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Journal articles on the topic 'Post-war occupation'
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1
Guthrie-Shimizu, Sayuri. "Japan’s sports diplomacy in the early post-Second World War years." International Area Studies Review 16, no. 3 (September 2013): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2233865913504866.
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This essay outlines key cases of sports diplomacy practiced by Japan with the assistance of the Allied Occupation Authorities after the Second World War. Both Japan and the occupation overlord employed sports to good effect as a tool for reshaping Japan’s national image as one of a rule-abiding civilized society and buttressing the idea of US–Japanese friendship during the Cold War. Both amateur and professional sports heroes played a part in these binational efforts.
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LEE, SABINE. "A Forgotten Legacy of the Second World War: GI children in post-war Britain and Germany." Contemporary European History 20, no. 2 (April 8, 2011): 157–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096077731100004x.
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AbstractWhether in war, occupation or peacekeeping, whenever foreign soldiers are in contact with the local population, and in particular with local women, some of these contacts are intimate. Between 1942 and 1945, US soldiers fathered more than 22,000 children in Britain, and during the first decade of post-war US presence in West Germany more than 37,000 children were fathered by American occupation soldiers. Many of these children were raised in their mothers’ families, not knowing about their biological roots and often suffering stigmatisation and discrimination. The question of how these children were treated is discussed in the context of wider social and political debates about national and individual identity. Furthermore, the effect on the children of living outside the normal boundaries of family and nation is discussed.
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Harper, Stephen. "‘Terrible things happen’: Peter Bowker's Occupation and the Representation of the Iraq War in British Television Drama." Journal of British Cinema and Television 10, no. 1 (January 2013): 206–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jbctv.2013.0130.
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Peter Bowker and Laurie Borg's three-part television drama Occupation (2009) chronicles the experiences of three British soldiers involved in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. By means of an historically situated textual analysis, this article assesses how far the drama succeeds in presenting a progressive critique of the British military involvement in Iraq. It is argued that although Occupation devotes some narrative space to subaltern perspectives on Britain's military involvement in Iraq, the production – in contrast to some other British television dramas about the Iraq war – tends to privilege pro-war perspectives, elide Iraqi experiences of suffering, and, through the discursive strategy of ‘de-agentification’, obfuscate the extent of Western responsibility for the damage the war inflicted on Iraq and its population. Appearing six years after the beginning of a war whose prosecution provoked widespread public dissent, Occupation's political silences perhaps illustrate the BBC's difficulty in creating contestatory drama in what some have argued to be the conservative moment of post-Hutton public service broadcasting.
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Wróbel-Bardzik, Karolina. "Między ruralizacją miasta i „urbanizacją przyrody”. Historia środowiskowa okupowanej Warszawy." Przegląd Humanistyczny 63, no. 4 (January 15, 2020): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7281.
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The paper attempts to answer the question about the place of plants and urban greenery in Warsaw during the occupation and post-war period. The theoretical framework is determined by the environmental history of the war. The author describes ruralization of Warsaw during the occupation, and the fate of trees in urban forests and gardens and parks, which became depleted or destroyed as a result of the war and overexploitation. These spaces are called by Chris Pearson as “scarred landscapes”. An important point of reference is the pre-war and post-war vision of modernizing the city, in which plants occupy an important place in the spatial planning sphere. Moreover, the paper discusses the phenomenon of “urbanization of nature”, determining in this period of what belongs to the accepted sphere of “nature” in urban space.
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Hughes, Geraint. "A ‘Post-war’ War: The British Occupation of French-Indochina, September 1945–March 1946." Small Wars & Insurgencies 17, no. 3 (September 2006): 263–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592310600671596.
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RODMAN, TARA. "A More Humane Mikado: Re-envisioning the Nation through Occupation-Era Productions of The Mikado in Japan." Theatre Research International 40, no. 3 (September 9, 2015): 288–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030788331500036x.
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The first authorized productions in Japan of Gilbert and Sullivan's The Mikado took place in the early years of the post-war American occupation. A group of Japanese theatre-makers whose international engagement had been circumscribed by the war were involved in these productions – first a 1946 American-led version for occupation personnel, and then an ‘all-Japanese’ version in 1947 and 1948. For these artists, The Mikado, a foreign operetta that was simultaneously ‘about Japan’ and not, offered a way of rebuilding post-war Japanese theatre, and, in doing so, imagining new possibilities for the nation. Through The Mikado they performed a ‘cosmopolitanism at home’, a mode of engagement with the international from within the borders of one's own nation.
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Fu, Poshek. "Japanese Occupation, Shanghai Exiles, and Postwar Hong Kong Cinema." China Quarterly 194 (June 2008): 380–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030574100800043x.
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AbstractThis article explores a little-explored subject in a critical period of the history of Hong Kong and China. Shortly after the surrender of Japan in 1945, China was in the throes of civil war between the Nationalists and Communists while British colonial rule was restored in Hong Kong, The communist victory in 1949 deepened the Cold War in Asia. In this chaotic and highly volatile context, the flows and linkages between Shanghai and Hong Kong intensified as many Chinese sought refuge in the British colony. This Shanghai–Hong Kong nexus played a significant role in the rebuilding of the post-war Hong Kong film industry and paved the way for its transformation into the capital of a global pan-Chinese cinema in the 1960s and 1970s. Focusing on a study of the cultural, political and business history of post-war Hong Kong cinema, this article aims to open up new avenues to understand 20th-century Chinese history and culture through the translocal and regional perspective of the Shanghai–Hong Kong nexus.
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Djordjevic, Dimitrije. "The Austro-Hungarian occupation regime in Serbia and its break-down in 1918." Balcanica, no. 46 (2015): 107–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/balc1546107d.
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This paper discusses the occupation of Serbia during the First World War by Austro-Hungarian forces. The first partial occupation was short-lived as the Serbian army repelled the aggressors after the Battle of Kolubara in late 1914, but the second one lasted from fall 1915 until the end of the Great War. The Austro-Hungarian occupation zone in Serbia covered the largest share of Serbia?s territory and it was organised in the shape of the Military Governorate on the pattern of Austro-Hungarian occupation of part of Poland. The invaders did not reach a clear decision as to what to do with Serbian territory in post-war period and that gave rise to considerable frictions between Austro-Hungarian and German interests in the Balkans, then between Austrian and Hungarian interests and, finally, between military and civilian authorities within Military Governorate. Throughout the occupation Serbia was exposed to ruthless economic exploitation and her population suffered much both from devastation and from large-scale repression (including deportations, internments and denationalisation) on the part of the occupation regime.
