Journal articles: 'Postcopulatory sexual selection'

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Birkhead, Timothy R., and Tommaso Pizzari. "Postcopulatory sexual selection." Nature Reviews Genetics 3, no. 4 (April 2002): 262–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg774.

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Dixson, Alan F. "Copulatory and Postcopulatory Sexual Selection in Primates." Folia Primatologica 89, no. 3-4 (2018): 258–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000488105.

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Brindle, Matilda, and Christopher Opie. "Postcopulatory sexual selection influences baculum evolution in primates and carnivores." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1844 (December 14, 2016): 20161736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1736.

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The extreme morphological variability of the baculum across mammals is thought to be the result of sexual selection (particularly, high levels of postcopulatory selection). However, the evolutionary trajectory of the mammalian baculum is little studied and evidence for the adaptive function of the baculum has so far been elusive. Here, we use Markov chain Monte Carlo methods implemented in a Bayesian phylogenetic framework to reconstruct baculum evolution across the mammalian class and investigate the rate of baculum length evolution within the primate order. We then test the effects of testes mass (postcopulatory sexual selection), polygamy, seasonal breeding and intromission duration on the baculum in primates and carnivores. The ancestral mammal did not have a baculum, but both ancestral primates and carnivores did. No relationship was found between testes mass and baculum length in either primates or carnivores. Intromission duration correlated with baculum presence over the course of primate evolution, and prolonged intromission predicts significantly longer bacula in extant primates and carnivores. Both polygamous and seasonal breeding systems predict significantly longer bacula in primates. These results suggest the baculum plays an important role in facilitating reproductive strategies in populations with high levels of postcopulatory sexual selection.

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Evans, Jonathan P., Lorenzo Zane, Samuela Francescato, and Andrea Pilastro. "Directional postcopulatory sexual selection revealed by artificial insemination." Nature 421, no. 6921 (January 2003): 360–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01367.

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Eberhard, W. G. "Postcopulatory sexual selection: Darwin's omission and its consequences." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, Supplement_1 (June 15, 2009): 10025–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0901217106.

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Manier, Mollie K., Stefan Lüpold, John M. Belote, William T. Starmer, Kirstin S. Berben, Outi Ala-Honkola, William F. Collins, and Scott Pitnick. "Postcopulatory Sexual Selection Generates Speciation Phenotypes in Drosophila." Current Biology 23, no. 19 (October 2013): 1853–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.07.086.

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Dougherty, Liam R., Leigh W. Simmons, and David M. Shuker. "Postcopulatory sexual selection when a female mates once." Animal Behaviour 116 (June 2016): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.03.003.

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Evans, Jonathan P., and Alison N. Rutstein. "Postcopulatory sexual selection favours intrinsically good sperm competitors." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 62, no. 7 (February 7, 2008): 1167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-008-0545-0.

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Friesen, Christopher R., Daniel W. A. Noble, and Mats Olsson. "The role of oxidative stress in postcopulatory selection." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1813 (October 19, 2020): 20200065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0065.

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Two decades ago, von Schantz et al . (von Schantz T, Bensch S, Grahn M, Hasselquist D, Wittzell H. 1999 Good genes, oxidative stress and condition-dependent sexual signals. Proc. R. Soc. B 266, 1–12. ( doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0597 )) united oxidative stress (OS) biology with sexual selection and life-history theory. This set the scene for analysis of how evolutionary trade-offs may be mediated by the increase in reactive molecules resulting from metabolic processes at reproduction. Despite 30 years of research on OS effects on infertility in humans, one research area that has been left behind in this integration of evolution and OS biology is postcopulatory sexual selection—this integration is long overdue. We review the basic mechanisms in OS biology, why mitochondria are the primary source of ROS and ATP production during oxidative metabolism, and why sperm, and its performance, is uniquely susceptible to OS. We also review how postcopulatory processes select for antioxidation in seminal fluids to counter OS and the implications of the net outcome of these processes on sperm damage, sperm storage, and female and oocyte manipulation of sperm metabolism and repair of DNA to enhance offspring fitness. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Fifty years of sperm competition’.

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Turnell, Biz R., and Kerry L. Shaw. "High opportunity for postcopulatory sexual selection under field conditions." Evolution 69, no. 8 (August 2015): 2094–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evo.12721.

