postnatal women are encouraged to commence a gradual return to PA 4-6 weeks after giving birth, with participation in line with PA guidelines. The potential benefits of postnatal PA include weight management, improvements in cardiovascular fitness and psychological wellbeing. There has been limited high-quality information about the efficacy, feasibility and acceptability of PA interventions in postnatal women and few studies in the UK. Behavioural counselling interventions informed by behaviour change theory have been shown to successfully increase PA in low-active adults. Physical activity consultations (PACs) use structured and individualised behavioural counselling to enhance individuals’ motivation for change, and improve self-management skills. This approach may support adoption of PA in low-active postnatal women with research demonstrating that modifiable socio-cognitive factors influence PA behaviour. This thesis reports on the efficacy of a postnatal PA intervention, the More Active MuMs in Stirling (MAMMiS) study on change in PA behaviour. Efficacy of the intervention was tested in a randomised controlled trial. The effect on secondary health and wellbeing outcomes and PA cognitions targeted by the intervention and feasibility results are also reported. Methods: The intervention comprised a face-to-face PAC of around 35-45 minutes and 10-week group pramwalking programme. Non-attenders to the pramwalking group received a support telephone call. A follow-up PAC (15-20 minutes) was delivered after three month assessments. The first PAC involved raising awareness about benefits of PA, developing self-efficacy for change, setting goals and action planning PA, developing strategies for overcoming barriers, encouraging self-monitoring, prompting social support and selecting/changing the environment to support PA. The second PAC involved feedback about changes and preventing a return to sedentary habits. The pramwalking group met weekly for 6 walks of 30-55 minutes at a brisk pace, providing opportunities to demonstrate moderate-intensity walking and to encourage and support PA behaviour change. The control group received an NHS leaflet, which encouraged PA after childbirth. Postnatal women (six weeks to 12 months after childbirth) were identified through a variety of NHS-based and community-based strategies plus local advertisements and word-of-mouth. The primary outcome measure was evaluation of PA behaviour change using the Actigraph GT3X/GT3X+ accelerometer, an objective measure of PA behaviour; self-reported moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was measured using a recall questionnaire (Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall) and cardiovascular fitness using a submaximal step-test (Chester step-test). Secondary health and wellbeing measures were; anthropometric (i.e. weight and body mass index (BMI)) and body composition (measured using a bioelectrical impedance), psychological wellbeing (measured using the Adapted General Wellbeing Index) and fatigue (measured on a 100-point visual analogue scale). PA cognitions were measured via a questionnaire with constructs adapted from previous studies. All were taken at baseline (prior to randomisation), three and six months follow-up from baseline. Process measures were used to investigate intervention fidelity and feasibility. Acceptability was investigated in a post-trial interviews, conducted by a researcher not involved in the trial. RESULTS: Sixty-five postnatal women (average 33 years old with an infant 24 weeks old) were recruited (77% of those eligible). There was a 91% rate of retention at six months; participants who missed a follow-up assessment were younger (30 versus 34 years old) and had younger infants (21 versus 34 weeks old). Participants were less deprived and older compared with postnatal women in Scotland. Objectively measured PA behaviour did not change in response to the intervention. There was no between-groups difference in change in mean counts/minute from baseline to three months (p=0.35, 95% CI -73.50, 26.17, d=0.22) or three to six months (p=0.57, 95% CI -39.46, 71.18, d=0.13). There was no change in MVPA 7 minutes/day in either group from baseline to three (intervention =-0.70, IQR -9.86, 8.36; control =1.65, IQR -4.79, 8.21) or three to six months (intervention =0, IQR -1.13, 1.10; control =0, IQR -9.86, 8.23), with no between-groups difference baseline to three (p=0.43; r=0.10) or three to six months (p=0.75, r=0.09). Results for relative MVPA were similar. Median steps/day from baseline to three months did not change in the intervention group (0, IQR –1619.44, 1047.94) and increased by 195.95 (IQR -1519.55, 1691.03) among controls. The between-groups difference was non-significant (p=0.37, r=0.18). From three to six month follow-up steps/day increased in the intervention group and not in controls (0, IQR -1147.50, 1303.52), this between-groups difference was also non-significant (p=0.35, r=0.16). From baseline to three months self-reported MVPA declined in the intervention group (15 minutes/week; IQR -111, 15) and increased in the control group (30 minutes/week; IQR –68, 75): a non-significant between-groups difference, with a small effect size (p=0.71, r=0.22). From three to six months a decline in self-reported MVPA was found in controls (53 minutes/week; IQR -41,-101) and no change among the intervention group (0, IQ range -26, 71); a significant between-groups difference with a small effect size (p=0.04, r=0.26). There were no differences between the groups for the change in aerobic capacity from baseline to three months or three to six months with no evidence for change over time in aerobic capacity or fitness category in either group. Change in secondary outcomes did not differ between the groups from baseline to three or three to six months (although fatigue did improve in the intervention group relative to controls from baseline to three months). Considering PA cognitions, outcome expectancies declined in both groups from baseline to three months and continued to decline only in the intervention group from three to six months, a between-groups difference with a small effect size (p=0.03, r=0.26). Self-efficacy increased in the intervention group from baseline to three months and declined in the control group with a small effect size for the between-groups difference (p=0.03, r=-0.27). An increase in action 8 planning was seen among the intervention group but not controls from baseline to three months (p<0.01, r=-0.34). Both groups showed an increase in coping planning and action control; the change was larger among the intervention group relative to controls (i.e. p<0.01, r=0.44, r=0.43, respectively). Increased self-efficacy and action control were maintained from three to six months in the intervention group. Coping planning increased relative to controls (p<0.01, r=0.41) and action planning increased among controls from three to six months (p<0.01, r=0.39). Intervention fidelity and feasibility was good. All intervention participants received the initial PAC and adoption of self-management strategies was high for ‘thinking about the benefits of PA’, ‘action planning’ and ‘self-monitoring’, between baseline and three months. Most participants attended at least one walk (61% attended five or more), 89% of planned walks were conducted with no evidence of poor attendance due to season. Walks were conducted at a brisk pace and met moderate-intensity thresholds. DISCUSSION: MAMMiS aimed to recruit low-active healthy postnatal women to test the efficacy of a PAC and group pramwalking intervention. There was no evidence for an intervention effect on PA or on secondary health and wellbeing outcomes.
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Stavridis, Stavros I. "Characterization of postnatal rat spinal cord slice cultures and studies on co-cultures of postnatal rat spinal cord and motorcortex /." Frankfurt a.M, 2008. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?sys=000254590.
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Hero, Torsten [Verfasser]. "The Neuropattern TM Pre-/ Postnatal Stress Questionnaire (NPQ-PSQ) : A New Tool to Assess Pre- and Postnatal Adversity / Torsten Hero." Aachen : Shaker, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1051573629/34.
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Andersson, Cecilia, and Sofia Löfvall. "Stöd till mödrar med tecken på postnatal depression." Thesis, University West, Department of Nursing, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-1021.
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Ackert, Cheryl Lynne. "Postnatal folliculogenesis in the Cx43 null mutant ovary." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0015/MQ58009.pdf.
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Zhang, Xueming. "Vitamin D receptor deficiency and postnatal tooth formation." Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. http://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2007m/zhang.pdf.
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Stantzou, Amalia [Verfasser]. "BMP signaling controls postnatal muscle development. / Amalia Stantzou." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1115184202/34.
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Edwards, Nancy C. "Predictors of infant-care behaviours among postnatal immigrants." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28730.
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To identify predictors of infant-care behaviours among immigrants, women were recruited on hospital postpartum units. Among the 3,484 women screened, 11.8 percent were eligible for enrollment and 77.3 percent agreed to participate. The follow-up rate was 94 per cent. Data on predictor variables were collected during face-to-face interviews in the early postpartum period. Follow-up telephone interviews occurred at three months postpartum to assess infant-care behaviours.Using a chunkwise, hierarchial approach to multiple linear regression modelling, maternal and infant predictors accounted for 24.2 percent of the variance in the 'Infant-care Behaviours' Score. In the second stage of model building, ethnocultural variables explained an additional 5.8 percent of the variance.
