Journal articles on the topic 'Postal service Great Britain History'
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1
Rawson, Peter F., Adrian W. A. Rushton, and Martin I. Simpson. "Raymond Charles Casey. 10 October 1917—26 April 2016." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 68 (March 11, 2020): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2019.0050.
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Raymond Casey was an internationally recognized expert in two entirely different fields—geology and philately. He achieved this despite leaving school at 14. By then he was already collecting and studying fossils from his home town, Folkestone, and in 1939, despite not having a degree, he obtained a post with the Geological Survey of Great Britain in the modest role of assistant to C. J. Stubblefield. After war-time service in the RAF, he returned to the Survey in a similar role, but spent much of his ‘spare time’ researching and publishing on Lower Cretaceous palaeontology and stratigraphy. His fortunes began to change when, at the age of 38, he was admitted to Reading University to study for a doctorate. His thesis on Lower Greensand stratigraphy and palaeontology was recognized as an outstanding study that led to major publications including a nine-part monograph of the ammonite faunas. Then, in the late 1950s, he also began to study faunas from Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary beds in eastern England as part of his official work and this led to him visiting the Soviet Union on several occasions from 1963 onward. On the first visit he met the academician Nalivkin in Leningrad, who, as well as being an eminent geologist, was a keen philatelist. This led to Raymond taking an enthusiastic interest in pre-revolutionary Russian postal history, which resulted in numerous publications and awards and, after his retirement, became his main focus of interest.
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Hochfelder, David. "A Comparison of the Postal Telegraph Movement in Great Britain and the United States, 1866–1900." Enterprise & Society 1, no. 4 (December 2000): 739–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/es/1.4.739.
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This article places the British and American postal telegraph movements in the broader context of a transatlantic reform tradition. More specifically, British nationalization in 1870 gave American reformers both a rallying point and a rationale for postalizing the telegraphs. The legacies of both movements were mixed. In Britain, the postal telegraph provided inexpensive and accessible service, but it soon ran a large deficit and retarded the development of the telephone industry. In the United States, reformers failed to nationalize the telegraph or to secure a place in historical memory, but they succeeded in pressuring Western Union to provide better service, and they provided the impetus for the municipal ownership movement of the Progressive Era.
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Fisher, Patty. "History of School Meals in Great Britain." Nutrition and Health 4, no. 4 (January 1987): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010608700400402.
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This paper describes the early origins of the school meals service, their rapid growth in the second world war, their post war development and their recent retrenchment. The factors contributing to their early success and the problems to be overcome are discussed.
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HUBARIEVA, Iryna. "Problems of improving real estate tax in Ukraine in the context of world experience." Naukovi pratsi NDFI 2021, no. 1 (June 24, 2021): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33763/npndfi2021.01.022.
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The purpose of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of real estate taxation of individuals in the countries of the world and to develop recommendations for its improvement in Ukraine. The features of taxation of real estate of individuals in the USA, Germany, Sweden, Poland, Bulgaria, Italy, France, Great Britain, Lithuania and others are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of taxation of real estate of individuals in the countries of the world are identified. Attention is focused on methods for determining the cadastral / assessed value of real estate for taxation. The necessity of reforming the system of taxation of real estate of individuals in Ukraine has been proved. The introduction of a cost approach to the appraisal of real estate in Ukraine requires a number of sequential actions: centralization of management and maintenance of the real estate cadastre in one state governing body; development of regulatory support for the creation and operation of the State cadastre of real estate, the mechanism and methods of state cadastral valuation; inventory of real estate objects with the assignment of a cadastral number; formation of the system of the State cadastre of real estate. The approaches to the establishment of tax exemptions on real estate of individuals in the countries of the world and in Ukraine have been investigated. In Ukraine, the basis for taxation of real estate of individuals should be the cadastral / assessed value of real estate with its gradual approach to the market value. The introduction of a cost approach to the appraisal of real estate in Ukraine requires: centralization of competences in one state governing body; development of regulatory support for the creation and functioning of the State cadastre of real estate, the mechanism and methods of state cadastral valuation; inventory of real estate objects with the assignment of a cadastral number; formation of the system of the State cadastre of real estate; taking into account the experience in the formation of the Land Cadastre, it is necessary to ensure the transparency of the tax on real estate of individuals through digitalization of tax services and administration processes (obtaining in electronic form a certificate of the cadastral / estimated value of property by cadastral number or postal address, paying tax for the Electronic Cabinet, having access to information on the procedure for calculating tax on each property, tax rates, the availability of benefits, debts, payment history, etc.). When levying a tax on real estate, it is necessary to assess feasibility of applying tax incentives in terms of differentiating the standard of living of the population in Ukraine in order to protect socially unprotected segments of the population. Property tax benefits for individuals should be linked to the cadastral / assessed value of the property by establishing a non-taxable minimum amount of the assessed value of the property and apply to only one residential property where the owner permanently resides.
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Shelton, Jon. "Undelivered: From the Great Postal Strike of 1970 to the Manufactured Crisis of the U.S. Postal Service." Labor 18, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 150–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-9361639.
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TSAI, WEIPIN. "The Qing Empire's Last Flowering: The expansion of China's Post Office at the turn of the twentieth century." Modern Asian Studies 49, no. 3 (March 6, 2015): 895–930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x15000013.
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AbstractThe Great Qing Imperial Post Office was set up in 1896, soon after the First Sino-Japanese War. It provided the first national postal service for the general public in the whole of Chinese history, and was a symbol of China's increasing engagement with the rest of the globe. Much of the preparation for the launch was carried out by the high-ranking foreign staff of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service, an influential institution established after the first Opium War.With a mission to promote modernization and project Qing power, the Imperial Post Office was established with a centrally controlled set of unified methods and procedures, and its success was rooted in integration with the new railway network, a strategy at the heart of its ambitious plans for expansion. This article explores the history of this postal expansion through railways, the use of which allowed its creators to plan networks in an integrated way—from urban centres on the coasts and great rivers through to China's interior.
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Fava-Verde, Jean-François. "Victorian telegrams: the early development of the telegraphic despatch and its interplay with the letter post." Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science 72, no. 3 (January 24, 2018): 275–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0031.
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The paper examines the early development of the Victorian inland telegraph, and more precisely the telegraphic despatches, or telegrams, as they became widely known. The first telegram service in Britain was launched by the Electric Telegraph Company two decades before nationalization of the telegraphs in 1870. It is argued that this service was not as innovative as the electric telegraph technology that underpinned it. Attention is drawn to the parallels between the telegram and mail services. To this end, the evolution of postal communication is first explored, with a focus on the nineteenth century, when innovations such as mail-trains and prepayment by stamp considerably accelerated the mail and increased the volume of letters from 67 million in 1839 to a staggering 741 million in 1865. It was in this context that the telegram service was introduced to the public. The operating model adopted by the Electric Telegraph Company to deliver this service is deconstructed to show the similarities with the mail service and to demonstrate that a telegram was not always faster than letter post.
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Jacobson, Charles D., and Joel A. Tarr. "Patterns and Policy Choices in Infrastructure History: The United States, France, and Great Britain." Public Works Management & Policy 1, no. 1 (July 1996): 60–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087724x9600100107.
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The United States, England, and France have used a variety of forms to deliver urban services and infrastructures over time. Historically, government has been the dominant factor in the delivery of infrastructures for which no user fee is charged, whereas a variety of forms have been followed when there are user fees. This article examines changing forms of service delivery systems in the areas of water supply, mass transportation, and electrical supply in the three nations. Alterations in the form of delivery have been shaped by institutional and cultural factors and unique national styles. All three nations have moved in the direction of privatization of service delivery, but their experience shows that although privatization can reduce government's role in areas where it is poorly suited, proper oversight and maintenance of competition are vital functions.
