Dissertations / Theses: 'Postnatal depression'

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Mauthner, Natasha Susan. "Postnatal depression : a relational perspective." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/244882.

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Current research conceptualizes postnatal depression as individual pathology or as a socio-political problem. By adopting a relational perspective, this thesis bridges the theoretical divides between individualistic and social explanatory frameworks, and between psychology and sociology. The self is seen to be essentially relational, and postnatal depression understood in terms of interrelationships between an active self, others and society. In-depth interviews were conducted with 40 mothers of young children living in Britain, recruited through community sources. Mothers defined their own psychological state following childbirth: 17 found motherhood unproblematic; five had difficult experiences which they distinguished from 'postnatal depression'; 18 experienced, what they defined as, 'postnatal depression', after the birth of their first, second or third child. These 18 mothers are the central focus of the study. The data were analysed using Brown and Gilligan's (1992) 'voice-centred relational method'. Key methodological and theoretical concerns include: listening to mothers on their own terms; considering the interpretations and meanings mothers attribute to their experiences; theorizing similarities, and differences, amongst mothers; exploring changes within individual mothers over time. Postnatal depression was characterized by, and resulted from, a psychological process of relational disconnection, in which mothers felt alienated from themselves and others. During the depressipn, they believed their moral worth and social acceptability depended on complying with cultural expectations of motherhood. The 12 first-time mothers felt under pressure to conform to normative definitions of the 'good', selfless mother. All 18 mothers felt under pressure to conform to a cultural ethic of individuality and self-sufficiency. In order to protect their own integrity, and preserve their relationships, mothers actively withdrew their needs and feelings from relationships with their children, partners, relatives, friends, other mothers with young children, and health professionals. This social withdrawal was distinct to, and occurred irrespective of, physical isolation and unsupportive relationships. Although the mothers conformed, they also questioned cultural norms which construct the needs of self and other as separate, competing forces. During the depression, their resistance was a silent one. The move out of depression was accompanied by shifts in the mothers' moral beliefs about themselves, others and society. They felt it morally acceptable to attend to their own needs and those of others. Relationships with other mothers were critical to these moral re-evaluations. They enabled them to openly question normative constructions of motherhood, providing them with the possibility of a voiced resistance. Policy implications of this research are considered in terms of prevention and intervention programmes for depressed mothers.

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Dunford, Emma Louise. "Understanding and treating postnatal depression." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.599882.

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Postnatal depression is a major public health problem that affects approximately 10•15% of new mothers and adversely impacts on infant development and the mother-infant relationship. The first paper provides a systematic review of mother-infant interventions for postnatal depression. Overall, mother-infant interventions led to significant improvements in a wide range of mother-infant relationship, maternal and infant outcomes. The format of interventions and outcome measures used within the studies were diverse. The methodological quality of the studies varied. Further studies are needed to replicate the findings and to determine predictors of good treatment outcomes. Research evaluating the longer term benefits of mother-infant interventions tor postnatal depression is necessary. The second paper presents an empirical investigation of maternal shame and guilt and their association with postnatal depressive symptoms and attitudes towards help-seeking. An online series of questionnaires were completed by a community sample of British women who had an infant between four weeks and one year of age. Shame proneness and event-related shame and guilt predicted postnatal depressive symptoms. Furthermore, shame and guilt were found to predict negative attitudes towards help-seeking. These findings highlight the potential negative consequences of feelings of shame and guilt in the context of motherhood. The clinical implications of these finding: are discussed, alongside directions for future research.

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Gardner, Philippa. "Postnatal depression in African mothers." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/postnatal-depression-in-african-mothers(65f63ab7-113f-4c77-b1a4-a1e2e8ae629c).html.

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Paper one is a systematic review aimed at improving our understanding of the culturally determined risk factors of postnatal depression (PND) within 'Sub-Saharan Africa', by integrating evidence from quantitative and qualitative studies. A mixed-method systematic review approach was employed, nine quantitative and three qualitative studies were quality assessed, synthesised, and integrated. Stressful life events, adhering to cultural values and traditions, the effects of negative cultural perceptions and difficulties within the African extended family system were found to be risk factors for the development and maintenance of PND in Sub-Saharan Africa. The objective of paper two was to explore the lived experience of postnatal depression in West African mothers living in the UK. A qualitative design using semi-structured interviews with six West African mothers (Nigeria = 3; Ghana = 3) who were experiencing low mood in the postnatal period was undertaken. Participants were recruited from mother and baby groups within the National Health Service. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used to explore and analyse the data. Five overarching themes emerged: (1) conceptualiszing PND, (2) isolation, (3) loss of identity, (4) issues of trust and (5) relationships as a protective factor. Each theme consisted of a number of subthemes. Women exhibited symptoms of PND but did not regard it as an illness, with the name 'depression'. They viewed their emotional distress as a result of social stress, and described feelings of isolation, loss of identity and relationship difficulties. Women's cultural background influenced their help-seeking behaviour; participants often avoided talking about their feelings and kept their distress to themselves. The findings have clinical implications in how services should be designed to meet the needs of African communities. Paper three reflects on the process of developing culturally competent research through the development of the current thesis. Suggestions for future research and reflections on the strengths and limitations of the research process are embedded throughout. Clinical implications are discussed with reference to a community psychology model.

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Meki, Aula. "Perceived causes of postnatal depression." Thesis, Staffordshire University, 2014. http://eprints.staffs.ac.uk/2037/.

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This thesis aims to provide an understanding of the perceived causes of Postnatal Depression (PND). Despite increasing research exploring the aetiology and risk factors for PND, to date, little research has explored how individuals perceive the causes of PND. The first part of this thesis reviews the literature on causal beliefs in adults in clinical, community and general population samples. Thirteen papers were critically appraised to reveal insights into these perceived causes. Beliefs were grouped into four emergent themes: (1) biological; (2) psychological; (3) social; and (4) cultural (including religious). The review identified a need to explore how PND is understood culturally, particularly amongst lay individuals from minority faith and ethnic groups. In accordance with these recommendations, the second part of this thesis is a Q-methodological study of the perceived causes of PND amongst British Muslim women of Arab origin. The sample comprised eleven participants recruited from a community organisation. Participants sorted 50 statements, each detailing a possible cause of PND, according to how much they believed them to be causes of PND. Findings identified two clear and distinct accounts: stress-generation and diathesis-stress, significant in causing PND. Although both accounts were clearly embedded in faith and values, the viewpoints operated with a subtly different interpretation of the role of faith in relation to PND. The third paper provides a reflective commentary on the research process, including a methodological critique of the research project and reflections on the personal impact of the research on the researcher. Contrary to the dominant biomedical model, the thesis highlights the existence of wide-ranging, multi-factorial explanatory models for PND. Eliciting and understanding these causal models can help to engage clients and provide culturally sensitive interventions.

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Patel, Sonia. "Maternal understandings of postnatal depression." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/maternal-understandings-of-postnatal-depression(f86e827e-cbf9-4940-9a7f-841ee188b01c).html.

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Paper one is a systematic literature review of qualitative studies examining postnatal depression in immigrant mothers using a metasynthesis approach. This review involved three phases: a systematic literature search of qualitative studies reporting on postnatal depression among immigrant mothers, critical appraisal of the studies from the literature search, and the metasynthesis of these studies. Fifteen studies met the inclusion, exclusion and quality criteria. The synthesis of the studies demonstrated that immigrant mothers are subjected to two overarching factors of migration and cultural influences that interact and give rise to psychosocial understandings of postnatal depression, healthcare barriers and views of potential remedies lying within the psychosocial domain. Mothers use self-help coping strategies in line with this. Social support appears to play an integral and mediating role for these immigrant mothers removed from their sociocultural context.A grounded theory approach was taken in the second paper to explore illness beliefs in mothers with postnatal depression. Eleven participants were interviewed using a semi-structured interview schedule and data was analysed in line with a grounded theory methodology. A theory of illness beliefs in PND was developed encompassing six core categories: 'unmet expectations', 'identifying stressors in their life context', 'conflict over label', 'antidepressants: the lesser of two evils', 'loss of time' and 'uncertain futures.' It was concluded that participants made multiple appraisals of their PND in light of their initial difficulties, following service involvement, their improvements, their consequences and the future. Participants' narratives were conflicting and uncertain with internal struggles evident as mothers were torn between their desire to be good mothers and their perceptions that PND meant that they were not good enough mothers. The final paper is a critical appraisal that outlines my personal journey through a grounded theory methodology in exploring illness beliefs in postnatal depression. This appraisal first discusses why a qualitative design was chosen and more specifically a grounded theory approach. The difficulties attached to using grounded theory are then considered. Finally in keeping with the need for transparency within the methodology, there is a reflective account of the challenges encountered, the knowledge and skills gained throughout the process and how this has been important for my learning and progression towards becoming a qualified Clinical Psychologist.

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Murray, Linda Jennifer. "Postnatal depression in Central Vietnam." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/63485/1/Linda_Murray_Thesis.pdf.

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Postnatal depression (PND) is a significant global health issue, which not only impacts maternal wellbeing, but also infant development and family structures. Mental health disorders represent approximately 14% of global burden of disease and disability, including low and middle-income countries (LMIC), and PND has direct relevance to the Millennium Development Goals of reducing child mortality, improving maternal health, and creating global partnerships (United Nations, 2012; Guiseppe, Becker & Farmer, 2011). Emerging evidence suggests that PND in LMIC is similar to, or higher than in high-income countries (HIC), however, less than 10% of LMIC have prevalence data available (Fisher, Cabral de Mello, & Izutsu 2009; Lund et al., 2011). Whilst a small number of studies on maternal mental disorders have been published in Vietnam, only one specifically focuses on PND in a hospital-based sample. Also, community based mental health studies and information on mental health in rural areas of Vietnam is still scarce. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of PND, and its associated social determinants in postnatal women in Thua Thien Hue Province, Central Vietnam. In order to identify social determinants relevant to the Central Vietnamese context, two qualitative studies and one community survey were undertaken. Associations between maternal mental health and infant health outcomes were also explored. The study was comprised of three phases. Firstly, iterative, qualitative interviews with Vietnamese health professionals (n = 17) and postpartum women (n = 15) were conducted and analysed using Kleinman's theory of explanatory models to identify narratives surrounding PND in the Vietnamese context (Kleinman, 1978). Secondly, a participatory concept mapping exercise was undertaken with two groups of health professionals (n = 12) to explore perceived risk and protective factors for postnatal mental health. Qualitative phases of the research elucidated narratives surrounding maternal mental health in the Vietnamese context such as son preference, use of traditional medicines, and the popularity of confinement practices such as having one to three months of complete rest. The qualitative research also revealed the construct of depression was not widely recognised. Rather, postpartum changes in mood were conceptualised as a loss of 'vital strength' following childbirth or 'disappointment'. Most women managed postpartum changes in mood within the family although some sought help from traditional medicine practitioners or biomedical doctors. Thirdly, a cross-sectional study of twelve randomly selected communes (six urban, six rural) in Thua Thien Hue Province was then conducted. Overall, 465 women with infants between 4 weeks and six months old participated, and 431 questionnaires were analysed. Women from urban (n = 216) and rural (n = 215) areas participated. All eligible women completed a structured interview about their health, basic demographics, and social circumstances. Maternal depression was measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) as a continuous variable. Multivariate generalised linear regression was conducted using PASW Statistics version 18.0 (2009). When using the conventional EPDS threshold for probable depression (EPDS score ~ 13) 18.1% (n = 78) of women were depressed (Gibson, McKenzie-McHarg, Shakespeare, Price & Gray, 2009). Interestingly, 20.4% of urban women (n = 44) had EPDS scores~ 13, which was a higher proportion than rural women, where 15.8% (n = 34) had EPDS scores ~ 13, although this difference was not statistically significant: t(429) = -0.689, p = 0.491. Whilst qualitative narratives identified infant gender and family composition, and traditional confinement practices as relevant to postnatal mood, these were not statistically significant in multivariate analysis. Rather, poverty, food security, being frightened of your husband or family members, experiences of intimate partner violence and breastfeeding difficulties had strong statistical associations. PND was also associated with having an infant with diarrhoea in the past two weeks, but not infant malnutrition or acute respiratory infections. This study is the first to explore maternal mental health in Central Vietnam, and provides further evidence that PND is a universally experienced phenomenon. The independent social risk factors of depressive symptoms identified such as poverty, food insecurity, experiences of violence and powerlessness, and relationship adversity points to women in a context of social suffering which is relevant throughout the world (Kleinman, Das & Lock, 1997). The culturally specific risk factors explored such as infant gender were not statistically significant when included in a multivariable model. However, they feature prominently in qualitative narratives surrounding PND in Vietnam, both in this study and previous literature. It appears that whilst infant gender may not be associated with PND per se, the reactions of close relatives to the gender of the baby can adversely affect maternal wellbeing. This study used a community based participatory research approach (CBPR) (Israel.2005). This approach encourages the knowledge produced to be used for public health interventions and workforce training in the community in which the research was conducted, and such work has commenced. These results suggest that packages of interventions for LMIC devised to address maternal mental health and infant wellbeing could be applied in Central Vietnam. Such interventions could include training lay workers to follow up postpartum women, and incorporating mental health screening and referral into primary maternal and child health care (Pate! et al., 2011; Rahman, Malik, Sikander & Roberts, 2008). Addressing the underlying social determinants of PND through poverty reduction and violence elimination programs is also recommended.