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Hamans, Camiel. "MINORITY LANGUAGES UNDER NAZI OCCUPATION." Scripta Neophilologica Posnaniensia 19 (December 15, 2019): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/snp.2019.19.03.
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This paper discusses the special interest the Third Reich ideologues had for Germanic minority languages. In particular, the situation in Friesland, Flanders and Brittany is addressed. Moreover, it is made clear how German linguists from that period tried to annex Wallonia as an original Germanic area. Finally, the consequences of this cooperation with the Nazi occupier for the post-war discussions about these minority languages are briefly indicated.
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Turner, Ian. "Great Britain and the Post-War German Currency Reform." Historical Journal 30, no. 3 (September 1987): 685–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x0002094x.
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British policy towards Germany during the period of occupation aimed at preventing a resurgence of German military might in the future, whilst ensuring stable economic conditions in the short term. By mid 1946, however, the scale of the economic problems confronting the occupying powers in Germany had already manifested itself in the reduction of food rations and the consequent falling off in the output of Ruhr coal. The fragile economy was to suffer an even greater setback during the cruel winter of 1946/7. The immediate restoration of economic activity became imperative, not least because the dollar cost of sustaining the British Zone with imported grain weighed heavily on the British exchequer.
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Evans, Mark. "Moral Responsibilities and the Conflicting Demands ofJus Post Bellum." Ethics & International Affairs 23, no. 2 (2009): 147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.2009.00204.x.
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Recently, strong arguments have been offered for the inclusion ofjus post bellumin just war theory. If this addition is indeed justified, it is plain that, due to the variety in types of post-conflict situation, the content ofjus post bellumwill necessarily vary. One instance when it looks as if it should become “extended” in its scope, ranging well beyond (for example) issues of “just peace terms,” is when occupation of a defeated enemy is necessary. In this situation, this article argues that an engagement byjus post bellumwith the morality of post-conflict reconstruction is unavoidable. However, the resulting extension ofjus post bellum's stipulations threatens to generate conflict with another tenet that it would surely wish to endorse with respect to “just occupation,” namely, that sovereignty or self-determination should be restored to the occupied people as soon as is reasonably possible. Hence, the action-guiding objective of the theory could become significantly problematized. The article concludes by considering whether this problem supports the claim that the addition ofjus post bellumto just war theory is actually more problematic than its supporters have realized.
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Masafumi, Okazaki. "Chrysanthemum and Christianity: Education and Religion in Occupied Japan, 1945––1952." Pacific Historical Review 79, no. 3 (August 1, 2010): 393–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2010.79.3.393.
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American occupying forces had an unprecedented opportunity to establish Christianity in post-World War II Japan, but their efforts failed. This article argues that Gen. Douglas MacArthur's efforts at Christianization failed because of a fundamental contradiction within the goals of the Occupation. On the one hand, MacArthur saw Christianity and American-style democratic institutions as inextricably linked and serving similar purposes, including fending off communism. On the other, the American ideal of the separation of church and state, which explicitly criticized the influence of State Shinto in pre-war Japan and was embodied in the Occupation's Shinto Directive, ran counter to the promotion of Christianity to replace Shinto. This internal conflict eliminated one of the Occupation's more promising avenues for Christianization——public education.
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Stefanidis, Ioannis D. "Antidote to Civil War? European ‘small states’ and political legitimacy during World War II." RUDN Journal of World History 11, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8127-2019-11-2-117-135.
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The experience of European small states involved in World War II varied widely. Not all of them entered the war as victims of aggression, and even those that did so did not necessarily share the same dire consequences of warfare and/or foreign occupation; they also exited the war in, sometimes dramatically different ways: a number of small states entered the post-war period relatively peacefully, other were plunged into civil war, while a third category experienced a measure of unrest short of civil strife. It is argued in this paper that, among the factors influencing the outcome of a European small state’s involvement in World War II, the political legitimacy of its government should not be underestimated. The impact of this factor was particularly felt during the sensitive transition period from war and/or occupation into peacetime. Reinterpreting existing material, it is further argued that, during the war, democratic legitimacy increasingly appeared to guarantee a safer ground for both withstanding wartime travails and achieving a relatively smooth restoration of free national institutions, without the risk of civil war.
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Aragon, Lorraine V. "“Japanese Time” and the Mica Mine: Occupation Experiences in the Central Sulawesi Highlands." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 27, no. 1 (March 1, 1996): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400010675.
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During World War II, Japanese soldiers forced highlanders in western Central Sulawesi to operate a mica mine. Questions about the mine's purpose are clarified by examining mica's strategic uses for wartime electronics. Accounts of the occupation by highlanders contribute to understanding changes in their post-war religious and ethnic identities.
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Kobets, P. N. "FEATURES OF FORMING THE JAPANESE ECONOMIC MODEL DURING THE OCCUPATION PERIOD 1945–1951." Scientific Review: Theory and Practice 10, no. 6 (June 30, 2020): 1129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/2226-0226-2020-10-6-1129-1137.
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The author chose as an object of research the post-war Japan, the economy of which had undergone significant changes over six years. In the process of the research, based on methods of analysis, synthesis, statistical and historical, the author considered the post-war reform of the Japanese economy during the occupation period of 1945-1951, the features of the relationship between business and the state; he analyzed the changes that occurred in the Japanese economy over the period under review. As a result, it was concluded that the active postwar economic development was not an exclusive Japanese phenomenon, it was observed in many states, including the countries of the socialist camp. Post-war world economy of the 1950 grew at a fairly rapid pace, while during the period of the American occupation, the Japanese economy was not among the world leaders in most of its positions, and in some positions was lower than other states, including those that suffered from World War II. However, thanks to the actions of the occupation administration, Japan received a certain platform for further growth of its economy, which began in the 1950; and the country’s government got the opportunity to carry out new reforms. The scientific novelty of the research is a comprehensive analysis of the peculiarities of forming the economic model in Japan during the occupation period of 1945-1951. As a result, the author comes to the conclusion that the reforms laid foundations for the effective functioning of market mechanisms in the country. Determining the practical significance of the article, it should be noted that it may interest specialists studying the history of the Japanese economy, as well as students and teachers at higher educational institutions of economic profile.