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LaMunyon, C. W., and T. Eisner. "Postcopulatory sexual selection in an arctiid moth (Utetheisa ornatrix)." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 90, no. 10 (May 15, 1993): 4689–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.90.10.4689.

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Tourmente, Maximiliano, Melissah Rowe, M. Mar González-Barroso, Eduardo Rial, Montserrat Gomendio, and Eduardo R. S. Roldan. "POSTCOPULATORY SEXUAL SELECTION INCREASES ATP CONTENT IN RODENT SPERMATOZOA." Evolution 67, no. 6 (March 22, 2013): 1838–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evo.12079.

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Pélissié, Benjamin, Philippe Jarne, Violette Sarda, and Patrice David. "DISENTANGLING PRECOPULATORY AND POSTCOPULATORY SEXUAL SELECTION IN POLYANDROUS SPECIES." Evolution 68, no. 5 (March 4, 2014): 1320–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evo.12353.

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Turnell, Biz R., and Kerry L. Shaw. "Polyandry and postcopulatory sexual selection in a wild population." Molecular Ecology 24, no. 24 (December 2015): 6278–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.13470.

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Mehlis, Marion, Ingolf P. Rick, and Theo C. M. Bakker. "Dynamic resource allocation between pre- and postcopulatory episodes of sexual selection determines competitive fertilization success." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1817 (October 22, 2015): 20151279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1279.

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In polyandrous mating systems, male reproductive success depends on both mate-acquisition traits (precopulatory) and sperm competitive abilities (postcopulatory). Empirical data on the interaction between these traits are inconsistent; revealing positive, negative or no relationships. It is generally expected that the investment in pre- and postcopulatory traits is mediated by environmental conditions. To test how dietary resource availability affects sexual ornamentation, sperm quality and their interrelationship in three-spined sticklebacks ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ), full-sibling groups were raised under three conditions differing in food quantity and/or quality (i.e. carotenoid content): (i) high-quantity/high-quality, (ii) high-quantity/low-quality or (iii) low-quantity/low-quality. After 1 year of feeding, food-restricted males developed a more intense breeding coloration and faster sperm compared with their well-fed brothers, indicating that they allocated relatively more in pre- and postcopulatory traits. Moreover, they outcompeted their well-fed, carotenoid-supplemented brothers in sperm competition trials with equal numbers of competing sperm, suggesting that food-restricted males maximize their present reproductive success. This may result in reduced future reproductive opportunities as food-restricted males suffered from a higher mortality, had an overall reduced body size, and sperm number available for fertilization. In accordance with theory, a trade-off between the investment in pre- and postcopulatory traits was observed in food-restricted males, whereas well-fed males were able to allocate to both traits resulting in a significantly positive relationship.

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Reuland, Charel, Leigh W. Simmons, Stefan Lüpold, and John L. Fitzpatrick. "Weapons Evolve Faster Than Sperm in Bovids and Cervids." Cells 10, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 1062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10051062.

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In polyandrous species, males face reproductive competition both before and after mating. Sexual selection thus shapes the evolution of both pre- and postcopulatory traits, creating competing demands on resource allocation to different reproductive episodes. Traits subject to strong selection exhibit accelerated rates of phenotypic divergence, and examining evolutionary rates may inform us about the relative importance and potential fitness consequences of investing in traits under either pre- or postcopulatory sexual selection. Here, we used a comparative approach to assess evolutionary rates of key competitive traits in two artiodactyl families, bovids (family Bovidae) and cervids (family Cervidae), where male–male competition can occur before and after mating. We quantified and compared evolutionary rates of male weaponry (horns and antlers), body size/mass, testes mass, and sperm morphometrics. We found that weapons evolve faster than sperm dimensions. In contrast, testes and body mass evolve at similar rates. These results suggest strong, but differential, selection on both pre- and postcopulatory traits in bovids and cervids. Furthermore, we documented distinct evolutionary rates among different sperm components, with sperm head and midpiece evolving faster than the flagellum. Finally, we demonstrate that, despite considerable differences in weapon development between bovids and cervids, the overall evolutionary patterns between these families were broadly consistent.

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Wong, Alex. "The Molecular Evolution of Animal Reproductive Tract Proteins: What Have We Learned from Mating-System Comparisons?" International Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2011 (May 25, 2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/908735.