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TSAI, WEIPIN. "Breaking the Ice: The establishment of overland winter postal routes in the late Qing China." Modern Asian Studies 47, no. 6 (July 22, 2013): 1749–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x13000012.
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AbstractThis paper looks at the establishment of experimental winter overland postal routes in the late 1870s and 1880s, which eventually led to the creation of the Great Qing Imperial Post Office in 1896. The history of this experiment sheds much light on important issues in the establishment of what was to become the country's most crucial information-bearing network, in particular those related to collaboration and negotiation between foreign and Chinese officials, and those between local interests and the central authorities. It also explores how foreign processes and management had to be adapted in order to function in a Chinese context.In March 1878, Robert Hart, inspector general of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service, instructed Gustav Detring, commissioner of Tianjin Port, to investigate the possibility of introducing overland public postal routes in China, beginning with Beijing to Tianijn, Niuzhuang, Yantai, and then to Zhenjiang, a treaty port on the lower Yangtze River.The three main challenges involved were: to establish a reliable workforce, to design appropriate routes, and to win the cooperation of local governing officials. Although the winter service was initiated on time, problems repeatedly arose from each one of these challenges.
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Schwartz, Robert, Ian Gregory, and Thomas Thévenin. "Spatial History: Railways, Uneven Development, and Population Change in France and Great Britain, 1850–1914." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 42, no. 1 (June 2011): 53–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_00205.
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A comparative spatial history combining historical narrative, geographical thinking, and spatial analysis of historical data offers new perspectives on railway expansion and its effects in France and Great Britain during the long nineteenth century. Accessible rail transport in the rural regions of both countries opened new economic opportunities in agriculture, extractive industries, and service trades, helping to revitalize rural communities and decrease their rates of out-migration. In France, long-standing economic disparities between the developed north and the less-productive south gradually reduced. These conclusions are based, in part, on the use of historical geographical information systems (hgis) and spatial statistics, illustrating a component of spatial history.
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Izzat Sultanovich, Yusupov. "The first stages of formation communication means in Khorezm." International Journal on Integrated Education 2, no. 5 (October 31, 2019): 98–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i5.147.
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In this article, there was highlighted the appearance and formation of communication service in human history, especially, in Khorezm the history of development of communication system dates back to early ancient. Appearance, formation and development processes of it in Khorezm oasis covers several thousand years. In the early periods, the population of the oasis had to use various ways to satisfy their requirements of communicating and relating with each other.
It is necessary to emphasize that the geographical location of the oasis also was of great importance in the appearance and peculiar development of communication service in ancient times, together with the ancient history of communications with nomadic tribes in indoor and outdoor territories and states. Because the needs of rulers for the information about the situation in dependent territories always increased after the formation of slave-owning society.
The beginning of paying attention to the development of controlling the system of sending and receiving messages and organizing special systems is a process continuously connected with the emergence of writings and there appeared opportunities of sending messages and information in written form because of letters.
One of the ancient communication objects, postal service was an object of sending decrees and messages and it was organized in the oasis as state system in the 5th and 4th centuries B.C.. As a result there was organized postal service along caravan roads. There was left information that news bearers and ambassadors of kings were provided with food and fast-running horses in special stops on the ways and they had their peculiar costume and order (payza) approving their profession and position.
Those stops were the reason for the rise of communication to a new stage together with serving as a place where tar couriers rest and change their horses.
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Foss, Clive. "Egypt under Muʿāwiya Part II: Middle Egypt, Fusṭāṭ and Alexandria." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 72, no. 2 (May 28, 2009): 259–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x09000512.
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AbstractThe first part of this paper discussed a large collection of documents from Upper Egypt illustrative of society and economy in the time of Muʿāwiya. Here, further papyri, of pagarchs of Arsinoe, present supplementary information about grain production, taxation, great estates, the postal service and the role of the church in the local economy. Information about Fusṭāṭ and Alexandria depends on literary sources and archaeology. Fusṭāṭ, which started as a camp, became more organized and controlled under Muʿāwiya's governors when the main shipyard was moved there. Alexandria, despite romantic descriptions, was at least partly ruined. Like Fusṭāṭ, it was the seat of a major garrison. Taken together, the evidence from Egypt shows much administrative continuity from Byzantine times, but with important new taxes and requisitions and a tighter central control. It suggests that Muʿāwiya ran a sophisticated and effective state.
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deGategno, Paul J. "Replying to a Crisis: James Macpherson's The Rights of Great Britain Asserted against the Claims of America." Britain and the World 11, no. 2 (September 2018): 195–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/brw.2018.0299.
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The chaotic period of the American Revolution engaged many writers on both sides of the Atlantic arguing for and against the claims of the American colonists. One of the most popular and effective statements of the British position regarding the rebellion emerged from James Macpherson, poet of Ossian, historian, and government writer. As an accomplished literary talent in the service of politics, Macpherson wrote the pamphlet, The Rights of Great Britain Asserted against the Claims of America (1775), designing a persuasive appeal to the British public for preserving order and supporting the Monarchy. Macpherson displays a controlled, often dispassionate voice in dealing with the American rebellion, while seeking humane solutions with creativity, conviction, and agility in an environment of popular discontent and political instability. Finally, as a poet, he insisted on balancing the historian's empirical demand for facts with sensitivity and a liberal spirit of dialogue often in opposition to the dominant opinion of his King and ministers.
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Jupp, Peter J. "The Landed Elite and Political Authority in Britain, ca. 1760–1850." Journal of British Studies 29, no. 1 (January 1990): 53–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/385949.
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Significant change in the relationships between rulers, elites, and political authority is a common feature of the major European states in the last half of the eighteenth and the first half of the nineteenth centuries. In Russia, under Peter III and Catherine II, the nobility was released from the obligation to serve the state as established by Peter the Great and allowed to own property, engage in trade and manufacturing, and participate in local assemblies. In the course of the nineteenth century the hereditary landowning nobility, particularly the wealthiest elements of it, became firmly entrenched in the upper reaches of the bureaucracy without ever being able to dominate it. In Prussia, under Frederick the Great and Frederick William III, noble and gentry landowners were allowed to filter into the ranks, especially the higher ranks, of the bureaucracy; this reversed the embourgeoisement that had occurred under Frederick William I, but not so far as to threaten seriously the bureaucracy's loyalty to the Hohenzollerns or to weaken its reputation for efficiency. Thus the great reforms that followed the defeat by France in 1807 and were designed in part to lay the basis for recovery were executed by a combination of noble and non noble officials, and the latter were especially encouraged in order to ensure that merit rather than birth prevailed as the qualification for state service. In both cases, it could be argued, rulers found it necessary to recruit officials as well as an officer corps from the landed classes when war and territorial aggrandizement expanded the scope of government; they were loath to encourage the idea that landed wealth could automatically bestow political authority.
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Stewart, John. "The National Health Service in Scotland, 1947–74: Scottish or British?*." Historical Research 76, no. 193 (July 15, 2003): 389–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.00182.
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Abstract Using previously unused or underused primary evidence, this article analyses the National Health Service in Scotland from its inception in 1947 to the reorganization of 1974. A thematic approach is adopted to show that, on the one hand, the Scottish health services were subject to similar Treasury constraints on expenditure as elsewhere in Great Britain; but that, on the other, there is a strong case for seeing the N.H.S. in Scotland as exhibiting a high degree of autonomy. It is further argued that this was, from the outset, justified and consolidated by the particular characteristics of Scottish history, geography and governance.
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Cawood, Ian. "Corruption and the Public Service Ethos in Mid-Victorian Administration: The Case of Leonard Horner and the Factory Office*." English Historical Review 135, no. 575 (August 2020): 860–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/ceaa249.
