Journal articles on the topic 'Postal service Victoria History'
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Fava-Verde, Jean-François. "Victorian telegrams: the early development of the telegraphic despatch and its interplay with the letter post." Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science 72, no. 3 (January 24, 2018): 275–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0031.
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The paper examines the early development of the Victorian inland telegraph, and more precisely the telegraphic despatches, or telegrams, as they became widely known. The first telegram service in Britain was launched by the Electric Telegraph Company two decades before nationalization of the telegraphs in 1870. It is argued that this service was not as innovative as the electric telegraph technology that underpinned it. Attention is drawn to the parallels between the telegram and mail services. To this end, the evolution of postal communication is first explored, with a focus on the nineteenth century, when innovations such as mail-trains and prepayment by stamp considerably accelerated the mail and increased the volume of letters from 67 million in 1839 to a staggering 741 million in 1865. It was in this context that the telegram service was introduced to the public. The operating model adopted by the Electric Telegraph Company to deliver this service is deconstructed to show the similarities with the mail service and to demonstrate that a telegram was not always faster than letter post.
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Linnarsson, Magnus. "Postal Service on a Lease Contract: the privatization and outsourcing of the Swedish postal service, 1662–1668." Scandinavian Journal of History 37, no. 3 (July 2012): 296–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2012.680811.
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Segal, Zef. "Communication and State Construction: The Postal Service in German States, 1815–1866." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 44, no. 4 (February 2014): 453–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_00610.
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A comparison between five nineteenth-century German states demonstrates the importance of postal systems for nation-building and nationalism. Prior to the formal unification of Germany under Emperor Wilhelm of Prussia in 1871, the various German states evinced scant political, administrative, social, or geographical cohesion until their postal systems created a communications infrastructure that gradually eroded traditional barriers.
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Bladh, Mats. "The Political Economy and the Natural Monopoly of the Postal Service: the Swedish case." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 12, no. 3 (April 2001): 229–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x01001200303.
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The postal service is a neglected business in academic historiography. Today’s postal service confronts two challenges: information technology and deregulation. This study deals mostly with deregulatory issues in a historical perspective. Comparisons between different periods in Swedish postal history in regard to competition, cross-subsidisation and bases for a natural monopoly is presented, and also the long-term development of mail volume. It will be argued that there has been quite different attitudes towards competition; that different forms of cross-subsidisation has existed; that the postal service has been a natural monopoly, but for reasons related to change; that mail composition has been transformed from correspondence to mass mail; and that mail volume has increased despite the rise of new modes of communication.
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Wetherell, Donald G. "Country Post: Rural Postal Service in Canada, 1880–1945." Agricultural History 80, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 140–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-80.1.140.
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Kielbowicz, Richard B. "Origins of the Junk-Mail Controversy: A Media Battle over Advertising and Postal Policy." Journal of Policy History 5, no. 2 (April 1993): 248–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600006734.
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On 30 June 1971, the tradition-bound U.S. Post Office, long steeped in politics, ceased operating as a cabinet-level department. The next day marked the birth of the U.S. Postal Service, a government corporation. This transformation, arguably the most fundamental restructuring of a major federal agency in American history, ended 180 years of congressional postal ratemaking. By ceding ratemaking authority to a commission, Congress hoped to elevate sound pricing principles and scrupulous administrative procedures over the impressionistic claims and political influences that had characterized the legislative process. Yet the 1970 Postal Reorganization Act could not wipe away two centuries of history. Ratemakers—whether legislators before 1971 or administrators thereafter—frequently found themselves confronted with mailers invoking tradition, history, and social values to bolster their arguments. Nowhere was this more apparent than in the struggle to find junk mail's proper place in postal policy.
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Shelton, Jon. "Undelivered: From the Great Postal Strike of 1970 to the Manufactured Crisis of the U.S. Postal Service." Labor 18, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 150–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-9361639.
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Ploeckl, Florian. "Uniform Service, Uniform Productivity? Regional Efficiency of the Imperial German Postal, Telegraph, and Telephone Service." Australian Economic History Review 56, no. 2 (June 20, 2016): 221–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aehr.12099.
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Becker, Bert. "The German Colony of Kiaochow and Its Postal Steamer Service, 1898–1914." International Journal of Maritime History 21, no. 1 (June 2009): 201–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387140902100110.
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Ballendorf, Dirk Anthony, and James Sinclair. "Uniting a Nation: The Postal and Telecommunications Service of Papua New Guinea." American Historical Review 90, no. 3 (June 1985): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1861094.
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Chia, A. C. L., M. G. Irwin, P. W. H. Lee, T. H. W. Lee, and S. F. Man. "Comparison of Stress in Anaesthetic Trainees between Hong Kong and Victoria, Australia." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 36, no. 6 (November 2008): 855–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x0803600617.
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A postal survey was sent to anaesthetic trainees in Hong Kong and Victoria, Australia to compare work-related stress levels. Demographic data were collected. Anaesthetist-specific stressors, Maslach Burnout Inventory and Global Job Satisfaction scores were used for psychological testing. The response rates from Hong Kong and Melbourne were 64 of 133 (48.1%) and 108 of 196 (55.1%), respectively. Victorian respondents were older with greater family commitments, but more advanced in fulfilling training requirements. Hong Kong respondents, being faced with both the challenge of dual College requirements, exhibited consistently higher indices of stress (P <0.001) and less job satisfaction (P <0.001). Common occupational stressors related to dealing with critically ill patients and medicolegal concerns. Higher stress scores observed in Hong Kong trainees related to service provision and a perceived lack of resources. Despite the complex nature of stress, its antecedents and manifestations, an inverse relationship between emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction was evident in correlation analysis (P <0.001). This survey suggests that stress was present in some trainees in both areas. Hong Kong trainees may benefit from local development to address mental wellbeing as being important to fulfil this highly competitive training program.
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Howard, Allen M., and P. O. Beale. "The Postal Service of Sierra Leone. Its History, Stamps, and Stationery until 1961." International Journal of African Historical Studies 23, no. 3 (1990): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/219650.
