Journal articles on the topic 'Post-war displacement'
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1
Villar Flor, Carlos. "Displacement and exile in Evelyn Waugh's post-war fiction." Brno studies in English, no. 2 (2016): [91]—104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/bse2016-2-6.
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Arsoy, Aysu, and Hacer Basarir. "Post-War Re-Settlements in Varosha: Paradise to Ghetto." Open House International 44, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-02-2019-b0007.
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Varosha (Famagusta) was one of the richest districts, and best known holiday destination of the region during the 1970's. However, due to the war in 1974, half of Varosha was closed to residents and the other half became a bordered city. The demographic structure, in addition to the physical and cultural structures of the city was therefore completely altered. Postwar displacement and re-settlement in Varosha is the focus of this paper. The main aim is to discuss the lifestyle in Varosha from a cultural perspective using memories from former and current inhabitants. To achieve this, a set of semi-structured interviews were conducted in which two main questions were posed during the interviews: 1) What was the lifestyle in Varosha before 1974? and 2) What was the lifestyle in Varosha after 1974? these questions were intended to shed some light on the post-war landscape of Varosha. For this purpose, researchers followed a chronological order: life before 1974; interview group a, six Greek Cypriots who were former inhabitants of Varosha. Life after 1974: interview group B, six turkish Cypriots who were displaced and settled in Varosha; and interview group C, six immigrant/settlers turks from turkey, who volunteered to move to Cyprus and settle in Varosha. The snowball method has been used to identify former and current residents of Varosha. The findings are based on interviews with the former, displaced and re-settled Varoshian residents. The interviews revealed how displacement affected the city and the former and current inhabitants. Analysis of the findings were categorized under three headings: 1) displacement from/to Varosha; 2) belonging and identity; 3) life style and culture of each group. The categorization is used to describe how displacement affected the city and its citizens. In other words, this research targets to describe pre- and post-war life (styles) in Varosha.
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Sesay, Max Ahmadu. "Politics and Society in Post-War Liberia." Journal of Modern African Studies 34, no. 3 (September 1996): 395–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x0005552x.
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The brutal civil war that engulfed Liberia, following Charles Taylor's invasion in December 1989, has left an indelible mark in the history of this West African state. The six-year old struggle led to the collapse of what was already an embattled economy; to the almost complete destruction of physical infrastructure built over a century and half of enterprise and oligarchic rule; to the killing, maiming, and displacement of more than 50 per cent of the country's estimated pre-war population of 2·5 million; and to an unprecedented regional initiative to help resolve the crisis. Five years after the Economic Community of West African States (Ecowas) intervened with a Cease-fire Monitoring Group (Ecomog), an agreement that was quickly hailed as the best chance for peace in Liberia was signed in August 1995 in the Nigeriancapital, Abuja.
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Kondylis, Florence. "Conflict displacement and labor market outcomes in post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina." Journal of Development Economics 93, no. 2 (November 2010): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2009.10.004.
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Aparicio, Yvette. "Digging Up the Past and Surviving El Salvador’s Phantoms: Salvadoran-American Post-Conflict Traumatic Memory and Reconciliation." Revista Canadiense de Estudios Hispánicos 44, no. 1 (May 23, 2021): 149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/rceh.v44i1.5906.
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This article focuses on Salvadoran-American poetry that explores Salvadorans’ national traumas of war and displacement. In these poems, war trauma evolves into a post-conflict, post-migration trauma that calls for reconciliation with war memories as well as with a violent, unstable present. This study focuses on the poetry of Jorge Argueta (1961), William Archila (1968), and Javier Zamora (1990), three poets born in El Salvador and immigrants to the US. Studies of trauma and reconciliation in post-conflict societies frame the analysis of poetry that digs up and reconstitutes the dead for a Salvadoran diaspora still un-reconciled with its trauma.
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Zic, Borjan. "The Political Impact of Displacement: Wartime IDPs, Religiosity, and Post-War Politics in Bosnia." Politics and Religion 10, no. 04 (June 15, 2017): 862–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755048317000335.
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Abstract Following armed conflict, why do some members of ethno-religious groups vote for political parties that use religious appeals while others do not? I argue that internal displacement shapes the relationship between conflict and post-war political outcomes. Specifically, individuals who become internally displaced during armed conflict will use their religious faith to cope with the trauma of displacement, thereby strengthening their religiosity. This heightened religiosity then leads them to prefer religiously oriented parties after conflict. Analyzing survey data from Bosnian Muslims, I show that internally displaced respondents were more likely to vote for the religious nationalist Party of Democratic Action nearly a decade after conflict. Employing matching analysis, I then verify that these internally displaced persons became more religious than other respondents compared to before the war. My findings therefore provide evidence that trauma and religiosity combine to shape post-war voting behavior for members of ethno-religious groups.
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HOLIAN, ANNA. "Displacement and the Post-war Reconstruction of Education: Displaced Persons at the UNRRA University of Munich, 1945–1948." Contemporary European History 17, no. 2 (May 2008): 167–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777308004360.
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AbstractIn the first years after the Second World War, Munich was home to a unique institution, the UNRRA University. Created by and for Europe's displaced persons, the university was defined as a new kind of educational institution, dedicated to the cause of reviving humanism and promoting internationalism. By virtue of their experiences of occupation, persecution and dislocation, the university argued, displaced persons were uniquely qualified to spearhead the post-war reconstruction of education and culture. This article traces the social and intellectual history of the UNRRA University. It examines the university's ideas on nationalism and internationalism, the reconstruction of higher education and the role of the intellectual in the post-war world. It argues that while much of the literature on displaced persons has focused on national communities, wartime and post-war displacement also gave rise to new transnational solidarities and imaginaries among the displaced.
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Churyumova, Elvira, and Edward C. Holland. "Kalmyk DPs and the Narration of Displacement in Post-World War II Europe." Slavic Review 80, no. 2 (2021): 341–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/slr.2021.87.
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Based on interview files and archival materials, this paper reconstructs the experiences of Kalmyk displaced persons (DPs) against the backdrop of the shifting international refugee regime in post-World War II Europe. Kalmyks came to western Europe in two waves: at the conclusion of the Russian Civil War in 1920 and during the German retreat from the Soviet Union in 1943–44. After the war, the majority of Kalmyks were repatriated; those who remained in Europe primarily ended up in DP camps in the American zone of western Germany. This paper details the strategies used by Kalmyk DPs to avoid repatriation to the Soviet Union and eventually secure resettlement in the United States in 1951. Individual histories offer insight into how the Kalmyks as a group made themselves legible to the international community in light of a changing geopolitical environment and evolving racial regimes.
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Mugizi, Francisco M. P., and Tomoya Matsumoto. "From conflict to conflicts: War-induced displacement, land conflicts, and agricultural productivity in post-war Northern Uganda." Land Use Policy 101 (February 2021): 105149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105149.