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Abstract While the problem of political corruption in mid-nineteenth century Britain has been much studied, the experience of corrupt behaviour in public bodies, both new and long established, is comparatively neglected. This article takes the example of one of the first inspectorates set up after the Great Reform Act, the Factory Office, to examine the extent of corrupt practices in the British civic state and the means whereby it was addressed. It examines the changing processes of appointment, discipline and promotion, the issues of remuneration and venality, and the relationships between inspectors, workers, factory owners, the government and the wider civil service, and the press and public opinion. The article argues that the changing attitudes of the inspectors, especially those of Leonard Horner, were indicative of a developing ‘public service ethos’ in both bureaucratic and cultural settings and that the work of such unsung administrators was one of the agencies through which corrupt behaviour in the civic structures of Victorian Britain was, with public support, challenged. The article concludes that the endogenous reform of bureaucratic practice achieved by the factory inspectorate may even be of equal significance as that which resulted from the celebrated Northcote–Trevelyan Report of 1854.
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Coleman, Marie. "The Irish Hospitals Sweepstake in the United States of America, 1930–39." Irish Historical Studies 35, no. 138 (November 2006): 220–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400004909.
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From its foundation in 1930 until the end of 1934 the Irish Hospitals Sweepstake sold the overwhelming majority of its tickets in Great Britain. Alarmed at the success of an enterprise that was illegal in its jurisdiction and that resulted in a considerable financial drain to the Irish Free State’s hospital service, the British government enacted a Betting and Lotteries Act in 1934 to curtail the sale of Irish sweepstake tickets there. The result was a substantial decline in British contributions to the sweepstake and in the overall income from ticket sales. The British action threatened the continued existence and success of the venture.
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Taylor, Barbara. "THE DEMISE OF THE ASYLUM IN LATE TWENTIETH-CENTURY BRITAIN: A PERSONAL HISTORY." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 21 (November 4, 2011): 193–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0080440111000090.
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ABSTRACTMental health care in Britain was revolutionised in the late twentieth century, as a public asylum system dating back to the 1850s was replaced by a community-based psychiatric service. This paper examines this transformation through the lens of an individual asylum closure. In the late 1980s, I spent several months in Friern mental hospital in north-east London. Friern was the former Colney Hatch Asylum, one of the largest and most notorious of the great Victorian ‘museums of the mad’. It closed in 1993. The paper gives a detailed account of the hospital's closure, in tandem with my personal memories of life in Friern during its twilight days. Friern's demise occurred in an ideological climate increasingly hostile to welfare dependency. The transfer of mental health care from institution to community was accompanied by a new ‘recovery model’ for the mentally ill which emphasised economic independence and personal autonomy. Drawing on the Friern experience, the paper concludes by raising questions about the validity of this model and its implications for mental healthcare provision in twenty-first century Britain.
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Littlewood, David. "‘Willing and Eager to Go in Their Turn’? Appeals for Exemption from Military Service in New Zealand and Great Britain, 1916–1918." War in History 21, no. 3 (June 4, 2014): 338–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344513504527.
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Krēsliņš, Uldis. "Latvia as a partner in the political security system of Western democracies in the early 1920s: Latvia’s relations with Great Britain, the United States and Germany." Latvijas Vēstures Institūta Žurnāls 116 (July 2022): 40–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/lviz.116.03.
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For the new states that emerged as a result of the First World War, ensuring the internal political security in the early 1920s was a fundamentally important issue. In the case of Latvia, potential security threats were exacerbated by the country’s geopolitical position – a direct border with Soviet Russia – which made Latvia a protective barrier against the spread of the Communist movement. The aim of the study is to characterize Latvia’s role in the political security system of Western democracies in the early 1920s based on the materials of the Latvian security service, focusing on Latvia’s relations in the field of political security with three Western democracies – United Kingdom, the United States and Germany.
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Kelsall, Frank. "Not as Ugly as Stonehenge: Architecture and History in the First Lists of Historic Buildings." Architectural History 52 (2009): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066622x00004135.
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Four years ago Peter Draper, as your recently retired president, described his lecture as valedictory and therefore self-indulgent in its choice of topic. What a useful precedent. I hope I am not over self-indulgent to the extent of being too autobiographical, but the subject does relate to my personal experience of the practice of architectural history in the conservation of historic buildings. The history of building conservation is now developing its own quite substantial literature to which this is a small contribution. To some extent this lecture is as much about bureaucracy as about architecture, for much of my life has been spent as an official in the public service. But, so that the lecture is properly historical, most of what I will talk about happened before I was involved.One major difference between the British and American Societies of Architectural Historians is that the American Society has always involved itself in building preservation issues, whereas the Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain does not. This recognizes the different circumstances in each country. In Great Britain we have many amenity societies directed to conservation matters; most of us will belong to one or more of them and they are centres of quite extraordinary expertise. But in view of what I will say later, it is notable that in an account of a meeting in March 1941 in Washington, reported in the first volume of the American Society’s journal, Henry-Russell Hitchcock commented on the merits of the Historic American Buildings Survey, but added that selections by local groups often lacked historical perspective and ignored anything later than the Greek Revival; that there was excessive preservation of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century houses in New England without regard to architectural merit; and that primary monuments of modern architectural history were wantonly destroyed. As concerns the latter, he cited, among others, Richardson’s Marshall Field Warehouse, and a threat to Wright’s Robie House. The representative of the National Parks Service said that 1870 was about the date limit for a building to be regarded as of interest, though the Vanderbilt House of 1895 had recently been acquired, and that attention was also being paid to groups of buildings.
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Carlsson, Moa. "Computing views, remodeling environments." Social Studies of Science 52, no. 2 (October 6, 2021): 227–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03063127211048943.
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This article traces the development and expansion of early computer systems for analyzing views at three state-owned agencies in the United States and Great Britain: the US Forest Service, the Central Electricity Generating Board of England and Wales, and the Greater London Authority. Following the technology over four decades, from 1968 to 2012, the article traces assumptions incorporated into initial programs and propagated through to the present. These programs were designed to address questions about visual environments and proximities by numerical calculations alone, without the need for field observations. Each historical episode provides unique insights into the role of abstraction and calculation in the production of landscapes and the built environment, and shows how computer-generated view data became an important currency in planning control, not primarily for aesthetic but for financial and political reasons.
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Headrick, Daniel R., and Pascal Griset. "Submarine Telegraph Cables: Business and Politics, 1838–1939." Business History Review 75, no. 3 (2001): 543–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3116386.
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International telecommunication is not only a business but also a political enterprise, the subject of great-power rivalries. In the late nineteenth century, British firms held a near monopoly, because Britain had more advanced industry, a wealthier capital market, and a merchant marine and colonial empire that provided customers for the new service. After the 1880s, they encountered increasing competition on the North Atlantic from American, German, and French firms. Elsewhere, the British conglomerate Eastern and Associated retained its hegemony until the 1920s. Following World War I, radiotelegraphy threatened the dominance of cables. In the 1930s, cable companies were almost bankrupted by the Depression and by competition from shortwave radio.
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Matson, A. T., and D. H. Simpson. "A bibliography of the published & unpublished writings of A.T. Matson." African Research & Documentation 42 (1986): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305862x00009316.
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Albert Thomas Matson, ‘Mat’ to his many friends, was born in Sipson, Middlesex in 1915. He was educated at Southall Grammar School before joining the Royal Army Medical Corps in 1939.1n 1944 he was seconded to the Colonial Service in Kenya as a Health Inspector. After serving in Kisii he was transferred to Nandi District in 1949, where he remained until his retirement fourteen years later.His interest in Kenyan history arose from a request from Senior Chief Elija arap Chepkwony and his colleagues of the Nandi District Council that the history of their people should be written. Matson responded to their request by undertaking research into oral history in the course of his travels as a Health Inspector and by consulting and copying a great range of archival sources, official and personal, in East Africa and in Britain.