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Postcopulatory sexual selection is thought to drive the rapid evolution of reproductive tract genes in many animals. Recently, a number of studies have sought to test this hypothesis by examining the effects of mating system variation on the evolutionary rates of reproductive tract genes. Perhaps surprisingly, there is relatively little evidence that reproductive proteins evolve more rapidly in species subject to strong postcopulatory sexual selection. This emerging trend may suggest that other processes, such as host-pathogen interactions, are the main engines of rapid reproductive gene evolution. I suggest that such a conclusion is as yet unwarranted; instead, I propose that more rigorous analytical techniques, as well as multigene and population-based approaches, are required for a full understanding of the consequences of mating system variation for the evolution of reproductive tract genes.

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Calsbeek, Ryan, and Camille Bonneaud. "POSTCOPULATORY FERTILIZATION BIAS AS A FORM OF CRYPTIC SEXUAL SELECTION." Evolution 62, no. 5 (May 2008): 1137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00356.x.

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Glavaschi, Alexandra, Silvia Cattelan, Alessandro Grapputo, and Andrea Pilastro. "Imminent risk of predation reduces the relative strength of postcopulatory sexual selection in the guppy." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1813 (October 19, 2020): 20200076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0076.

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Fifty years of research on sperm competition has led to a very good understanding of the interspecific variation in sperm production traits. The reasons why this variation is often very large within populations have been less investigated. We suggest that the interaction between fluctuating environmental conditions and polyandry is a key phenomenon explaining such variation. We focus here on imminent predation risk (IPR). IPR impacts significantly several aspects of prey behaviour and reproduction, and it is expected to influence the operation of sexual selection before and after mating. We estimated the effect of IPR on the male opportunity for pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection in guppies ( Poecilia reticulata ), a livebearing fish where females prefer colourful males and mate multiply. We used a repeated-measures design, in which males were allowed to mate with different females either under IPR or in a predator-free condition. We found that IPR increased the total opportunity for sexual selection and reduced the relative contribution of postcopulatory sexual selection to male reproductive success. IPR is inherently variable and our results suggest that interspecific reproductive interference by predators may contribute towards maintaining the variation in sperm production within populations. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Fifty years of sperm competition'.

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Garlovsky, Martin D., Leeban H. Yusuf, Michael G. Ritchie, and Rhonda R. Snook. "Within-population sperm competition intensity does not predict asymmetry in conpopulation sperm precedence." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1813 (October 19, 2020): 20200071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0071.

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Postcopulatory sexual selection can generate evolutionary arms races between the sexes resulting in the rapid coevolution of reproductive phenotypes. As traits affecting fertilization success diverge between populations, postmating prezygotic (PMPZ) barriers to gene flow may evolve. Conspecific sperm precedence is a form of PMPZ isolation thought to evolve early during speciation yet has mostly been studied between species. Here , we show conpopulation sperm precedence (CpSP) between Drosophila montana populations. Using Pool-seq genomic data we estimate divergence times and ask whether PMPZ isolation evolved in the face of gene flow. We find models incorporating gene flow fit the data best indicating populations experienced considerable gene flow during divergence. We find CpSP is asymmetric and mirrors asymmetry in non-competitive PMPZ isolation, suggesting these phenomena have a shared mechanism. However, we show asymmetry is unrelated to the strength of postcopulatory sexual selection acting within populations. We tested whether overlapping foreign and coevolved ejaculates within the female reproductive tract altered fertilization success but found no effect. Our results show that neither time since divergence nor sperm competitiveness predicts the strength of PMPZ isolation. We suggest that instead cryptic female choice or mutation-order divergence may drive divergence of postcopulatory phenotypes resulting in PMPZ isolation. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Fifty years of sperm competition’.

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Cai, Yun Lin, Chun Lan Mai, Xin Yu, and Wen Bo Liao. "Effect of population density on relationship between pre- and postcopulatory sexual traits." Animal Biology 69, no. 3 (2019): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-20181057.