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Lowes, Matthew, Jeffrey Carpenter, and Peter Hans Matthews. "Preferences and Civil War in Northern Uganda: Post-Traumatic Growth Reconsidered." Journal of African Economies 29, no. 5 (April 27, 2020): 433–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jafeco/ejz029.
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Abstract We exploit the largely exogenous character of abduction and displacement in northern Uganda during the recent civil war to estimate the effects of each on experimental measures of risk tolerance, altruism, trust and trustworthiness, as well as a survey measure of patience. Our analysis reveals the limitations of the ‘post-traumatic growth’ hypothesis. In most cases preferences are unaffected by these traumas and in the one domain in which we identify a significant effect, it is contrary to the hypothesis—people who were both abducted and displaced are 21 percentage points less likely to take a risk.
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Silva, Kalinga Tudor. "Nationalism, Caste-blindness and the Continuing Problems of War-Displaced Panchamars in Post-war Jaffna Society." CASTE / A Global Journal on Social Exclusion 1, no. 1 (February 14, 2020): 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26812/caste.v1i1.145.
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This article tries to unpack why subaltern caste groups in Jaffna society have failed to end their displacement and move out of the IDP camps many years after the end of war between the Government of Sri Lanka and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). Using both quantitative and qualitative data from the affected communities the paper argues that the interplay among ethnicity, caste and social class and ethnic-biases and caste-blindness of state policies and Sinhala and Tamil politics largely informed by rival nationalist perspectives are among the underlying causes of the prolonged IDP problem in the Jaffna Peninsula. In search of an appropriate solution to the intractable IDP problem in post-war Sri Lanka, the paper calls for increased participation of subaltern caste groups in political decision making and policy dialogues, release of land in high security zones for affected IDPs wherever possible and provision of adequate incentives for remaining IDPs to move to alternative locations arranged by the state in consultation with the IDPs and members of neighbouring communities where the IDPs cannot possibly go back to their original sites.
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Khasalamwa-Mwandha, Sarah. "Geographical versus social displacement: the politics of return and post-war recovery in Northern Uganda." Development in Practice 29, no. 3 (November 30, 2018): 314–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2018.1549652.
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Diomin, Mykola, Kostiantyn Viatkin, and Oleksandra Synhayivska. "PROJECTION OF THE DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF THE KHARKIV REGIONAL POPULATION SETTLEMENT SYSTEM IN THE CONDITIONS OF POST-WAR RECONSTRUCTION." Urban development and spatial planning, no. 81 (August 31, 2022): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2076-815x.2022.81.3-12.
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Geopolitical and socio-economic trends, the development and implementation of new technologies, the increase in consumption volumes in the conditions of the growth of the population of the planet in a geometric progression form new challenges and requirements for the creation of modern settlement systems of a new formation: a digital, human-centric and balanced functional-spatial model of territorial development, which would combine the provision of the growing human needs and its harmonious coexistence with the surrounding environment. In the conditions of the beginning of the full-scale military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, the population displacement processes have changed radically. The main indicator for the move was safety. Processes of population movement from the territories of large cities to rural areas away from the areas of active hostilities, shelling and missile strikes are being observed. The migration crisis significantly affects the socio-economic processes in the country. The main condition of post-war reconstruction is the return of the able-bodied population, which will ensure the restoration of pre-war GDP indicators. Therefore, it is expedient to model the results of the post-war resettlement system. For example, the Kharkiv regional resettlement system was chosen as the research object. The pre-war trends in the development of settlement systems were analyzed. In particular, the hypothesis of the interdependence of population density indicators with the indicator of distance from the basic center of gravity is put forward. It is statistically proven that population decline is more intense in rural areas. The results of a sociological survey of forcibly displaced persons and the forecasting of their displacement in the conditions of post-war reconstruction are given. A projection of optimistic, realistic, and pessimistic scenarios has been developed.
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ZINK, JESSE. "Lost Boys, Found Church: Dinka Refugees and Religious Change in Sudan's Second Civil War." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 68, no. 2 (January 9, 2017): 340–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046916000683.
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The experience of young male Dinka refugees during Sudan's second civil war (1983–2005) illustrates the connections between religious change, violence and displacement. Many of the ‘unaccompanied minors’ who fled to camps in Ethiopia and then Kenya moved decisively towards Christianity in the years during which they were displaced. Key variables were the connection between education and Christianity, the need for new structures of community, and the way in which the Church offered a way to make sense of the destruction of civil war. As the war ended, many former refugees returned to their home regions as Christian evangelists, leading to further religious change. Their case parallels other mass conversion movements in African Christian history but takes place in a post-colonial context of civil war.
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KUWERT, PHILIPP, and HARALD JÜRGEN FREYBERGER. "The unspoken secret: sexual violence in World War II." International Psychogeriatrics 19, no. 4 (April 23, 2007): 782–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610207005376.
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War is a complex, enduring trauma composed of variable forms of extreme stress, such as violence, fear of death, displacement, loss of family members, abuse and starvation (Berman, 2001). More than 90% of war victims are civilians (UNICEF, 2006). Children and women are extremely vulnerable to traumatic experiences in times of war and the risk continues even in post-war-situations (Shanks and Schull, 2000). As far as former war-children are concerned, a high prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptoms is apparent even six decades after World War II (Kuwert et al., 2006). In the 1990s, the world was shocked by reports about systematic and widespread rape in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda (Shanks and Schull, 2000). The Lancet has published articles about wartime rape and demanded the development of clear strategies against sexual violence in conflict (Hargreaves, 2001). However, it can be concluded that sexual violence was and is common in nearly all crisis zones. One recent example was the rape and murder of a 14-year-old girl by U.S. soldiers of the 101st Airborne Division in Iraq (The Times, 2006).
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Krakowski, Krzysztof. "Resisting Displacement amid Armed Conflict: Community-Level Conditions that Make People More Likely to Stay." Journal of Peacebuilding & Development 12, no. 3 (December 2017): 68–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15423166.2017.1370387.
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The paper examines conditions under which communities threatened by armed groups amid the Colombian civil war are most likely to resist displacement. Using a game-theoretic framework and quantitative data, the paper shows that the threatened communities which expect rescue from an armed actor are more likely to resist displacement than those communities which expect no help. Community cohesion has a dual effect on displacement. The amount of peer support among community members reduces their chances to resist displacement, but the extent to which community members are involved in collective decision-making processes makes them less likely to displace. These findings reveal that both displaced communities and those that resisted displacement possess crucial social resources for their post-conflict recovery and development, such as cohesion and strong bonds of solidarity. The paper stresses the importance of local-level organisation coordinating collective decision-making to guarantee the most efficient use of these resources.
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Minoiu, Camelia, and Olga Shemyakina. "Child Health and Conflict in Côte d'Ivoire." American Economic Review 102, no. 3 (May 1, 2012): 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.3.294.