Separate analyses for women who had lived in Canada less than three years versus three or more years yielded some differences in predictors for women in the two strata. Among recent immigrants; worries about the infant's health, mother's education, and current immigration status by parity were significant predictors, explaining 23 percent of the variance. Among less recent immigrants; worries about the baby's health, prenatal class attendance, marital status, and official language comprehension ability explained 37.7 percent of the variance.
To establish effectiveness of the hospital liaison referral process, data from the predictors' study were linked with records of public health postpartum follow-up. Sensitivity of the hospital liaison referral process was less than 55 percent.
Study findings provide direction for strengthening the postpartum referral process for ethnically diverse immigrants. The significant predictor variables are readily identified by the hospital staff of postpartum units. Results illustrate the importance of assessing theory-based ethnocultural characteristics among immigrants to determine their 'at-risk' status.
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Kilborn, Michael John. "Postnatal changes in electrophysiological properties of rat cardiomyocytes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292673.
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Fleming, Karen Isobel. "Prenatal, perinatal and postnatal factors in developmental dyslexia." Thesis, University of Hull, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272002.
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Hillen, M. J. P. "Mechanisms underlying postnatal development of primary somatosensory cortex." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.652443.
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As a first step in examining a role for Wnts in barrel formation, the gene expression patterns of members of the Wnt, Frizzleds and secreted Frizzled related protein (sFRPs) families during barrel cortex development were measured using degenerate primer RT-PCR, quantitative real-time PCR and in-situ hybridization. Wnts 2b, 3, 4, 5a, 7a, 7b, 9a, 11, 16 were found in the barrel cortex, suggesting that these members of the Wnt family may play a role in barrel development. In order to determine whether Wnts, members of the Wnt signalling machinery and MAGUKs associated with Wnt signalling are essential for barrel formation, the barrel phenotype of all available postnatally viable Wnt gene knockouts, Wnt2b-/-, Wnt8b-/-, Wnt signalling component knockouts Dvl-/-, MAGUK knockouts SAP-102-/-, PSD-95-/- and double knockouts of Wnt7a-/-Dvl-/- and of SAP-102-/--PSD-95-/- were examined. Barrels appeared normal in all mutants, apart from compound SAP-102+/--PSD-95+/-and SAP-102-/--PSD-95+/- and SAP-102-/-PSD-95+/- mice, which exhibited poorer barrel segregation compared to wild type. In order to achieve a detailed understanding of the mechanisms by which neuronal activity regulates barrel development, we need a detailed understanding of the intracellular pathways activated by NMDA receptor during development. In searching the literature, data concerning the developmental expression patterns of NRC components can be difficult to locate, as the prevailing database tools used either search only title, author and keyword abstract text (NCBl PubMed) potentially missing desired information, or as in the unique case of Google Scholar, search the full text of electronically published papers, but yield overwhelming numbers of results in the process.
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張永魁 and Yongkui Zhang. "Functional development of otolith afferents in postnatal rats." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31242716.
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Lü, Xiaomei. "Postnatal vasculogenesis : the role of endothelial progenitor cells." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417556.
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Gate, John James. "The regulation of growth in the postnatal lamb." Thesis, University of Reading, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308033.
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Ozen, Ilknur. "Neurogenin2, a molecular marker of postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612424.
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Homewood, Ellen. "Breast-feeding experiences in women with postnatal depression." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31225.