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Abstract Sexual selection theory states that the premating (ornaments and armaments) sexual traits should trade off with the postmating (testes and ejaculates) sexual traits, assuming that growing and maintaining these traits is expensive and that total reproductive investments are limited. Male-male competition and sperm competition are predicted to affect how males allocate their finite resources to these traits. Here, we studied relative expenditure on pre- and postmating sexual traits among 82 species for three mammalian orders with varying population density using comparative phylogenetic analysis. The results showed that population density affected sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in both Artiodactyla and Carnivora, but not in Primates. However, relative testis mass and sperm size were not affected by population density. Moreover, we did not find associations between the SSD and testis mass or sperm size in three taxonomic groups. The interspecific relationships between pre- and postcopulatory sexual traits did not change with increased population density. Our findings suggest that population density did not affect variation in the relationship between pre- and postcopulatory sexual traits for these three mammalian orders.

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Castillo, Dean M., and Leonie C. Moyle. "Conspecific sperm precedence is reinforced, but postcopulatory sexual selection weakened, in sympatric populations of Drosophila." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1899 (March 27, 2019): 20182535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2535.

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Sexual selection can accelerate speciation by driving the evolution of reproductive isolation, but forces driving speciation could also reciprocally feedback on sexual selection. This might be particularly important in the context of ‘reinforcement’, where selection acts directly to increase prezygotic barriers to reduce the cost of heterospecific matings. Using assays of sperm competition within and between two sister species, we show a signature of reinforcement where these species interact: populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura that co-occur with sister species D. persimilis have an elevated ability to outcompete heterospecific sperm, consistent with selection for increased postcopulatory isolation. We also find these D. pseudoobscura populations have decreased sperm competitive ability against conspecifics, reducing the opportunity for sexual selection within these populations. Our findings demonstrate that direct selection to increase reproductive isolation against other species can compromise the efficacy of sexual selection within species, a collateral effect of reproductive traits responding to heterospecific interactions.

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Rowe, Melissah, Tomáš Albrecht, Emily R. A. Cramer, Arild Johnsen, Terje Laskemoen, Jason T. Weir, and Jan T. Lifjeld. "Postcopulatory sexual selection is associated with accelerated evolution of sperm morphology." Evolution 69, no. 4 (March 21, 2015): 1044–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evo.12620.

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Wigby, Stuart, Nora C. Brown, Sarah E. Allen, Snigdha Misra, Jessica L. Sitnik, Irem Sepil, Andrew G. Clark, and Mariana F. Wolfner. "The Drosophila seminal proteome and its role in postcopulatory sexual selection." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1813 (October 19, 2020): 20200072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0072.

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Postcopulatory sexual selection (PCSS), comprised of sperm competition and cryptic female choice, has emerged as a widespread evolutionary force among polyandrous animals. There is abundant evidence that PCSS can shape the evolution of sperm. However, sperm are not the whole story: they are accompanied by seminal fluid substances that play many roles, including influencing PCSS. Foremost among seminal fluid models is Drosophila melanogaster , which displays ubiquitous polyandry, and exhibits intraspecific variation in a number of seminal fluid proteins (Sfps) that appear to modulate paternity share. Here, we first consolidate current information on the identities of D. melanogaster Sfps. Comparing between D. melanogaster and human seminal proteomes, we find evidence of similarities between many protein classes and individual proteins, including some D. melanogaster Sfp genes linked to PCSS, suggesting evolutionary conservation of broad-scale functions. We then review experimental evidence for the functions of D. melanogaster Sfps in PCSS and sexual conflict. We identify gaps in our current knowledge and areas for future research, including an enhanced identification of PCSS-related Sfps, their interactions with rival sperm and with females, the role of qualitative changes in Sfps and mechanisms of ejaculate tailoring. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Fifty years of sperm competition’.

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Calhim, Sara, Simone Immler, and Tim R. Birkhead. "Postcopulatory Sexual Selection Is Associated with Reduced Variation in Sperm Morphology." PLoS ONE 2, no. 5 (May 2, 2007): e413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000413.

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Otronen, Merja. "Male asymmetry and postcopulatory sexual selection in the fly Dryomyza anilis." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 42, no. 3 (March 23, 1998): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650050430.

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HALL, MATTHEW D., LUC F. BUSSIÈRE, MARCO DEMONT, PAUL I. WARD, and ROBERT C. BROOKS. "Competitive PCR reveals the complexity of postcopulatory sexual selection inTeleogryllus commodus." Molecular Ecology 19, no. 3 (February 2010): 610–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04496.x.