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We examine the impact of the 2002-07 civil conflict in Cote d'Ivoire on children's health status measured by height-for-age. We use pre- and post-war survey data coupled with information on the location of violent incidents to capture exposure to the conflict of children born during 1997-2007. Our results indicate that children from regions more affected by the conflict suffered significant health setbacks compared with children from less affected regions. Further, household-level victimization -- such as war-related economic stress, health stress, and displacement -- has a large and negative effect on child health in conflict-affected regions.
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Vostanis, Panos. "Impact of trauma on Palestinian children's mental health: lessons from the Gaza studies." International Psychiatry 1, no. 2 (October 2003): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s174936760000641x.
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Children exposed to violence are at high risk of developing a range of mental health problems, predominantly post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression (Yule, 1999). Children in war zones can be affected not only directly but also indirectly, for example through their basic health needs not being met, the loss of family members, disruption of social networks, internal displacement and their parents’ responses.
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Woo, Michael. "Booming Then, Sputtering Now." Southern California Quarterly 103, no. 3 (2021): 281–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/scq.2021.103.3.281.
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This article reviews the post-World War II mass production of houses in Los Angeles and the roots of today’s housing shortage. Even with a high production rate, minorities and low-income Angelenos have experienced racial barriers and displacement. Today, L.A.’s homeless population is disproportionally Black, while home ownership is disproportionally white. The article concludes with four proposals for responding to today’s shortage of affordable and racially equitable housing.
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Yefremova, Kateryna. "Determinants of the Influence on Economic Sovereignty in the War and Post-War Period." Law and innovations, no. 4 (40) (December 19, 2022): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2022-4(40)-1.
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Problem setting. The Russian invasion of Ukraine caused heavy casualties, significant displacement of the population, and extensive damage to infrastructure. The impact on economic activity is enormous: real GDP has fallen sharply, inflation has risen, trade has been significantly disrupted, and the budget deficit has risen to unprecedented levels. All this directly affected the realization of the economic sovereignty of Ukraine. Analysis of recent researches and publications. During the last decade, domestic authors devoted a lot of attention to the study of the legal nature of economic sovereignty and the factors influencing it. However, the works of E. M. Bilousov, I. V. Yakovyuk, O. B. Vasylchyshyn, A. Yu. Tkrenko, M. M. Khapatniukovskii, B. V. Derevyanka, and V. M. Kostyuchenko deserve special attention. At the same time, the problem of ensuring economic sovereignty in the conditions of martial law and in the post-war period is only raised in scientific research, which determines its relevance. The target of the research is to find out the significance of external determinants of influence on the processes of ensuring the economic sovereignty of Ukraine in a special period, as well as to substantiate the priority directions of the state’s economic policy to reduce the negative factors of influence on economic sovereignty in order to realize the national interests of post-war economic recovery. Article’s main body. The article is devoted to the issues of determining exogenous determinants of influence on economic sovereignty in a special period. The author proposes to consider the system of determinants of influence on economic sovereignty not only at the national level, but first of all, taking into account the imbalances that threaten the stability of the world level due to the regional and sectoral economic interdependence of states. The author offers a classification of such factors based on the constituent parts of economic sovereignty. In the study, special attention was paid to some determinants, in particular, the cooperation of the state with international financial institutions, the migration processes of the working population and the relocation of business outside the country. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The author draws attention to the fact that international measures for financial support of Ukraine (financing of the collective West) on the terms of long-term crediting contribute to the achievement of macroeconomic stability, timely and immediate restoration of infrastructure and support of the competitiveness of the Ukrainian economy, but do not solve all the deep problems and do not reduce the total amount of public debt , which in the future will be a lever of influence on the economic sovereignty of the country. It is concluded that, in Ukraine during the war period and for some time after, there will be a temporary limitation of the realization of economic sovereignty, which requires the country’s authorities to take decisive actions to develop a balanced economic strategy for the recovery of Ukraine in order to minimize the impact of exogenous determinants of influence.
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Jabs-Sobocińska, Zofia, Andrzej N. Affek, Ireneusz Ewiak, and Mihai Daniel Nita. "Mapping Mature Post-Agricultural Forests in the Polish Eastern Carpathians with Archival Remote Sensing Data." Remote Sensing 13, no. 10 (May 20, 2021): 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13102018.
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Post-WWII displacements in the Polish Carpathians resulted in widespread land abandonment. Most of the pre-war agricultural areas are now covered with secondary forests, which will soon reach the felling age. Mapping their exact cover is crucial to investigate succession–regeneration processes and to determine their role in the landscape, before making management decisions. Our goal was to map post-agricultural forests in the Polish Eastern Carpathians using archival remote sensing data, and to assess their connectivity with pre-displacement forests. We used German Flown Aerial Photography from 1944 to map agricultural lands and forests from before displacements, and Corona satellite images to map agricultural lands which converted into the forest as a result of this event. We classified archival images using Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) and compared the output with the current forest cover derived from Sentinel-2. Our results showed that mature (60–70 years old) post-agricultural forests comprise 27.6% of the total forest area, while younger post-agricultural forests comprise 9%. We also demonstrated that the secondary forests fill forest gaps more often than form isolated patches: 77.5% of patches are connected with the old-woods (forests that most likely have never been cleared for agriculture). Orthorectification and OBIA classification of German Flown Aerial Photographs and Corona satellite images made it possible to accurately determine the spatial extent of post-agricultural forest. This, in turn, paves the way for the implementation of site-specific forest management practices to support the regeneration of secondary forests and their biodiversity.
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Freitag, Simone, Elmar Braehler, Silke Schmidt, and Heide Glaesmer. "The impact of forced displacement in World War II on mental health disorders and health-related quality of life in late life – a German population-based study." International Psychogeriatrics 25, no. 2 (September 24, 2012): 310–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610212001585.
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ABSTRACTBackground: Long-term effects of World War II experiences affect psychological and physical health in aged adults. Forced displacement as a traumatic event is associated with increased psychological burden even after several decades. This study investigates the contribution of forced displacement as a predictor for mental health disorders and adds the aspect of health-related quality of life (QoL).Method: A sample of 1,659 German older adults aged 60–85 years was drawn from a representative survey. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), somatoform symptoms, depressive syndromes, and health-related QoL were assessed as outcome variables. Chi-square and t-test statistics examined differences between displaced and non-displaced people. Logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the impact of forced displacement on mental health disorders and QoL.Results: Displaced people reported higher levels of PTSD, depressive and somatoform symptoms, and lower levels of health-related QoL. Displacement significantly predicted PTSD and somatoform symptoms in late life, but not depressive disorders. Health-related QoL was predicted by forced displacement and socio-demographic variables.Conclusion: Forced displacement is associated with an elevated risk for PTSD and somatoform symptoms and lowered health-related QoL in aged adults. Its unique impact declines after including socio-demographic variables. Long-term consequences of forced displacement need further investigations and should include positive aspects in terms of resilience and protective coping strategies.
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Verlaan, Tim. "‘Delivering for the Fancy as Well as the Shabby’ Amsterdam’s Post-war Utopia of Urban Diversity." Joelho Revista de Cultura Arquitectonica, no. 7 (December 25, 2016): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-8681_7_1.