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Kelly, Michael J. "Iraq and the law of occupation: new tests for an old law." Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 6 (December 2003): 127–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1389135900001318.
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When deciding to go to war against Iraq in 2003 it had been intended by the Coalition states from the outset that the regime of Saddam Hussein would be deposed. It was believed, however, that there would be close engagement with a surviving Iraqi administrative capacity and perhaps a successor government. Consequently, it was expected that there would not be a need for much ‘post conflict’ administrative effort beyond the provision of support to a largely intact infrastructure, remaining functionaries and perhaps some humanitarian relief. Instead, Coalition forces faced the greatest post-conflict administrative challenge since World War II and the greatest public security challenge any force has ever had to manage.
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Fox, Gregory H. "Transformative occupation and the unilateralist impulse." International Review of the Red Cross 94, no. 885 (March 2012): 237–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383112000598.
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AbstractThe 2003 occupation of Iraq ignited an important debate among scholars over the merits of transformative occupation. An occupier has traditionally been precluded from making substantial changes in the legal or political infrastructure of the state it controls. But the Iraq experience led some to claim that this ‘conservationist principle’ had been largely ignored in practice. Moreover, transformation was said to accord with a variety of important trends in contemporary international law, including the rebuilding of post-conflict states along liberal democratic lines, the extra-territorial application of human rights treaty obligations, and the decline of abstract conceptions of territorial sovereignty. This article argues that these claims are substantially overstated. The practice of Occupying Powers does not support the view that liberal democratic transformations are widespread. Human rights treaties have never been held to require states parties to legislate in the territories of other states. More importantly, the conservationist principle serves the critical function of limiting occupiers' unilateral appropriation of the subordinate state's legislative powers. Post-conflict transformation has indeed been a common feature of post-Cold War legal order, but it has been accomplished collectively, most often via Chapter VII of the UN Charter. To grant occupiers authority to reverse this trend by disclaiming any need for collective approval of ‘reforms’ in occupied states would be to validate an anachronistic unilateralism. It would run contrary to the multilateralization of all aspects of armed conflict, evident in areas well beyond post-conflict reconstruction.
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HOLIAN, ANNA. "Displacement and the Post-war Reconstruction of Education: Displaced Persons at the UNRRA University of Munich, 1945–1948." Contemporary European History 17, no. 2 (May 2008): 167–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777308004360.
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AbstractIn the first years after the Second World War, Munich was home to a unique institution, the UNRRA University. Created by and for Europe's displaced persons, the university was defined as a new kind of educational institution, dedicated to the cause of reviving humanism and promoting internationalism. By virtue of their experiences of occupation, persecution and dislocation, the university argued, displaced persons were uniquely qualified to spearhead the post-war reconstruction of education and culture. This article traces the social and intellectual history of the UNRRA University. It examines the university's ideas on nationalism and internationalism, the reconstruction of higher education and the role of the intellectual in the post-war world. It argues that while much of the literature on displaced persons has focused on national communities, wartime and post-war displacement also gave rise to new transnational solidarities and imaginaries among the displaced.
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Inoguchi, Takashi. "Nambara Shigeru (1889–1974): how a Japanese liberal conceptualized eternal peace, 1918–1951." Japanese Journal of Political Science 19, no. 4 (December 2018): 612–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109918000373.
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AbstractNambara Shigeru was a rara avis of Japanese liberal academics at hard times in that he survived difficult times without being punished by the oppressive government in the pre-war Japan and the occupation authorities in the immediate post-war Japan. He specialized in Western political philosophy especially in Immanuel Kant and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, known as proponents of German idealism and nationalism. His magnum opus was published, without being punished, in 1944, arguing that the Nazi politics was totally against the Western political tradition. In 1945–46, he made clear his opposition to the draft new Constitution in which the emperor be symbolic and the armed forces be abolished. In 1949–1950, he made clear his view that Japan, once Japan admitted to the United Nations, what would become Japanese Self-Defense Forces should donate portions to what would become United Nations Peace Keeping Operations. On the basis of his writings in the war period and the occupation period, comparisons of his positions with Roger Scruton, Vladislav Surkov, Yanaihara Tadao, Akamatsu Kaname, Nitobe Inazo, and Yanagida Kunio on such concepts as democracy promotion, national self-determination, peace keeping are attempted to see the extent to which the pent-up Wilsonian moment burst in the immediate post-war period.
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Savych, O. V. "Interpretation of the history of post-war France in Pascal Quignard’s “The American Occupation”." Science and Education a New Dimension IX(253), no. 45 (June 25, 2021): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31174/send-hs2021-253ix45-13.
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The article deals with the specifics of the interpretation of the history of post-war France, made by a contemporary French writer Pascal Quignard in the novel "The American Occupation" (1994). The writer represents in detail the chosen historical period, emphasizing its socio-political and cultural peculiarities. In addition, the author pays attention to the phenomenon of modification of the national identity of the protagonists influenced by American mass culture. The depiction of a specific historical epoch in this work becomes part of Pascal Quignard's reflection on the meaning of history in its entirety.
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Sagiraju, Hari Krishna Raju, Sasa Živković, Anne C. VanCott, Huned Patwa, David Gimeno Ruiz de Porras, Megan E. Amuan, and Mary Jo V. Pugh. "Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Among Veterans Deployed in Support of Post-9/11 U.S. Conflicts." Military Medicine 185, no. 3-4 (October 23, 2019): e501-e509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz350.