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Immler, Simone, Sara Calhim, and Tim R. Birkhead. "INCREASED POSTCOPULATORY SEXUAL SELECTION REDUCES THE INTRAMALE VARIATION IN SPERM DESIGN." Evolution 62, no. 6 (June 2008): 1538–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00393.x.

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Uhía, Edith, and Adolfo Cordero Rivera. "Male damselflies detect female mating status: importance for postcopulatory sexual selection." Animal Behaviour 69, no. 4 (April 2005): 797–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.08.005.

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Gasparini, Clelia, and Jonathan P. Evans. "Female control over multiple matings increases the opportunity for postcopulatory sexual selection." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1888 (October 3, 2018): 20181505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1505.

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It is widely acknowledged that in most species sexual selection continues after mating. Although it is generally accepted that females play an important role in generating paternity biases (i.e. cryptic female choice, CFC), we lack a quantitative understanding of the relative importance of female-controlled processes in influencing variance in male reproductive fitness. Here, we address this question experimentally using the guppy Poecilia reticulata , a polyandrous fish in which pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection jointly determine male reproductive fitness. We used a paired design to quantify patterns of paternity for pairs of rival males across two mating contexts, one in which the female retained full control over double (natural) matings and one where sperm from the same two males were artificially inseminated into the female. We then compared the relative paternity share for a given pair of males across both contexts, enabling us to test the key prediction that patterns of paternity will depend on the extent to which females retain behavioural control over matings. As predicted, we found stronger paternity biases when females retained full control over mating compared with when artificial insemination (AI) was used. Concomitantly, we show that the opportunity for postcopulatory sexual selection (standardized variance in male reproductive success) was greater when females retained control over double matings compared with when AI was used. Finally, we show that the paternity success of individual males exhibited higher repeatability across successive brood cycles when females retained behavioural control of matings compared with when AI was used. Collectively, these findings underscore the critical role that females play in determining the outcome of sexual selection and to our knowledge provide the first experimental evidence that behaviourally moderated components of CFC increase the opportunity for sexual selection.

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Civetta, A., and R. S. Singh. "Broad-sense sexual selection, sex gene pool evolution, and speciation." Genome 42, no. 6 (December 1, 1999): 1033–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g99-086.

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Studies of sexual selection have traditionally focused on explaining the extreme sexual dimorphism in male secondary sexual traits and elaborate mating behaviors displayed by males during courtship. In recent years, two aspects of sexual selection have received considerable attention in the literature: an extension of the sexual selection concept to other traits (i.e., postcopulatory behaviors, external and internal genital morphology, gametes, molecules), and alternative mechanistic explanations of the sexual selection process (i.e., coevolutionary runaway, good-genes, sexual conflicts). This article focuses on the need for an extension of sexual selection as a mechanism of change for courtship and (or) mating male characters (i.e., narrow-sense sexual selection) to all components of sexuality not necessarily related to courtship or mating (i.e., broad-sense sexual selection). We bring together evidence from a wide variety of organisms to show that sex-related genes evolve at a fast rate, and discuss the potential role of broad-sense sexual selection as an alternative to models that limit speciation to strict demographic conditions or treat it simply as an epiphenomenon of adaptive evolution.Key words: sexual selection, sex-related genes, speciation.

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Moore, Patricia J., W. Edwin Harris, V. Tamara Montrose, Daniel Levin, and Allen J. Moore. "CONSTRAINTS ON EVOLUTION AND POSTCOPULATORY SEXUAL SELECTION: TRADE-OFFS AMONG EJACULATE CHARACTERISTICS." Evolution 58, no. 8 (2004): 1773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1554/04-116.

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Simmons, L. W., and M. Beveridge. "The strength of postcopulatory sexual selection within natural populations of field crickets." Behavioral Ecology 21, no. 6 (August 26, 2010): 1179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arq132.

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Moore, Patricia J., W. Edwin Harris, V. Tamara Montrose, Daniel Levin, and Allen J. Moore. "CONSTRAINTS ON EVOLUTION AND POSTCOPULATORY SEXUAL SELECTION: TRADE-OFFS AMONG EJACULATE CHARACTERISTICS." Evolution 58, no. 8 (August 2004): 1773–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb00460.x.

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LaMunyon, C. W., O. Bouban, and A. D. Cutter. "Postcopulatory Sexual Selection Reduces Genetic Diversity in Experimental Populations of Caenorhabditis elegans." Journal of Heredity 98, no. 1 (December 7, 2006): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esl052.