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Wetherell, Donald G. "Book Review: Country Post: Rural Postal Service in Canada, 1880-1945." Agricultural History 80, no. 1 (January 2006): 140–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ah.2006.80.1.140.
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Remijsen, Sofie. "The Postal Service and the Hour as a Unit of Time in Antiquity." Historia 56, no. 2 (2007): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/historia-2007-0011.
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Menger, Andrew, and Robert M. Stein. "Choosing the Less Convenient Way to Vote: An Anomaly in Vote by Mail Elections." Political Research Quarterly 73, no. 1 (December 6, 2019): 196–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912919890009.
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Nearly two-thirds of persons who receive an unsolicited ballot in the mail before Election Day choose to return their ballot in person, rather than through the less costly and more convenient U.S. Postal Service. Why? How and when voters choose to return their mail ballot is consequential to the administration of elections and the confidence voters have in the outcome of elections. We offer and test four explanations for how vote by mail voters choose to return their ballot, including the social rewards of voting, the costs of voting, trust in U.S. Postal Service and a preference to cast a ballot after campaigning ends. We find supporting evidence for each explanation conditioned by prior history of voting.
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FITZPATRICK, CLAIRE. "The First Step to a Nation? The Irish Postal Service and the Home Rule Crisis." History 104, no. 360 (February 28, 2019): 228–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-229x.12736.
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TSAI, WEIPIN. "The Qing Empire's Last Flowering: The expansion of China's Post Office at the turn of the twentieth century." Modern Asian Studies 49, no. 3 (March 6, 2015): 895–930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x15000013.
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AbstractThe Great Qing Imperial Post Office was set up in 1896, soon after the First Sino-Japanese War. It provided the first national postal service for the general public in the whole of Chinese history, and was a symbol of China's increasing engagement with the rest of the globe. Much of the preparation for the launch was carried out by the high-ranking foreign staff of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service, an influential institution established after the first Opium War.With a mission to promote modernization and project Qing power, the Imperial Post Office was established with a centrally controlled set of unified methods and procedures, and its success was rooted in integration with the new railway network, a strategy at the heart of its ambitious plans for expansion. This article explores the history of this postal expansion through railways, the use of which allowed its creators to plan networks in an integrated way—from urban centres on the coasts and great rivers through to China's interior.
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Williams, Hugh, Doug Handyside, Kirsty Bashford, and Adenekan Oyefeso. "Service response to benzodiazepine use in opiate addicts: a national postal survey." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 22, no. 1 (March 2005): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700008739.
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AbstractObjectives: The study reports on benzodiazepine use among opiate dependent patients attending National Health Service community prescribing services and examines current practice in the clinical management of benzodiazepine dependence.Method: A postal questionnaire survey of 174 NHS substance misuse services in England and Wales.Results: A 71% response rate was achieved. Services estimated the prevalence of benzodiazepine use to be 40% and the prevalence of benzodiazepine dependence to be less than 25% among opiate dependent patients in treatment. Illicit supplies (street) and general practitioners were regarded as the most common source of benzodiazepines. The most commonly reported reasons for benzodiazepine use were for the direct intoxicating effects and for the treatment of anxiety/insomnia. The majority of services (93,75%) reported prescribing benzodiazepines to patients for benzodiazepine detoxification while 43 (35%) reported prescribing for benzodiazepine maintenance treatment. The variations in benzodiazepine prescribing practices across services are described.Conclusions: Benzodiazepine use remains common among opiate addicts in contact with treatment services. The majority of services surveyed reported prescribing benzodiazepines but there was much variation in clinical practice nationally. There is need for further research to identify effective treatment approaches for comorbid benzodiazepine dependence in opiate misusers.
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Koloch, Grzegorz, Michał Lewandowski, Marcin Zientara, Grzegorz Grodecki, Piotr Matuszak, Igor Kantorski, and Adam Nowacki. "A genetic algorithm for vehicle routing in logistic networks with practical constraints." Przegląd Statystyczny 68, no. 3 (December 30, 2021): 16–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.5584.
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We optimise a postal delivery problem with time and capacity constraints imposed on vehicles and nodes of the logistic network. Time constraints relate to the duration of routes, whereas capacity constraints concern technical characteristics of vehicles and postal operation outlets. We consider a method which can be applied to a brownfield scenario, in which capacities of outlets can be relaxed and prospective hubs identified. As a solution, we apply a genetic algorithm and test its properties both in small case studies and in a simulated problem instance of a larger (i.e. comparable with real-world instances) size. We show that the genetic operators we employ are capable of switching between solutions based on direct origin-to-destination routes and solutions based on transfer connections, depending on what is more beneficial in a given problem instance. Moreover, the algorithm correctly identifies cases in which volumes should be shipped directly, and those in which it is optimal to use transfer connections within a single problem instance, if an instance in question requires such a selection for optimality. The algorithm is thus suitable for determining hubs and satellite locations. All considerations presented in this paper are motivated by real-life problem instances experienced by the Polish Post, the largest postal service provider in Poland, in its daily plans of delivering postal packages, letters and pallets.
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Strekalova, Natalya V., and Sergey V. Shcherbakov. "Employees of communications institutions of the Tambov Governorate in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries: number, staff, professional mobility." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 188 (2020): 164–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2020-25-188-164-175.
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The role and importance of information and communication infrastructure in the modern world is growing, which increases the relevance of studying the history of the formation and development of postal, telegraph and telephone communications in Russia, primarily regional features of the social component of this process. Based on interdisciplinary approaches, involving a wide range of historical sources, the work explores the problems of the postal, telegraph and telephone service in the Tambov Governorate in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The issues of the number and staff of employees in communication institutions (post office, telegraph, telephone) of the Tambov Governorate are studied. We reveal the peculiarities and problems of the development of institutions staff of the postal and telegraph department. The problems of professional mobility of postal and telegraph employees are analyzed; the requirements for them, their official duties are described. In the second half of the 19th – early 20th century in the social and economic life of the Russian province, the information and communication component began to play a prominent role, which was reflected in the increase in the number of communica-tion institutions in the Tambov Governorate and employees in them. There were acute issues of human resourcing, first of all, qualified specialists. At the beginning of the 20th century the pro-portion of women who served in the institutions of the postal and telegraph department of the go-vernorate increased.