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Abstract Introduction Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a recognized military service-connected condition. Prior prevalence studies of ALS among U.S. war Veterans were not able to address concerns related to neurodegenerative sequelae of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and disregarded risk heterogeneity from occupational categories within service branches. Materials and Methods We identified the prevalence of definite and possible ALS and cumulative incidence of definite ALS among Post-9/11 U.S. Veterans deployed in support of Post-9/11 conflicts (mean age 36.3) who received care in the Veterans Health Administration during fiscal years 2002–2015. Using a case-control study design, we also evaluated the association of TBI and major military occupation groups with ALS adjusting for demographics and comorbidities. Results The prevalence of ALS was 19.7 per 100,000 over 14 years. Both prevalence and cumulative incidence of definite ALS were significantly higher among Air Force personnel compared to other service branches and among tactical operation officers and health care workers compared to general and administrative officers. Neither TBI nor younger age (<45 years) was associated with ALS. Depression, cardiac disease, cerebrovascular disease, high blood pressure, and obstructive sleep apnea were clinical comorbidities significantly associated with ALS in this population of Veterans. Conclusion This study among a cohort of relatively young Veterans showed a high ALS prevalence, suggesting an early onset of ALS among deployed military service members. The higher prevalence among some military specific occupations highlights the need to determine which occupational exposures specific to these occupations (particularly, Air Force personnel, tactical operations officers, and health care workers) might be associated with early onset ALS.
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Milward, A. S. "Reconstruction in Post-War Germany: British Occupation Policy and the Western Zones 1945-1955." German History 9, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 113–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/9.1.113.
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Overy, R. J., and Ian D. Turner. "Reconstruction in Post-War Germany: British Occupation Policy and the Western Zones, 1945-1955." Economic History Review 44, no. 1 (February 1991): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2597510.
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Chesterman, Simon. "Occupation as Liberation: International Humanitarian Law and Regime Change." Ethics & International Affairs 18, no. 3 (December 2004): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.2004.tb00476.x.
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The U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003 has been the subject of much discussion for its impact on the use of force outside of UN Security Council authorization. Less commented upon is the fact that the so-called “Operation Iraqi Freedom” resurrected a body of international law that had been dormant through the second half of the twentieth century: the law of military occupation. Developed at a time when war itself was not illegal, this doctrine became something of an embarrassment after the UN Charter established a broad prohibition on the use of force. Nevertheless, through the 1990s the United Nations itself had become involved in operations in Kosovo that looked distinctly like military occupation. Even the most liberal reading of the instruments governing occupation law, however, finds it hard to reconcile this law with military intervention and post-conflict occupation premised on regime change. This article first surveys the law of military occupation before briefly examining the role of the UN Security Council in post-conflict administration. It then turns to the ambiguous responsibilities accorded to the United States and Britain as occupying powers in Iraq in 2003–2004.
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Roos, Julia. "The Race to Forget? Bi-racial Descendants of the First Rhineland Occupation in 1950s West German Debates about the Children of African American GIs*." German History 37, no. 4 (October 12, 2019): 517–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghz081.
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Abstract After the First World War, the German children of colonial French soldiers stationed in the Rhineland became a focal point of nationalist anxieties over ‘racial pollution’. In 1937, the Nazis subjected hundreds of biracial Rhenish children to compulsory sterilization. After 1945, colonial French soldiers and African American GIs participating in the occupation of West Germany left behind thousands of out-of-wedlock children. In striking contrast to the open vilification of the first (1920s) generation of biracial occupation children, post-1945 commentators emphasized the need for the racial integration of the children of black GIs. Government agencies implemented new programmes protecting the post-1945 cohort against racial discrimination, yet refused restitution to biracial Rhenish Germans sterilized by the Nazis. The contrasts between the experiences of the two generations of German descendants of occupation soldiers of colour underline the complicated ways in which postwar ruptures in racial discourse coexisted with certain long-term continuities in antiblack racism, complicating historians’ claims of ‘Americanization’ of post-1945 German racial attitudes.
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Sandes, Caroline A. "Remembering Beirut: Lessons for Archaeology and (Post-) Conflict Urban Redevelopment in Aleppo." Ex Novo: Journal of Archaeology 2 (December 31, 2017): 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/exnovo.v2i0.387.
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The reconstruction of central Beirut after the Lebanese civil war by Solidere is not gen-erally considered a success. It has resulted in a soulless, expensive and exclusive area aimed at tourists and wealthy overseas business people who have generally failed to ma-terialise; local people tend to go elsewhere, except when protesting (Ilyés 2015). Despite the fact that Beirut was known to be an ancient city with occupation stretching back to prehistoric times, the initial post-war plans were for a modern city centre built on a tabu-la rasa. Little thought was given to any cultural heritage. Subsequent protest at this planned destruction ensured changes to the original redevelopment plans to incorporate historic building conservation and some archaeological investigation but it was far from ideal, and often became tangled in the ongoing politico-religious conflicts (Sandes 2010). Aleppo is another such city; occupation can be traced back to the 10th century BCE, and its old city has World Heritage status. The ongoing Syrian war has caused dreadful de-struction of the city and its peoples, but in the rebuilding how important will this cultur-al heritage be considered? This paper examines the role of the built heritage, particularly archaeology, in the (post-) conflict urban reconstruction process and with reference to Beirut, examines what ar-chaeology has the potential to offer to the rebuilding and rehabilitation of Aleppo and its communities.
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Cavanagh, Lynn. "Marcel Dupré's “Dark Years”: Unveiling His Occupation-Period Concertizing." Articles 34, no. 1-2 (May 26, 2015): 33–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1030869ar.
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Examination of organist Marcel Dupré’s collected concert programs reveals that, of 137 he performed during the German occupation, 14 bear signs of funding by the German Embassy or the military government’s Propaganda Department. Dupré, though, would have participated in good conscience out of personal pride in France’s musical past. Post-Liberation punishments of French musicians who “collaborated with the enemy” were applied so inconsistently as to explain why he thereafter suppressed the extent and nature of his Occupation-period concertizing. This fuller picture of his activities potentially sheds light on his Second World War–period compositions, particularly Évocation, op. 37.
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Boiko, Mykhailo, and Oleksandr Ivanov. "The Denazification of the Post-war Germany in the American Occupation Zone in 1945-1949." European Historical Studies, no. 10 (2018): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2018.10.63-81.