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Naretto, Sergio, Cecilia S. Blengini, Gabriela Cardozo, and Margarita Chiaraviglio. "Pre- and Postcopulatory Traits ofSalvatorMale Lizards in Allopatry and Sympatry." Scientifica 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8176267.

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The reproductive traits of males are under influence of sexual pressures before and after copulation. The strength of sexual selection varies across populations because they undergo varying competition for mating opportunities. Besides intraspecific pressures, individuals seem to be subjected to pressures driven by interspecific interactions in sympatry. Lizards may vary their reproductive strategies through varying sexual characters, body size, gonadal investment, and sperm traits. We evaluated the reproductive traits, involved in pre- and postcopulatory competition, in allopatric and sympatric populations ofSalvatorlizards. We observed a spatial gradient of male competition among populations, with the following order: allopatric zone ofS. rufescens; sympatric zone; and allopatric zone ofS. merianae. Accordingly, variation in secondary sexual character, the relative testis mass, and the length of sperm component was observed between allopatry and sympatry in each species, suggesting differences in the investment of reproductive traits. However, we found that these twoSalvatorspecies did not differ in secondary sexual characters in sympatry. Interestingly, the trade-off between testes and muscle varied differently from allopatry to sympatry between theseSalvatorspecies, suggesting that the influence of social context on reproductive traits investment would affect lizard species differently.

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McDonald, Grant C., and Tommaso Pizzari. "Structure of sexual networks determines the operation of sexual selection." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 1 (December 18, 2017): E53—E61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710450115.

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Sexual selection is a fundamental evolutionary process but remains debated, particularly in the complexity of polyandrous populations where females mate with multiple males. This lack of resolution is partly because studies have largely ignored the structure of the sexual network, that is, the pattern of mate sharing. Here, we quantify what we call mating assortment with network analysis to specify explicitly the indirect as well as direct relationships between partners. We first review empirical studies, showing that mating assortment varies considerably in nature, due largely to basic properties of the sexual network (size and density) and partly to nonrandom patterns of mate sharing. We then use simulations to show how variation in mating assortment interacts with population-level polyandry to determine the strength of sexual selection on males. Controlling for average polyandry, positive mating assortment, arising when more polygynous males tend to mate with more polyandrous females, drastically decreases the intensity of precopulatory sexual selection on male mating success (Bateman gradient) and the covariance between male mating success and postcopulatory paternity share. Average polyandry independently weakened some measures of sexual selection and crucially also impacted sexual selection indirectly by constraining mating assortment through the saturation of the mating network. Mating assortment therefore represents a key—albeit overlooked—modulator of the strength of sexual selection. Our results show that jointly considering sexual network structure and average polyandry more precisely describes the strength of sexual selection.

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Manno, T. G., A. P. Nesterova, L. M. DeBarbieri, and F. S. Dobson. "Why do female Columbian ground squirrels (Spermophilus columbianus) give an estrus call?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, no. 8 (August 2008): 900–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-066.

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Female Columbian ground squirrels ( Spermophilus columbianus (Ord, 1815)) sometimes emit a repetitive vocalization after copulation. We examined two possible explanations for why sexual selection would favor expression of these “estrus calls”: to encourage sperm competition through mating with additional males and to increase mate guarding by the consort male as a mechanism of postcopulatory female mate choice. During three annual mating periods, we observed mating behaviour, estrus calls, and postcopulatory behavioural interactions of free-ranging individuals. Predictions of the advertisement hypothesis were supported, as females typically solicited courtship interactions with nonconsort males directly after emitting an estrus call. Thus, females that emitted an estrus call were more likely to acquire additional matings than noncalling females, particularly if calls were emitted after the female’s first mating. These results were not consistent with predictions of the postcopulatory female mate choice hypothesis, as calling females should initiate social contact with the consort male and stay proximate to the copulatory site after copulation if they are encouraging mate guarding. For reasons that remain unclear, the probability that an estrus call would follow mating increased linearly with the age of the consort male. However, our results taken together suggest that estrus advertisement is the most likely social context of female postcopulatory calling.

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Kamimura, Yoshitaka. "Pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection and the evolution of sexually dimorphic traits in earwigs (Dermaptera)." Entomological Science 17, no. 2 (October 10, 2013): 139–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ens.12058.