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Hiltunen, P. (Pauliina). "Maternal postnatal depression, causes and consequences." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2003. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514270541.

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Abstract A longitudinal follow-up study of postnatal depression was performed in the years 1995-2000 in the University of Oulu. A volunteer, ramdomly selected group of 187 mothers from maternal wards of the University Hospital of Oulu were studied with different questionnaires in the first postpartum week. Depressive symptoms were re-assessed with Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale four months postpartum when paternal depression was evaluated with Beck Depression Inventory. 16.2% of the women were immediately after delivery screened as being depressed. Four months postpartum 13.0% of the mothers were depressed whereas 5.1 % of the fathers were having depressive symptoms. The cumulative incidence of maternal postnatal depression within the first four months was 22.2%. These mothers who immediately showed depressive symptoms were at a higher risk to be depressed later. Maternal age 30 years or less predicted postnatal depression. The occurrence of maternal postnatal depression varied slightly during different seasons; during dark time immediate depressive symptoms increased and the spring seemed to protect from later postnatal depression. Analgesia during vaginal delivery, e.g. nitrous oxide, epidural analgesia or paracervical blockade, protected from postnatal depression as well. Caesarean section, either elective or emergency, did not predict postpartum mental well-being. Scores from the GHQ and the EPDS were strongly interrelated. Seven (5%) fathers were depressed four moths postpartum. They all were men whose partners also scored high in the EPDS. Those mothers who were depressed interpreted infant facial signals differently, seeing less joy, disgust and anger, but more sadness in the infant facial pictures. Cultural variability was found in complex blended facial features of emotions, e.g. distress, in the Infant Facial Expression from Looking at Picture scale, although remarkable agreement was achieved and reinforced. In the videotaped early mother-infant interaction small, but essential, changes were observed at 10 months postpartum. Overall, mothers who had had persistent depressive symptoms showed less negative expressions and had less anger and anxiety in their interaction. Their children were slightly less impulsive and seemed to have less visual and communicative contact with their mothers. The dyad was characterised by short periods of uninvolvement between the mother and the infant; e.g. the moments of reciprocity were less frequent than in the non-depressed mothers. At 42 months postpartum, the children of the persistently depressed mothers scored lower on the Expressive language scale than the children of the mothers who were depressed in one measurement or never.

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Wickberg, Birgitta. "Postnatal depression prevalence, identification and treatment /." Göteborg, Sweden : Dept. of Psychology, Göteborg University, 1996. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/38000671.html.

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Mohamad, Yusuff Aza Sherin. "Breastfeeding and postnatal depression in Sabah, Malaysia." Thesis, Curtin University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1389.

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This is a cohort study of 2072 women in Sabah, Malaysia at an antenatal visit and followed up at 1, 3 and 6 months postpartum. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was administered and details were obtained on infant feeding. 95.9%, 88.2% and 80.7% mothers were breastfeeding at each postpartum visit and the prevalence of depression was 13.8% at antenatal and 7.6%, 7.2% and 8% at 1 month, 3 months and 6 months postpartum, respectively.

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Gausia, Kaniz. "Epidemiology of postnatal depression in rural Bangladesh." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2008. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/194.

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Postnatal depression (PND) is a major public health problem worldwide. Recent evidence suggests that PND affects a high proportion of women in developing countries. The present study was carried out in Bangladesh where there are no reliable data on the magnitude and determinants of PND. The study comprised two phases. In Phase 1, a BangIa version of the internationally accepted screening tool, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), was developed and validated. Phase 11 was an epidemiological investigation to measure the magnitude of PND and its potential contributing risk factors in Bangladeshi women.

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Nicolson, Paula. "The social psychology of 'post natal depression'." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284215.

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The aim of this thesis has been to reconceptualize 'post natal depression' and challenge the 'clinical' and 'social science' models of explanation. It has focussed on a) whether 'post natal depression' is an objective phenomenon, and b) whether the experience of 'post natal depression' is the same for every women, and C) whether there are any common features of the experience of childbirth and early mothering which enable the construction of 'normal' experience. It begins by suggesting that the 'clinical' and 'social science' models are problematic in that they are based on ideological assumptions and not scientific evidence about what is 'normal' following childbirth. This is explored by examining the previous literature and by using a pre-validated measure of 'post natal depression' in the pilot work alongside semi-structured interviews. The literature demonstrates a history of weak conceptualization and associated poor methodology, with explicit and implicit assumptions about the psychology of women, childbirth and the motherhood role. This thesis therefore sets out to re-examine and re-define 'post natal depression' by analysing detailed accounts of pregnancy, childbirth and early motherhood within a framework suggested by Gidden's stratification model of knowledge and other frameworks which take human reflexiveness into account.. The research comprised a small-scale longitiudinal study in which 24 women were interviewed up to four times; during pregnancy, and one, three and six months after delivery. The data comprised indepth verbatim transcriptions (from tape recorded interviews) which were analyzed to consider the meaning of the experience of childbirth, depression and early mothering to the individual respondent, and also to review the common features of the experience in order to suggest a construction of what is 'normal' here. The conclusion identifies certain elements of experience which are likely to lead to 'depression' at various stages after childbirth. These are concerned with physical stress, initial ibsecurities and lack of effective support and loss of former identity. They are not co-terminus with the 'stressors' of the 'social science' model in that their effect is totally subject to the meaning attributed to the events by each woman within the context of her biography.

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Ghosh, Manonita. "Postnatal depression vs. suffering : an anthropological approach to South Asian migrant women's postnatal feelings." University of Western Australia, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0130.

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This thesis is an ethnography of the postnatal experiences of South Asian migrant women in Perth, Western Australia. I examine cultural differences relating to mothering and argue that the South Asian culture in which these migrant women were socialized can impact greatly on how they experience the feelings of what is called “postnatal depression” in the Western medical arena. I carried out ethnographic research among the members of the Bangladeshi and Indian communities in Perth. The main focus group of this study is first time mothers who gave birth in Australia, but I also worked with other women who had grown up children. Due to migration the South Asian women and their families experienced social isolation, cultural differences, language difficulties, economic hardship and low job satisfaction. Moreover, when these women gave birth in Perth they were faced with a lack of physical and emotional support, and also distress at not being able to perform their traditional birth rituals. Their difficult situations led the women to cry, feel despondent, to suffer and to experience a sense of hopelessness. Their painful postnatal feelings can be defined as an illness - depression - by the Western medicine. However, I found these women did not perceive their negative postnatal feelings as an illness, but accepted them as a part of life. I analysed these women’s postnatal psychological understandings about “postnatal depression” by examining the South Asian convention of female virtue which is practiced through restrictions on female behaviour. The migrant women in my study, having internalizing the South Asian cultural schema of womanhood, articulate their negative postnatal feelings as a prerequisite of motherhood. In this thesis I argue that feelings are not the totality of experience, rather, experience is also formulated by the particular sociocultural perspective of the individual who is having the experience. The culture a person belongs to, defines how that person will experience his or her feelings. I also suggest that it is possible to modify dysphoric affect by altering the meaning of feelings

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Hipwell, Alison E. "Psychological vulnerability to postnatal depressive symptomatology." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327139.

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Depressive disorders arising in the postnatal period can affect 10-16% of women and there is growing evidence for a range of adverse consequences for the mother and her child long after the symptoms may have remitted. Nevertheless, reliably detecting women who may be at risk of depression following childbirth continues to be problematic to health care workers. Drawing on a diathesis-stress model, the current study used a prospective design to investigate cognitive factors that might indicate a vulnerability to postnatal depressive symptomatology. A cohort of nulliparous pregnant women were recruited from antenatal clinics and parentcraft classes. They were interviewed during the third trimester of pregnancy when assessments of social support, mood, early experience of maternal behaviour, and neurotic personality traits were carried out. In addition, three sets of cognitive measures were included in this interview: the specificity of autobiographical recall, the nature of self-discrepancies, and self-devaluation. Ninety-four women without mental health problems at the time of the baseline assessment were followed up at two weeks and at two months post-delivery, when they were asked to complete measures relating to their mood. It was hypothesised that the cognitive characteristics would predict mood score at 2 months postpartum (Time 3), but not at the earlier follow-up stage of 2 weeks (Time 2) when biologicaVhormonal factors were believed to playa predominant role in aetiology. It was also hypothesised that these factors would mediate the relationship between both early experience and personality style, and postnatal mood. The results showed that the degree of self-devaluation, and low specificity of autobiographical recall, predicted depressive symptoms at Time 3, and that selfdevaluation also mediated the effects of early experience and neuroticism on postnatal mood. Self-discrepancy scores were not found to be useful in predicting subsequent levels of depression in the current sample. The clinical implications of these findings for the detection and prevention of postnatal depressed mood are discussed.

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Andersson, Cecilia, and Sofia Löfvall. "Stöd till mödrar med tecken på postnatal depression." Thesis, University West, Department of Nursing, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-1021.

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Homewood, Ellen. "Breast-feeding experiences in women with postnatal depression." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31225.