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As a result of the analysis of the documents of the American Military Administration, agreements, signed at the official governmental level by the representatives of the Allies, personal documents, articles of the German newspaper “Die Zeit” and sociological researches carried out by the scientific institutions, the authors of the article outline the main mechanisms, procedures, institutions for the implementation of the denazification and identify its advantages and disadvantages during the American occupation in 1945-1949. Denazification implemented in the American occupation zone did not remain ineffective. This process also had a shocking effect for the civilians, for it meant “social degradation and humiliation in the eyes of society”. If there was no internal purification of the former criminals, all reinterpreted individuals were now forced to outbrave “political moderation and restraint” and to accept new conditions. With the adoption of democracy “from above” during the transitional justice, there can be no unequivocal answer to the question whether the national socialist dictatorship in Germany could be regarded as successful. The United States of America quickly realized that the future of Germany would depend on both the announced denazification and the economic recovery. The American government approved the adoption of the Basic Law (Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany). In any case, the American policy toward Germany consistently advocated German unity and the integration of a prosperous and strong state, provided that it would become a constituent of a capitalist and democratic international system as a responsible party.
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Abu-Zahra, Nadia. "Curriculum Development Under Military Occupation: Palestinian Environmental Health Education in the Second Intifada." Practicing Anthropology 28, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.28.1.k1123287822p74w4.
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War-like conditions arise when war machinery is used to suppress a population, and is distinct from when two states are at war (see Halileh and Giacaman, 2002). Under these conditions, in development theory, the "relief-development" continuum calls for short-term interventions until "post-conflict". Not usually considered a short-term intervention, education is often left out, except for peace education. But what about long-term development, and what about curriculum other than peace education? This paper is about balancing a long term curriculum initiative with emergency initiatives, such as documenting injuries and deaths, and surveying mental health effects. The case study is a Palestinian environmental health education initiative, surrounded by the realities of Israeli military occupation: travel restrictions, military checkpoints, curfews, closures, demolitions, arrests, shootings and bombings. Participant observation and retrospective analysis document a period ranging from January 2000 to January 2005, and concludes that education is far more than the much-promoted conflict mediation—it is an important part of coping under war-like conditions.
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Tregubenko, Anna. "Issues of the Soviet Union participation in the post-war occupation of Japan (1945–1947)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 1 (February 2012): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2012.1.17.
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Tuckman, Alan. "After UCS: Workplace Occupation in Britain in the 1970s." Labour History Review: Volume 86, Issue 1 86, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 7–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/lhr.2021.2.
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This paper traces the development of this form of industrial action through the 1970s, the emergence of an alternative economic voice, ultimately almost silenced in the 1980s with the dominance of neo-liberalism, leaving a sedimental alternative which periodically reappears. We first need to consider the context for this occupation movement and the social, political and economic developments of the post-war period which facilitated this form of resistance. Then we consider the nature of ‘occupation’, the forms it takes, and what differentiates it from strikes and other manifestations of organized conflict arising from the employment of labour power under capitalism, before examining the pattern of occupation after UCS. We indicate that the movement left a sediment of ideas and practices, not just in terms of ‘occupation’ itself as a form of industrial action, but also of an alternative economy rooted in workers’ self-management and socially useful production.
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Lueger-Schuster, Brigitte, Tobias M. Glück, Ulrich S. Tran, and Elisabeth L. Zeilinger. "Sexual violence by occupational forces during and after World War II: influence of experiencing and witnessing of sexual violence on current mental health in a sample of elderly Austrians." International Psychogeriatrics 24, no. 8 (March 21, 2012): 1354–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104161021200021x.
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ABSTRACTBackground: Wartime rape is an atrocity with long-lasting impacts not only on victims but whole societies. In this brief report, we present data on experience and witness of sexual violence during World War II (WWII) and subsequent time of occupation and on indicators of mental health in a sample of elderly Austrians.Methods: Interviews of 298 elderly Austrians from a larger epidemiological study on WWII traumatization were analyzed for the impact of experience and witness of sexual violence during the wartime committed by occupational forces. Interviews comprised a biographical/historical section and psychological measures (BSI, TLEQ, PCL–C). Participants were recruited in all nine provinces of Austria with respect to former zones of occupation (Western Allied/Soviet).Results: Twelve persons reported direct experience of sexual violence, 33 persons witnessed such atrocities. One third of the victims and 18.2% of the witnesses reported post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD full/subthreshold). Sexual violence occurred more often in the former Soviet zone. Victims and witnesses displayed higher odds of post-traumatic symptoms and symptoms of depression and phobic fear than non-victims. Furthermore, witnesses displayed higher levels of aggression compared to victims and non-witnesses.Conclusions: Our results corroborate previous findings that wartime rape has long-lasting effects over decades on current mental health and post-traumatic distress in victims and witnesses. We recommend integration of psychotraumatological knowledge on consequences of sexual violence on mental health into geriatric care and the education of dedicated personnel.
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Boloorani, Ali Darvishi, Mehdi Darvishi, Qihao Weng, and Xiangtong Liu. "Post-War Urban Damage Mapping Using InSAR: The Case of Mosul City in Iraq." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10030140.
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Urban infrastructures have become imperative to human life. Any damage to these infrastructures as a result of detrimental activities would accrue huge economical costs and severe casualties. War in particular is a major anthropogenic calamity with immense collateral effects on the social and economic fabric of human nations. Therefore, damaged buildings assessment plays a prominent role in post-war resettlement and reconstruction of urban infrastructures. The data-analysis process of this assessment is essential to any post-disaster program and can be carried out via different formats. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data and Interferometric SAR (InSAR) techniques help us to establish a reliable and fast monitoring system for detecting post-war damages in urban areas. Along this thread, the present study aims to investigate the feasibility and mode of implementation of Sentinel-1 SAR data and InSAR techniques to estimate post-war damage in war-affected areas as opposed to using commercial high-resolution optical images. The study is presented in the form of a survey to identify urban areas damaged or destroyed by war (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, ISIL, or ISIS occupation) in the city of Mosul, Iraq, using Sentinel-1 (S1) data over the 2014–2017 period. Small BAseline Subset (SBAS), Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) and coherent-intensity-based analysis were also used to identify war-damaged buildings. Accuracy assessments for the proposed SAR-based mapping approach were conducted by comparing the destruction map to the available post-war destruction map of United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR); previously developed using optical very high-resolution images, drone imagery, and field visits. As the findings suggest, 40% of the entire city, the western sectors, especially the Old City, were affected most by ISIS war. The findings are also indicative of the efficiency of incorporating Sentinel-1 SAR data and InSAR technique to map post-war urban damages in Mosul. The proposed method could be widely used as a tool in damage assessment procedures in any post-war reconstruction programs.