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Fyfe, Christopher. "The Postal Service of Sierra Leone. By P. O. Beale. London: Royal Philatelic Society, 1988. Pp. 260. £24." Journal of African History 31, no. 2 (July 1990): 337–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185370002524x.
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TSAI, WEIPIN. "Breaking the Ice: The establishment of overland winter postal routes in the late Qing China." Modern Asian Studies 47, no. 6 (July 22, 2013): 1749–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x13000012.
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AbstractThis paper looks at the establishment of experimental winter overland postal routes in the late 1870s and 1880s, which eventually led to the creation of the Great Qing Imperial Post Office in 1896. The history of this experiment sheds much light on important issues in the establishment of what was to become the country's most crucial information-bearing network, in particular those related to collaboration and negotiation between foreign and Chinese officials, and those between local interests and the central authorities. It also explores how foreign processes and management had to be adapted in order to function in a Chinese context.In March 1878, Robert Hart, inspector general of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service, instructed Gustav Detring, commissioner of Tianjin Port, to investigate the possibility of introducing overland public postal routes in China, beginning with Beijing to Tianijn, Niuzhuang, Yantai, and then to Zhenjiang, a treaty port on the lower Yangtze River.The three main challenges involved were: to establish a reliable workforce, to design appropriate routes, and to win the cooperation of local governing officials. Although the winter service was initiated on time, problems repeatedly arose from each one of these challenges.
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Laborie, Léonard. "Global commerce in small boxes: parcel post, 1878–1913." Journal of Global History 10, no. 2 (June 19, 2015): 235–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022815000054.
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AbstractEven if the high-tech and ‘revolutionary’ electric telegraph has become a favourite topic for communication historians dealing with global history, it cannot alone epitomize the first modern age of globalization. The postal network, and parcel post in particular, was also a key agent of globalization. In 1880, several Universal Postal Union member states signed a convention for the exchange of parcel post, opening a new channel in the world of commerce. By the end of the nineteenth century, millions of packets poured into post offices and railway stations, crossed countries, and created all sorts of transnational connections, from family to business to humanitarian relations. Behind the ordinary, seemingly low-tech small boxes lay a sophisticated service that emerged from transnational dynamics, challenged both national and international commercial circuits, and produced more complex control of economic borders.
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Izzat Sultanovich, Yusupov. "The first stages of formation communication means in Khorezm." International Journal on Integrated Education 2, no. 5 (October 31, 2019): 98–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i5.147.
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In this article, there was highlighted the appearance and formation of communication service in human history, especially, in Khorezm the history of development of communication system dates back to early ancient. Appearance, formation and development processes of it in Khorezm oasis covers several thousand years. In the early periods, the population of the oasis had to use various ways to satisfy their requirements of communicating and relating with each other.
It is necessary to emphasize that the geographical location of the oasis also was of great importance in the appearance and peculiar development of communication service in ancient times, together with the ancient history of communications with nomadic tribes in indoor and outdoor territories and states. Because the needs of rulers for the information about the situation in dependent territories always increased after the formation of slave-owning society.
The beginning of paying attention to the development of controlling the system of sending and receiving messages and organizing special systems is a process continuously connected with the emergence of writings and there appeared opportunities of sending messages and information in written form because of letters.
One of the ancient communication objects, postal service was an object of sending decrees and messages and it was organized in the oasis as state system in the 5th and 4th centuries B.C.. As a result there was organized postal service along caravan roads. There was left information that news bearers and ambassadors of kings were provided with food and fast-running horses in special stops on the ways and they had their peculiar costume and order (payza) approving their profession and position.
Those stops were the reason for the rise of communication to a new stage together with serving as a place where tar couriers rest and change their horses.
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Bismark, Marie M., Simon J. Walter, and David M. Studdert. "The role of boards in clinical governance: activities and attitudes among members of public health service boards in Victoria." Australian Health Review 37, no. 5 (2013): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah13125.
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Objectives To determine the nature and extent of governance activities by health service boards in relation to quality and safety of care and to gauge the expertise and perspectives of board members in this area. Methods This study used an online and postal survey of the Board Chair, Quality Committee Chair and two randomly selected members from the boards of all 85 health services in Victoria. Seventy percent (233/332) of members surveyed responded and 96% (82/85) of boards had at least one member respond. Results Most boards had quality performance as a standing item on meeting agendas (79%) and reviewed data on medication errors and hospital-acquired infections at least quarterly (77%). Fewer boards benchmarked their service’s quality performance against external comparators (50%) or offered board members formal training on quality (53%). Eighty-two percent of board members identified quality as a top priority for board oversight, yet members generally considered their boards to be a relatively minor force in shaping the quality of care. There was a positive correlation between the size of health services (total budget, inpatient separations) and their board’s level of engagement in quality-related activities. Ninety percent of board members indicated that additional training in quality and safety would be ‘moderately useful’ or ‘very useful’. Almost every respondent believed the overall quality of care their service delivered was as good as, or better than, the typical Victorian health service. Conclusions Collectively, health service boards are engaged in an impressive range of clinical governance activities. However, the extent of engagement is uneven across boards, certain knowledge deficits are evident and there was wide agreement among board members that further training in quality-related issues would be useful. What is known about the topic? There is an emerging international consensus that effective board leadership is a vital element of high-quality healthcare. In Australia, new National Health Standards require all public health service boards to have a ‘system of governance that actively manages patient safety and quality risks’. What does this paper add? Our survey of all public health service Boards in Victoria found that, overall, boards are engaged in an impressive range of clinical governance activities. However, tensions are evident. First, whereas some boards are strongly engaged in clinical governance, others report relatively little activity. Second, despite 8 in 10 members rating quality as a top board priority, few members regarded boards as influential players in determining it. Third, although members regarded their boards as having strong expertise in quality, there were signs of knowledge limitations, including: near consensus that (additional) training would be useful; unfamiliarity with key national quality documents; and overly optimistic beliefs about quality performance. What are the implications for practitioners? There is scope to improve board expertise in clinical governance through tailored training programs. Better board reporting would help to address the concern of some board members that they are drowning in data yet thirsty for meaningful information. Finally, standardised frameworks for benchmarking internal quality data against external measures would help boards to assess the performance of their own health service and identify opportunities for improvement.