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Over the last few years, Amsterdam’s inner city has seen a rapiddecrease in quality of life. Long-time residents and established retailers are increasingly giving way to the needs and demands of mass tourism.The advent of low-cost airliners, the rise of a global middle class and the uncontrollable spread of apartment sharing have put the affordability of central districts at risk, threatening the future of a socially and functionally mixed inner city. Most local residents respond with feelings of resignation, some of them even catering to the wishes of international visitors by renting out their flats using platforms such as Airbnb. Looking at these developments of gentrification and displacement, it seems as if Amsterdam has forgotten how its beloved inner city was once saved from similar threats.
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Kim, Jaymelee, and Tricia Redeker Hepner. "Of Justice and the Grave: The Role of the Dead in Post-conflict Uganda." International Criminal Law Review 19, no. 5 (October 1, 2019): 819–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01905004.
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In the aftermath of war, survivors’ definitions of justice are often in tension with those of governments and international actors. While post-war northern Uganda has been the site of high-profile prosecutions of Lord’s Resistance Army rebels, our research in rural Acholiland highlights how survivors define justice largely in terms of material compensation for both the living and the dead. These priorities are linked to the omnipresence of improperly buried human remains as evidence of physical and structural violence. Mass graves, burials in former displacement camps, and unidentified remains become focal points around which survivors articulate ongoing socioeconomic suffering and demands for redress. A ‘thanatological approach’ that centres the role of the dead and critically explores the possibilities presented by forensic science in a transitional justice context reveals survivors’ prioritisation of reparative and restorative justice despite the international and national focus on retributive justice through institutions like the icc.
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Lebow, Katherine. "The Polish Peasant on the Sugar Plantation: Bronisław Malinowski, Feliks Gross and Józef Obrębski in the New World." Contemporary European History 28, no. 2 (December 20, 2018): 188–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096077731800053x.
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This article explores how two of anthropologist Bronisław Malinowski’s Polish protegés, Feliks Gross (1906–2006) and Józef Obrębski (1905–67), sought to rebuild careers in the United States after the Second World War. Reading the scholars’ correspondence of 1946 to 1948, exchanged while Gross was commuting between jobs in New York and Wyoming and Obrębski was conducting fieldwork in Jamaica, it examines the confidence, excitement and sense of discovery with which the two refugees sought to transplant theories and methods first cultivated in interwar Poland to new soil. Arguing that Gross and Obrębski approached exile as a chance to ‘go global’ with Polish social science, it emphasises the role of both place and displacement in intellectual history. In particular, it looks at how the scholars drew on pre-war experiences in East Central Europe to produce new ways of thinking about nationality, globalisation and decolonisation in the post-war world.
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Zelinka, Vít. "Continuity and Extinction of Agricultural Land in the Sudetes - A Case Study in the Landscape of Highlands and Mountains." Journal of Landscape Ecology 11, no. 2 (November 1, 2018): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jlecol-2018-0006.
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Abstract The Sudetenland has undergone a dramatic development in Czechia. Above all, the frontier regions of the then Czechoslovakia lost due to the decision on the displacement of the Sudeten Germans in 1945 almost 3 million native inhabitants, who left their settlement areas in several waves by 1947. This change affected up to 3 million hectares of agricultural land that became the state property. This had in many places eliminated the traditional way of farming and the disruption of ownership relations consequently led to the breaking of relations in the landscape. This case study focuses on the comparison of the development of the agricultural landscape of 4 selected cadastral areas on the border of Krkonoše and Jizera Mountains from the post-war period to the present. Selected areas of interest are pairs of comparable cadastres from areas affected by the displacement of the local German population and areas with a permanent population structure. This four sites covering a total area of 4052 ha were studied in Cool Landscape of Highlands and the Moderately Cold Landscape of Mountains. Historical and contemporary land-cover information was provided by aerial photographic images from 1953/1954 and aerial orto-photos from 1998 and 2015/2016. The results have shown that on all four of the areas there was a noticeable increase in forests on former agricultural land. However, the monitored areas differ in the continuity of agricultural land. Continuous agricultural land represents, in both areas affected by post-war displacement, approximately 55 % of the original agricultural land. Areas with a well-preserved population structure, on the other hand, show an overall continuity of agricultural land on about 71 % of the former area of agricultural land.
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Schwartz, Stephanie. "Home, Again: Refugee Return and Post-Conflict Violence in Burundi." International Security 44, no. 2 (October 2019): 110–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00362.
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Conflict between returning refugees and nonmigrant populations is a pervasive yet frequently overlooked security issue in post-conflict societies. Although scholars have demonstrated how out-migration can regionalize, prolong, and intensify civil war, the security consequences of return migration are undertheorized. An analysis of refugee return to Burundi after the country's 1993–2005 civil war corroborates a new theory of return migration and conflict: return migration creates new identity divisions based on whether and where individuals were displaced during wartime. These cleavages become new sources of conflict in the countries of origin when local institutions, such as land codes, citizenship regimes, or language laws, yield differential outcomes for individuals based on where they lived during the war. Ethnographic evidence gathered in Burundi and Tanzania from 2014 to 2016 shows how the return of refugees created violent rivalries between returnees and nonmigrants. Consequently, when Burundi faced a national-level political crisis in 2015, prior experiences of return shaped both the character and timing of out-migration from Burundi. Illuminating the role of reverse population movements in shaping future conflict extends theories of political violence and demonstrates why breaking the cycle of return and repeat displacement is essential to the prevention of conflict.
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Kadavan, Abdul Samad. "The Journey to Death: Fictionalizing the Syrian Refugee Crisis in Khaled Hosseini’s Sea Prayer." International Journal of English and Comparative Literary Studies 2, no. 5 (October 14, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47631/ijecls.v2i5.283.
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This paper explores the fictional representation of the Syrian refugee crisis in Khaled Hosseini's novel Sea Prayer (2018). The novel is considered a refugee narrative, examining the question of home, displacement, and the fateful journeys of the Syrian refugees. The novel depicts the heart-wrenching experiences of the refugee community in war-torn Syrian city Homs before and after the outbreak of the civil war in the country. Evoking the tragic death of Alan Kurdi, Hosseini vividly illustrates the various dimensions of the Syrian refugee crisis, including the outbreak of the civil war in Syria and the eventual birth of refugees, their homelessness/statelessness, perilous journey to escape the persecution, xenophobic attitudes towards them, and post-war trauma. This paper draws on postcolonial refugee narratives, concept of journeys of non-arrival, memory, and trauma studies to elucidate its argument. The contention here is that the current crisis in Syria is also accounted for by analyzing the fictional refugee narratives. The unspeakable trauma is communicated through fiction, and Hosseini’s novel depicts the dangers engulfed and the hope entrusted in the refugees’ journeys.
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Kadavan, Abdul Samad. "The Journey to Death: Fictionalizing the Syrian Refugee Crisis in Khaled Hosseini’s Sea Prayer." International Journal of English and Comparative Literary Studies 2, no. 5 (October 14, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47631/ijecls.v2i5.283.