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Matson, A. T., and D. H. Simpson. "A bibliography of the published & unpublished writings of A.T. Matson." African Research & Documentation 42 (1986): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305862x00009316.
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Albert Thomas Matson, ‘Mat’ to his many friends, was born in Sipson, Middlesex in 1915. He was educated at Southall Grammar School before joining the Royal Army Medical Corps in 1939.1n 1944 he was seconded to the Colonial Service in Kenya as a Health Inspector. After serving in Kisii he was transferred to Nandi District in 1949, where he remained until his retirement fourteen years later.His interest in Kenyan history arose from a request from Senior Chief Elija arap Chepkwony and his colleagues of the Nandi District Council that the history of their people should be written. Matson responded to their request by undertaking research into oral history in the course of his travels as a Health Inspector and by consulting and copying a great range of archival sources, official and personal, in East Africa and in Britain.
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Klimek, Ludger, Natalija Novak, Eckard Hamelmann, Thomas Werfel, Martin Wagenmann, Christian Taube, Andrea Bauer, et al. "Severe allergic reactions after COVID-19 vaccination with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine in Great Britain and USA." Allergo Journal International 30, no. 2 (February 24, 2021): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40629-020-00160-4.
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SummaryTwo employees of the National Health Service (NHS) in England developed severe allergic reactions following administration of BNT162b2 vaccine against COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019). The British SmPC for the BNT162b2 vaccine already includes reference to a contraindication for use in individuals who have had an allergic reaction to the vaccine or any of its components. As a precautionary measure, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) has issued interim guidance to the NHS not to vaccinate in principle in “patients with severe allergies”. Allergic reactions to vaccines are very rare, but vaccine components are known to cause allergic reactions. BNT162b2 is a vaccine based on an mRNA embedded in lipid nanoparticles and blended with other substances to enable its transport into the cells. In the pivotal phase III clinical trial, the BNT162b2 vaccine was generally well tolerated, but this large clinical trial, used to support vaccine approval by the MHRA and US Food and Drug Administration, excluded individuals with a “history of a severe adverse reaction related to the vaccine and/or a severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) to a component of the study medication”. Vaccines are recognized as one of the most effective public health interventions. This repeated administration of a foreign protein (antigen) necessitates a careful allergological history before each application and diagnostic clarification and a risk–benefit assessment before each injection. Severe allergic reactions to vaccines are rare but can be life-threatening, and it is prudent to raise awareness of this hazard among vaccination teams and to take adequate precautions while more experience is gained with this new vaccine.
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Rose, Edward. "British pioneers of the geology of Gibraltar, Part 1: the artilleryman Thomas James (ca 1720-1782); infantryman Ninian Imrie of Denmuir (ca 1752-1820); and ex-militiaman James Smith of Jordanhill (1782-1867)." Earth Sciences History 32, no. 2 (January 1, 2013): 252–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.32.2.y46w1v7758755766.
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The rocky peninsula of Gibraltar juts south from Spain at the western entrance to the Mediterranean Sea. Long famous as a landmark, it was ceded to Great Britain by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, and progressively developed as a naval and military base. Thomas James, a Royal Artillery officer stationed on Gibraltar from 1749 to 1755, was the first member of the British garrison to publish geological observations on the Rock, within a book of 1771 completed in New York. His military career culminated after active service against revolutionary Americans, finally in the rank of major-general, but with no further known contributions to geology. The Scotsman Ninian Imrie of Denmuir, an officer of the First Regiment of Foot (The Royal Scots), served on Gibraltar within the period 1784 to 1793, and was the first to publish an account specifically on its geology, in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1798. A career soldier, he achieved the rank of lieutenant-colonel before retiring to Scotland, and to amateur geological studies influenced by active membership of Edinburgh's Wernerian Natural History Society. James Smith of Jordanhill, near Glasgow, served in Great Britain in the Renfrewshire Militia during the Napoleonic Wars but, benefiting from a family fortune, later spent much time as a yachtsman and scholar of wide interests and influence. His studies on Gibraltar, published by the Geological Society of London in 1846, were the first to attempt a tectonic interpretation of the Rock's geological history, and to record local evidence for Quaternary sea level change.
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Labutina, Tatyana. "British Intelligence Ambassadors at the Court of Anna Ioannovna." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 3 (2022): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640020235-6.
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In the first third of the eighteenth century, relations between Russia and Britain remained strained. Although Russia, under Empress Anna Ioannovna (1730–1740), welcomed Britain, restoring the diplomatic relations it had severed under Peter I and concluding a trade treaty favourable to the British in 1734, official London continued to pursue a policy far from friendly towards the Russian Empire. The intelligence activities of the British official diplomats at the Imperial Court were a vivid illustration of this. King George II of Great Britain, when he sent his ambassadors to their destination, urged them to gather information on everything they would see in Russia. He specifically listed those the diplomats were to focus on: the Russian Empress, her ministers and other high-ranking officials, as well as courtiers and favourites. The British authorities were particularly interested in the state of the nation's armed forces. On their return home, the ambassadors were expected to give a detailed account of everything they had seen and heard at Court. Drawing on an analysis of the ambassadors' diplomatic correspondence with the British Secretary of State, as well as some of their essays, the author examines the problem of British ambassadors' intelligence activities at the court of Anna Ioannovna. As it turns out, the ambassadors collected information on the high-ranking dignitaries close to the Tsarina, their predilections and weaknesses; on the alignment of political powers at court, as well as on the state of the army and navy. Attention is drawn to the fact that the informants of diplomats were often not only Britons in Russian service, but more often high-ranking officials themselves, ready to defend British interests for the sake of monetary rewards or gifts. Few of them realised that by revealing secret information to British ambassadors, they were committing a high crime and harming their homeland. The history of British espionage in Russia in the first third of the eighteenth century, which has not previously been the subject of a special study in historical scholarship, reveals the real purpose of British diplomacy, namely to study the potential enemy, as it viewed the Russian Empire at that time.
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Beard, John A. S. "What motivated Dr David Livingstone (1813–73) in his work in Africa?" Journal of Medical Biography 17, no. 2 (April 28, 2009): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jmb.2008.008011.
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Born of humble beginnings in a Scottish mill-town, David Livingstone would become one of the great explorers of the 19th century, traversing 30,000 miles of unknown Africa. His pioneering spirit and inquisitive mind brought knowledge and discoveries in the fields of tropical medicine, linguistics, botany, zoology, anthropology and geology. While it can be argued that Livingstone exhibited contradictions and shortcomings as a man, he nonetheless grasped the imagination of Victorian Britain and helped to change European attitudes towards Africa forever. His numerous endeavours were undertaken under the banner of divinely inspired missionary work – ‘If God has accepted my service, then my life is charmed till my work is done’ (Livingstone D. Livingstone's Private Journals, 1851–53. London: Chatto & Windus, 1960:108). Yet whether it was indeed religion that truly motivated Livingstone, or rather that he used it as a vehicle for his other passions, is less certain.
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Campbell, B., N. Chinai, P. Hollering, H. Wright, and R. McCarthy. "Factors influencing the choice of treatment modality for individual patients with varicose veins." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 99, no. 8 (November 2017): 624–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2017.0122.