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Smith, Helmut Walser. "Nation und Religion. Integrationsprozesse im Bismarckreich. By Siegfried Weichlein. Beiträge zur Geschichte des Parlamentarismus und der politischen Parteien, vol. 93. Düsseldorf: Droste Verlag. 2004. Pp. 448. €58.00. ISBN 3-7700-5255-2." Central European History 39, no. 2 (May 19, 2006): 309–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906240123.
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In 1953, Karl W. Deutsch published one of the most powerful works in the history of the study of nations and nationalism. The book was entitled Nationalism and Social Communication, and it hypothesized that a nation was not the expression of the essence of a people, as nationalists had argued, but of networks of communication. These networks ran along the rails and with the postal service, and were the “steel sinews,” as Bismarck once maintained, of a community that shared and exchanged a common culture. The cultural turn in the study of nationalism, most prominently represented by Benedict Anderson's Imagined Communities, did not so much refute Deutsch as shift the analytical terrain from an analysis of the infrastructure of commonality to an interpretation of the style in which nations were imagined. Many of Deutsch's insights remained the unspoken assumptions of the historiography of nations.
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Richardson, Alan J. "Organizational Founding, Strategic Renewal, and the Role of Accounting: Management Accounting Concepts in the Formation of the “Penny Post”." Journal of Management Accounting Research 20, s1 (January 1, 2008): 107–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar.2008.20.s-1.107.
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ABSTRACT: Organizational strategies, processes, and procedures may become institutionalized during the early history of an organization, leading to dysfunctional rigidities when the environment changes. The postal system worldwide is under significant pressure to change its business model, including rescinding the provision of universal service and uniform pricing, as the posts are privatized and opened to competition. Cost accounting has become a key mechanism to achieve reform in the postal system. But is the introduction of a cost-based logic new to the design of post office reforms? Were the core policies of the post office originally developed without reference to cost? This paper analyzes the key document in the creation of the current postal business model: Rowland Hill's (1837) “Post Office Reform: Its Importance and Practicability.” The pamphlet shows a basic understanding of economic concepts including the elasticity of demand and opportunity costs as well as implementing practical accounting techniques that we now call value chain analysis, cost behavior analysis, activity-based costing and activity-based management, and target costing. This paper provides an analysis of Hill's logic from the perspective of current management accounting techniques and terminology. It illustrates the use of management accounting in the reformation of social institutions and provides a rare example of the early decision-making use of management accounting concepts.
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McCulloch, Hannah, Jonathan Syred, Gillian Holdsworth, Chris Howroyd, Elena Ardines, and Paula Baraitser. "Communication Strategies Used to Obtain Clinical Histories Before Remotely Prescribing Antibiotics for Postal Treatment of Uncomplicated Genital Chlamydia: Service Evaluation." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 6 (June 17, 2020): e15970. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/15970.
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Background Web-based services for testing of sexually transmitted infections are widely available across the United Kingdom. Remote prescriptions with medications posted home may support prompt treatment; however, the absence of face-to-face contact with clinicians raises clinical safety issues as medical history may not be accurately provided. Objective This service evaluation aimed to capture the use and explore the safety of 3 remote communication strategies employed within a web-based service offering remote prescriptions of antibiotics, delivered via post, for uncomplicated genital Chlamydia trachomatis. User acceptability and time-from-diagnosis-to-treatment were also obtained. Methods Three iterations of the service were compared, where medical history was collected via SMS text message, telephone, or a secure web form before a prescription was issued. We contacted users after they were issued a prescription and completed the medical history a second time via telephone, asking when they took their medication and how they felt about the service. The primary safety measure was agreement in information supplied at 2 assessments (ie, clinical and evaluation assessment) on key elements of safe prescribing: allergies, current medications, or contraindicating clinical conditions or symptoms. Agreement in information between clinical and evaluation assessment was summarized as a binary variable. Factors associated with the assessment agreement variable were explored using univariate and multivariate analysis. The secondary evaluation measures were recall of and adherence to instructions for taking medication, time-from-diagnosis-to-treatment, and acceptability of the web-based service. Results All web-based service users, resident in the London Boroughs of Lambeth and Southwark with a positive chlamydia diagnosis, who were eligible for and chose postal treatment between February 15, 2017, and October 24, 2017, were invited to participate in this service evaluation. Of 321 eligible users, 62.0% (199) participated. A total of 27.6% (55/199) users completed the clinical assessment via SMS text message, 40.7% (81/199) users via telephone, and 31.7% (63/199) users via a secure web form. Those who were assessed for prescription via SMS text message were less likely to have an agreement in safe prescribing information than those assessed via telephone (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.22, 95% CI 0.08-0.61; P=.004). We found no statistically significant difference in odds of agreement between the web form and telephone assessment (aOR 0.50, 95% CI 0.17-1.43; P=.20). Median time-to-treatment was 4 days (IQR 3-5.5). In addition, 99.0% (196/199) of users reported understanding remote communication, and 89.9% (178/198) would use the service again. Conclusions Postal treatment is an acceptable and rapid treatment option for uncomplicated genital chlamydia. Clinical assessment via SMS text message before remote prescription may not be accurate or sufficient. As health care is delivered via the web, strategies that support safe remote prescribing are increasingly important, as is their evaluation, which should be robust and carefully considered.
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Mearns, Richard, Christophe Gouraud, and Laurent Chevrier. "The identity of Richard of Richard's pipit (Anthus richardi Vieillot, 1818)." Archives of Natural History 42, no. 1 (April 2015): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2015.0281.
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Richard's pipit (Anthus richardi) is an annual vagrant to Europe from its eastern Palaearctic breeding grounds. It was first described in 1818 by Louis Vieillot from specimens obtained in eastern France and named for Richard de Lunéville. Although Richard was then a fairly well known natural history collector his identity became lost to succeeding generations of naturalists. He is identified here as Charles Richard (1745–1835), the director of the postal service at Lunéville. Some of his bird specimens still survive amongst the Baillon Collection at La Châtre but other birds, including the three syntypes of Richard's pipit, have not been traced.