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This paper explores the fictional representation of the Syrian refugee crisis in Khaled Hosseini's novel Sea Prayer (2018). The novel is considered a refugee narrative, examining the question of home, displacement, and the fateful journeys of the Syrian refugees. The novel depicts the heart-wrenching experiences of the refugee community in war-torn Syrian city Homs before and after the outbreak of the civil war in the country. Evoking the tragic death of Alan Kurdi, Hosseini vividly illustrates the various dimensions of the Syrian refugee crisis, including the outbreak of the civil war in Syria and the eventual birth of refugees, their homelessness/statelessness, perilous journey to escape the persecution, xenophobic attitudes towards them, and post-war trauma. This paper draws on postcolonial refugee narratives, concept of journeys of non-arrival, memory, and trauma studies to elucidate its argument. The contention here is that the current crisis in Syria is also accounted for by analyzing the fictional refugee narratives. The unspeakable trauma is communicated through fiction, and Hosseini’s novel depicts the dangers engulfed and the hope entrusted in the refugees’ journeys.
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Surenthiraraj, Esther, and Neloufer De Mel. "‘Two homes, refugees in both’: Contesting frameworks – The case of the Northern Muslims of Sri Lanka." Journal of Social and Political Psychology 7, no. 2 (December 18, 2019): 1044–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v7i2.850.
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Policies that address post-war displacement often reflect temporal linearity as transitional periods during which they are developed imply a shift from one situation to another. These policies obscure complexities experienced by local communities for whom displacement is ongoing and interminable. This essay applies Sri Lanka’s National Policy on Durable Solutions for Conflict-Affected Displacement (NPDSCAD) to the case of Northern Muslims who were expelled from the Northern Province of Sri Lanka in 1990 and have lived in prolonged displacement for over 25 years. For these Muslims, return-remain is an oscillation and not an either/or option. Using “frames of recognition” to analyze policy documents and data from fieldwork, the paper critically unpacks the category of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) – the displacement-related frame applied to the Northern Muslims – to reveal the multiple subject positions respondents navigate in presenting their own stance to this category. Calling for recognition of the circumstances of their displacement, the respondents’ footing to the IDP frame holds in it both needs-based and justice-based discourses and demands that Northern Muslims be recognized as political subjects. Return-remain is complicated by issues respondents face as they travel between their current home in Puttalam and origins in the North. The paper concludes that while the Northern Muslims are denied full recognition by the NPDSCAD, their complex experiences continue to contest the frames deployed by the policy.
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Condoy Franco, Inés. "The depiction of war in literature for children. An approach to the topic." Anuari de Filologia Lleng�es i Literatures Modernes - LLM, no. 11 (January 3, 2022): 205–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/aflm2021.11.10.
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Last great-armed conflicts resulted in literary reactions, and after World War ii it was a huge production of children’s literature in order to approach the issue to young readers and help them to understand what happened. It can be considered the prelude of the recent politicization and introduction of different conflicts that children’s literature is nowadays experiencing. When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit (Judith Kerr 1971), Carrie’s War (Nina Bawden 1973) and Good Night Mister Tom (Michelle Magorian 1981) are part of these post-war publications and through their analysis, it is aimed to study how the historical circumstances of the World War II are approached to children. Addressing how their authors represent the conflict, the separation and the family relations that play a crucial role on these works and children literature in general. Analyzing how society of the time is portrayed trough different motifs as the journey, the female figures or the war itself. The techniques they use and how do they overcome a common conflict of displacement, what can help young readers to learn strategies to face their own problems in real life.
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Walasek, Helen. "Cultural heritage and memory after ethnic cleansing in post-conflict Bosnia-Herzegovina." International Review of the Red Cross 101, no. 910 (April 2019): 273–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383119000237.
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AbstractThis article draws on my book Bosnia and the Destruction of Cultural Heritage,1 which incorporates ground-breaking fieldwork in Bosnia-Herzegovina and extensive research, and on my subsequent research and fieldwork in the post-conflict country. In the article, I explore the meaning that restoration and reconstruction of cultural heritage intentionally destroyed during conflict can have, particularly to the forcibly displaced. With the protection of cultural heritage increasingly being treated as an important human right and with the impact that forcible displacement during armed conflict has on cultural identity now in the spotlight, the importance of cultural heritage for those ethnically cleansed in Bosnia-Herzegovina during the 1992–95 war (both those who returned and those who did not) has relevance for considerations of contemporary post-conflict populations.
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KARAM, JOHN TOFIK. "On the Trail and Trial of a Palestinian Diaspora: Mapping South America in the Arab–Israeli Conflict, 1967–1972." Journal of Latin American Studies 45, no. 4 (November 2013): 751–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x13001156.
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AbstractCentred around a May 1970 shooting at the Israeli embassy in Asunción, this article traces a chain of actions and reactions that began with Israel's victory in the Six-Day War in June 1967 and ended after the June 1972 verdict of a Paraguayan court regarding two Palestinians. Situated among Israeli officials, Palestinian refugees and Syrian-Lebanese elites, authoritarian Paraguay was not only encompassed by but also accommodated the post-1967 Arab–Israeli conflict, revealing the connection between the ‘areas’ of South America and the Middle East through ideas about relocating Palestinians as well as their actual displacement.
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Sywenky, Irene. "Representations of German-Polish Border Regions in Contemporary Polish Fiction: Space, Memory, Identity." German Politics and Society 31, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 59–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2013.310404.
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This article examines post 1989 Polish literary production that addresses German-Polish history and border relations in the aftermath of World War II and participates in the German-Polish dialogue of reconciliation. I consider the methodological implications of border space and spatial memory for the analysis of mass displacements in the German-Polish border region with particular attention to spatiocultural interstitiality, deterritorialization, unhomeliness, and border identity. Focusing on two representative novels, Stefan Chwin's Death in Danzig and Olga Tokarczuk's House of Day, House of Night, I argue that these authors' attention to geospatiality, border space, and displacement forms a distinct characteristic of Polish border narratives. Chwin's and Tokarczuk's construction of interstitial border spaces reflects a complex dynamic between place, historical memory, and self-identification while disrupting and challenging the unitary mythologies of the nation. With their fictional re-imagining of wartime and postwar German-Polish border region, these writers participate in the politics of collective memory of the border region and the construction and articulation of the Polish perspective that shapes the discourse of memory east of the border.
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Mohsen, Fatema, Yousef Latifa, and Bisher Sawaf. "War-related trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder prevalence among Syrian university students." BJPsych Open 7, S1 (June 2021): S43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.163.