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The aim of this review is to consider the current state of evidence for the relationship between postnatal depression and breast-feeding. Postnatal depression has been conceptualised in cognitive, psychodynamic and biological terms. However, research most strongly supports the stress-vulnerability model of depression, which predicts the development of postnatal depression in those who are vulnerable, for example, because of adverse life circumstances and psychopathology. Research has also demonstrated the negative effects of postnatal depression on mother-infant interaction and infant development, and highlighted the possibility that experiences of interaction may contribute to, as well as reflect, maternal depression. Literature on breast-feeding has mainly focussed on predicting feeding duration in relation to cognitive styles and social determinants. Observational studies have shown that breast-feeding, when compared with bottle-feeding, is associated with more positive dyadic (mother-infant) interaction. Differing associations between postnatal depression and breast-feeding have been identified. Research has revealed a positive relationship between maternal depression and breast-feeding, but has also shown that depression has a negative effect on breast-feeding. This latter finding suggests that for infants of depressed mothers, the adverse effects of depression on their dyadic (mother-infant) experiences may be further compounded by their mothers' decisions not to breast-feed. In spite of these findings, some research has indicated that the beneficial effects of breast-feeding on the mother-infant relationship may hold irrespective of maternal mood. On the basis of these findings, it has been hypothesised that breast-feeding may represent a useful intervention for depressed mothers in order to buffer against the negative effects of depression on her interaction with the infant.

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O'Higgins, Madeleine. "Improving Mother-Infant Outcomes after Maternal Postnatal Depression." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2007. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10019843/.

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Lewis, Linda. "Causes of postnatal depression : perceptions of recovered women." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6959.

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Bibliography : leaves 122-145.
Investigations into the causes of postnatal depression are, with few exceptions, quantitative in nature. Although there are psychological, interpersonal and sociocultural perspectives on postnatal depression, the medical one dominates in terms of academic, professional and lay understandings of aetiology. The medical model has produced a plethora of investigations into the causes of postnatal depression but has paid little attention to the insights of women who have experienced the condition. This study sought to redress this by exploring the causes of post-natal depression from a women-centred perspective. A feminist approach to postnatal depression was adopted. This approach has evolved largely as a critique of the medical model and is grounded in a more qualitative tradition. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with twenty women who had recovered from postnatal depression. Transcribed data from the interviews were thematically analysed to uncover the participants' attributed causes for their post-natal depression. A number of common themes emerged and could be broadly grouped under ""interpersonal factors"" (such as the impact of the woman's relationship with her own mother); ""psychological factors"" (such as the impact of unresolved issues and feelings of loss on the new mother) and ""biological factors"" (such as hormonal factors). The dominant theme that emerged from this study was that of ""motherhood"". Included under this heading were all those factors specifically associated with being a mother that were regarded by the women as being the cause of their postnatal depression (such as the experience of childbirth, breastfeeding and lack of sleep). At the core of this theme lay the realisation that motherhood was not what they had expected it to be. Their disappointment in not meeting their own expectations of motherhood contributed significantly to their postnatal depression. An interesting finding was that while many of the respondents located feelings of failure to live up to the ""ideal image"" of motherhood as a cause of their depression, few questioned the validity of the social construction of this ideal. This paper also examined the extent to which women's aetiological explanations resonate with existing models of post-natal depression. Their explanations were found to reflect some of the existing aetiological models of postnatal depression but no single model of explanation could be identified as the cause of their postnatal depression. Rather, women's attributions of cause were multi-layered and complex. They all attributed their depression following childbirth to a number of factors and they differed markedly from one another in their attributions. According to this research, postnatal depression results from a myriad of inter-related factors which interact with one another in different ways to produce a largely different picture for each and every woman. The limitations and contributions of this study are discussed.

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Myers, Sarah. "Maternal investment and postnatal depression : an evolutionary approach." Thesis, University of Kent, 2017. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/61265/.

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Postnatal depression is detrimental to maternal health and wellbeing, associated with poor developmental outcomes in children, and has prevalence estimates ranging from 13-60%; as such it is of significant public health concern and its origins are of interest from an evolutionary perspective. A growing movement within evolutionary research highlights the utility of evolutionary theory to elucidate the origins of health issues and indicate both novel approaches to treatment and prevention. A relatively longstanding, yet largely untested, existing evolutionary approach to postnatal depression proposes that it is a mechanism facilitating maternal investment decisions. More recently it has also been framed, somewhat complementarily, as the result of an evolutionary mismatch. Using the responses to a retrospective survey study which collected the complete reproductive histories of women and was uniquely designed to capture their experiences of postnatal depression, the first data chapter of this thesis explores whether there is support for adaptationist hypotheses that postnatal depression exhibits good design as a mechanism guiding maternal reproductive trade-offs. The results, combined with critiques put forward here and by other authors, suggest an alternative approach to postnatal depression is warranted. A limitation of both evolutionary and more traditional approaches to postnatal depression is that the commonly recognised risk factors for the condition fail to capture all the women who develop the condition. Recent developments in research into general depression, as opposed to postnatal depression, have highlighted the role of the immune system in symptom aetiology. This has led to a number of evolutionary researchers proposing that depression reflects an evolved inflammatory response to biological and social threat, with perceived social threat acting as an indicator of the likelihood of imminent biological threat. Inflammation then acts as the ultimate risk factor in the causal pathway to depression, and by extension postnatal depression, and suggests more attention needs to be paid to the social perceptions of women during pregnancy and early motherhood. Data chapters 3-6 explore the social pressures surrounding women about motherhood, the role such pressures play in generating feelings of shame (an emotional marker of social threat causally linked to general depression development), and the ability of shame to predict postnatal depression. Particular attention is paid to pressures surrounding socially approved levels of maternal investment, namely in the form of bonding. Bonding is of interest due to the documented association between postnatal depression and poor bonding as well as the pressures placed on women in contemporary, developed populations, highlighted by sociologists and feminist scholars, as a result of the emphasis on the importance bonding for child development. The role of social isolation, another form of social threat linked to general depression, in postnatal depression risk is also assessed. In so doing, a new model for maternal emotional investments is developed based on embodied capital theory and the results of two further data sets are presented - the first is a longitudinal survey study tracking women across the perinatal period assessing their experience of social pressure, shame, and postnatal depression, and the second an experimental priming study designed to assess if social threat can be primed using popular and social media relating to mothering. Results derived from these studies are supportive of the perception of social threat being a largely unrecognised risk factor in postnatal depression and the thesis concludes with a discussion of the public health implications which stem from this novel insight.

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Henshaw, Carol Anne. "A longitudinal study of postnatal dysphoria." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312368.

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Background: Postnatal depression (PND) follows 10-15% of deliveries. Postnatal blues occur in the first postpartum week and are thought to have little significance. Studies report links between them, PND and premenstrual symptomatology but are methodologically flawed. Hypotheses: Women with severe blues are more likely to become depressed in the 6 months after delivery and more likely to experience premenstrual symptomatology when menstruation resumes. Subjects: First-time mothers who were literate, English speaking, had a singleton pregnancy, no current severe mental illness and whose fetus was healthy. Method: Written informed consent was obtained in late pregnancy. Baseline data include the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), sociodemographic and obstetric details. The Blues Questionnaire was completed on postpartum days 3 & 5. Obstetric data were recorded. Subjects (scores >/75^th centile on the Blues Questionnaire) and controls (\<25^th centile) were matched for age, marital status and social class. All participants completed monthly postal EPDS. When menstruation returned, daily Menstrual Distress Questionnaires and visual analogue scales for premenstrual symptoms were completed for 2 cycles. At 6 months all women with EPDS scores >/9 at any time postpartum were interviewed using the Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia (Lifetime version). Research Diagnostic Criteria diagnoses were made for current or past psychiatric disorder. 1 in 5 women with EPDS scores <9 were interviewed to exclude false negatives. Results: Women with severe blues were 3.8 times more likely to become depressed and to have a major rather than minor illness. Their depressions began sooner after delivery and lasted longer than those with no blues. They were more likely to experience premenstrual symptoms. Discussion: Results support the idea that these conditions are variants of affective disorder, severe blues acting as a marker of affective vulnerability. Clinical applications of the results and areas for further research are explored.

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Eriksson, Terja, and Madelene Larshans. "Familjelycka? : En litteraturstudie om föräldrars upplevelser av Postnatal depression." Thesis, University of Gävle, Department of Caring Sciences and Sociology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-787.

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Postnatal depression (PND) is a condition which affects about 8-15% of recent parents. The cause of PND is unknown but several underlying factors have been purposed through different studies. This descriptive literature review aims to illuminate the parent’s situation when the mother is affected with PND. In search of literature, the databases Medline (via PubMed), Academic Search Elite, Cinahl, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES and SweMed+ were used. Fourteen articles were finally included in this study. The result of the chosen articles, both from the woman’s and the men’s perspective, could be divided into three categories; thoughts and feelings about the own situation, thoughts and feelings surrounding the partner and the baby and thoughts and feelings about the perception of support. The women felt that the expectations they had of motherhood, before the baby was born, was not matched by later experiences and they perceived themselves as bad mothers. They also found it hard to talk about their feelings with both their partner and with people outside the family, thinking that no one would understand. The men felt as though they, due to their partner’s condition, had lost control of life and that there, for them, was no organized help or support available.

Postnatal depression (PND) är ett tillstånd som drabbar ca 8-15% av nyblivna föräldrar. Orsaken till PND är inte känd men flera troliga bakomliggande faktorer har föreslagits genom olika studier. Föreliggande beskrivande litteraturstudie syftar till att belysa föräldrarnas situation när modern drabbats av PND. Vid sökning av litteratur användes databaserna Medline (via Pubmed), Academic Search Elite, Cinahl, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES och SweMed+. Fjorton artiklar inkluderades slutligen i studien. Resultatet av valda artiklar kunde, både ur kvinnans och ur mannens perspektiv, delas in i tre kategorier; tankar och känslor om sin egen situation, tankar och känslor omkring partnern och barnet samt tankar och känslor om upplevelsen av stöd. Kvinnorna upplevde att de förväntningar de haft på moderskapet före barnets födelse inte överensstämde med den senare erfarenheten och de uppfattade sig själva som dåliga mammor. De upplevde det även svårt att tala om sina känslor, både med partnern och med personer utanför familjen, i tron att ingen skulle förstå. Männen upplevde att de, i och med partnerns tillstånd, förlorade kontrollen över livet och att det, för dem, inte fanns organiserad hjälp eller stöd att få.

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Umuziga, Marie Providence. "Assessment of common perinatal mental disorders in a selected district hospital of the Eastern Province in Rwanda." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4283.