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Foss, Clive. "Egypt under Muʿāwiya Part II: Middle Egypt, Fusṭāṭ and Alexandria." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 72, no. 2 (May 28, 2009): 259–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x09000512.
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AbstractThe first part of this paper discussed a large collection of documents from Upper Egypt illustrative of society and economy in the time of Muʿāwiya. Here, further papyri, of pagarchs of Arsinoe, present supplementary information about grain production, taxation, great estates, the postal service and the role of the church in the local economy. Information about Fusṭāṭ and Alexandria depends on literary sources and archaeology. Fusṭāṭ, which started as a camp, became more organized and controlled under Muʿāwiya's governors when the main shipyard was moved there. Alexandria, despite romantic descriptions, was at least partly ruined. Like Fusṭāṭ, it was the seat of a major garrison. Taken together, the evidence from Egypt shows much administrative continuity from Byzantine times, but with important new taxes and requisitions and a tighter central control. It suggests that Muʿāwiya ran a sophisticated and effective state.
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Kielbowicz, Richard B. "Government Goes into Business: Parcel Post in the Nation's Political Economy, 1880–1915." Studies in American Political Development 8, no. 1 (1994): 150–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x00000109.
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From today's vantage point, the radical potential originally envisioned for parcel post is hard to imagine. One historian facilely characterized postal savings banks (1910) and parcel post (1912) as small incremental advances in the evolution of state action: “From legislation designed to restrain harmful practices in big business, it was but a step for the government to embark in business on its own accord.” Yet parcel post marked a dramatic departure in public-sector initiatives: it put the federal government in the transportation business to compete with well-established private firms. That the United States started parcel post so late – it was the last major industrialized nation to do so – suggests the extent to which the service raised fundamental questions about the proper sphere of state action.
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Ronnau, Peggy, Arthur Papakotsias, and Glen Tobias. ""Not for" sector in community mental health care defines itself and strives for quality." Australian Journal of Primary Health 14, no. 2 (2008): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py08025.
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This paper briefly describes the history and service context of the Psychiatric Disability Rehabilitation and Support sector (PDRSS) in Victoria, and, to a lesser extent, in New South Wales, South Australia and Western Australia. In describing the sector we will call upon the experience of a particular PDRSS - Neami - in operating and developing services, and the challenges it faced in establishing a culture of quality that directly improves consumer outcomes. Elements of this experience may serve as a guide in the development of mental health service policy at state and federal level.
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Urban, Andrew. "Review: Colonialism and Male Domestic Service across the Asia Pacific, by Julia Martínez, Claire Lowrie, Frances Steel and Victoria Haskins." Pacific Historical Review 89, no. 1 (2020): 134–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2020.89.1.134.
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Standfield, Rachel. "Archives of Protection." Pacific Historical Review 87, no. 1 (2018): 54–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2018.87.1.54.
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Aboriginal Protectorates operated in the late 1830s and 1840s in the Port Phillip District of New South Wales (later to become the colony of Victoria) in Australia and New Zealand. This article examines a small selection of the extensive archive of Port Phillip and New Zealand Protectorates to illustrate the ways that language and communication work within colonial projects to support and extend colonial authority. Examining language acquisition by Protectors, it places attitudes to and use of Indigenous languages within the context of colonialism in each site, arguing that Indigenous voices in New Zealand were co-opted, and in Port Phillip were marginalised, in the service of divergent approaches to dispossessing Indigenous peoples from their land. The article also explores glimpses of Māori or Aboriginal experiences of humanitarianism, colonisation, and dispossession captured in this archive.
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Vilkner, Nicole. "Articulating Urban Culture with Coach Horns in the Long Nineteenth Century." Journal of Musicology 39, no. 2 (2022): 225–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jm.2022.39.2.225.
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Postal horns have been associated traditionally with bucolic topics in music. From Mozart to Mahler, the instrument appears in orchestral textures and songs to signify nostalgia for preindustrial rural life. The history of the coach horn, originally the standard postal instrument used on the British Royal Mail fleets, branched unexpectedly away from this paradigm when it was adopted for recreational use by socialites in urban areas in England, France, and other metropolitan hubs during the second half of the nineteenth century. In addition to performing the traditional road signals, driving enthusiasts expanded the musical vocabulary of the coach horn to include elaborate fanfares and stylized ensemble music. Tracing the undocumented recreational history of the coach horn, this article interrogates coach horn manuals, compositions, and essays on coaching that overturn traditional assumptions about the instrument. These sources illustrate how coach horn signals helped reframe driving from a service activity to a healthful sport. Examining the rhetoric surrounding the coach horn during the period of its revival, this study shows how the new signals reflected promenade and salon culture by mimicking polite dialogue. The ensemble repertory written for coach horns also catered to urban popular taste and was cultivated to enhance metropolitan social events. Analysis further illustrates how revivalist fanfares aurally articulated social status in the outdoor urban arena. This case study ultimately traces the cultural evolution of an instrument, a complex process through which old and new musical expectations were negotiated through composition and practice.
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Darragh, Thomas A. "William Blandowski: A frustrated life." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 121, no. 1 (2009): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs09011.