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AimsPTSD is one of the most prevalent mental disorders in war-affected regions. Syria has endured 10 years of war and yet little is known about the impact of the conflict on the well-being of Syrians who remain. This study aimed to provide an estimated prevalence of PTSD among trauma-exposed university students in Deir-ez-Zor, Syria, a war-ridden region, that was under siege by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS) for over 3 years. Moreover, we aimed to study the different types of trauma to which the students were exposed and studied the association between PTSD and multiple covariates including, socio-demographic characteristics, smoking habits, academic performance, and stress levels, and identify factors that influence the development of PTSD symptoms.MethodA descriptive cross-sectional study design was used on a sample of Al-Furat university students in Deir-ez-Zor. We collected data on socio-demographics, trauma exposure, and stress levels. PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 was used to carry out PTSD diagnosis and to determine the severity of the disorder.ResultA total of 833 Syrian students were recruited into the study, the mean was 22.4 ± 3.2 years. Of those, (22.2%) have been displaced 3 times, while (18.8%) were displaced over 5 times. (86.4%) reported experiencing at least one traumatic event, (33.8%) of the participants were exposed to one traumatic event, and (44.7%) experienced four or more traumatic events. PTSD prevalence was (28.2%), and the highest PTSD rates were found among students who were forced into sexual acts (46.3%), followed by those who witnessed childhood trauma or violence and those who witnessed violence as adults (42.6%). Sample distribution over stress levels was as follows: normal (39.5%), mild (16.0%), moderate (17.8%), severe (17.3%), and extremely severe (9.8%). A statistically significant association was found between PTSD prevalence and stress severity (p = 0.000). A significant association was found between PTSD and internal displacement (p = 0.032), academic year (p = 0.002), and social-economic status (p = 0.000). Binary logistic regression revealed that smokers (vs non-smokers, OR = 0.259, p = .034) and third-year students (vs fifth year, OR = 0.44, p = .019) were significantly associated with PTSD.ConclusionThe results presented in this research revealed a high prevalence of trauma exposure and PTSD among a sample of university students in Deir-ez-Zor. These findings call for immediate actions to help the affected population in restoring their mental health, so they can be prepared to face the challenges and demands of the post-conflict period.
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Ragachewskaya, Marina S. "THE PERSISTING TRAUMA OF DICTATORSHIP IN THE FICTIONS OF HELEN DUNMORE AND SVETLANA ALEXIEVICH." Practices & Interpretations: A Journal of Philology, Teaching and Cultural Studies 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2415-88522022-1-34-47.
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This article presents a comparative study of fictional representation of one type of collective trauma – the trauma of dictatorship. Two contemporary writers – the English Helen Dunmore and the Belarusian Svetlana Alexievich – explore the spirit of the Soviet post-war years. Dunmore fictionalizes the historical fact – the infamous “Doctors’ Plot”, using documentary evidence, while Alexievich documents live narrative, turning living memory into document. Both writers explore the mechanism of dictatorial suppression resulting in mass trauma; its major tool being fear in various forms. The traumatic discourse in both novels is shown as disrupted, silenced and distorted, while such defence mechanisms as displacement, acceptance, dissociation, humility, introjection, repression and rationalization are reenacted trough the narrative and plot.
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Alatrash, Ghada, and Najat Abed Alsamad. "On Understanding Syrian Diasporic Identities through a Selection of Syrian Literary Works." Journal of Contemporary Issues in Education 15, no. 2 (December 14, 2020): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20355/jcie29373.
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As of late August 2018, a total of 58,600 Syrian refugees have arrived in Canada (Government of Canada, 2019). The Syrian Diaspora today is a complex topic that speaks to issues of dislocation, displacement, loss, exile, identity, a desire for belonging, and resilience. The aim of this paper is to offer a better understanding of the Syrian peoples who have become, within the past four years, part of our Canadian citizenry, local communities, and members of our schools and workforce. By engaging the voices of Syrians through their literary works, this essay seeks to challenge some of the ontological and epistemological underpinnings that have historically defined Syrians and to offer alternate ways in which we may better know and understand what it means to be Syrian today. Historically Syrians have written and spoken about exile in their literature, long before the the Syrian war began in March of 2011. To deliver a sense of Syrian identities, a selected number of pre-Syrian-war writers and poets are engaged in this essay, including Nizar Kabbani, Muhammad al-Maghut, Zakaria Tamer, Mamduh Adwan, Adonis and Nasib Arida; furthermore, to capture a glimpse of a post-war sentiment, the voice of Syrian novelist Najat Abdul Samad, whose work was written from within the national borders of a war-torn Syria, is brought into the discussion.
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Duncan, Ross, and Mieke Lopes Cardozo. "Reclaiming reconciliation through community education for the Muslims and Tamils of post-war Jaffna, Sri Lanka." Research in Comparative and International Education 12, no. 1 (March 2017): 76–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745499917696425.
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This paper explores the possibilities and challenges for ethno-religious reconciliation through secondary school education in post-war Sri Lanka, with a specific focus on the Muslim and Tamil communities in the Northern city of Jaffna. In doing so, we position our paper within the growing field of ‘education, conflict and emergencies’ of which there has been a growing body of literature discussing this contentious relationship. The paper draws from an interdisciplinary and critical theoretical framework that aims to analyse the role of education for peacebuilding, through a multi-scalar application of four interconnected dimensions of social justice: redistribution, recognition, representation and reconciliation (or 4 R’s, Novelli, Lopes Cardozo and Smith, 2015). We apply this framework to interpret primary data collected through an ethnographic study of two under-studied communities that have been disproportionately affected by the 1983 to 2009 civil war and displacement: the Northern Sri Lankan Muslims and Northern Sri Lankan Tamils. We find that structural inequalities in society are replicated in formal secondary school education and are perceived to be perpetuating ethno-religious conflict between Muslim and Tamil; second, through a multi-scalar analysis, formal peace education is perceived by respondents not to be meeting the needs of communities; and third, we observe how in response to failings of state peace education, an ‘unofficial’ Tamil–Muslim community education incorporating a social justice-based approach has emerged. This has facilitated a process of cross-community reconciliation between Muslim and Tamil through individual (teachers, students) and community (Muslim–Tamil community based organisations) agency. The paper concludes by offering suggestions for peace education policy and future research.
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Jain, Nityanand, Sakshi Prasad, Zsófia Csenge Czárth, Swarali Yatin Chodnekar, Srinithi Mohan, Elena Savchenko, Deepkanwar Singh Panag, et al. "War Psychiatry: Identifying and Managing the Neuropsychiatric Consequences of Armed Conflicts." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 13 (January 2022): 215013192211066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21501319221106625.
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War refugees and veterans have been known to frequently develop neuropsychiatric conditions including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and anxiety disorders that tend to leave a long-lasting scar and impact their emotional response system. The shear stress, trauma, and mental breakdown from overnight displacement, family separation, and killing of friends and families cannot be described enough. Victims often require years of mental health support as they struggle with sleep difficulties, recurring memories, anxiety, grief, and anger. Everyone develops their coping mechanism which can involve dependence and long-term addiction to alcohol, drugs, violence, or gambling. The high prevalence of mental health disorders during and after the war indicates an undeniable necessity for screening those in need of treatment. For medical health professionals, it is crucial to identify such vulnerable groups who are prone to developing neuropsychiatric morbidities and associated risk factors. It is pivotal to develop and deploy effective and affordable multi-sectoral collaborative care models and therapy, which primarily depends upon family and primary care physicians in the conflict zones. Herein, we provide a brief overview regarding the identification and management of vulnerable populations, alongside discussing the challenges and possible solutions to the same.