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BUTLER, MARGARET. "‘Paysan, paysage, patrie: French Films and Rural Life, 1940–1950’." Rural History 14, no. 2 (September 16, 2003): 219–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793303001043.
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This article seeks to explore cinematic representations of rural life during the Occupation and the immediate post-war period. Films about the countryside were not new as France had long enjoyed what could be called a ‘rural cinema’ largely through the highly successful film versions of Marcel Pagnol's novels and plays. During the Occupation, rural films continued to celebrate pastoral life despite considerable conflict between urban and rural. Film historians have argued that in doing so, they simply endorsed Vichy's ideology of le retour à la terre and its adulation of le paysan. Yet, as I will argue, in the context of a divided nation, these films were far more significant than existing research has acknowledged and indeed conveyed a profound longing for a unified France in their suggestion that there was an inextricable link between countryside and city. Post-war films with rural themes still articulated the tensions and contrasts between the two but more intensely, by presenting the city as eternally seductive but ultimately dangerous for the rural émigré. By this deliberate juxtaposition of conflicting images, these films sought to reunite a dispersed population by ‘relocating’ rural and urban dwellers in their natural and appropriate spheres.
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Exeler, Franziska. "The Ambivalent State: Determining Guilt in the Post-World War II Soviet Union." Slavic Review 75, no. 3 (2016): 606–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5612/slavicreview.75.3.0606.
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In the aftermath of the Second World War, the search for alleged traitors took place in each country that had been under foreign occupation. The most active country in this regard was the Soviet Union. This article analyzes how the Soviet authorities dealt with people who had lived in German-occupied territory during the war. It discusses divergent understandings of guilt, and examines means of punishment, retribution and justice. I argue that inconsistencies in Moscow’s politics of retribution, apart from reflecting tensions between ideology and pragmatism, resulted from contradictions within ideology, namely the belief that the war had uncovered mass enemies in hiding, and the belief that it had been won with the mass support of the Soviet population. The state that emerged from the war, then, was both powerful and insecure, able to quickly reassert its authority in formerly German-occupied areas, but also deeply ambivalent about its politics of retribution.
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Watt, Lori. "Embracing Defeat in Seoul: Rethinking Decolonization in Korea, 1945." Journal of Asian Studies 74, no. 1 (December 2, 2014): 153–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911814001715.
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Revisiting the political and social history of Seoul, Korea, in 1945, this article assesses responses to Japanese defeat and the end of empire in the context of American military occupation. The arrival of the Americans forced Japanese and Koreans alike to rethink their positions in the world. Drawing on past colonial practices, Japanese residents used the immediate post-surrender moment to ponder their future prospects, recording those thoughts in a number of public and private sources. They negotiated the passage from a colonial to a post-imperial society, I argue, by embracing a consciousness of a defeated people while disregarding criticisms of colonial rule. This investigation seeks to interpret the immediate post-World War II moment in Seoul less as a founding moment of the Cold War and more as an important transition in the history of decolonization.
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Núñez Seixas, Xosé M. "Good Invaders? The Occupation Policy of the Spanish Blue Division in Northwestern Russia, 1941–1944." War in History 25, no. 3 (July 7, 2017): 361–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344516666422.
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Between 1941 and 1944, the Spanish Division of Volunteers took part in the Russian campaign as a unit integrated in the German Wehrmacht. Post-1945 war memoirs and even some historians have suggested that the ‘Blue’ Division was exceptional for their benign treatment of civilians and prisoners, distanced from the German War of Extermination. This image has not been subjected to critical enquiry. To what degree were the Spanish troops different from other Wehrmacht troops? Was the collective behaviour of the Spanish soldiers determined by the circumstances they encountered at the front, or was it related to their prior political socialization?
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Hоncharenko, Оleksii. "“Retribution for betrayal”: Attempts of social integration of former employees of the local police of the Gebitskommissariat “Bila Tserkva” at the Reichskommissariat Ukraine into post-war Soviet society." Universum Historiae et Archeologiae 3, no. 1 (November 19, 2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/26200107.
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The purpose of the article is to identify the forms and means of social integration of former police officers of the Bila Tserkva Commissariat in the post-war Soviet society. Methods of research: analytical-synthetic, historical-chronological, comparative-historical, logical. Scientific novelty. Forms and methods of social integration of the former police commissioner of Bila Tserkva in the Soviet society for the first time are analyzed in detail. Practical importance. The study identifies typical models of social integration of people who, in the context of occupation from different circumstances, embarked on a betrayal path, but failed and tried to return to a peaceful life. The originality of the study is based on the identification and analytical and synthetic processing of previously unknown archival sources of the Soviet special services. Main results. The problem of social integration of former local police officers into post-war Soviet society is considered as an example of a separate administrative district of the Ukraine Reichskommissariat. At the system level, the forms and methods of social integration of people who, during the war, followed the instructions of the German authorities and carried out the main directions of the Nazi occupation policy are clarified. The typical behavior models of former police officers in the post-war period are highlighted. Examples of criminal proceedings against people who served in local law enforcement agencies of the Bila Tserkva gebitskommissariat are given. The facts of mistakes of the investigative Soviet special services of the NKDB and the KGB system are established. On the example of specific life destinies, the conclusion is drawn about the selectivity of the repressive measures against former police officers by Soviet law enforcement agencies. Article type: research.
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Hrosevych, Taras. "War novel: the history of development and typology of the genre." Fìlologìčnì traktati 12, no. 1 (2020): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/ftrk.2020.12(1)-6.