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When Johann Wilhelm Theodor Ludwig von Blandowski (1822-1878), was appointed Government Zoologist on 1 March 1854, Victoria gained a scientist, who had attended Tarnowitz Mining School and science lectures at Berlin University. He had been an assistant manager in part of the Koenigsgrube coal mine at Koenigshütte, but as a consequence of some kind of misdemeanour, resigned from the Prussian Mining Service and joined the Schleswig-Holstein Army in March 1848. After resigning his Lieutenant’s commission and trying unsuccessfully to obtain another appointment in the Prussian Mining Service, he left for Adelaide in May 1849 as a collector of natural history specimens. After some collecting expeditions and earning a living as a surveyor he moved to the Victorian goldfields. He undertook official expeditions in Central Victoria, Mornington Peninsula and Western Port and in December 1856 he was leader of the Murray-Darling Expedition, but control of the Museum passed to Frederick McCoy with Blandowski relegated to the position of Museum Collector. Feted on his return from the Expedition, he fell out with some members of the Royal Society of Victoria over somewhat puerile descriptions of new species of fishes and he also refused to recognise McCoy’s jurisdiction over him. After acrimonious arguments about collections and ownership of drawings made whilst he was a government officer, Blandowski resigned and left for Germany, where he set up as a photographer in Gleiwitz in 1861, but some kind of mental instability saw him committed to the mental asylum at Bunzlau (now Boleslawiec, Poland) in September 1873, where he died on 18 December 1878. Assessments of Blandowki’s scientific and artistic career in Australia have been mixed. The biographical details presented provide the opportunity to judge assessments of Blandowski in Australia against his actions both before and after his arrival there.
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Snyders, Hendrik. "‘Patriotic pigeons’: pigeon politics and military service in war-time South Africa, c.1899 – 1945." African Research & Documentation 122 (2013): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305862x00024201.
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Contrary to P.S Thompson's contention that the Great War in Natal was “chiefly the concern of the British community”, contemporary evidence indicated that this and other conflicts were equally the concern of the ‘animal community’ including that of pigeons. In fact, history abounds with the tales of pigeons fulfilling a critical intelligence role in both local and overseas conflicts, including the Anglo-Boer War, First World War and World War Two. Indeed, in all cases special war measures were promulgated to regulate the keeping, general treatment, utilisation and transport of the birds. The Dickin Medal, also known as the Victoria Cross for Animals and awarded to recognise conspicuous bravery and devotion to duty of animals and birds associated with or under the control of any branch of the Armed Forces or Civil Defence Units under the British Imperial Army, was awarded to 32 pigeons.
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Ismail, Salma. "Imali Nolwazi (“We Need Money and Knowledge”): A rallying cry from the South African Homeless Peoples Federation." Radical Housing Journal 1, no. 1 (April 4, 2019): 151–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54825/ynua5112.
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This article tracks the history of the Victoria Mxenge Housing Project (1994-2013), from its start as a development organisation to its evolution into a social movement, then as a service provider and currently as an independent organisation. I discuss these developments against the political context in which there is rapid urbanisation in a country with a history of violent land dispossession. Post-apartheid, the state has built many houses, provided sanitation and electricity to thousands of poor people but it did not live up to the promises presented in the South African Constitution that was mapped out in 1994. Against this background, the article tells the story of poor, homeless African women in the Victoria Mxenge Project (VM), an affiliate of the South African Homeless People’s Federation linked to International social movements such as Indian Slum dwellers International. The women, through a process of learning, acquired the skills to save, secure land, build more than 5000 houses and become leaders of a housing social movement which later became a service provider to the state. It describes the choices they faced in an ever-changing social movement caught up in a struggle to mobilise for land and housing. This story further explores the creative and critical role that radical adult education played in a development context. It illustrates how South African poor citizens learned through social activism and community development. It explores the current context in which the housing movement has become fractured and more radical organisations enter the struggle, Finally, it discusses the different and more complex interactions between social movements, NGOs and the state and how knowledge is produced in informal sites which can lead to social transformation.
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Gibbs, Jo, Catherine R. H. Aicken, Lorna J. Sutcliffe, Voula Gkatzidou, Laura J. Tickle, Kate Hone, S. Tariq Sadiq, Pam Sonnenberg, and Claudia S. Estcourt. "Mixed-methods evaluation of a novel online STI results service." Sexually Transmitted Infections 94, no. 8 (January 11, 2018): 622–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053318.
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ObjectivesEvidence on optimal methods for providing STI test results is lacking. We evaluated an online results service, developed as part of an eSexual Health Clinic (eSHC).MethodsWe evaluated the online results service using a mixed-methods approach within large exploratory studies of the eSHC. Participants were chlamydia- positive and negative users of online postal self-sampling services in six National Chlamydia Screening Programme (NCSP) areas and chlamydia-positive patients from two genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics between 21 July 2014 and 13 March 2015. Participants received a discreetly worded National Health Service ’NHS no-reply’ text message (SMS) informing them that their test results were ready and providing a weblink to a secure website. Participants logged in with their date of birth and mobile telephone or clinic number. Chlamydia-positive patients were offered online management. All interactions with the eSHC system were automatically logged and their timing recorded. Post-treatment, a service evaluation survey (n=152) and qualitative interviews (n=36) were conducted by telephone. Chlamydia-negative patients were offered a short online survey (n=274). Data were integrated.Results92% (134/146) of NCSP chlamydia-positive patients, 82% (161/197) of GUM chlamydia-positive patients and 89% (1776/1997) of NCSP chlamydia-negative participants accessed test results within 7 days. 91% of chlamydia-positive patients were happy with the results service; 64% of those who had tested previously found the results service better or much better than previous experiences. 90% of chlamydia-negative survey participants agreed they would be happy to receive results this way in the future. Interviewees described accessing results with ease and appreciated the privacy and control the two-step process gave them.ConclusionA discreet SMS to alert users/patients that results are available, followed by provision of results via a secure website, was highly acceptable, irrespective of test result and testing history. The eSHC results service afforded users privacy and control over when they viewed results without compromising access.
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Turner, J., S. W. Parry, and F. E. Shaw. "7 Stop Falling Before it Starts: Increasing Access to Multifactorial Falls and Fracture Risk Assessment and Intervention for Older People At Risk of Falls or Early in Their Falls Career Via Proactive Case Finding." Age and Ageing 49, Supplement_1 (February 2020): i1—i8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afz183.07.