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Devigili, Alessandro, Andrea Di Nisio, Alessandro Grapputo, and Andrea Pilastro. "Directional postcopulatory sexual selection is associated with female sperm storage in Trinidadian guppies." Evolution 70, no. 8 (July 19, 2016): 1829–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evo.12989.

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Brassey, Charlotte A., Julia Behnsen, and James D. Gardiner. "Postcopulatory sexual selection and the evolution of shape complexity in the carnivoran baculum." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1936 (October 14, 2020): 20201883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1883.

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The baculum is an enigmatic bone within the mammalian glans penis, and the driving forces behind its often bizarre shape have captivated evolutionary biologists for over a century. Hypotheses for the function of the baculum include aiding in intromission, stimulating females and assisting with prolonged mating. Previous attempts to test these hypotheses have focused on the gross size of the baculum and have failed to reach a consensus. We conducted three-dimensional imaging and apply a new method to quantify three-dimensional shape complexity in the carnivoran baculum. We show that socially monogamous species are evolving towards complex-shaped bacula, whereas group-living species are evolving towards simple bacula. Overall three-dimensional baculum shape complexity is not related to relative testes mass, but tip complexity is higher in induced ovulators and species engaging in prolonged copulation. Our study provides evidence of postcopulatory sexual selection pressures driving three-dimensional shape complexity in the carnivore baculum.

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Suzaki, Yû, Satoko Kodera, Haruhi Fujiwara, Rikiya Sasaki, Kensuke Okada, and Masako Katsuki. "Temperature variations affect postcopulatory but not precopulatory sexual selection in the cigarette beetle." Animal Behaviour 144 (October 2018): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.08.010.

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Kahrl, Ariel F., Christian L. Cox, and Robert M. Cox. "Correlated evolution between targets of pre‐ and postcopulatory sexual selection across squamate reptiles." Ecology and Evolution 6, no. 18 (August 18, 2016): 6452–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2344.

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Stockley, Paula, Catarina Franco, Amy J. Claydon, Amanda Davidson, Dean E. Hammond, Philip J. Brownridge, Jane L. Hurst, and Robert J. Beynon. "Revealing mechanisms of mating plug function under sexual selection." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 44 (October 19, 2020): 27465–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920526117.

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Mating plugs are produced by many sexually reproducing animals and are hypothesized to promote male fertilization success under promiscuous mating. However, tests of this hypothesis have been constrained by an inability to discriminate ejaculates of different males in direct competition. Here, we use stable isotope labeling in vivo and proteomics to achieve this in a promiscuous rodent,Myodes glareolus. We show that, although the first male’s plug is usually dislodged, it can be retained throughout the second male’s copulation. Retained plugs did not completely block rival sperm but did significantly limit their numbers. Differences in the number of each male’s sperm progressing through the female reproductive tract were also explained by natural variation in the size of mating plugs and reproductive accessory glands from which major plug proteins originate. Relative sperm numbers in turn predicted the relative fertilization success of rival males. Our application of stable isotopes to label ejaculates resolves a longstanding debate by revealing how rodent mating plugs promote fertilization success under competitive conditions. This approach opens new opportunities to reveal cryptic mechanisms of postcopulatory sexual selection among diverse animal taxa.

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Parker, Geoff A. "How Soon Hath Time… A History of Two “Seminal” Publications." Cells 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10020287.

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This review documents the history of the two papers written half a century ago that relate to this special issue of Cells. The first, “Sperm competition and its evolutionary consequences in the insects” (Biological Reviews, 1970), stressed that sexual selection continues after ejaculation, resulting in many adaptations (e.g., postcopulatory guarding phases, copulatory plugs, seminal fluid components that modify female reproduction, and optimal ejaculation strategies), an aspect not considered by Darwin in his classic treatise of 1871. Sperm competition has subsequently been studied in many taxa, and post-copulatory sexual selection is now considered an important sequel to Darwinian pre-copulatory sexual selection. The second, “The origin and evolution of gamete dimorphism and the male-female phenomenon” (Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1972) showed how selection, based on gamete competition between individuals, can give rise to anisogamy in an isogamous broadcast spawning ancestor. This theory, which has subsequently been developed in various ways, is argued to form the most powerful explanation of why there are two sexes in most multicellular organisms. Together, the two papers have influenced our general understanding of the evolutionary differentiation of the two forms of gametic cells, and the divergence of sexual strategies between males and females under sexual selection.