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INTRODUCTION There is evidence of effectiveness for a range of different treatment modalities for varicose veins but limited information about factors that influence treatment choice for individual patients. METHODS A postal survey was sent to 438 UK members of the Vascular Society of Great Britain and Ireland. RESULTS Overall, 251 responses were received (response rate 57%). A total of 222 respondents treated varicose veins using conventional surgery (84%), endothermal ablation (82%) and foam sclerotherapy (68%). The clinical pattern of veins appeared to have the greatest influence on treatment choice. This was followed by guidance from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, patient expectations, facilities, cost and whether treatment was carried out in the public or private sector. Respondents were asked to indicate whether each of 13 clinical ‘scenarios’ (eg very extensive varicose veins in both legs) would influence them towards or against using specified treatment modalities. ‘Consensus’ was defined as ≥80% of responses either towards or against any treatment modality; and disagreement as 41–59% both towards and against any modality (i.e. ∼50:50 split). There was consensus towards using endothermal ablation for truncal reflux, towards UGFS for localised varicose veins and towards conventional surgery for large, extensive, bilateral veins. There was consensus against UGFS for large truncal veins, and against surgery for obese patients and those with a history of venous thromboembolism. There were important disagreements about the influence of large or extensive veins, about whether patients were obese or slim and about a prior history of venous thromboembolism. CONCLUSIONS Conventional surgery is still widely available in the UK. Disagreements about treatment choice in different clinical scenarios suggest substantial variation in the treatments patients are offered. Attention to identifying subgroups in trials would help to guide treatment choice for individual patients.
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Blevins, Cameron. "Undelivered: From the Great Postal Strike of 1970 to the Manufactured Crisis of the U.S. Postal Service. By Philip F. Rubio. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020. xiv + 290 pp. Illustrations, appendixes, notes, bibliography, index. Paperback, $29.95. ISBN: 978-1-4696-5546-8." Business History Review 96, no. 2 (2022): 477–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680522000307.
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Popovic-Filipovic, Slavica. "Elsie Inglis (1864-1917) and the Scottish women’s hospitals in Serbia in the Great War. Part 1." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 146, no. 3-4 (2018): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh170704167p.
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The news about the great victories of the Gallant Little Serbia in the Great War spread far and wide. Following on the appeals from the Serbian legations and the Serbian Red Cross, assistance was arriving from all over the world. First medical missions and medical and other help arrived from Russia. It was followed by the medical missions from Great Britain, France, Greece, The Netherlands, Denmark, Switzerland, America, etc. Material help and individual volunteers arrived from Poland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, Norway, India, Japan, Egypt, South America, and elsewhere. The true friends of Serbia formed various funds under the auspices of the Red Cross Society, and other associations. In September 1914, the Serbian Relief Fund was established in London, while in Scotland the first units of the Scottish Women?s Hospitals for Foreign Service were formed in November of the same year. The aim of this work was to keep the memory of the Scottish Women?s Hospitals in Serbia, and with the Serbs in the Great War. In the history of the Serbian nation during the Great War a special place was held by the Scottish Women?s Hospitals - a unique humanitarian medical mission. It was the initiative of Dr. Elsie Maud Inglis (1864-1917), a physician, surgeon, promoter of equal rights for women, and with the support of the Scottish Federation of Woman?s Suffrage Societies. The SWH Hospitals, which were completely staffed by women, by their participation in the Great War, also contributed to gender and professional equality, especially in medicine. Many of today?s achievements came about thanks to the first generations of women doctors, who fought for equality in choosing to study medicine, and working in the medical field, in time of war and peacetime.
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Popovic-Filipovic, Slavica. "Elsie Inglis (1864-1917) and the Scottish women’s hospitals in Serbia in the Great War. Part 2." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 146, no. 5-6 (2018): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh170704168p.
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The news about the great victories of the Gallant Little Serbia in the Great War spread far and wide. Following on the appeals from the Serbian legations and the Serbian Red Cross, assistance was arriving from all over the world. First medical missions and medical and other help arrived from Russia. It was followed by the medical missions from Great Britain, France, Greece, the Netherlands, Denmark, Switzerland, America, etc. Material help and individual volunteers arrived from Poland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, Norway, India, Japan, Egypt, South America, and elsewhere. The true friends of Serbia formed various funds under the auspices of the Red Cross Society, and other associations. In September 1914, the Serbian Relief Fund was established in London, while in Scotland the first units of the Scottish Women?s Hospitals for Foreign Service were formed in November of the same year. The aim of this work was to keep the memory of the Scottish Women?s Hospitals in Serbia and with the Serbs in the Great War. In the history of the Serbian nation during the Great War, a special place was held by the Scottish Women?s Hospitals ? a unique humanitarian medical mission. It was the initiative of Dr. Elsie Maud Inglis (1864?1917), a physician, surgeon, promoter of equal rights for women, and with the support of the Scottish Federation of Woman?s Suffrage Societies. The Scottish Women?s Hospitals, which were completely staffed by women, by their participation in the Great War, also contributed to gender and professional equality, especially in medicine. Many of today?s achievements came about thanks to the first generations of women doctors, who fought for equality in choosing to study medicine, and working in the medical field, in time of war and peacetime.
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Stanziani, Alessandro. "The Legal Status of Labour from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century: Russia in a Comparative European Perspective." International Review of Social History 54, no. 3 (December 2009): 359–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859009990307.
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SummarySince at least the eighteenth century, free labour in “the West” has been contrasted with serf labour in Russia and “eastern Europe”. This paper intends to call that view into question and to show that serfdom was never officially institutionalized in Russia, and that the regulations usually invoked to justify that opinion were actually intended not to “bind” the peasantry but to identify noble estate owners, as distinct from nobles in state service or the “bourgeoisie”. However, it is a matter not only of legal definitions. This paper studies how the tsarist administration, nobles, and peasants themselves made use of courts of law in order to contest ownership titles and, on that basis, the obligations and legal status of peasants and workers. Great changes had occurred in their legal status before the official abolition of serfdom in 1861, in outcomes that were rather similar to those which had been recently achieved in the “second serfdom” in Prussia, Lithuania, and Poland. In turn, that means that such labour contracts and institutions were not the opposites of “free labour” contracts and institutions, which placed many more constraints on workers than is usually acknowledged. To prove the point, we compare tsarist regulations with the Master and Servants Acts and indenture in Britain and its Empire and with French regulations on labour, domesticity, and day labourers.
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Whittington, H. B. "Sir (Cyril) James Stubblefield. 6 September 1901 – 23 October 1999." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 47 (January 2001): 453–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2001.0027.
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Cyril James Stubblefield was an internationally renowned palaeontologist who, in his long career in the Geological Survey of Great Britain, rose to become its Director, and who was elected to be the leading geologist in the country as President of the Geological Society of London. A tribute to Sir James Stubblefield–as he became–by Dr M.A. Calver (1981), a colleague and Chief Palaeontologist, Institute of Geological Sciences, celebrated Sir James's 80th birthday and gave a list of his publications. H.E. Wilson's lively history (Wilson 1985) of the 150 years of the British Geological Survey, as the Institute of Geological Sciences was renamed in 1984, has much information on the years spanning Sir James's career. The personal tribute by Dr R. Casey, F.R.S. (Casey 2000), gives a unique insight into service in the Geological Survey during those years. Here I have supplemented the account by Calver, using autobiographical notes compiled by Stubblefield, and the complete bibliography includes publications (additional to those listed by Calver) compiled by Dr P.A. Sabine, formerly Deputy Director of the Institute.
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Schneider, Valentin. "Burying Friend and Foe: The Employment of German Prisoners of War in the Construction of Military Cemeteries in Normandy after 6 June 1944." International Journal of Military History and Historiography 38, no. 2 (October 20, 2018): 196–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24683302-03802004.