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The general regularities and main tendencies of the development of a war novel have been researched in the article, an attempt of its typology and periodization is realized, the most common genre models is identified. The novel about the Second World War as a leading epic genre, which develops the theme of war in literature, creatively synthesized all the experience gained by the writers and front-line soldiers, became a noticeable artistic phenomenon and widespread genre formation in Western European, American and Slavic writing. It is concluded that the aesthetic and ideological-thematic level of artistic modeling of war reality is localized in different national literatures unevenly and stipulated first of all for the historical and geopolitical scope of the involvement of warring countries in hostilities. For example, in German military romance, is the so-called "Remarkable" novel, as well as a novel with a marked anti-militaristic nature. The main plot of the French war novel is the resistance movement, while the Italian one is fascist domination and occupation actions in the Balkans. Instead, in Britain, which has escaped occupation, military creativity takes a rather modest place. American writing focuses on war as a social phenomenon, armed conflicts in Vietnam. The polivector artistic search, the richness of types and varieties of war novel (panoramic novel, lyric war novel, anti-fascist novel, soldier novel, war novel-education, war novel with documentary basis, etc.) demonstrates military novel prose of Eastern Slavs. In particular, in the development of the Ukrainian war novel, literary critics distinguish such branches as the war novel, the post-war novel of the first decade, the war novel prose of the "second wave" (etc. pol. 50's - 60's), war novel 70’s-80’s, as well as modern war novels.
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Kratoska, Paul H. "SINGAPORE, HONG KONG AND THE END OF EMPIRE." International Journal of Asian Studies 3, no. 1 (January 2006): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479591405000197.
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As major Asian trading centres and former British colonies, Singapore and Hong Kong inevitably have parallel histories. Although their destinies diverged in the latter part of the twentieth century, comparisons between the two places are useful in developing an understanding of the historical circumstances of each city, and also in developing regional perspectives. The burden of the present article lies in three arguments. First, while the Japanese occupation is often seen as a climactic event in Asian history that destroyed the colonial world and set in motion the transition to independence, the economic policies that defined the post-war era were initiated by colonial regimes during the 1930s and continued by nationalist governments after 1945. Second, the political trajectories followed by Singapore and Hong Kong in the first post-war decades were largely determined by unanticipated developments relating to the cold war, and did not follow logically from the situation that existed in the 1930s, or even when the war ended in August 1945. Third, while both places were seen as colonial relics in post-war Southeast Asia and had to contend with nationalist policies that were incompatible with their social make-up and business practices, efforts to assimilate them within national states were unsuccessful, and they continued to flourish as global city states.
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Kudryachenko, A. "The Yalta Conference of the “Big Three” in 1945 and Ukraine’s Appearance on the International Stage." Problems of World History, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 97–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2016-2-6.
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The article analyzes the decisions of the Yalta international conference of the leaders of the Allied States, i.e. USSR, USA and UK, aimed at solving the key issues of the final stage of war with Nazi Germany and its satellites: coordination of military activities, creation of four occupation zones on German territory, declared common goal of unconditional surrender as well as the principles of the post-war demilitarization and denazification of Germany, just punishment of war criminals, compensation for damages caused by the Nazis and creation of the inter-Alliance Control Commission in Moscow.
The article considers the agreed decisions on establishing a permanent mechanism for regular consultations among the three Foreign Ministers of the Allied States related to post-war arrangement and order in Europe and the world as well as the Allies’ policy on liberated territories. The author analyses the conditions leading to creation of the new system of relations and spheres of influence of the great powers in the world. The article contains a special analysis of Allies’ decisions regarding creation of the UN and inclusion of Ukraine into the number of states-founders of this international organization. The issues related to legal capacity of Ukraine in the post-war decades are also considered.
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Campion, Corey. "Remembering the "Forgotten Zone"." French Politics, Culture & Society 37, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fpcs.2019.370304.
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In much of the English-language scholarship on the post-1945 Allied occupation of Germany, French officials appear as little more than late arrivals to the victors’ table, in need of and destined to follow Anglo-American leadership in the emerging Cold War. However, French occupation policies were unique within the western camp and helped lay the foundations of postwar Franco-German reconciliation that are often credited to the 1963 Elysée Treaty. Exploring how the French occupation has been neglected, this article traces the memory of the zone across the often-disconnected work of French-, German-, and English-speaking scholars since the 1950s. Moreover, it outlines new avenues of research that could help historians resurrect the unique experience of the French zone and enrich our appreciation of the Franco-German “motor” on which Europe still relies.
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Graczyk, Konrad. "Opinia profesora Władysława Woltera w sprawie działalności sądów niemieckich na obszarach polskich w okresie najazdu hitlerowskiego." Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa 14, no. 2 (2021): 221–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844131ks.21.015.13523.
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Opinion of Professor Władysław Wolter on the Activities of German Courts in Polish Territories during the Nazi Occupation The study was devoted to the legal opinion drawn up in the post-war trial against the German judge Albert Michel on the activities of German courts in Polish territories during the Nazi occupation. The scope of the opinion is broader than it appears from the title – Professor Władysław Wolter covered the entire German occupation including the actual German invasion in 1939. The text of the source was preceded by a discussion in which the circumstances of the opinion were explained, the author’s profile was presented, and its most important theses were characterised. The statements of the opinion were related to other views of the doctrine and jurisprudence, as well as the decisions issued in the Michel case.
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HUMBERT, LAURE. "THE FRENCH IN EXILE AND POST-WAR INTERNATIONAL RELIEF, c. 1941–1945." Historical Journal 61, no. 4 (November 2, 2017): 1041–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x17000279.
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AbstractThis article explores Free French responses to Allied planning for post-war international relief in Europe. A number of French experts in exile, often veterans of the League of Nations, advocated international co-operation with the nascent United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA). For such figures, participating in the UNRRA could bring critical knowledge, political legitimacy, experience, and funds. They also hoped that this participation could bolster French prestige in the wake of the recent experience of defeat and foreign occupation. Their efforts had little impact on the early development of international relief, yet the contacts and exchanges between French and Allied planners resulted in a political imperative that gave a new impetus to the post-war restructuring of French relief abroad. Studying the complex inter-relationship between French foreign policy and humanitarian efforts during the Second World War can offer historians a framework through which to reconsider French attempts to reassert their power globally. Crucially, this article argues that the UNRRA was used by a number of French expert planners as a platform from which to pursue broader political aims, notably the reassertion of republican legitimacy and the re-establishment of national sovereignty.