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Magister Public Health - MPH
Common perinatal mental disorders (CPMDs) are increasingly being recognised as an important public health issue including depression and anxiety. In low and middle income countries such as Rwanda, CPMDs are prevalent among women in perinatal period. In Africa, the estimated prevalence rates of depression are 11.3% and 18.3% during ante-postnatal respectively, while ante-postnatal anxiety rates are 14.8% and 14% respectively. However, in Rwanda there is limited literature on CPMDs. This study was aimed at determining the occurrence of CPMDs in a selected district hospital of the Eastern Province in Rwanda as well as the factors associated with CPMDs in the selected study area. A descriptive quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted with a sample of one hundred and sixty five mothers in perinatal period, who were selected systematically. Demographic data and factors associated with CPMDs were determined using structured questionnaire and combined screening tools such as Zungu Self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). The Cronbach alpha values were 0.87 and 0.89 for SAS and EPDS respectively. SPSS Version 21 was utilized to analyse data. Univariate, bivariate correlational and multivariate analyses were performed. Most of the respondents (38.2%) were aged 25-29 years; Protestants (77.6%); married (44.8%); unemployed (77%) and had a primary school level of education (60.6%). With respect to participants in antenatal period (51.5%); 14.5% had a clinical level of anxiety and 19.4% had depression. In terms of participants in postnatal period (46.7%); 22.5% had a clinical level of anxiety and 29.7% had depression. However, participants in both periods (1.8%) all had a normal level of anxiety and 1.2% had depression.

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Fagerberg, Lena. "Distriktssköterskornas handläggning av mammor vid tecken på postnatal depression." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för folkhälso- och vårdvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-162520.

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Syftet med föreliggande enkätstudie var att undersöka om distriktssköterskorna upplever att de har tillräckligt med kunskap och stöd för att genomföra stödsamtal med deprimerade mammor, samt att se hur handläggningen ser ut då mammor visar tecken på postnatal depression. Urvalet bestod i distriktssköterskor som genomgått utbildning i Postnatal depression och svarsfrekvensen i enkätstudien var 66 %. Samtliga respondenter upplever att utbildningen i Postnatal depression är användbar i deras arbete. Mest nytta har de av att veta hur en bra screening ska gå till. Majoriteten av respondenterna har tillgång till handledning med psykolog 1 gång/mån eller 2-3 gånger/halvår. Något mindre än hälften upplever att handledningen de får inte är tillräcklig. Samtliga respondenter använder The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) i sitt arbete och remitterar alla mammor med mer än 16 poäng till psykolog. Mer än hälften genomför i genomsnitt 1-3 stödsamtal med varje deprimerad mamma. Knappt hälften av respondenterna upplever att de träffar för få deprimerade mammor för att känna sig trygga och säkra i situationen med stödsamtal. Slutsats Postnatal depressions utbildningen är användbar i arbetet som distriktssköterska. Tillgången till handledning är för de flesta god men otillräcklig. Många upplever att de träffar för få deprimerade mammor för att känna sig trygga och säkra med att genomföra stödsamtal.
The aim of this study was to investigate if the child health care nurses feel they have enough knowledge and support to operate counselling with mothers that feel depressed postpartum, further the aim also was to see how the child health care nurses handle mothers with signs of depression. The sample consists of child health care nurses who had taken the training-course in Postnatal depression, 66 % answered the questionnaire. All respondents experience that the training in Postnatal depression is useful in their work. Most useful to know is how a god screening is attended. The majority of respondents have access to supervision with psychologist once a month or 2-3 times over six months. Barely half feel they don’t get enough supervision. All respondents use The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) in their work and also refer mothers with EPDS score 16 or more to psychologist. More than half of the respondents operate 1-3 counselling with each depressed mother. Almost half feel that they meet too few depressed mothers to feel secure with counselling. Conclusion: The training-course in Postnatal depression is useful in the work of child health care nurses. Supervision with psychologist is for the most child health care nurses adequate, but not enough. Many of the respondents experience that they meet too few depressed mothers to feel secure and to find a routine in counselling.

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Bende, Brigitta Claudia. "Childhood maltreatment and postnatal depression : are there distinctive risks?" Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.421036.

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Abraham-Smith, Kelly Michelle. "Experiences of mothers who disclose symptoms of postnatal depression." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/17182.

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Whilst previous research has explored women's experiences of disclosing symptoms of postnatal depression (PND) to health professionals, very little qualitative research exists on women's experiences of disclosing to people in their personal support networks. Research has shown that some mothers with PND find it difficult to disclose to professionals and prefer to seek support from partners, family and friends. Aim: The current study aimed to explore the overall process mothers go through to disclose PND - to people with whom they have personal relationships, as well as health professionals. Method: Five women who experienced and disclosed PND participated in semi-structured interviews. Verbatim transcripts were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Results: The analysis produced four super-ordinate themes: 'Trying to cope whilst making sense of experiences', 'Deciding whether to disclose: Facilitative and inhibiting factors', 'The two-way interpersonal nature of disclosure', 'Disclosure as part of a transformative process'. Conclusions: This study highlighted the influence of internalised expectations of motherhood and stigma surrounding PND on how mothers try to cope with their initial symptoms and on their decisions about whether or not to disclose. The participants described a cautious approach to disclosure in which they had to deal with setbacks. Consequences of disclosing were considered alongside how the disclosure process was influenced by recovery from PND.

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Mohammad, Khitam Ibrahem Shlash. "Incidence and factors associated with postnatal depression among Jordanian women." Thesis, Griffith University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365498.

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Postnatal depression (PND) is the focus of considerable clinical and research attention however it has been neglected in many developing countries. Using a prospective design with a representative sample of women (n = 353), this longitudinal study aimed to determine the incidence and associated factors in the development of antenatal and postnatal depression in Jordanian women. There are three Phases of the study. During Phase 1 women in their last trimester of pregnancy and receiving public antenatal clinic care were recruited. In addition to obtaining demographic details, a questionnaire sought information on the antenatal factors commonly associated with depression. These included whether the pregnancy was planned, reproductive history, personal and family history of psychiatric illness including antenatal and postnatal depression, relationship with husband, relationship with mother-in-law, and stressful life events. Standardised measures were used to assess depression, social support, worry, anxiety and stress, preparation for birthing and parenthood, and self-efficacy...
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Griffith Health
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Phipps, Fiona. "Peer support for mothers with postnatal depression : a pilot study." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/11128.

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Background: Postnatal depression (PND) is a global problem and an important public health issue. It is estimated that approximately 15% of women experience depression during the first postnatal year but there are problems in recognition because its clinical assessment can be complex. The incidence of postnatal depression continues to rise resulting in serious consequences for the mother, her child and the extended family and a risk of suicide (the leading cause of maternal death in England and Wales) and infanticide in some severely depressed mothers. Treatment programmes vary considerably but many studies are suggesting that psychological interventions can be as equally, if not more, clinically effective in the management of depression as routine care from a general practitioner or anti-depressants in the short term – and may be more cost effective. Method: The aim of this exploratory pilot study is to identify whether the support, on a one to one basis, from a Peer Support Worker (PSW) would assist in the reduction of PND in new mothers. Eight PSW’s were recruited. Each PSW had previously suffered from mild to moderate postnatal depression but had recovered and were not currently receiving any form of psychological support or taking any medication. They were employed, on a six month contract, by the local NHS Trust. References and enhanced criminal records clearance were obtained. A confidentiality statement was also signed by the PSW. Thirty mothers were recruited by their own Health Visitor. This was carried out using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scoring documentation (EPDS) alongside a clinical assessment. The cut off score, as agreed by both the lead researcher and the Health Visitors involved in the study, was 11. Fully informed consent was obtained and participant information sheets given. The mothers were allocated into either a Control group or an Intervention group using number alternating. The PSW’s received formal training about child protection procedures/safeguarding children in addition to the relevance and importance of confidentiality. However, apart from this, a structured training programme was not adhered to. The PSW’s strongly felt, as a combined group, that they wanted to provide the intervention simply as a ‘fellow mum who had survived the rollercoaster journey of PND’. Each PSW wanted to identify the nature of the problem, find a possible solution, and design their own proposed ‘support package’ – from the outset of the study. The PSW visited the mother in their home environment, or a location of their choice, for a period of six weeks on a once weekly basis (intervention group). This was then compared to a number of mothers who received support from their family Health Visitor (HV) alone (control group). Data collected was both qualitative and quantitative. The PSW's and the mothers from both the control group and the intervention group were asked to maintain a log book reflecting upon their feelings and thoughts after each visit (either from their PSW or their HV). Individual and group supervisory sessions were also offered by the lead researcher to both the mothers within the intervention group, and the control group, in addition to the PSW’s. A number of the participants were interviewed on a one to one basis when their infant was six months old. Data from the interviews was subsequently transcribed, coded and categorised, and key themes identified. Quantitative data was collated in the form of an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Score (EPDS) – an assessment tool which is routinely used to identify mothers at risk or suffering from postnatal depression. The EPDS score was recorded prior to the support commencing by either a PSW or the Health Visitor, after completion of all six visits, and when the infant was six months old. Analysis: The EPDS scores recorded at 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and again when the infant was six months old, were analysed and summarised using graphs and charts. Non parametric analysis using Friedman’s Anova and the Wilcoxon paired test was carried out. A Mann Whitney test, Kolmogorov-Smirrov test and a Shapiro-Wilk test were also performed. A constant comparative method was used as a means of analysing the qualitative data collected from both log books and interview transcript (Denscombe 2008). The lead researcher consistently read and re-read text data, compared new codes and categories as they emerged and repeatedly compared them against existing versions. This process enabled the researcher to refine and improve the explanatory power of the concepts and theories generated from the data. Similarities and differences were highlighted and categories and codes were identified. On completion of this analysis, all participants were contacted to ensure validity of the findings and that each participant agreed with the researchers interpretation of the data collected. Results: Qualitative and quantitative findings from this study suggest that the input from a PSW does assist in the reduction of PND in new mothers. This is demonstrated in both the analysis of the quantitative data and the qualitative. The EPDS scores demonstrated little difference between the participants at 6 weeks but the statistics started to diverge at 12 weeks – the mean at 12 weeks for the control group is recorded at 12.46 and the intervention group is 10.33 – a difference of 2.13. The EPDS at six months demonstrates a difference between the two scores as 2.67 (the control group mean recording is 11.60 compared with the intervention mean which is 8.93). The key themes identified were the immeasurable value of ‘social support’ and ‘shared experiences’. The resounding factor that appears repeatedly throughout the analysis of data is the fact that the mothers could ‘truly relate to their Worker.’ Their PSW gave them ‘hope’, made them feel as if they were ‘not a failure’ and gave them an overwhelming ‘sense of normality’. This, in turn, increased their self-esteem, their positivity towards their parenting role, and their ability to therefore be ‘a good mother.’ A major strength of the work was the involvement of the PSW’s in both the planning and the implementing of the intervention. It was their design, their creation, and their feelings about what may really help their mother. A number of other themes were also identified that were, interestingly, commonalities across the entire data set (participants and PSW’s). These included recognition of their own changing perspective – a realisation that there simply is no ‘quick fix’ solution, that both time and support are required. The PSW’s described feelings of ‘personal benefit’, ‘self-awareness’ and the ‘provision of closure’ for themselves. The intervention group also talked, at length, about their ‘personal benefit’ from the PSW, and their own self-awareness about how they truly felt, their emotions and, in some instances, why they felt this way. The control group recognised the huge advantage from talking to other mothers and, although they did not have the formal support sessions from a PSW, they embraced the opportunity of sharing their thoughts and feelings with ‘fellow mums’. Each participant, and PSW, discussed the sharing of experiences, empathy, the feeling of ‘release’ and, particularly on the mothers’ part, the importance of knowing that, actually, they are not ‘alone’. Conclusion: The aim of this study was to provide early intervention to mothers who were classed as ‘at risk’ of suffering from PND, and, indeed, the support from the PSW’s did appear to have a positive impact upon the mothers’ mental health and wellbeing. However, this was a small scale, pilot study over a relatively short period of time. Larger, more longitudinal studies are certainly required. The importance of the pilot study presented here lies in its usefulness in shaping research to investigate and explore further whether there are indeed beneficial factors to post-natally depressed mothers who receive one to one support from a PSW. The positive results from this study can, potentially, have a huge impact within practice and, most importantly, upon the lives of those affected by postnatal depression.