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The history of the German prisoners of war of World War II held by British and American authorities in Europe remains a field of study that is largely ignored by historiography. Although the Allies made an extended use of this prisoner manpower for labour purposes, employing hundreds of thousands of captive German soldiers for all kinds of tasks, all but a few material traces of the prisoners’ life and activities in liberated Europe have vanished. An exception to this are several British, American, and German military cemeteries, especially in Normandy, many of which had been built during or immediately after the battle using the workforce of thousands of German soldiers that had been captured in the region during the summer of 1944. This article examines the general organization of the Allied labour service for German prisoners in Normandy and focuses especially on their work on the military cemeteries, before addressing the question of the memory – or rather the absence of memory – of this process, not only in Normandy itself (and in the United States and Great Britain), but also in German society.
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Yudko, Ludmyla. "Concept TOLERANCE OF INTELLIGENCE SERVICE in psycholinguistic dimension." PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 25, no. 2 (April 18, 2019): 371–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2309-1797-2019-25-2-371-389.
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The article concentrates on the role of the concepts TOLERANCE OF INTELLIGENCE SERVICE, DIE TOLERANZ DES SICHERHEITSDIENSTES, ТОЛЕРАНТНОСТЬ СПЕЦСЛУЖБЫ, ТОЛЕРАНТНІСТЬ СПЕЦСЛУЖБИ in institutional discourse practice, which is a testimony of positive strategies and forms of behavior to avoid conflict situations in communication; it also gives analysis and systematization of modern scientific approaches and methods of research of concepts at the intersection of Linguistics and other humanities (Linguoculturology, Linguophilosophy, Linguopragmatics, Linguocognitology, Psycholinguistic); the effectiveness of triangulation approach in concepts research is defined, the role of the concepts TOLERANCE OF INTELLIGENCE SERVICE, DIE TOLERANZ DES SICHERHEITSDIENSTES, ТОЛЕРАНТНОСТЬ СПЕЦСЛУЖБЫ, ТОЛЕРАНТНІСТЬ СПЕЦСЛУЖБИ for representatives of Great Britain, Germany, Russia, Ukraine is determined by means of psycholinguistic analysis, answers of 100 English-speaking, 100 German-speaking, 200 Russian-speaking and 200 Ukrainian-speaking respondents are analyzed and the conceptual-thematic groups of reactions to stimulus tolerance of intelligence service in those languages are singled out. The results of the analysis showed the inherent adequacy of all respondents designing the concepts TOLERANCE OF INTELLIGENCE SERVICE, DIE TOLERANZ DES SICHERHEITSDIENSTES, ТОЛЕРАНТНОСТЬ СПЕЦСЛУЖБЫ, ТОЛЕРАНТНІСТЬ СПЕЦСЛУЖБИ for activity of intelligence services within its linguistic and cultural history. According to the associative experiment, joint and distinctive components of the values have been established, value component of the concepts TOLERANCE OF INTELLIGENCE SERVICE, DIE TOLERANZ DES SICHERHEITSDIENSTES, ТОЛЕРАНТНОСТЬ СПЕЦСЛУЖБЫ, ТОЛЕРАНТНІСТЬ СПЕЦСЛУЖБИ for the linguistic cultures have been defined. Common for linguistic cultures, in which the discourse of tolerance is developed – English linguistic culture, German linguistic culture, Ukrainian linguistic culture – is a presence in conceptual consciousness of the carriers of linguistic cultures that are investigated of the generated samples of intelligence services and their specialists, whose activity is associated with the concepts TOLERANCE OF INTELLIGENCE SERVICE, DIE TOLERANZ DES SICHERHEITSDIENSTES, ТОЛЕРАНТНІСТЬ СПЕЦСЛУЖБИ with positive connotations. The representatives of the Russian linguistic culture are distinguished for their failure to perceive intelligence services through the prism of the concept ТОЛЕРАНТНОСТЬ СПЕЦСЛУЖБЫ. The data of the experiment confirmed the existence of the paradigm of INTOLERANCE – TOLERANCE – ZERO TOLERANCE in the conceptual consciousness of the carriers of the English linguistic culture, German linguistic culture, Ukrainian linguistic culture. For representatives of Russian linguistic culture tolerance is perceived as a quality hostile to the Russian national picture of the world and acquires valence qualities of intolerance.
Based on the analysis of the associative experiment, it is concluded that the specificity of positioning of the concepts TOLERANCE OF INTELLIGENCE SERVICE, DIE TOLERANZ DES SICHERHEITSDIENSTES, ТОЛЕРАНТНОСТЬ СПЕЦСЛУЖБЫ, ТОЛЕРАНТНІСТЬ СПЕЦСЛУЖБИ in linguistic cultures that are investigated is conditioned by the uniqueness of conceptual pictures of the world, mentality and history of nations.
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Grieves, Keith. "Common Meeting Places and the Brightening of Rural Life: Local Debates on Village Halls in Sussex after the First World War." Rural History 10, no. 2 (October 1999): 171–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300001771.
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In the burgeoning literature on war memorials and the commemoration of the war dead in Britain after 1918, the growth of village halls in rural areas has not been extensively analysed. K.S. Inglis has alerted us to the dichotomy of monuments to mourn the dead and amenities to serve the living. He noted that where a preference was made for utility over monumentality, local war memorial committees did not confine their attention to commemorating those who died on active service and made the Great Sacrifice, but also had in mind those who served and returned. The complex locally-determined processes of negotiating ways which would bring solace or comfort to the bereaved, through the creation of an object of mourning, has been examined with great care and detail, but analysis of urban-centred initiatives predominates.Consequently, the linkage which might be made between the experience of war and the participation of ex-servicemen in village war memorial debates, the demise of old elites and the quest for improved social and material conditions in rural areas, the diminishing support for parish churches as the focal point of community life and the emergence of undenominational social centres, all point towards the need for further examination of the proceedings of local committees, where parish records allow. As British participation in the Great War contained the powerful rhetoric of a religious crusade and was not connected to the improvement of social conditions until the publication of war aims in January 1918, many committees gave priority to the creation of sacred objects of mourning, with much use of exhortatory moral language and Christian iconography.
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Nikitin, Dmitry S. "United Indian Patriotic Association versus Indian National Congress (1888–1893)." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 1 (2022): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080013036-6.
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The article examines the emergence of Anglo-Indian and Muslim opposition to the Indian National Congress (INC) in the second half of the 1880s – early 1890s. By 1887, Congress had lost the support of the Viceroy of India Dufferin, and it greatly influenced the formation of the anti-Congress movement. The social base of opposition to the Congress was formed by the most conservative parts of society – the Anglo-Indians (the British who permanently lived in India) and Indian Muslims. The center of the anti-Congress movement was the Aligarh College, and the leader was the Muslim educator and founder of the college, Syed Ahmad Khan. The movement received support from the Anglo-Indian press and colonial officials. In 1888, United Indian Patriotic Association was founded with the Muslim organizations of Upper India and the conservative Hindu aristocracy in its ranks. The Association believed that the Congress did not represent the interests of the entire Indian people, but only a narrow stratum of European educated Indians. The INC's proposals for the introduction of an elective element in legislative councils and simultaneous examinations for civil service in India and Great Britain were regarded as premature, threatening interests of Muslims and British rule in India. The main goal of the United Indian Patriotic Association was to counter the agitation of the INC in Great Britain, where the British Committee of the INC operated, by holding anti-Congress meetings and pamphleting. After the adoption of the Indian Councils Act of 1892, the leaders of the Association focused on protecting the interests of Indian Muslims, and this solution led to the dissolution of the United Indian Patriotic Association in 1893. The Association became one of the first organizations opposed to the INC and had a significant impact on strengthening the political activity of Indian Muslims. The emergence of Muslim opposition to INC in the second half of the 1880s. became an important factor in the political development of India and the national liberation movement in the first half of the XX century.
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Ittmann, Karl. "Demography as Policy Science in the British Empire, 1918–1969." Journal of Policy History 15, no. 4 (October 2003): 417–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jph.2003.0024.