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SPERLING, JAMES. "Neither Hegemony nor Dominance: Reconsidering German Power in Post Cold-War Europe." British Journal of Political Science 31, no. 2 (March 20, 2001): 389–425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123401000151.
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German unification in 1989 raised the spectre of German hegemony in post-cold war Europe. In this article, I demonstrate that Germany lacks the structural power consistent with European hegemony or dominance; that there is little evidence supporting an appreciable gap between Germany's structural power and foreign policy ambitions; and that apparent symptoms of German hegemony, particularly the process of institutional emulation in Central and Eastern Europe, reflect other international processes and incentives emanating from the state system itself. This reassessment and downgrading of Germany's relative and absolute power resolve the paradox of German structural power and German reluctance identified by others. But this alternative narrative raises another more important question: why is Germany treated as a potential or even aspiring hegemon in Europe? The answer to that question is located in the interconnected legacies of Auschwitz and the occupation regime. This joint legacy constitutes an important part of the historical context within which we frame our assessments and judgements of German power; explains the frequently unwarranted exaggeration and suspicion of German power; and demonstrates how the past can function as a powerful prism though which we interpret the intentions, ambitions and capabilities of a state.
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Mooren, Trudy T. M., and Rolf J. Kleber. "The significance of experiences of war and migration in older age: long-term consequences in child survivors from the Dutch East Indies." International Psychogeriatrics 25, no. 11 (July 22, 2013): 1783–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610213000987.
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ABSTRACTBackground:This study examines late consequences of war and migration in both non-clinical and clinical samples of child survivors of World War II. This is one of the very few studies on the mental health of children who were subjected to internment in camps, hiding, and violence under Japanese occupation in the Far East. It provides a unique case to learn about the significance of experiences of war and migration in later life.Methods:Long-term sequelae of the Japanese persecution in the Dutch East Indies (DEI) in child survivors were studied by analyzing sets of standardized questionnaires of 939 persons. Instruments dealt with post-traumatic responses, general health, and dissociation. Participants were recruited through community services and registers of clinical services. Discriminant analyses were conducted to evaluate the significance of early experiences in determining group belonging.Results:Compared with age-matched controls that lived through the German occupation in the Netherlands during World War II, the child survivors from the DEI reported both more trauma-related experiences and mental health disturbances in later life. In particular, the number of violent events during the war, among which especially internment in a camp, contributed to the variation among groups, in support of the significance of these disruptive experiences at older age.Conclusion:The results underline the long-term significance of World War II-related traumatic experiences in the population of elderly child survivors who spent their childhood in the former DEI.
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Wallace, Richard, Rebecca Harrison, and Charlotte Brunsdon. "Women in the Box: Female Projectionists in Post-war British Cinemas." Journal of British Cinema and Television 15, no. 1 (January 2018): 46–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jbctv.2018.0401.
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Cinema projection is usually understood to be a male-dominated occupation, with the projection box characterised as a gendered space separate from the more typically feminine front-of-house roles. Although this is a fairly accurate representation, it risks eliminating all traces of women's labour in the projection box. Previous work by David R. Williams (1997) and Rebecca Harrison (2016) has addressed the role of women projectionists during wartime, and this article begins to excavate a hidden history of women projectionists in a peacetime context. The article uses oral testimony from two women – Florence Barton and Joan Pearson – who worked as projectionists in the mid-twentieth century. Their accounts are presented in the article as two portraits, which aim to convey a sense of the women's everyday lives in the projection box, as well as think about implications that their stories have for our understanding of women's roles in projection more broadly. Of particular significance to both Barton and Pearson are the relationships that they had with their male colleagues, the possibilities afforded for career progression (and the different paths taken by the women) and the nature of projection work. The women's repeated assertions that they were expected to do the same jobs as their male counterparts form a key aspect of the interviews, which suggest there is scope for further investigation of women's labour specifically in projection boxes and in cinemas more generally.
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Klein, Albert W. "Attaining Post-Conflict Peace Using the jus post bellum Concept." Religions 11, no. 4 (April 8, 2020): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11040173.
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To attain peace after state-on-state war, there must be a belligerent occupation to establish control and security of a defeated state—but that is not enough. There is the concept of jus post bellum concerning the vanquished, which is critically necessary in practice, yet insufficiently developed and understood. Providing the history and tentatively trying to determine the elements that are contained in this concept are the present article’s purpose. Tracing the concept from the earliest Christian writers to the more secular present-day authors will aid in the prospective application of jus post bellum. Scholars, military officers, statesmen, religious leaders, and humanitarians need to understand and accept the basic elements of the concept. A clear understanding of the largely religious history behind these elements should assist in their acceptance and future practical application, once these are agreed upon.
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Dierkes, Julian Beatus. "Japan and Germany under the U.S. Occupation: A Comparative Analysis of Post-War Education Reform (review)." Journal of Japanese Studies 33, no. 1 (2007): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jjs.2007.0009.
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Kimura, Masami. "American Asia Experts, Liberal Internationalism, and the Occupation of Japan." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 21, no. 3 (September 11, 2014): 246–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-02103002.
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This article reexamines the thought of American Asia experts during the 1940s and early 1950s who directly or indirectly influenced u.s. policy toward post-surrender Japan. Revisionist scholars in the late 1960s and 1970s categorized Asianists in a binary manner as “conservatives” and “progressives,” “Japan” and “China specialists,” and “Cold Warriors” and “critics,” but they all were in reality essentially modernization theorists and liberal internationalists of various kinds who agreed on the desirability of democratizing Japan and constructing a new order in the Asia-Pacific under American leadership. This new perspective exposes limitations in the revisionist narrative of the Allied Occupation of Japan informed by Marxian-populist criticisms of u.s. Cold War policy. Revisionists not only tended to stress differences over similarities in judging the ideas of Asia experts, but idealized “radical” reformers over more “moderate” ones. By arguing that the United States should have democratized Japan thoroughly, they held on to liberal internationalist ideology and unintentionally endorsed u.s. intervention in a foreign nation. This article shows how an objective assessment of the Occupation history requires transcending Cold War historiography and integrating a more global perspective.