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The aim of this review is to consider the current state of evidence for the relationship between postnatal depression and breast-feeding. Postnatal depression has been conceptualised in cognitive, psychodynamic and biological terms. However, research most strongly supports the stress-vulnerability model of depression, which predicts the development of postnatal depression in those who are vulnerable, for example, because of adverse life circumstances and psychopathology. Research has also demonstrated the negative effects of postnatal depression on mother-infant interaction and infant development, and highlighted the possibility that experiences of interaction may contribute to, as well as reflect, maternal depression. Literature on breast-feeding has mainly focussed on predicting feeding duration in relation to cognitive styles and social determinants. Observational studies have shown that breast-feeding, when compared with bottle-feeding, is associated with more positive dyadic (mother-infant) interaction. Differing associations between postnatal depression and breast-feeding have been identified. Research has revealed a positive relationship between maternal depression and breast-feeding, but has also shown that depression has a negative effect on breast-feeding. This latter finding suggests that for infants of depressed mothers, the adverse effects of depression on their dyadic (mother-infant) experiences may be further compounded by their mothers' decisions not to breast-feed. In spite of these findings, some research has indicated that the beneficial effects of breast-feeding on the mother-infant relationship may hold irrespective of maternal mood. On the basis of these findings, it has been hypothesised that breast-feeding may represent a useful intervention for depressed mothers in order to buffer against the negative effects of depression on her interaction with the infant.
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O'Higgins, Madeleine. "Improving Mother-Infant Outcomes after Maternal Postnatal Depression." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2007. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10019843/.
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Lewis, Linda. "Causes of postnatal depression : perceptions of recovered women." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6959.
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Bibliography : leaves 122-145.Investigations into the causes of postnatal depression are, with few exceptions, quantitative in nature. Although there are psychological, interpersonal and sociocultural perspectives on postnatal depression, the medical one dominates in terms of academic, professional and lay understandings of aetiology. The medical model has produced a plethora of investigations into the causes of postnatal depression but has paid little attention to the insights of women who have experienced the condition. This study sought to redress this by exploring the causes of post-natal depression from a women-centred perspective. A feminist approach to postnatal depression was adopted. This approach has evolved largely as a critique of the medical model and is grounded in a more qualitative tradition. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with twenty women who had recovered from postnatal depression. Transcribed data from the interviews were thematically analysed to uncover the participants' attributed causes for their post-natal depression. A number of common themes emerged and could be broadly grouped under ""interpersonal factors"" (such as the impact of the woman's relationship with her own mother); ""psychological factors"" (such as the impact of unresolved issues and feelings of loss on the new mother) and ""biological factors"" (such as hormonal factors). The dominant theme that emerged from this study was that of ""motherhood"". Included under this heading were all those factors specifically associated with being a mother that were regarded by the women as being the cause of their postnatal depression (such as the experience of childbirth, breastfeeding and lack of sleep). At the core of this theme lay the realisation that motherhood was not what they had expected it to be. Their disappointment in not meeting their own expectations of motherhood contributed significantly to their postnatal depression. An interesting finding was that while many of the respondents located feelings of failure to live up to the ""ideal image"" of motherhood as a cause of their depression, few questioned the validity of the social construction of this ideal. This paper also examined the extent to which women's aetiological explanations resonate with existing models of post-natal depression. Their explanations were found to reflect some of the existing aetiological models of postnatal depression but no single model of explanation could be identified as the cause of their postnatal depression. Rather, women's attributions of cause were multi-layered and complex. They all attributed their depression following childbirth to a number of factors and they differed markedly from one another in their attributions. According to this research, postnatal depression results from a myriad of inter-related factors which interact with one another in different ways to produce a largely different picture for each and every woman. The limitations and contributions of this study are discussed.
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Malerba, Monica. "Développement postnatal du cervelet : Le rôle des oligodendrocytes." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006STR13014.
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Glazener, Cathryn. "Investigation of postnatal experience and care in Grampian." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1999. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU118245.