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In 1944, Robert Kuczynski, a demographer working with the Colonial Office, wrote a memo discussing plans for a postwar census of the British Empire. He called for the creation of a Colonial Demographic Service, arguing that Colonial Office programs “offer no guarantee of a decisive improvement unless there is an expert on the spot to make an effective use of these means.” Kuczynski's firm belief in the need for expert knowledge matched the growing willingness of the Colonial Office to call upon experts in a variety of fields to assist in the reshaping of colonial government. This article examines why demography came to be seen as useful for colonial governance in the interwar years and how officials attempted to make use of demographers and demographic information in the final years of the British Empire. At present, this topic falls between several existing literatures. Works by Richard Soloway, Daniel Kelves, and others document the domestic history of demography in Great Britain, particularly its involvement in debates over hereditarian views of population. At the international level, most recent studies deal with the United States and trace the origins of American support for programs of population control after 1945. Still another body of literature chronicles the unique nature of policy formation in Britain and its relationship with social science in the twentieth century. This article seeks to connect these literatures by focusing on the colonial and international role of British demography from the end of World War I to the postcolonial era of the 1960s.
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Krasavchenko, Tatiana. "FROM MIRAGE TO TRAGEDY. BRITISH LENINIANA: FROM BERTRAN RUSSELL AND H. WELLS, P. TRAVERS, W.H. AUDEN TO R. CONQUEST, R. SERVICE, S. SEBAG-MONTEFIORE, C. MERRIDALE." Herald of Culturology, no. 2 (2022): 52–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/hoc/2022.02.03.
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The subject of this interdisciplinary article is a literary, journalistic and historiographic tradition of Lenin’s perception in Great Britain since early 1920-s up to our time. The main trajectory of this tradition is seen as a movement from myth, impressions, illusions of B. Russell, H. Wells, Gareth Jones, poets W.H. Auden and Hugh MacDiarmid to the revelations of Pamela Travers, Malcolm Muggeridge and later - to contemporary historians and writers Robert Conquest, Robert Service, Orlando Figes, Helen Rappaport, Simon Sebag Montefiore, Catherine Merridale, who base their works on archival research and explore the ambivalent phenomenon of Lenin’s personality: his rationalism, coldness, ruthlessness, cynicism, focus on theory, lack of interest in life, power hunger and propensity to repressions. British scholars convincingly show that this outstanding politician negatively influenced the course of history, he did incredible harm to Russia, which, in their opinion, he didn’t like. And he ended tragically like the majority of dictators: the revolution he spawned consumed him - being ill, he was isolated by his “successor” Stalin in a country house Gorky near Moscow. And then, against his will, he was not interred in Volkovo cemetery, next to his mother, but was doomed, like a vampire, to “eternal immortality” and the remains of his body are still tortured by regular mummification.
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Barnett, L. Margaret. "Sharon Schildein Grimes. The British National Health Service: State Intervention in the Medical Marketplace, 1911–1948. (Modem European History—Great Britain Series.) New York: Garland Publishing, Inc.1991. Pp. viii, 239. $64.00." Albion 24, no. 3 (1992): 552–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4051020.
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Strechie, Mădălina. "The 10,000 Persian Immortals, a Model for the Special Indoeuropean Troops." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 26, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2020-0022.
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AbstractThe history of humanity got from the Persians the first imperial organization, the first process of integration of the conquered ones, the first postal service, the most effective means of communication at the dawn of Antiquity, and also the best organized militarized services.The most special of the Indo-European Antiquity troops was the Royal Guard, founded by Darius I, one of the great kings of humanity, a political titan, and equally an extraordinary general through his institutional creations of force. The Royal Guard of Darius I, known in history as the 10,000 immortals, is the subject of our study, as it is one of the most complex special militarized structures in human history of all time, inspiring the military structures of all the Indo-Europeans, whether the Hoplite revolution, the organization of the Macedonian phalanx or the Roman Praetorian Guard and more than that.The 10,000 immortals combined not only the heroic character (while multiplying it), which appeared for the first time with the Greeks of the Homeric period, but also strict discipline, in the Spartan sense, contemporary with this troop, the organization and the well-developed logistics, which would inspire the Roman army, the military brotherhoods characteristic of all the Indo-Europeans, but this totally special troop, in particular, imposed the model of the educated (even intellectual) military man, a soldier of the supreme god of the Good, faithful first of all to the Good and to his king, a military man who used all the weapons of the time.This special troop was a true institution that also provided information to the Persian king, information being one of the most effective weapons. Moreover, the Persians through this Royal Guard used for the first time psychological impact as a weapon, this being the first case of effective manipulation by the number that was kept constant, but also by name. Only the gods were immortal, and the very large number of soldiers who made up this special troop is impressive even today. The armament of this extraordinary troop comprised all the weapons of the time, the bow above all, which the Aryans considered the favourite weapon of Indra, the most warlike god of the Indo-European gods.
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Deslandes, Paul R. "Competitive Examinations and the Culture of Masculinity in Oxbridge Undergraduate Life, 1850-1920." History of Education Quarterly 42, no. 4 (2002): 544–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2002.tb00010.x.
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As the primary means through which academic success was measured and professional credentials were established, competitive examinations for university degrees and civil service appointments became a frequently discussed topic among the Victorian and Edwardian elite in Great Britain. Students and dons (the term for college fellows with teaching and pastoral responsibilities) at the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, as well as a whole range of outside observers, regularly commented on the importance of these exercises during the seven decades that passed between the curricular and administrative reforms of the 1850s and the conclusion of World War I, years in which these ancient institutions achieved their modern form and functioned, in the words of Jan Morris, as “power house [s]” and “conscious instruments of Victorian national greatness.” In an 1863Student's Guide to the University of Cambridge, for example, J.R. Seeley, a famous Cambridge don and historian, celebrated the invigorating, youthful, and competitive nature of the Tripos (or Honors) examinations in a lengthy discussion of academic life: “Into these [examinations] flock annually the ablest young men … who during their University course have received all the instruction that the best Tutors, and all the stimulus that a competition well known to be severe, can give…. The contest is one into which the cleverest lads in the country enter [and] it may safely be affirmed that even the lowest place in these Triposes is justly called anhonour.” By the 1860s, when Seeley first penned these comments, competitive examinations had become, in the words of one contemporary observer, “matters of … much interest and importance not only to those whose future success in life depended upon them, but to the public in general.” Public interest was further fueled, throughout this period, by numerous articles in the periodical press that discussed and debated the general value of competitive examinations and by the regular publication of test results in widely circulated, national newspapers such as theTimes.
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Benken, Przemysław. "Artysta i artylerzysta – o służbie wojskowej Adama Bunscha w latach 1915–1945." Klio - Czasopismo Poświęcone Dziejom Polski i Powszechnym 51, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/klio.2019.040.
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Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zaprezentowanie mało znanej historii służby wojskowej Adama Bunscha w armii austro-węgierskiej i polskiej w latach 1915–1920 i 1939–1945. Bunsch, który wywodził się ze znanej krakowskiej rodziny (jego ojciec był rzeźbiarzem, a brat po II wojnie światowej został popularnym polskim pisarzem), był do tej pory szerzej znany przede wszystkim ze swojej pracy artystycznej, jako plastyk i dramaturg. Jednakże wydaje się, że miał istotne dokonania także jako żołnierz służący w jednostkach artylerii podczas wojny polsko-ukraińskiej i polsko-bolszewickiej, a także w latach 1939–1940. Bunsch odegrał również istotną rolę jako oficer oświatowy służąc w 1. Dywizji Pancernej generała Stanisława Maczka w Wielkiej Brytanii.The aim of this article is to present a very little known history of Adam Bunsch’s military service in Austro-Hungarian and Polish armies between 1915–1920 and 1939–1945. Bunsch, who descended from well-known Cracowian family (his father was a sculptor, his brother became a popular Polish writer after the II World War), has been so far widely known mainly for his art work as a visual artist and playwright. It seems however that he had significant achievements as a soldier serving in various artillery units during Polish-Ukrainian and Polish-Bolshevik wars and between 1939–1940. Bunsch also played vital role as educational officer serving in general Stanislaw Maczek’s 1. Armored Division in Great Britain.