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Órfão, Inês, Alfredo F. Ojanguren, Miguel Barbosa, Luís Vicente, Susana A. M. Varela, and Anne E. Magurran. "How pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection influence male mating decisions in a promiscuous species." Animal Behaviour 136 (February 2018): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.12.013.

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Taylor, Phillip W., and Boaz Yuval. "Postcopulatory sexual selection in Mediterranean fruit flies: advantages for large and protein-fed males." Animal Behaviour 58, no. 2 (August 1999): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1999.1137.

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Ladurner, Peter, Christof Seifarth, Lukas Schärer, Willi Salvenmoser, and Johanna Zaubzer. "Tracking sperm of a donor in a recipient: an immunocytochemical approach." Animal Biology 57, no. 2 (2007): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157075607780377992.

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AbstractIn order to study the mechanisms of sperm competition and cryptic female choice we require an understanding of the patterns of sperm storage, sperm removal and sperm digestion. Current studies infer these patterns mainly from paternity data, which only reveal the ultimate outcomes of the interactions between male and female reproductive processes. However, only with a mechanistic understanding of the fate of received sperm, and the involved patterns of postcopulatory sexual selection, can we understand the evolution of male and female reproductive morphology and physiology. The currently available approaches for tracking donor sperm in a recipient are either very time consuming, spatially imprecise or limited to model organisms for which considerable genetic knowledge and molecular know-how is available. Using the free-living flatworm Macrostomum lignano we here present a novel sperm tracking approach that uses DNA-labelling with a halogenated pyrimidine and localisation of the label using immunocytochemistry. We first outline modifications to established protocols to allow visualisation of gametic cells, in addition to somatic cells, determine the duration and patterns of spermatogenesis, and then show that labelled sperm from labelled donors can be observed in unlabelled recipients. We further show that labelled worms have a mating behaviour that is comparable to that of unlabelled worms except in one parameter. We suggest ways in which this approach can be optimised, and that it should be readily transferable to other taxa. We conclude that this approach will be a valuable tool to study postcopulatory sexual selection.

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Zajitschek, Felix, Susanne Zajitschek, and Mollie Manier. "High-protein paternal diet confers an advantage to sons in sperm competition." Biology Letters 13, no. 2 (February 2017): 20160914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0914.

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Parental environment can widely influence offspring phenotype, but paternal effects in the absence of parental care remain poorly understood. We asked if protein content in the larval diet of fathers affected paternity success and gene expression in their sons. We found that males reared on high-protein diet had sons that fared better during sperm competition, suggesting that postcopulatory sexual selection is subject to transgenerational paternal effects. Moreover, immune response genes were downregulated in sons of low-protein fathers, while genes involved in metabolic and reproductive processes were upregulated.

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LaDue, Chase A., Bruce A. Schulte, Wendy K. Kiso, and Elizabeth W. Freeman. "Musth and sexual selection in elephants: a review of signalling properties and potential fitness consequences." Behaviour 159, no. 3-4 (September 17, 2021): 207–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-bja10120.

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Abstract Sexual selection mediated by multimodal signals is common among polygynous species, including seasonally breeding mammals. Indirect benefit models provide plausible explanations for how and why mate selection can occur in the absence of direct benefits. Musth — an asynchronous reproductive state in male elephants — facilitates both inter- and intrasexual selection via indirect benefits, and it is further communicated through a multimodal signal. In this review, we synthesise existing evidence that supports the hypothesis that musth is a multimodal signal subject to sexual selection and that male elephants increase their direct fitness by propagating this signal while females accrue indirect benefits. Musth is characterised by a suite of physiological and behavioural changes, serving to facilitate copulation between the sexes, and via multisensory modalities musth conveys honest information about the condition of a male. Female elephants mate preferentially with musth males, increasing their own fitness in the absence of direct benefits. In addition, musth resolves dynamic dominance hierarchies among male elephants and often eliminates the need for costly physical combat. Future work in this field should investigate potential postcopulatory selection mechanisms in elephants, including sperm competition and cryptic female choice. These topics join other fundamental questions related to sexual selection, signalling, and indirect benefits that are still unanswered in elephants.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Postcopulatory sexual selection'

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