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Abstract Background Target population: patients from 6 (of 43) Newcastle upon Tyne General Practices, age 65 – 75, mild frailty on electronic frailty index, who had fallen or noticed a balance problem in the previous year. Introduction Usually multifactorial falls and fracture prevention services target frailer older people and intervention begins after a fall or fracture has occurred. There is limited provision of community-based strength and balance exercise. Intervention New service model ‘Stop Falling Before It Starts (SFBIS)’: proactive case finding by postal questionnaire; multifactorial falls and fracture risk assessment by specialist nurse; interventions recommended to General Practitioner (GP); community-based exercise offered to all, predominantly new 15 week ‘Steady On’ strength and balance classes suitable for fitter older people. Methods Data collection: patient characteristics, physical performance (Timed up and Go (TUG), 30 second sit to stand (STS)) before starting and on completion of Steady On classes, service process measures, patient and GP experience. Results 157 patients assessed. 80 (51%) fallen in previous year. 9 (6%) history of syncope / pre-syncope. 18 (11%) orthostatic hypotension. 124 (79%) culprit medications. Recommendations: GP review of history 6 (4%) or medications 13 (8%); referral to secondary care falls service 1 (0.5%); optician assessment 58 (37%); DXA 13 (8%). 131 (83%) referred to Steady On; 119 (91%) attended first class, 61 (51%) completed classes. Mean initial TUG 11 seconds, mean improvement 3 seconds. Mean initial STS 11 repetitions, mean improvement 3 repetitions. Mean patient feedback score 14.6/15 (15 best). GP feedback positive. Conclusions SFBIS was effective in identifying the target population and engaging them in community-based strength and balance exercise classes. Meaningful improvements in physical performance were demonstrated. A smaller number of additional risk factors were identified. There was a high level of satisfaction from patients and GPs. Wider implementation would increase participation in evidence-based community exercise.
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Roseau, Katherine. "Separated Families and Epistolary Assistance." French Historical Studies 44, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 325–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00161071-8806454.
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Abstract This article focuses on clandestine letters between Jews in French internment camps and their loved ones. It offers an examination of these letters, which were hidden in packages or thrown from cattle cars on their way to Auschwitz. These letters are astonishingly abundant today largely thanks to three types of aid: creative self-help, mutual aid among internees, and aid from non-Jewish helpers. At the intersection of three areas of scholarship—the material letter, internment camps, and aid to Jews during the Holocaust—this article explores how internees could write with limited resources, send letters without using the official postal service, and participate in mutual aid inside the camps. The article argues that the internment-camp letter was at once the result of aid and itself an avenue of aid, parallel to the more organized humanitarian organizations. Cet article porte sur la correspondance clandestine entre les Juifs dans les camps d'internement en France et leurs proches. Il présente une analyse de ces lettres que l'on a cachées dans des colis ou que l'on a jetées des wagons à bestiaux destinés à Auschwitz. Une correspondance d'une abondance étonnante existe aujourd'hui en grande partie grâce à trois types d'aide : la débrouillardise individuelle, l'entraide parmi les internés et l'aide des non-Juifs. A la croisée de trois champs de recherche (la matérialité de la lettre, les camps d'internement et l'aide aux Juifs pendant la Shoah), cet article explore comment les internés ont pu écrire avec un matériau limité, envoyer des lettres sans la poste, et s'entraider à l'intérieur des camps. L'article suggère que la lettre du camp d'internement soit à la fois le résultat et l'agent de cette aide, œuvrant en parallèle des organisations humanitaires plus officielles.
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Pregowska, Agnieszka, Karol Masztalerz, Magdalena Garlińska, and Magdalena Osial. "A Worldwide Journey through Distance Education—From the Post Office to Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Realities, and Education during the COVID-19 Pandemic." Education Sciences 11, no. 3 (March 11, 2021): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci11030118.
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Surprisingly, distance education is quite an old concept. Its origins date back to the first correspondence-based course, which took place via the postal service in Boston, USA, in the 18th century. Rapid technological developments, especially in video and audio streaming, have increased the availability of such courses and moved learning into the virtual world. Due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we are witnessing an accelerated revolution in the learning process, as nearly all forms of education have been shifted online. Will this have a destructive effect on the human psyche? Is humanity sufficiently aware and ready for such a dramatic change? Will we return to physical in-classroom studies, or is remote distance education set to become the new norm? In particular, in medicine, computer science, fine arts, or architectural design, such a rapid change in the way students learn can be quite challenging. In this paper, we provide an overview of the history of distance learning, taking into account teachers’ and students’ points of view in both secondary and higher education.
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Fookes, Bram. "Canadian Veteran's Headstones and What They Can Tell Us." General: Brock University Undergraduate Journal of History 7 (April 11, 2022): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/tg.v7i1.3692.
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This paper was an exercise that stepped outside of my comfort zone, as an undergraduate history student, by gathering data in the field before contextualizing it with a healthy dose of library research. This task involved visiting a cemetery, determining a research question and then answering it by gathering data on site before contextualizing the findings with existing sources. The synthesis of gathering one’s own data and supporting it with a more traditional exploration of secondary research before expressing unique findings was an exhilarating experience. This paper explores the information gathered from Canadian Veterans headstones found in the Victoria Lawn Cemetery in St. Catharines, Ontario while focusing on key variables such as age at death, distribution of service branches, and religious affiliations present on the headstones.
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Macgregor, Paul. "Chinese Political Values in Colonial Victoria: Lowe Kong Meng and the Legacy of the July 1880 Election." Journal of Chinese Overseas 9, no. 2 (2013): 135–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17932548-12341257.
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AbstractLowe Kong Meng (Liu Guangming 劉光眀, 1831-1888),1 pre-eminent merchant and community leader of gold-rush Melbourne, was active in Australian politics, self-regarded as a British subject yet engaged with the Qing dynasty and was likely the first overseas Chinese awarded rank in the Chinese imperial service. Victoria’s mid-1880 election was a watershed: the immediate aftermath was the re-introduction of regulations penalising Chinese, after over 15 years of free immigration and no official discrimination. After the election it was claimed that Lowe Kong Meng persuaded Victoria’s Chinese to vote for the government, but was it in his interests to do so? This article examines the nature of Lowe Kong Meng’s engagement in European and Chinese political activity in the colony, as well as the extent of his leadership in Chinese colonial and diasporic life and explores how much he could have used that leadership to influence electoral outcomes. The article also examines how Lowe Kong Meng and the wider Chinese population of the colony brought changing political agendas to Victoria and developed these agendas through their colonial experiences.