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Taylor, Alyx Alison. "Disturbances of affect in the early postpartum period : biochemical correlates and clinical implications." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362736.

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Sorohan, Helen Henrietta. "Psychosocial factors and pregnancy outcome." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273937.

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Nordahl, Jenny. "Ett moderskap i motvind : en litteraturöversikt om kvinnors upplevelser av postpartumdepression." Thesis, Ersta Sköndal Bräcke högskola, Institutionen för vårdvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:esh:diva-8248.

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Bakgrund: En postpartumdepression uppstår i samband med förlossningen och drabbar mellan 8–15 procent av alla nyförlösta kvinnor varje år bara i Sverige. Någon enskild orsak till tillståndet finns inte men sociala och psykologiska, socioekonomiska, traumatiska och stressrelaterade händelser, brist på socialt stöd och en tidigare historik av depression har påvisats vara betydande riskfaktorer för utvecklingen av tillståndet. Att drabbas av en postpartumdepression innebär ett stort lidande hos den drabbade kvinnan men påverkar även hela familjen. Det är av betydande vikt att tidigt kunna ställa en diagnos för att minska negativa konsekvenser i familjen. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa kvinnors upplevelser av postpartumdepression. Metod: En litteraturöversikt med grund från tio vetenskapliga artiklar av kvalitativ metod utfördes. Artiklarnas olika tema identifierades, jämfördes och analyserades för att sedan kategoriseras i de slutgiltiga teman som presenterades i detta arbete. Resultat: Resultatet består av två huvudsakliga teman och fem subteman; Att leva med postpartumdepression med subteman det förväntade moderskapet och stigmatisering och dess påverkan; Barriärer i vården med subteman behov av stöd, svårigheter att söka hjälp och normalisering i vården. Många kvinnor upplevde en bristande information och kunskap kring tillståndet. I resultatet framkom det att stigmatiseringen kring psykisk ohälsa och postpartumdepression resulterade i en rädsla att mötas av oförstående och fördomsfullhet. Vidare framkom det avgörande faktorer för hur kvinnorna upplevde svårigheter i sin kontakt med vården. Diskussion: Författaren diskuterar valda delar ur det framkomna resultatet i litteraturöversikten utifrån aktuell forskning, egna reflektioner och Phil Barkers tidvattenmodell.
Background: Postpartum depression is a serious form of depression that affects between 8-15 percent of all women just in Sweden every year. No individual cause of the condition exists, but social and psychological, socio-economic, traumatic and stress-related events, lack of social support and a previous history of depression have been shown to be significant risk factors for the development of the condition. Suffering from a postpartum depression means a great suffering for the affected women but it also affects the whole family. An early diagnosis is important in order to reduce negative consequences regarding family. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore women's experiences of postpartum depression. Method: A literature review based on ten scientific articles of qualitative method was conducted. The different themes of the articles were identified, compared and analyzed and then categorized into the final themes presented in this work. Results: The result consisted of two main themes and five subthemes; To live with postpartum depression with the subthemes the expected motherhood and stigmatization and it´s impact; Barriers in health care with the subthemes need for support and difficulties in seeking help and normalization in health care. Many women experienced a lack of information and knowledge about the condition. The result showed that the stigma surrounding mental illness and postpartum depression resulted in a fear of being confronted by ignorance and prejudice. Decisive factors emerged as to how women experienced difficulties in their contact with health care. Discussion: The author discusses selected parts of the result obtained in the literature review based on current research, own reflections and Phil Barker´s The Tidal Model

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Brown, Lydia. "Amning vid postpartum depression." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för vård, arbetsliv och välfärd, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-8933.

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Flera studier visar amningens fysiska och psykiska hälsofördelar för mor och barn, dock avvänjer kvinnor som lider av postpartum depression amning tidigt om de presenteras med utmaningar under amningen. Syfte med denna studie är därför att beskriva hur kvinnor som lider av postpartum depression upplever amning. Nio kvinnor deltog i studien, fem förstföderskor och fyra omföderskor, varav 5 intervjuades och 4 erhöll semistrukturerade frågeformulär med öppna svarsalternativ. En reflekterande livsvärldsansats som baserar på fenomenologi användes under datainsamling och dataanalys. Resultatet visar att amningen som fenomen är komplex och innebär en utmaning för kvinnan. Den essentiella innebörden av fenomenet beskrivs som ”amning som en kraftkälla, där den har potential att vara både kraftgivande och stärkande samt riskerar vara kraftdränerande”. Detta beskrivs vidare utifrån fyra innebördselement: ”att knyta kontakt med och lära känna sitt barn”, amning som återhämtning”, ”amning som energikrävande” och ”att känna sig ömtålig och utsatt”. Vårdande av kvinnor som lider av postpartum depression under amning innebär att assistera kvinna att möta sin osäkerhet och stärka hennes förtroende för att lita på sin förmåga att amma sitt barn. När amningen fungerar bra har den potentialen att inge kraft och stärka kvinnan i moderskapet. Fungerar amningen däremot inte bra riskerar den att dränera kraft och strävan efter samhörighet och bekräftelse sätts på spel vilket späder på kvinnans redan sköra situation och gör henne ännu mer sårbar i förhållande till barnet och sig själv.

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Edwards, Samantha. "Exploring postnatal depression : the role of antenatal beliefs and emotions." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.410934.

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Badenoch, Marion Ardelle. "Postnatal depression, the mother-infant feeding relationship, and infant growth." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320007.

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Beestin, Leah. "Experiencing absence : fathering in the context of maternal postnatal depression." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.549678.

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Introduction: Being a father is able to invoke substantial social, emotional and psychological changes for men (e.g. Daly, Ashbourne& Brown, 2009; Palm, 1993). The extent and nature of these changes, and a man's global experiences of fatherhood, can be influenced by many factors (e.g. individual characteristics, and contextual issues such as work pressures and marital satisfaction). Although research has begun to examine some local contexts which might affect the nature and experience of fathering (e.g. being a teenage father or the father of an ill child), little research has explored the impact on men's paternal experiences when the mother is suffering from postnatal depression (PND). This dearth of empirical research is surprising given that maternal PND has a high incidence rate and has been identified as having significant and widespread impacts on mothers themselves, their children and their partners (Almond, 2009). Aim: The present study adopted a phenomenological perspective to understand the ways in which fathering is experienced by men whose partners are, or have been, postnatally depressed. Methods: Potential participants were recruited via PND support groups, a dads' group, family outreach workers and word of mouth. Following ethical safeguarding, in-depth and repertory grid interviews were conducted with a final sample of 14 (first-time and multiparous) fathers, aged between 25-50 years, whose partners were perceived by the men to have experienced, or to be experiencing, postnatal depression. After conducting four semi-structured interviews with participants, the decision was taken to shift the method of data collection to one which could be more participant-led, namely the narrative interview, which proved to be a highly successful method of data generation. Following transcription, all 14 in-depth interviews were subjected to Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Findings: Men's experiences of fathering in the context of maternal PND were both complex and diverse. Some men felt they were 'filling a void' which was perceived to have resulted from the mothers' withdrawal from parenting. Others felt their fathering was thwarted, as they could not conduct their paternal roles in the way they had wished. For others, the experience of maternal Pl'm was felt to have prevented a much desired sense of togetherness within the family unit. A few men felt that their experiences of fathering were relatively untouched in this context. Inherent in each of these themes was the sense that PND had created absences within the family unit which had impacted on the ways men conducted and experienced their paternal roles. The findings of the repertory grid interviews were in the main supportive of the outcomes of the interpretative phenomenological analysis of participants' accounts. The repertory grid technique was critically evaluated in light of the IPA study and some methodological limitations noted. Nevertheless, the potential in mixing the repertory grid interview with IPA research was recognised. Conclusion: The ways in which men conduct and experience fathering can be significantly and diversely affected in the context of maternal PND. Men fathering in this context may experience specific challenges, but may also experience personal development and successful adaptation to their circumstances. These findings make a compelling case for an inclusive approach to supporting families in the context of maternal PND which involves fathers, mothers and their children.

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Hannan, Julie. "Older mothers' experiences of postnatal depression : an interpretative phenomenological analysis." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2015. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/17416/.

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This study uses Interpretative Phenomenology Analysis to explore the lived experience of postnatal depression. The four participants, all aged 30 years or above at the birth of their first child, had never suffered from depression prior to the birth. Each was interviewed on two separate occasions, with a period of 4 to 6 months between interviews. The inductive approach of IPA sought to capture the richness and complexity of participants’ lived emotional world. Six superordinate themes emerged from the interviews: striving to be a perfect mother; feeling a failure; being sucked dry; shame of the others gaze; feeling stuck and overwhelmed and becoming lost. Participants sacrificed themselves in the hopeless pursuit of their own expectations of being the perfect mother and fulfilling all their child’s needs. Not wanting to appear inadequate to others, and desperate to make sense of what was happening to them, they continued to suffer in silence in a context of depleting resources and the loss of their former life, wellbeing and sense of self. The findings suggest that particular themes of postnatal depression exist within older mothers’ experiences. While such themes may be less relevant to younger mothers, their presence suggests a tailored treatment approach for older first-time mothers with PND. Aspects of these findings can be found in previous postnatal depression research with primigravida and multigravida women of varying ages. In a situation where postnatal depression is the most common complication of childbearing in the UK, affecting between ten and fifteen percent of new mothers (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2014) and where the birth rate for women aged 30+ is growing faster than for any other age group in the UK, research that furthers understanding of the experience of postnatal depression for mothers in this age group can help guide interventions and support. (The words ‘postnatal depression’ and ‘postpartum depression’ are used interchangeably in this text).

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Chu, Khac Tan. "Antenatal and postnatal depression in Vietnam: A prospective cohort study." Thesis, Curtin University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/84486.

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This thesis was part of a multi-center prospective-cohort study conducted in six hospitals in Vietnam. A total of 2030 pregnant women were recruited and interviewed face-to-face at 24-28 weeks of gestation, with four follow-up visits from discharge to six months postpartum. The aims of this thesis were to review the prevalence and major determinants of perinatal depression in Asia and to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with perinatal depressive symptoms among Vietnamese women.

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36

Armstrong, Kylie Jan. "Effectiveness of a pram walking intervention for women experiencing postnatal depression." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2004. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/15837/1/Kylie_Armstrong_Thesis.pdf.