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Guido, Veronese, Pepe Alessandro, and Giordano Francesca. "Child Psychological Adjustment to War and Displacement: A Discriminant Analysis of Resilience and Trauma in Syrian Refugee Children." Journal of Child and Family Studies 30, no. 10 (August 19, 2021): 2575–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-02067-2.
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AbstractThe ongoing war in Syria has led to the displacement of 12 million people since 2011, with minors representing 40% of all refugees. Syrian children living in refugee camps are at risk of developing a wide range of mental health problems, given their previous and ongoing exposure to episodes of violence, disruption of family ties, and discontinuous access to education. In this study, we drew on the salutogenic paradigm to investigate whether, and to what extent, high/low levels of resilience were associated with other indicators of mental health and post-traumatic response in Syrian children living in refugee camps. The sample was composed of 311 Syrian children living in Jordanian refugee camps as a consequence of the war in Syria. We administered quantitative self-report measures to assess participants’ exposure to trauma, individual levels of resilience, and mental health, performing discriminant analysis to examine the association between resilience and trauma/mental health. Syrian children living in Jordanian refugee camps reported intense exposure to traumatic events. The linear discriminant equation supported adoption of the function [Wilk’s Lambda (Λ = 0.827)]: lower levels of resilience were associated with trauma symptoms (re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal) and emotional problems, while higher levels of resilience were associated with pro-social behaviours. The findings of the present study suggest that resilience acts as a protective factor buffering children from the consequences of trauma and challenging life conditions. We discuss the implications for interventions designed to promote the wellbeing and mental health of children living in refugee camps.
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Tadese, Mesfin, Saba Desta Tessema, Abebe Mihretie, Getu Engida Wake, Hana Nigussie Teshome, Getaneh Baye Mulu, and Tesfa Dejenie Habtewold. "Perceived stress and its associated factors among people living in post-war Districts of Northern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 28, 2022): e0279571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279571.
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Background War and conflict environments result in long-term physical and psychological consequences. Sexual violence, displacement, malnutrition, death, illness, injury, torture, and disability are some of the physical effects, whereas stress, depression, aggressive behaviors, and anxiety are some of the emotional complications of war. Hence, evidence-based interventions are required particularly to monitor mental health disorders. Thus, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of perceived stress and its associated factors among people living in post-war situations, Northern Ethiopia. Method A community-based cross-sectional study design was employed among 812 samples from April 1 to May 15, 2022. The study participants were selected using a multistage sampling technique. The data was collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured and pre-tested tool. Data were cleaned and entered into Epi-Data version 4.6 and transferred to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify determinants of perceived stress. The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit was applied to test for model fitness and a p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result The prevalence of perceived stress was 76.1%, 95% CI (72.9–78.8). Age above 45 years (AOR (CI) = 2.45 (1.07–5.62), poor educational level (AOR (CI) = 5.92 (2.36–14.8), large family size (AOR (CI) = 0.48 (0.31–0.74), alcohol consumption (AOR (CI) = 0.63 (0.42–0.94), smoking (AOR (CI) = 0.17 (0.06–0.56), and exposure to multiple traumatic events (AOR (CI) = 2.38 (1.23–4.62) have shown a statistically significant association with perceived stress. Conclusion This study revealed that more than three-fourths of participants living in post-war settings were found to have perceived stress. Older age, poor level of education, large family size, alcohol consumption, smoking, and the number of traumatic events were significant associates of perceived stress. Psychotherapy that can effectively address the medical, social, and psychological well-being of the community is important to reduce the burden of perceived stress.
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Jansen, Stef. "Troubled locations." Focaal 2007, no. 49 (June 1, 2007): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/foc.2007.490103.
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This article confronts the nationalist and foreign interventionist discourses on 'home' in post-war Bosnia-Herzegovina with the everyday experiences of a category of persons who are perceived as the ultimate embodiment of the promised homecoming encapsulated in sedentarism: minority returnees. It ethnographically traces the initially mirroring movements of two households and their differential ways to overcome the effects of displacement as well as their insertion in broader transformations. Infusing the notion of 'home' with an eye for security in its widest sense, and, in particular, highlighting the importance of the life course, it investigates the significance of place through a contextualized household political economy of 'home'. In that way it explores the conditions in which certain remakings of 'home' come to be seen as more feasible than others.
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Long, Rebecca. "‘Here Always’: Time and Place in the Archive of Green Knowe." International Research in Children's Literature 10, no. 1 (July 2017): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ircl.2017.0220.
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Lucy M. Boston's Green Knowe books are widely regarded as classics of British children's literature. This article explores the house at Green Knowe as an archive of history and memory, and in doing so interrogates the potential for both history and memory to be recovered through imagination. Childhood experience becomes the medium within which Boston considers ideas of belonging and identity in a post-war Britain where the concept of home has been fundamentally compromised. Focusing on the first two books in the Green Knowe series – The Children of Green Knowe (1954) and The Chimneys of Green Knowe (1958) – this article uses Boston's protagonist Tolly's exploration of the house, its past and his own identity to posit that reconnecting to history and heritage facilitates a recovery of self after a period of personal displacement.
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Simal, Juan Luis. "«Strange Means of Governing»: The Spanish Restoration in European Perspective (1813–1820)." Journal of Modern European History 15, no. 2 (May 2017): 197–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/1611-8944-2017-2-197.
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«Strange Means of Governing»: The Spanish Restoration in European Perspective (1813–1820) This article proposes a reassessment of the Spanish Restoration through a study of its connections with, and departures from, European post-war strategies. Dominating accounts focus on two intertwined narratives: the definitive displacement of Spain from the category of great power, and the political involution of King Ferdinand VII's reactionary monarchy. These aspects were highlighted by numerous contemporaries and have been considered by most historians, yet they would benefit from a reappraisal that is comparative and considers transnational entanglements. This article addresses whether the character of the Spanish Restoration differed from the processes that were experimented in other parts of Europe and, if so, what the consequences of its particular situation were both for Spain and the international order.
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Kirn, Gal. "‘The primitive accumulation of capital and memory’: Mnemonic wars as national reconciliation discourse in (post-)Yugoslavia." Memory Studies 15, no. 6 (November 30, 2022): 1470–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17506980221133724.