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Nkwi, Walter Gam. "Azai Dosi Kfaang (Modern or Families of Newness): Kom Families from Village to Coast and Further Diasporic Spaces." Genealogy 5, no. 3 (August 31, 2021): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy5030079.
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This paper focuses on “families of newness”, which amongst the Kom of Northwest Cameroon are known as azai dosi kfaang. It argues that because of geographical and social mobility experiences, families have not remained static, and consequently, the further they go from the village the more modernized they become. In recent times, African societies as well as family histories have been concerned with connecting with those who have been left behind. As a result, the blueprint that marks out the African family today is found in its mobility both within and out of the continent. At the same time, what glues the family together is the newer forms of technologies encapsulated in Information Communication Technologies (ICTs), which include amongst many others the cell phone, internet, WhatsApp, and Twitter. Letters pre-dated these new technologies and were significantly used by migrant families to stay “in touch”. Families began in the village, and as newer technologies were introduced—motor cars, a postal service and motorable roads—they moved or thought about places further away. With later technological developments, such as air travel and the mobile phone, families found themselves in distant diasporic spaces. This paper therefore hopes to make a contribution that relates family history and the history of migration to technology and social change. It also has the great value of discussing an area that gets too little attention in historiography. Fundamentally, the paper attempts to compare and contrast the use of technology, the news that could be shared (welfare, births, or obituaries), the length between contacts, the ability to make visits in person, the tensions that cropped up between family members abroad and those back at home in two periods, the 1930s–1940s and the 1990s to the present. What did these periods have in common? What was different and why? For the purpose of clarity, I will start the paper with a short introduction about the area, the issues of family formation, and kfaang. The second part of the paper will focus on the discussion of the “newness” of those who migrated to more modern places and the role of technology. The third part compares/contrasts the connections of families in the two periods (1930s–1940s and 1990s-present) in order to flesh out the argument.
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Ptushkin, Vadim V., and Mario Mueller. "Analysis of the effectiveness of multiple myeloma treatment based on the clinical experience of European countries." Terapevticheskii arkhiv 93, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): 404–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2021.04.200682.
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Aim. The main aim of this study was to model the effectiveness of multiple myeloma (MM) therapy using machine learning, which was based on the analysis of various methods of MM treatment, a number of prognostic factors and their results in the daily routine clinical practice of medical centers in European countries.
Materials and methods. The present study was retrospective, non-interventional, multicenter. A structured database of MM patients provided by the Oncology Information service (O.I.s.) was used for the study. Registration took place in medical institutions in eight countries: Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, Spain, France, Greece and Great Britain.
Results. In total, 57% of men and 43% of women were analyzed in the base of 6074 patients with MM. The median age was 71 years. The median follow-up time along the lines was 387 days. High-risk cytogenetics are represented in 15% of cases. The efficacy endpoint was the best response to each line of therapy, as measured by time to death (TTD) as an indirect indicator of overall survival and time to next treatment (TTNT) as an indirect indicator of progression-free survival. The median TTD and TTNT were 730 and 399 days respectively. After a multi-step selection process, characteristics with the greatest importance for the therapy prognosis were selected: age at the beginning of therapy, line of therapy, time after MM verification, ECOG (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group), cytogenetic risk, transplant eligibible or not, TTNT after the previous line of therapy, therapy regimen.
Discussion. To continue the study it is necessary to analyze literature data and compare with real practice. Also analysis and comparison with Russian data on the treatment of patients with MM is required.
Conclusion. The analysis of the presented data provides a basis for modeling a tool for assessing the effectiveness of MM therapy (prognosis of TTD and TTNT) for each patient, based on a number of prognostic factors and the results of routine clinical practice in various medical centers in European countries.
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Perova, M. K. "European trajectory of USА direct investment." Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics), no. 12 (November 30, 2022): 850–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-04-2212-01.
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The present paper focuses on the U.S. direct investment in European countries. To date Europe attracted 60 % of the total volume of US global investment. These ties become more complex, covering a growing number of different fields of activities. The study of this issue implies the analysis of the modern features of outward FDI fl ows and the main directions of their placement in Europe. New technologies have made noticeable changes in the usual investment pattern. A global presence without significant FDI is becoming the most important trend in the international activities of companies. However, 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act which fi rst turned capital outfl ows negative, and hen resolved the tax liability overhang on overseas assets, which have contributed to a jump in cross-border M&A purchases by United States MNEs. Thus, FDI fl ows have received a powerful impetus, including investment growth opportunities in European countries. The top countries receiving US FDI: аre Great Britain (identical US business conditions), Luxembourg and the Netherlands (minimizing tax bills), Ireland (export platform). France and Germany are also joining these countries. The most important directions in the industrial structure of US FDI are the information, the service sector, the chemical industry, including pharmaceuticals. The increased role of intangible assets forces branches of American companies to increase their attention to R&D. Europe remains one of the most competitive regions in the world in terms of scientific and technical potential.
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CUTLER, TONY. "Richard Aldrich, David Crook and David Watson, Education and Employment: the DfEE and its place in history, London, Institute of Education, 2000, xv + 238 pp., £15.99 pbk. David Price, Office of Hope: a history of the public employment service in Great Britain, London, Policy Studies Institute, 2000, £16.00 pbk." Journal of Social Policy 30, no. 2 (April 2001): 361–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279401306293.
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Duma, Oleh, and Kateryna Zavtura. "Startup ecosystem in Europe: best practices and lessons for Ukraine." Management and Entrepreneurship in Ukraine: the stages of formation and problems of development 2021, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/smeu2021.01.119.
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The scientific research paper examines the European experience in the development of startup ecosystems. The definitions of scientists of the concepts “startup” and “ecosystem of startups” are given. The importance of the development of the startup ecosystem for Ukraine and possible ways to find better solutions to strengthen such development are identified. Factors of internal influence on the startup ecosystem are analyzed, which include cultural (general business culture, history of successful business creation), social (human talent, investment capital, social networks, and mentors) and material, which has a specific geographical location (government agencies, universities, service companies, physical infrastructure, and open local markets). The structural components of the startup ecosystem are analyzed, their role in the functioning of the system and interconnections are revealed. The functioning of ecosystems of startups in Great Britain, Estonia, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, and Finland are researched. The focus of the analysis was the structural elements of the startups ecosystem in these countries and their impact on the overall result. Statistics on venture capital flows, accelerators, and the total number of startups in leading European countries are analyzed. The main factors of successful functioning of the ecosystem of startups are revealed and the experience of European startup ecosystems are systematized. The Ukrainian ecosystem of startups is analyzed, their structural components and significant shortcomings that hinder its development are described. Weaknesses of the Ukrainian ecosystem of startups include lack of state support, insufficient funding, including due to international capital, underdeveloped infrastructure to support startups, lack of expertise and experience, the unfavorable investment climate and weak international ties. Possibilities and expediency of dissemination of European experience in the development of the Ukrainian ecosystem of startups is substantiated. Possible directions of application of the European experience of development of ecosystems of startups in Ukraine are substantiated. Three main steps have been proposed to strengthen the development of the Ukrainian ecosystem of startups based on European experience and in the context of Ukraine’s path to integration with the European Union.