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The purpose of the research project was to examine the effects of exercise and social support for postnatal women who reported experiencing Postnatal Depression (PND). PND is a serious condition that affects up to 10%-15% of women (O'Hara & Swain, 1996). Many previous studies have reported an improvement of depressive symptomatology following a pram walking intervention. However, no published research exists which assesses postnatal women who report experiencing PND. A randomised controlled trial was used, where pre-test data were compared to post-test effects. Two studies were conducted. In study 1 (n= 20) a multi-intervention group (exercise and social support) was compared to a control group who received no intervention. Study 2 (n= 19) was conducted 20 months later on a different group of women and involved a pram walking intervention group and a comparison social support group. Structured questionnaires assessing depressive symptomatology, general health and levels of social support were administered at pre-test phase, week 6 and 12. A sub-maximal fitness test was conducted the week before the program started and at week 12. The chief investigator was present at all sessions to guide the participants. Study 1 (S1): The multi-intervention group attended 3 pram walking sessions per week. After the exercise session the group met for refreshments in a local hall. The control group was only required to perform the fitness tests and answer the questionnaires. A 6-week alternative program of exercise and social support was offered to all the women at the completion of the intervention period. Study 2 (S2): The pram walking group met for 2 exercise sessions and were required to make up the third session independently. The comparison social support group met once per week for morning tea with the children. The samples for both studies were drawn from the Gold Coast region in Australia. Women of childbearing age who were experiencing depressive symptoms were recruited. For S1 their child had to be less than or equal to 12 months and for S2 the age cut off was increased to less than or equal to 18 months. The participants were screened to ensure that they did not have a medical condition that would prevent regular aerobic exercise and they were also excluded if they had a previous history of mental illness or could not speak English. Demographic data were obtained from each participant and details such as height, weight and age were collected for use in analysing fitness levels. The data for each study were collected across three time points (pre, week 6 and week 12) using widely tested instruments. Some additional questions relating to the participants experiences were collected at the completion of the study from the women allocated to the intervention groups. Data were also collected on fitness levels (pre and week 12) and the instrument was tested for its reliability. Both pram walking intervention groups were required to complete a weekly exercise diary. For each study, to test for the effect of the intervention over time, a two-way analysis of variance was conducted on the major outcome variables. Group (intervention versus control) was the between subject factor and time (pre-test, week 6, week 12) was the within subject factor or repeated measures factor. Due to the small sample size, further tests were conducted to check the assumptions of the statistical test to be used. The results showed that using Mauchly's Test, the Sphericity assumptions of repeated measures for ANOVA were met. Further, tests of homogeneity of variance assumptions also confirmed that this assumption was met. Data analysis was conducted using the software package SPSS for Windows Release 10.0. (Norusis, 2000). Overall, the findings from both S1 and S2 showed that the groups who received the pram walking intervention improved their depressive symptomatology and fitness levels when compared to those of the control (S1) and social support group (S2). Social support levels did not alter for either group from both studies. These results are encouraging and suggest that a pram walking program is an effective form of intervention for postnatal women experiencing depressive symptomatology.

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37

Armstrong, Kylie Jan. "Effectiveness of a Pram Walking Intervention for Women Experiencing Postnatal Depression." Queensland University of Technology, 2004. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15837/.

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Abstract:

The purpose of the research project was to examine the effects of exercise and social support for postnatal women who reported experiencing Postnatal Depression (PND). PND is a serious condition that affects up to 10%-15% of women (O'Hara & Swain, 1996). Many previous studies have reported an improvement of depressive symptomatology following a pram walking intervention. However, no published research exists which assesses postnatal women who report experiencing PND. A randomised controlled trial was used, where pre-test data were compared to post-test effects. Two studies were conducted. In study 1 (n= 20) a multi-intervention group (exercise and social support) was compared to a control group who received no intervention. Study 2 (n= 19) was conducted 20 months later on a different group of women and involved a pram walking intervention group and a comparison social support group. Structured questionnaires assessing depressive symptomatology, general health and levels of social support were administered at pre-test phase, week 6 and 12. A sub-maximal fitness test was conducted the week before the program started and at week 12. The chief investigator was present at all sessions to guide the participants. Study 1 (S1): The multi-intervention group attended 3 pram walking sessions per week. After the exercise session the group met for refreshments in a local hall. The control group was only required to perform the fitness tests and answer the questionnaires. A 6-week alternative program of exercise and social support was offered to all the women at the completion of the intervention period. Study 2 (S2): The pram walking group met for 2 exercise sessions and were required to make up the third session independently. The comparison social support group met once per week for morning tea with the children. The samples for both studies were drawn from the Gold Coast region in Australia. Women of childbearing age who were experiencing depressive symptoms were recruited. For S1 their child had to be less than or equal to 12 months and for S2 the age cut off was increased to less than or equal to 18 months. The participants were screened to ensure that they did not have a medical condition that would prevent regular aerobic exercise and they were also excluded if they had a previous history of mental illness or could not speak English. Demographic data were obtained from each participant and details such as height, weight and age were collected for use in analysing fitness levels. The data for each study were collected across three time points (pre, week 6 and week 12) using widely tested instruments. Some additional questions relating to the participants experiences were collected at the completion of the study from the women allocated to the intervention groups. Data were also collected on fitness levels (pre and week 12) and the instrument was tested for its reliability. Both pram walking intervention groups were required to complete a weekly exercise diary. For each study, to test for the effect of the intervention over time, a two-way analysis of variance was conducted on the major outcome variables. Group (intervention versus control) was the between subject factor and time (pre-test, week 6, week 12) was the within subject factor or repeated measures factor. Due to the small sample size, further tests were conducted to check the assumptions of the statistical test to be used. The results showed that using Mauchly's Test, the Sphericity assumptions of repeated measures for ANOVA were met. Further, tests of homogeneity of variance assumptions also confirmed that this assumption was met. Data analysis was conducted using the software package SPSS for Windows Release 10.0. (Norusis, 2000). Overall, the findings from both S1 and S2 showed that the groups who received the pram walking intervention improved their depressive symptomatology and fitness levels when compared to those of the control (S1) and social support group (S2). Social support levels did not alter for either group from both studies. These results are encouraging and suggest that a pram walking program is an effective form of intervention for postnatal women experiencing depressive symptomatology.

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38

Nieland, Martin Nicholas Stephen. "Personality and psychological symptoms before and after childbirth." Thesis, University of York, 1995. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10837/.

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39

Stening, Eva. "Postnatal depression : En kvalitativ studie om drabbade kvinnors upplevelser av vården." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Psychology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-26785.

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Syftet med föreliggande studie var att med hjälp av kvalitativ metod ta reda på hur kvinnor som drabbats av postnatal depression upplevde bemötandet från vården under graviditeten, efter förlossningen och inom psykiatrin. Postnatal depression har blivit vanligare att prata högt om på senare tid och många studier görs på området. Denna studie baserades på data ifrån fyra kvinnor som fått svara på öppna, strukturerade frågeformulär där frågorna formulerades utifrån fem utvalda teman. Det material som samlats in tolkades sedan i enlighet med valda teman. Resultatet visar att det finns ett missöje riktat mot främst förlossningsvården, speciellt vad gäller erbjudadet av emotionellt stöd under tiden på förlossningsavdelningen. Det som efterfrågas är utöver detta främst en ökad förståelse och kunskap om tillståndet och utökad inormation till blivande föräldrar om eventuella komplikationer som kan uppstå postpartum. En ökad preventiv insats från mödra- och förlossningsvården efterfrågas också liksom bättre uppföljning från psykiatrins sida. Dessutom vore det önskvärt med en utförlig handlingsplan så att risken att det blir ett omkringflyttande av ansvar minskar.

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40

Moses-Europa, Simone. "Postnatal depression: exploring adolescent women's experiences and perceptions of being depressed." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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Adolescent pregnancy has been of longstanding societal concern primarily because of the inability of most young mothers to provide adequately for their infants. Depression often results in disengagement from mother-child interaction. Adolescent mothers identified as depressed are at increased risk of future psychopathology, with additional deleterious effects on their infants&rsquo
lives. The purpose of this study was to explore adolescent mothers&rsquo
experiences of motherhood and memories of feeling depressed during or after the birth of their babies. The first aim was to explore the young women&rsquo
s experiences of mothering, by focusing upon the practice of being a mother. The second aim was to explore the young women&rsquo
s experiences of depression, by focusing on their physical behaviour and emotional experiences. The third aim was to explore their perceptions of the causes of their depression. The rationale for this study was that these issues will further enhance the body of knowledge available to practitioners working with adolescent mothers. It will also provide a source of insights and hypotheses for preventive intervention research. The study was located within a feminist standpoint framework that begins from the perspective of women with the aim to explore women&rsquo
s accounts of their experiences in relation to depression as an important source of knowledge. A qualitative research design and methodology was employed in the region of the Western Cape. Eight adolescent mothers between the ages of 16 and 19 were recruited and interviewed. The interviews were semi-structured and consisted out of open-ended questions. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and thematic analysis of data was carried out. The findings of this research yielded some interesting areas for future research and implications for treatment and intervention with first-time adolescent mothers. The adolescent mothers in this study experienced similar depressive symptoms to adult mothers in previous research. All the participants revealed that they feared their parents&rsquo
disappointment in them for being pregnant. This factor contributed to their depression, because they received very little (if any) support from their parents or the father of their baby. The participants discussed that their pregnancy or giving birth was linked to various aspects of themselves that they had lost as an adolescent. Before they received counselling, none of the participants understood why they experienced depressive symptoms or what was happening to them at the time after their pregnancies.

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41

Abrahams, Johanna Magdalena. "The prevalence and factors influencing postnatal depression in a rural community." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17823.