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Penangke Travis, Kathy Apma. "Julia Martínez, Claire Lowrie, Frances Steel, and Victoria Haskins. Colonialism and Male Domestic Service across the Asia Pacific. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018. Pp. 280. $130.00 (cloth)." Journal of British Studies 61, no. 3 (July 2022): 793–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2022.76.
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Gill, B. J. "The Cheeseman–Giglioli correspondence, and museum exchanges between Auckland and Florence, 1877–1904." Archives of Natural History 37, no. 1 (April 2010): 131–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e0260954109001697.
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Letters between Thomas Frederic Cheeseman of Auckland Museum (New Zealand) and Enrico Hillyer Giglioli of the Florence Natural History Museum (Italy) spanning 27 years (1877–1904), document repeated exchanges of natural history and ethnographic objects (consignments received at Florence in 1879, 1885, 1887, 1890, about 1895 and 1899, and at Auckland in 1882, 1888, 1891, 1896 and 1904). Extracts from the correspondence are used to give a chronological account of the transactions as a detailed case-study of a nineteenth century museum exchange between institutions half a world apart. Emphasis is given to land vertebrates, of which some 150 New Zealand birds were sent to Florence, and more than 600 Italian and foreign birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians were sent to Auckland. Giglioli especially sought Maori and Pacific ethnographic items and persistently requested these. He could offer royal acknowledgement of Cheeseman's efforts, and the latter received a Galileian silver medal of merit from the Florence Faculty of Sciences in 1887. The exchanges show what could be achieved over time by relatively few letters, despite the slow postal service, the need for agents, and the vagaries of freighting by sailing ship and steamer that included port strikes, unscheduled transhipment and the loss of ethnographic items by pillage en route.
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Carlson, L. "Bibliography of the History of Australian Science, No. 22, 2001." Historical Records of Australian Science 14, no. 1 (2002): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr02007.
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Main sources for this bibliography were the 2001 editions of various databases such as the Australian Public Affairs Information Service (APAIS), Chemical Abstracts and Medline Express. In addition, issues of a number of Australian journals published in 2001 were scanned, and readers of the bibliography sent information about relevant items to the compiler. Most items included were published in 2001, but a number of earlier publications were also found which it was thought should be included. The scope of the bibliography is limited to material on the history of the natural sciences (mathematics, physical sciences, earth sciences and biological sciences), some of the applied sciences (including medical and health sciences, agriculture, manufacturing and engineering), and human sciences (psychology, anthropology and sociology). Biographical material on practitioners in these sciences is also of interest. The compiler would like to thank those people who sent items or information about items published during 2001 for inclusion in the bibliography. It would again be appreciated if he could be notified about other items dealing with the history of science in Australasia, the South West Pacific area and Antarctica published during 2001, but have been omitted. Readers are invited to alert the compiler to the publication of books, journal articles, conference papers, reports, Masters and PhD theses and reviews on the subject published during 2002 for inclusion in future bibliographies. Pertinent information should be sent to the compiler, C/- Deakin University Library, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia or by e-mail to laurie.carlson@austehc.unimelb.edu.au.
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Prady, Stephanie L., Kate Thomas, Lisa Esmonde, Simon Crouch, and Hugh MacPherson. "The Natural History of Back Pain after a Randomised Controlled Trial of Acupuncture Vs Usual Care – Long Term Outcomes." Acupuncture in Medicine 25, no. 4 (December 2007): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/aim.25.4.121.
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Introduction There is growing evidence about the effectiveness of acupuncture in the short term treatment of chronic low back pain but little is known about long term outcomes. To address this question we followed up participants of a past randomised controlled trial of acupuncture to assess outcomes after 5.5 to 7 years. Methods A postal questionnaire assessing pain, quality of life, disability, experience with back pain and healthcare resource use was sent to all 239 participants of the York Acupuncture for Back Pain trial. Results Response to the survey was low at 43.9%. Pain measured by the SF-36 Bodily Pain dimension was maintained in the acupuncture group since the last follow up 3.5 to 5 years previously. The usual care group had improved over the intervening years and there was now no evidence of a difference between the groups (difference −0.4 points, 95% confidence interval −10.1 to 9.7). The results were unchanged on sensitivity analysis using multiple imputation. In both groups back pain had not completely resolved and worry about back health was moderate. Physiotherapy and acupuncture were used at similar rates for continuing treatment. Discussion We theorise that exposure to a short course of acupuncture speeds natural recovery from a back pain episode, but improvements plateau after two years. Acupuncture is often accessed privately for long term management of back pain but is rarely available within the health service. While our study methods were robust, the low response rate means that our findings should be interpreted with caution.
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Kubot, Tina. "Mit der Post in die Zukunft: Der Bildschirmtext in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland von 1977 bis 2001 [Postal service into the future: Bildschirmtext in the Federal Republic of Germany, 1977–2001] by Hagen Schönrich." Technology and Culture 63, no. 4 (October 2022): 1211–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2022.0170.
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Dredge, Dianne. "Tourism Reform, Policy and Development in Queensland, 1989–2011." Queensland Review 18, no. 2 (2011): 152–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/qr.18.2.152.
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Tourism has been a major driver of economic and social development in Queensland since the end of World War II. In 2011, tourism's direct contribution to the economy was estimated to be $7.8 billion, and it generated direct employment of an estimated 118,000 full-time equivalent jobs (Queensland Tourism 2011). The multiplier effects of tourism account for another $9.2 billion, making it the most important component of the state's service sector. These figures suggest that the approach adopted by the Labor government over the last two decades to manage and develop Queensland tourism has generally been positive. However, a closer examination of recent trends and criticisms reveals that visitor demand has flat-lined: the industry is struggling under the weight of global and local pressures, investment has slowed, and there are issues of stagnating demand, competitiveness, service quality, industry capacity and innovation. Moreover, Queensland is losing international market share compared with New South Wales and Victoria (Tourism Research Australia 2011). Given that governments have a key role to play in creating and maintaining policy conditions that contribute to both a healthy economy and social well-being, what have been the Queensland Labor government's contributions to tourism, and what are the key challenges into the future?