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The article elaborates on Marx’s concept of the so-called primitive accumulation of capital by extending it to the field of memory and introducing a new concept of the ‘primitive accumulation of memory’. The article argues that this concept gives us an innovative path to understand the relationship between memory and capital. To arrive at a more nuanced understanding of the break-up of Yugoslavia and its thoroughly revised memoryscape, this text combines a politicoeconomic analysis with the evaluation of memory-related ideological shifts that are in fact perceived as long-term mnemonic wars in (post-)Yugoslavia. The article analyses how nationalism and memory revisionism are internally linked to capitalist accumulation. More specifically, the article will observe how an ethnocentric mnemonic war sought to openly negate the socialist and anti-fascist past. Indeed, the creation of an anti-communist, and at times anti-antifascist, orientation was integral to the imagining of new nation-states. Juxtaposed to this creative and generative current of memory revisionism, the primitive accumulation of capital in post-Yugoslavia began with the ‘deaccumulation’ of social infrastructure and wealth, and with the dispossession of working people. The bigger the dispossession, the larger the nationalist accumulation of memory and displacement of class antagonism. Finally, the article discusses what at first glance seems to be a pacifying discourse of ‘national reconciliation’, which stoked a thorough revision of the public memory of World War II. This revision reconciled fascist collaborationists and anti-fascist Partisans, and it helped to challenge Yugoslavia’s anti-fascist consensus, while also framing the ethnic wars of the 1990s.
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Piperno, Martina. "Giambattista Vico's ‘Constructive’ Language and its Post-Revolutionary Readers." Comparative Critical Studies 15, no. 2 (June 2018): 261–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ccs.2018.0292.
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Reprinted in 1801, Vico's New Science (originally published 1744) had a profound impact on Bourbon Restoration culture, particularly in Italy and France, where it touched post-revolutionary readers profoundly. The reasons for Vico's revival in the early nineteenth century relate closely to the trauma of the political and social changes of that era. Vico's readership seems to have had significant peaks during periods of rapid social transformation: nineteenth-century readers reread the New Science in an attempt to find the reasons for revolutionary failure, and to relate the terror, the sense of displacement, failure and trauma to recognizable laws, promising that, after a crisis, a period of renaissance must necessarily follow. This article analyses the hermeneutic practices of some post-revolutionary readers of Vico (Carlo Cattaneo, Vincenzo Cuoco, Giuseppe Ferrari, Ugo Foscolo, Francesco Lomonaco) and suggests a comparison with the practices of readers during the Second World War (Eric Auerbach, Carlo Levi, Mario Fubini). By doing so, I propose an interpretation of Vico's New Science as a ‘posthumous’ book, acquiring special shades of significance when its readers experience the feeling that nothing will ever be like before, and meditate upon it in isolation, in fear, in exile, upon return from the front, and in prison.
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Thorpe, Julia. "Exhibiting the Austro-Hungarian Empire: The Austrian Museum for Folk Culture in Vienna, 1895-1925." Museum and Society 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.29311/mas.v13i1.316.
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The Austrian Museum for Folk Culture (Österreichisches Museum für Volkskunde) was established in 1895 in Vienna, the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Initially founded as ‘monument of a state of nations [Völkerstaat]’ it acted on and facilitated larger imperial projects of statecraft, war and international diplomacy that spanned the Empire and its displacement in the interwar period (Schmidt 1960: 29). While much of the Museum’s collection was acquired in the years before the Empire’s collapse in 1918, I argue that it was only in the Empire’s afterlife that the Museum was able to perform its memory work for an entombed ‘state of nations’. The Museum projected this site of imperial memory initially onto a post-imperial pan-European map and then, following the rise of German nationalism in Germany and Austria, onto a pan-German vision of empire and nationhood.
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Mironova, Vera, and Sam Whitt. "Ethnicity and Altruism After Violence: The Contact Hypothesis in Kosovo." Journal of Experimental Political Science 1, no. 2 (2014): 170–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/xps.2014.18.
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AbstractAn enduring question for the social sciences is whether increasing contact and exposure between in-groups and out-groups enhances prospects for social tolerance and cooperation. Using dictator experiments with ethnic Serbs in post-war Kosovo, our research explores how norms of altruism are impacted by proximity to former rivals. In the aftermath of violence, proximity appears to amplify solidarity with the in-group but also increases empathy toward former adversaries. Based on a March 2011 study of 158 ethnic Serbs from regions across Kosovo with varying degrees of contact and separation from ethnic Albanians, we find that both out-group bridging and in-group bonding norms increase with exposure to the out-group. The inclusion of extended controls and matching for displacement by violence and other forms of victimization helps alleviate concerns about sorting and selection driving our results.
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Atrooz, Fatin, Tzuan A. Chen, Brian Biekman, Ghalya Alrousan, Johanna Bick, and Samina Salim. "Displacement and Isolation: Insights from a Mental Stress Survey of Syrian Refugees in Houston, Texas, USA." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5 (February 22, 2022): 2547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052547.
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(1) Background: Syrians are the largest forcibly displaced population in the world. Approximately 20,000 Syrian refugees have resettled in the United States (US) since the civil war in Syria began in 2011, with an estimated 130 families resettling in Houston, Texas. We conducted a pilot study with the objective of examining the physical and mental well-being of the Houston Syrian refugee population. (2) Methods: Online surveys were conducted using psychometrically valid instruments including Afghan Symptom Checklist (ASC), Refugee Post-Migration Stress Scale (RPMSS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and Self-Report Questionnaire (SRQ) (3) Results: According to independent t-tests, Syrian refugee females scored higher than males on ASC (37.78 vs. 31.64, p = 0.0446), particularly in the subscales of sadness with social withdrawal (28.89 vs. 24.31, p = 0.0495), and stress-induced reactivity (6.56 vs. 4.86, p = 0.0004). Similarly, females scored higher than males in RPMSS (60.54 vs. 45.15, p = 0.0022), including the social strain domain (8.08 vs. 5.18, p = 0.0204). In PSS and SRQ, Syrian refugee females reported comparable stress and distress scores as males. (4) Conclusions: Syrian refugee females reported higher stress and distress than males. Displacement from their home country and social strain were the major sources of stress in Syrian refugee females, as indicated in RPMSS.
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Chattoraj, Diotima. "Narratives of Sri Lankan Displaced Tamils Living in Welfare Centres in Jaffna, Sri Lanka." Journal of Maritime Studies and National Integration 2, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jmsni.v2i2.3707.
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This article addresses the kind of attachment that the Sri Lankan Tamil IDPs, refugeed in the welfare centers of Jaffna, have to their Ur/homes in the post-war era. This article is to explore, how they describe the meaning of attachment to their Ur even after two decades of displacement and how this is related to the negotiations with displacement. To understand this relationship, I used the concept of attachment to analyze my collected data. The qualitative materials are drawn from the data collected during my ethnographic field-visit in Jaffna in February-March 2013. The focus is on narrative interviews with IDPs staying at the welfare centers in Jaffna. This article discusses in detail the narrative of an IDP who spoke on behalf of several others who were in the same situation and staying at the center since the early 1990s. From his narrative, I show their intense sense of attachment not only to their Urbut also to the memories and emotions which are related to their Ur. I argue that the meaning of Urand attachment to it, has remained unchanged for this group of population in Jaffna due to socio-economic reasons and aspirations to a good life.