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Thesis (MCur)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Mental health is still the step-child of Health Services, although many studies show the serious negative impact it has on the mother, baby and the family. Knowledge about Postnatal Depression (PND) and associated risk factors which influence the development of PND is vital for early detection and intervention. Worldwide PND affects on average 10-15% of women after giving birth regardless of socio-economic status, race or education. Studies also reveal that the prevalence of PND is as high as 40-60% amongst women after giving birth. The goal of the study was to investigate the prevalence and factors influencing PND in a rural setting, in the Witzenberg Sub-district. The objectives included determining the prevalence of PND and identifying the contributing risk factors associated with PND. A descriptive explorative research design with a quantitative approach was applied. The target population was (N=1605) mothers, 18 years and older who gave birth in this Sub-district in one year, a convenience sampling method was used to select the study sample of (n=159/10%) participants who met the criteria and who gave voluntary permission to take part in the study. Validity and reliability was supported through the use of validated questionnaires EPDS and BDI including a questionnaire based on demographical, psychosocial and obstetrical data. In addition experts in statistics, nursing and psychiatry were consulted including language experts who validated the correctness of the Afrikaans and Xhosa translated questionnaires. A pilot study was conducted to test the feasibility of the study and all data was collected personally by the researcher with the support of two trained field workers. Ethics approval was obtained from Stellenbosch University and permission from the Department of Health, Provincial Government of the Western Cape, including informed written consent from each participant. The data was analysed with the assistance of a statistician and are presented with histograms and frequency tables. The relationship between continuous response variables and nominal input variables was analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Various statistical tests were applied to determine statistical associations between variables such as the chi-square tests using a 95% confidence interval. Non-parametric tests such as the Mann-Whitney U–test or Kruskal-Wallis test were used for randomised design. Levene’s test was used for Homogeneity of Variance and the Bonferonni test of probability. The study revealed that 50.3% of the mothers, who participated in the study, had PND. Various risk factors were determined in this study that influences the development of PND. Results include statistical associations between PND and the following: - unplanned babies and unwelcome babies (p=<0,01) - life events (p=0.01) - partner relationship (p=<0.01) - family and social support (p=<0.1) Furthermore, the majority of the participants (53.8%) with PND (n=80) had a history of a psychiatric illness which was shown with significance (p=<0.01), the majority of the participants (63.5%) were unmarried and 23.8% were teenagers who suffered from PND. Recommendations include promoting healthy lifestyles, empowerment of women, prevention of teenage pregnancies, early and holistic assessment for symptoms of PND and approriate referral. In conclusion the prevention and promotive measures, early detection of PND and appropriate referrals and treatment are critical in managing maternal, child and family well being.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geestesgesondheid blyk die stiefkind van gesondheidsdienste te wees, ten spyte daarvan dat navorsing die negatiewe impak wat dit op moeder, baba en die gesin het bevestig. Kennis van postnatale depressie (PDN) en verwante risiko faktore wat die ontwikkeling van PND beïnvloed is van uiterste belang vir die vroeë opsporing en ingryping daarvan. PND affekteer gemiddeld 10%-15% van vroue wêreldwyd wat dit ervaar nadat hulle geboorte geskenk het, ongeag sosio-ekonomiese status, ras of opleiding. Navorsing dui daarop dat die voorkoms van PND so hoog is soos 40%-60% onder vrouens nadat hulle geboorte geskenk het. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die prevalensie van PND en die faktore wat PND beïnvloed in ’n landelike nedersetting in die Witzenberg Subdistrik te ondersoek. Die doelwitte sluit die bepaling van die prevalensie van PND in en die identifisering van die risiko faktore wat daartoe aanleiding gegee het. ’n Beskrywende verkennende navorsingsontwerp met ’n kwantitatiewe benadering is toegepas. Die teikengroep was (N=1605) moeders, 18 jaar en ouer wat geboorte geskenk het in hierdie subdistrik binne een jaar. ’n Gerieflikheidssteekproef metode is gebruik om die deelnemers (n=159/10%) te selekteer wat aan die kriteria voldoen het en vrywillig toestemming gegee het om aan die studie deel te neem. Geldigheid en betroubaarheid is gerugsteun deur die gebruik van geldige vraelyste, naamlik EPDS en BDI wat ’n vraelys insluit wat gebaseer is op demografiese, psigososiale en verloskundige data. Hierbenewens is deskundiges in statistiek, verpleegkunde en psigiatrie geraadpleeg, asook taalkundiges wat die taalkorrektheid van Afrikaans en Xhosa vertaalde vraelyste nagegaan het. ’n Loodsondersoek is uitgevoer om die haalbaarheid van die navorsing te toets en alle data is persoonlik deur die navorser met die hulp van ’n opgeleide veldwerker ingesamel. Etiese goedkeuring is verkry van die Universiteit van Stellenbosch en toestemming van die Departement Gesondheid, die Provinsiale Regering van die Wes-Kaap, asook skriftelike toestemming van elke deelnemer. Die data is ontleed met die bystand van ’n statistikus en is deur frekwensie tabelle aangebied. Die verhouding tussen volgehoue/aaneenlopende respons veranderlikes en nominale inset/invoer veranderlikes is ontleed deur gebruik te maak van die analise van variansie (ANOVA). Verskeie statistiese toetse is toegepas om die statistiese assosiasies tussen veranderlikes vas te stel soos die chi-kwadraat toetse deur ’n 95% betroubaarheidsinterval te gebruik. Nie-parametriese toetse soos die Mann-Whitney U-toets of Kriskal-Wallis toets is gebruik vir ewekansige ontwerp. Levene se toets is gebruik vir homogeniteit van variansie en die Bonferonni toets vir waarskynlikheid. Die toets het bewys dat 50.3% van die moeders wat aan die studie deelgeneem het, het PND. Verskeie risiko faktore is in hierdie studie vasgestel wat die ontwikkeling van PND beïnvloed. Resultate sluit statistiese assosiasie tussen PND en die volgende in: - onbeplande babas en onwelkome babas (p=<0,01) - lewensgebeure (p=0.01) - lewensmaat verhoudings (p=<0.01) - familie en maatskaplike ondersteuning (p=<0.1) Vervolgens het die meeste van die deelnemers (53.8%) met PND (n=80) ’n geskiedenis van ’n psigiatriese siekte met ’n beduidenis (p=<0.01), die meeste van die deelnemers (63.5%) is ongetroud en 23.8% is tieners wat aan PND ly. Aanbevelings sluit die bevordering van gesonde leefstyle, die bemagtiging van vrouens, voorkoming van tienerswangerskappe, vroeë en holistiese assessering van simptome van PND in en die aangewese verwysing. Daar kan tot die slotsom gekom word dat voorkoming- en bevorderingsmaatstawwe, vroeë opsporing van PND en aangewese verwysings en behandeling, krities is in die hantering van moeder-, kind- en gesinswelstand.

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42

Back, Jenny. "Private Health Practitioners' experience of and attitude screening for Postnatal Depression." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10149.

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Ten to fifteen per cent of women from affluent countries, utilising private health care services are diagnosed with Postnatal Depression (PND) annually. Despite the high prevalence and the negative consequences for mother, child and partner, PND remains largely undiagnosed. Thus, this study explored health practitioners' experience of and attitude towards screening for postnatal depression to explore the barriers to screening as well as potential mechanisms to improve the rate of detection.

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43

Saligheh, Maryam. "Physical activity in postpartum women and its relationship to postnatal depression." Thesis, Curtin University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1899.

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Background. For most women in the postpartum period, six to 52 weeks after childbirth, participation in physical activity is limited. New mothers often report inability to exercise, due in part to feeling isolated and exhausted. The literature offers contradictory arguments regarding the influence of exercise on Postnatal Depression (PND). Therefore, this study aimed to: (1) determine the variables associated with physical activity during the postpartum period; (2) investigate the relationship between physical activity and PND; and (3) explore the enablers and barriers to physical activity in a sample of postpartum women.Method. This multi-method study employed a cross-sectional correlational design in Stage One and a qualitative design in Stage Two. In Stage One 150 postpartum women recruited from the Western Australian metropolitan Child Health Clinics were sent a questionnaire. In Stage Two 14 postpartum women who participated in the survey were also interviewed. Survey data were analysed using SPSS to conduct multiple regression analysis and the interviews were thematically coded.Results. The study did not demonstrate an association between physical activity participation (PAP) and PND. However, psychosocial factors, parental confidence, partner support and social support were significantly associated with PND. The predictors of the mother’s PAP were the age of her baby, her education level, number of children, family income, parental confidence, partner support and lack of time. Lack of information, lack of confidence, lack of knowledge and poor access to public transport were the barriers to the living domain of PAP. Lack of money was associated with reduced exercise. Results from Stage Two supported the findings from Stage One and illustrated that mothers were more likely to participate in physical activity if they had greater social support, particularly partner support, and if they were confident in their parenting ability.Conclusion. The study was unable to determine a direct effect of exercise on PND. However, other factors such as partner support do affect mothers at risk of PND and influence their participation in physical activity. Further study is required which firstly employs a longitudinal design and secondly uses a clinically depressed sample to more fully understand the role of PAP in mediating the effects of PND. Specifically tailored exercise programs may help to address barriers to PAP and enable postpartum women to access the physiological and psychological benefits of exercise.

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44

Atif, Maria. "Factors associated with perinatal depression in Pakistan." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/29322.

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There is little data on the burden of perinatal depression in Pakistan. This research aimed to provide estimates of the prevalence of perinatal depression, identify the risk factors, and understand the experiences and perceptions of perinatal depression in the Pakistani population. A systematic review and meta-analysis, two cross-sectional studies, and a qualitative study were conducted. A systematic review methodology was used to calculate estimates of the prevalence of perinatal depression in Pakistan. For the cross-sectional studies, recent parents completed a questionnaire, including the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Qualitative interviews were conducted with recent parents about their experiences of perinatal depression. The meta-analysis estimated a pooled prevalence of maternal depression (30.0%-37.0%). Intimate partner violence, unintended pregnancy, poor relationship with spouse, and low-income were risk factors for perinatal depression. The maternal cross-sectional study reported that 35.2% and 34.3% of participants scored more than 12 on the EPDS during the antenatal and postnatal periods respectively. Intimate partner violence, sleep disturbance, adverse life events, and unplanned pregnancy were predictors of antenatal depression. Antenatal depression, financial hardship, and a lack of support were predictors of postnatal depression. The paternal cross-sectional study found that 23.5% of participants scored more than 10 on the EPDS during the postnatal period. A depressed spouse and own sleep disturbance were predictors of paternal depression. The qualitative study reported that a lack of understanding of perinatal mental health issues, disturbed sleep, emotional stressors, and financial burdens were stressors during the perinatal period. This research concludes that perinatal depression is prevalent in the Pakistani population and there is a need to raise awareness about perinatal depression in Pakistan

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45

Poulsen, Pernilla, and Angelica Wickbom. "Den "bästa" tiden? : En litteraturstudie baserad på självbiografier om mödrarrs upplevelser av postpartum depression." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för hälso- och vårdvetenskap (HV), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-31718.

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Bakgrund: 10-15% av alla nyblivna svenska mödrar drabbas idag av postpartum depression, även kallat förlossningsdepression. Sjukdomen uppkommer i samband med barnets födelse och utvecklas oftast inom två månader efter förlossningen. Postpartum depression påverkar moderns självbild och kan skapa problematik i anknytningen mellan modern och det nyfödda barnet. Syfte: Belysa mödrars upplevelser i samband med postpartum depression. Metod: Studien är baserad på sex självbiografier och är genomförd utifrån en kvalitativ ansats där resultatet har bearbetats med stöd av en manifest innehållsanalys. Resultat: Det framkom fem huvudkategorier: Lycka blev en obekant känsla, Förväntningarna på moderskapet uppfylldes inte, En främling för sig själv fångad i negativa tankar, När bägaren rann över samt Ljusa stunder. Ett tydligt fynd är att mödrarna känner stor besvikelse över att förväntningarna på postpartum perioden inte överensstämmer med verkligheten samt oförståelse över sina negativa tankar som överrumplade dem. Slutsats(er): Resultatet påvisar att postpartum depression måste synligöras bättre för att fler mödrar som drabbats ska våga söka hjälp. En bredare kunskap inom vården kan möjliggöra att postpartum depression uppmärksammas bättre. Även allmänsjuksköterskor bör lära sig att uppmärksamma sjukdomen för att kunna fånga upp dessa mödrar i ett tidigt skede.

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46

MORAES, Gustavo Paranhos de Albuquerque. "Revisão sistemática dos parâmetros metodológicos utilizados nos artigos científicos sobre os intrumentos de pesquisa e o tempo relacionados a triagem, diagnóstico e avaliação da depressão pós-parto." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2015. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/15571.