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Patients and staff who participate in PNC were surveyed by postal questionnaires and interviews to obtain a complete picture of the structures, processes and experiences which comprise it. 1249 newly delivered mothers and 648 health professional staff involved in PNC responded to the surveys (response rates 90.2% and 83.4% respectively). Maternal morbidity was reported by 85% of women in hospital, 87% at home in the first two months and 76% subsequently. Excess anxiety affected up to 27% of women, and depression occurred in around 16%. These factors influenced parental attitudes to their babies, as did aspects of babies' behaviour. 3% of women were readmitted to hospital for puerperal complications within the first two months, and 5% subsequently. At least one health problem occurred in 76% of babies in hospital, 82% in the first two months at home and 88% in the year thereafter, and the proportion treated increased with time. Readmission was necessary for 4% of babies in the first two months and 15% subsequently. Problems in PNC identified by respondents included lack of staff time, lack of continuity of care (resulting in conflicting advice), unrecognised maternal morbidity and need for support, high (and increasing) use of NHS services by babies, care focused on physical health problems rather than psychological and emotional ones, and deficiency in the quality of care after the first two months. Reorganisation of PNC so that the care of the patients (mother and baby) was its focus might enable the delivery of more effective and efficient care. A redefinition of the role of the midwife, greater autonomy and better professional recognition would increase job satisfaction and improve care. Forms of care which have been shown to be ineffective or harmful should be discontinued, and those which improve postnatal outcomes should be promoted.
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Zhang, Yongkui. "Functional development of otolith afferents in postnatal rats." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B23295089.
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Myers, Sarah. "Maternal investment and postnatal depression : an evolutionary approach." Thesis, University of Kent, 2017. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/61265/.
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Postnatal depression is detrimental to maternal health and wellbeing, associated with poor developmental outcomes in children, and has prevalence estimates ranging from 13-60%; as such it is of significant public health concern and its origins are of interest from an evolutionary perspective. A growing movement within evolutionary research highlights the utility of evolutionary theory to elucidate the origins of health issues and indicate both novel approaches to treatment and prevention. A relatively longstanding, yet largely untested, existing evolutionary approach to postnatal depression proposes that it is a mechanism facilitating maternal investment decisions. More recently it has also been framed, somewhat complementarily, as the result of an evolutionary mismatch. Using the responses to a retrospective survey study which collected the complete reproductive histories of women and was uniquely designed to capture their experiences of postnatal depression, the first data chapter of this thesis explores whether there is support for adaptationist hypotheses that postnatal depression exhibits good design as a mechanism guiding maternal reproductive trade-offs. The results, combined with critiques put forward here and by other authors, suggest an alternative approach to postnatal depression is warranted. A limitation of both evolutionary and more traditional approaches to postnatal depression is that the commonly recognised risk factors for the condition fail to capture all the women who develop the condition. Recent developments in research into general depression, as opposed to postnatal depression, have highlighted the role of the immune system in symptom aetiology. This has led to a number of evolutionary researchers proposing that depression reflects an evolved inflammatory response to biological and social threat, with perceived social threat acting as an indicator of the likelihood of imminent biological threat. Inflammation then acts as the ultimate risk factor in the causal pathway to depression, and by extension postnatal depression, and suggests more attention needs to be paid to the social perceptions of women during pregnancy and early motherhood. Data chapters 3-6 explore the social pressures surrounding women about motherhood, the role such pressures play in generating feelings of shame (an emotional marker of social threat causally linked to general depression development), and the ability of shame to predict postnatal depression. Particular attention is paid to pressures surrounding socially approved levels of maternal investment, namely in the form of bonding. Bonding is of interest due to the documented association between postnatal depression and poor bonding as well as the pressures placed on women in contemporary, developed populations, highlighted by sociologists and feminist scholars, as a result of the emphasis on the importance bonding for child development. The role of social isolation, another form of social threat linked to general depression, in postnatal depression risk is also assessed. In so doing, a new model for maternal emotional investments is developed based on embodied capital theory and the results of two further data sets are presented - the first is a longitudinal survey study tracking women across the perinatal period assessing their experience of social pressure, shame, and postnatal depression, and the second an experimental priming study designed to assess if social threat can be primed using popular and social media relating to mothering. Results derived from these studies are supportive of the perception of social threat being a largely unrecognised risk factor in postnatal depression and the thesis concludes with a discussion of the public health implications which stem from this novel insight.