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Os períodos de gestação e puerpério nem sempre são marcados por alegrias e realizações. É exatamente nesta fase que muitas mulheres experimentam alterações importantes do humor e/ou ansiedade, sendo o pós-parto o período de maior vulnerabilidade para o aparecimento de transtornos psiquiátricos. Apesar de ser hoje uma das condições clínicas mais estudadas da psiquiatria e de ser bastante conhecida na prática clínica, a depressão pós-parto ainda não apresenta consensos conceituais e metodológicos importantes para um maior grau de confiabilidade no diagnóstico e na comparação de dados de pesquisas. Assim, esta pesquisa busca minimizar a carência de uniformização e consenso a respeito deste tema tão relevante. Este estudo corresponde a uma revisão sistemática descritiva, no qual foram utilizados três bancos de dados: PubMed/MEDLINE, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) e Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em ciências da saúde (LILACS) e foram incluídos os artigos originais em língua inglesa, nos últimos 5 anos até 30 de junho de 2014, em humanos do sexo feminino. Foram excluídos os artigos não originais, os artigos de revisão e os relatos ou séries de casos. Após a exclusão dos artigos não pertinentes, restaram 356 que foram avaliados por dois revisores e apenas 154 artigos preencheram os critérios de inclusão. O resultado evidencia uma grande heterogeneidade nos instrumentos de pesquisa, com 38 instrumentos de triagem, diagnóstico e avaliação distintos. A verificação do instrumento principal dos estudos, registra uma predominância do Edimburg Depression Postpatum Scale (EPDS) em cerca de 65% dos artigos, apresentando pontos de corte com uma variação total de 7 a 20 e predominância entre 12 e 13. Quanto ao tempo, verifica-se que a maior parte das aferições dos instrumentos foram realizadas no primeiro trimestre do puerpério (45%), contudo foram grandes os percentuais de registros fora deste período, 43% acima de 3 meses do puerpério e 12% durante a gestação. Em relação aos períodos com maior prevalência de casos após o nascimento, constata-se que 65% encontra-se nos primeiros 3 meses após o parto e 35% após os 3 meses. Desta forma, apesar de se averiguar uma heterogeneidade significativa entre os estudos, há uma predominância do EPDS como método de triagem mais utilizado. Já em relação ao tempo, os resultados indicam que ele está muito além do que atualmente é preconizado nos manuais diagnósticos, com episódios depressivos desde a gestação até o período de um ano após o parto, relacionando-se ao nascimento do filho. Os resultados deste estudo ajudam a diminuir as discordâncias metodológicas e conceituais sobre as depressões relacionadas ao parto e podem embasar políticas em saúde para melhorar as estratégias na busca de um diagnóstico mais preciso e precoce e, desta forma, ajudar na prevenção e assistência às mães acometidas por essa enfermidade.
Periods of pregnancy and postpartum are not always marked by joys and achievements. It is precisely at this stage that many women experience major changes of mood and / or anxiety, and the postpartum period has the greatest vulnerability to the onset of psychiatric disorders. Although it is now one of the most studied clinical conditions of psychiatry and being well known in clinical practice, the postpartum depression still does not present conceptual and methodological consensus important for a greater degree of reliability in the diagnosis and the data comparison of survey. Therefore, this research seeks to minimize the lack of standardization and consensus on this issue as relevant. This study represents a descriptive systematic review, in which was used three databases: PubMed / MEDLINE, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) and Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS) and original articles were included in English in the last five years until June 30, 2014, in human females. Non-original articles, review articles and reports or case series were excluded. After exclusion of irrelevant articles, remaining 356 that were evaluated by two reviewers and only 154 articles met the inclusion criteria. The result shows a great heterogeneity in research tools, with 38 screening tools, diagnostic and distinct evaluation. Verification of the main instrument of the studies, reports a prevalence of Edimburg Depression Postpatum Scale (EPDS) in about 65% of the articles, with cutoff points with a total variation 7-20 and prevalence between 12 and 13. As for the time, it appears that most of the instruments measurements were carried out in the first quarter of the puerperium (45%), however, were large percentage of the records outside of this period, 43% over 3 months postpartum and 12% during pregnancy. For periods with higher prevalence of cases after birth, it appears that 65% is the first 3 months after delivery and 35% after 3 months. Thus, although to ascertain significant heterogeneity between studies, there is a predominance of the EPDS as the most used screening method. In relation to time, the results indicate that it is far beyond what is currently recommended in the diagnostic manual, with depressive episodes from pregnancy to one year after delivery, relating to the birth of the child. The results of this study help to decrease the methodological and conceptual disagreements over the depressions related to childbirth and can to base health policies to improve the strategies in the search for a more accurate diagnosis and early and thus help prevent and assistance to affected mothers by this disease.

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Zumla, Ameera. "A qualitiative investigation into the experience of postnatal depression in Asian women." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493456.

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Postnatal Depression (PND) can inflict profound psychological suffering on new mothers, and if not treated, this disorder can also cause significant disabling complications for the entire family (National Institute for Clinical Excellence for Antenatal & Postnatal Mental Health- NICE for APMH, 2007). NICE for APMH guidelines, (2007), suggested that in order to assess and treat PND accurately, it is unperative to know the factors associated with the development and maintenance of the illness. However, almost all of the theoretical perspectives, screening, assessment tools and interventions for PND to date had been derived from western populations, and little research had been undertaken with Asian mothers.

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48

Bevan, Denise. "A preliminary study of metacognitive therapy for postnatal depression : a case series." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.525170.

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Fone, Rebecca Helen. "Processing of emotional information in the context of pre and postnatal depression." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.599884.

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The perinatal period can represent a transitional stage in women's lives when they are more vulnerable to psychological distress. Depression during this period can have devastating consequences, not only for the women experiencing it but also for their children, who are more likely to have cognitive, behavioural and attachment problems. One suggested mechanism for transmission of this increased risk is disturbances in mother-child interactions and maternal responsivity which have been associated with postnatal depression (PND). These may be affected by how mothers experience and perceive their infant's signals. The first paper reviews the literature regarding how women with PND and antenatal depression (AND) process emotional information such as facial expressions and vocal tone. Behavioural and neuro-imaging studies exploring processing of such stimuli in women with AND and PND are critically reviewed. The second paper investigates mothers' perceptions of emotional infant stimuli in the context of current and remitted PND. Despite maternal remission from PND, children of mothers who have experienced PND continue to be at risk of adverse outcomes. Evidence from studies of non-postnatal depression suggests that biases in the perception of emotional information can remain despite remission. Therefore a possible mechanism for the affects of PND on child outcomes is mother's impaired interpretation of information from their infants which may continue despite maternal remission from the depressive symptoms. The current study compared maternal ratings of infant facial expressions and infant vocalisations given by mothers with a current PND diagnosis (n=2 1) and those who had remitted from PND (n=52). Mothers taking part in a larger randomised control trial were asked to rate a number of infant facial expressions and infant vocalisations, each presenting a different level of emotion namely positive, muted positive, neutral, muted negative and negative. Results showed that mothers who had remitted from depression rated infant facial expressions differently to mothers with a current diagnosis of PND. However, no group differences were found for infant vocalisations. These findings suggest that the biases associated with PND for infant facial expressions are not present or do not influence mothers' interpretations of infant auditory stimuli in the same way. Alternatively, biases in interpretations of auditory stimuli may persist despite remission. This may have implications for focusing interventions that aim to improve mother-child interactions.

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Smit, Joalida. "Postpartum mood disorders : a feminist critique with specific reference to postnatal depression." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53010.

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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This review examines the medical model's conceptualisation of postnatal depression (pND) from a feminist perspective. The arguments are fourfold: Firstly, it argues that the fundamental problem underlying the concept of PND is its conception as existing on a continuum with psychosis at the most severe end and maternity blues at the least severe end. The link with psychosis implies that it is potentially pathological requiring medical and psychiatric intervention. On the other hand its link with maternity blues gives scientific credence to continued research on emotional sequelae of reproduction that are below the psychiatric threshold of urgency. Secondly, the medical model's construction of PND implies that women are predisposed to mental illness because of their ability to bear children and thus pathologises normal experiences of childbirth. Thirdly, the medical model's preoccupation with classification and categorisation has become little more than an exercise in labeling that has removed women from their own experiences. Focusing on birth as an activity that is separate from the rest of pregnancy objectify women and ignores the socio-political context within which they give birth and care for their infants. Fourthly, it is argued that a different way of researching postpartum mood disorders is necessary to overcome a reductionistic and pathological model of childbirth. This is important if healthcare delivery hopes to provide adequate treatment for all women in the postnatal period. Especially in South Africa, where the dominant culture has for many years defined the experiences of the 'other', it is important to generate research that should include the 'voices' of the 'other' to prevent hegemonic practice from assuming an expert understanding of PND. This review does not deny the contributions from the medical establishment, but argues that a critique of its underlying assumptions is important to prevent women from being further marginalised by ignoring the socio-political context in which their lives are embedded. The implications for research within South Africa are also addressed.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie oorsig ondersoek die mediese model se konseptualisering van postnatale depressie vanuit 'n feministiese perspektief. Die argument is vierledig: Eerstens blyk die konseptualisering van postnatale depressie, naamlik dat dit op 'n kontinuum bestaan, met psigose aan die mees disfunksionele kant en 'maternity blues' aan die minder ernstige kant, 'n fundamentele, onderliggende probleem te wees. Die verband met psigose impliseer dat postnatale depressie potensieel patologies is en mediese en psigiatriese insette benodig. Die verband met 'maternity blues' aan die ander kant, bied wetenskaplike begronding vir volgehoue navorsing op die gebied van emosionele aspekte van kindergeboorte wat nie van psigiatriese belang is nie. Tweedens impliseer die mediese model se konstruksie van postnatale depressie dat vroue 'n predisposisie tot geestessiektes het bloot deur die feit dat hulle die vermoë het om kinders voort te bring. Sodoende word patologiese kenmerke gekoppel aan normale ervarings van kindergeboorte. Derdens het die mediese model se beheptheid met klassifikasie en kategorisering verval in etikettering wat vroue van hul eie ervarings vervreem. Deur te fokus op geboorte as 'n aktiwiteit wat verwyder is van die res van swangerskap maak van vroue objekte wat verwyderd is van die sosio-politieke konteks waarbinne hulle geboorte skenk en sorg vir hul babas. Vierdens word dit beredeneer dat 'n nuwe benadering tot navorsing oor postpartum gemoedsteurings daar gestel behoort te word om 'n reduksionistiese en patologiese model van kindergeboorte te voorkom. Dit is belangrik as gesondheidsorgdienste hoop om toereikende behandeling te bied vir alle vroue in die postnatale periode. Veral in Suid-Afrika, waar 'n dominante kultuurgroep vir so lank die ervarings van ander omskryf het, is dit belangrik om navorsing voort te bring wat die 'stemme' van die 'ander' insluit om sodoende te verhoed dat die heersende praktykvoeringe van die dag 'n eensydige deskundige-verstaan van postnatale depressie voorveronderstel. Hierdie oorsig ontken nie die bydraes van die mediese model nie, maar beredeneer die feit dat 'n kritiese beskouing van die onderliggende aannames belangrik is om sodoende te verhoed dat vroue verder gemarginaliseer word deurdat die sosio-politieke konteks waarin hul lewens gegrond is, buite rekening gelaat word. Die implikasies vir navorsing binne 'n Suid-Afrikaanse konteks word dus ook ondersoek.

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