Academic literature on the topic 'Post primary school'
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Journal articles on the topic "Post primary school"
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Castley, Steve, and Rose Cunnington. "Post-Primary Program — Lockhart River." Aboriginal Child at School 23, no. 1 (March 1995): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s031058220000506x.
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Prior to 1994, Lockhart River was a P-7 school. Students from the community wishing to undertake secondary studies had to leave the community and attend secondary school at Bamaga, Cairns or elsewhere. The emotional and cultural upheaval caused by such a move had a significant effect on these students' achievements.
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Essa, Mariam Saeed Ibrahim, Magda Elhadi Ahmed Yousif, and M. A. Abdalmagid. "Assessment of Personal Hygiene Practices among Primary School Pupils in Umbada locality, Khartoum state, Sudan (2018-2020)." ABC Research Alert 10, no. 3 (October 13, 2022): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/abcra.v10i3.629.
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Background: Personal hygiene is the behaviors that must be practiced in daily life, starting from morning to sleep time to protect our health.
Objectives: The current study aimed to assess personal hygiene practices among Primary School Pupils in Umbada Locality, Khartoum state, Sudan (2018-2020).
Materials and methods: An observational interventional study was conducted where a pre- and post-assessment was done. Pre-test and post-test intervention was used to determine the practices of hygiene among primary school Pupils in some selected schools of Umbada locality al emir unit. The targeted population was primary school Pupils in Government schools only. The study populations were the pupils in the Primary public schools by a total number of 37850 Pupils (grade 5, grade 6 and grade7) distributed among 180 public primary schools in the locality. The sample size were consist of (800) pupils during the period of the study. A pre- and post- questionnaire was carefully prepared, tested and directed to the pupils. It covers pupil’s age, sex, and the classroom; source of water supply and latrine in the house there, and to obtain data regarding knowledge, attitude, and practices (as regards personal hygiene in both pre and post intervention phases. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS Computer Program Version (19.0).
Results: The study revealed that the overall practice of pupils, about personal hygiene was increased from 39% to 61% after intervention of health education sessions.
Conclusion: Health education has significant role in promoting the practice of school pupils regarding personal hygiene. Moreover, motivational approaches and programs to encourage children about their primacy personal hygiene should be adopted and implemented.
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Fleming, Domnall. "Student voice in Irish post-primary schools: is the challenge too challenging?" Boolean: Snapshots of Doctoral Research at University College Cork, no. 2011 (January 1, 2011): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/boolean.2011.15.
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All of us, as students, attended school and sat in classrooms for long periods. We listened (most of the time!), we absorbed, we learned, we sat and passed examinations (hopefully!), but we were largely silent participants in the whole classroom process. Yes, we answered and asked questions about what we were learning and responded to our teachers and classmates but, did anyone in our schools ever ask us what we thought about how we were being taught or whether and how we were learning? Did anyone ever ask us for our opinions on our schools or the classrooms in which we sat for all of that time? The answer is often a resounding no. There is no tradition in Irish schools to ask, consult or discuss with students their views on their school, their classroom, their teachers, their learning or their experience in this very important and formative period of ...
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Marchal, François, Cyril Schweitzer, Frédérique Werts, Lan Thi Thuy Vu, Bruno Demoulin, and Yen Thi Nguyen. "Post-Exercise Airway Narrowing in Healthy Primary School Children." Pediatric Research 63, no. 3 (March 2008): 328–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/pdr.0b013e318163a22c.
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Lewis, Elaine, Catherine Baudains, and Caroline Mansfield. "The Impact of AuSSI-WA at a Primary School." Australian Journal of Environmental Education 25 (2009): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0814062600000392.
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AbstractThis paper presents the findings of the first stage of research on the impact of the Australian Sustainable Schools Initiative (AuSSI) at an independent primary school in Western Australia. A longitudinal (20 year) case study is being conducted, utilising data related to Education for Sustainability (EfS) at the school from 1990-2009. 2005 was a critical year for the school because it marked the beginning of participation in the Sustainable Schools Initiative pilot in Western Australia (AuSSI-WA). The research investigates elements of EfS in operation at the school pre- and post- AuSSI-WA, as well as student and teacher outcomes after involvement in the Initiative. An analysis of the initial data suggests that participation in AuSSI-WA enabled the school to engage with a growing commitment to EfS in the context of a whole - school approach.
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Ahadu, Ephrem, and Desta Abebe. "Appraisal on the Institutionalization of Human Right Education at Post Primary School Level, Hossaena, Ethiopia." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 6, no. 5 (October 31, 2019): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i5.1142.
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This research on the institutionalization of human right education at post primary school level was carried out in Hossana town of 4 primary school (2 from private and 2 from public school) namely Alemu W/Hanna public school, Hassana Vision academy private primary School, Wachemo public school and FA private school, Ethiopia. The study sample comprised 345 out of the total 2,500 population using Yeman (1967:886) formula. Two types of research questions and one hypothesis were evolved to guide the study. A 10-item questionnaire titled "Human Right Education Questionnaire” was applied for data gathering. The reliability coefficient of the tool using Cronbach Alpha stretched from 0.86 - 0.96. Data gathered were examined by means of mean and independent t-test statistical instruments. To remove partiality the data were scrutinized, cross checked and triangulated using different mechanisms. The outcomes of the study exhibited that Human right education has not been institutionalized into the school curriculum, even though human right protection activities and lessons are vital part of the school life. The result of the study also discovered that public and private schools do not differ significantly in the institutionalization of human right education at post primary school level. Based on the finding of the study, it was recommended that activities to enhance human right education should be given due emphasis and encouraged in the school system.
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Ilori, Maria E., Victor Segun Oluwafemi, and Emmanuel Sunday Odusina. "School Library Services as a Catalyst for the Better Basic Education in Nigeria." Indian Journal of Information Sources and Services 10, no. 1 (May 5, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ijiss.2020.10.1.485.
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This paper reviews existing literature on how school library services could lead to better basic educational system in Nigeria. Extent literature reviewed that there is poor state of library services to pre-primary, primary and post primary education institutions in Nigeria, providing learning resources is the primary and fundamental role of the school library. Education cannot be achieved without resources that will enhance learning activities. The study concluded that library resources and services are grossly inadequate in many primary and post primary schools in Nigeria and several factors have been attributed to this anomaly in our education system. However the study therefore recommends that the school library authorities should improve in creating more awareness on library services and programmes; the library management in collaboration with the school authorities should provide more fund to run the library effectively; the school management authorities should provide a befitting and well equipped building for the library.
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Essa, Mariam Saeed Ibrahim, Magda Elhadi Ahmed Yousif, and M. A. Abdalmagid. "Role of Health Education in Promoting Knowledge, to-wards Personal Hygiene Among Primary School Pupils in Umbada locality, Khartoum State, Sudan (2018 - 2020)." ABC Research Alert 10, no. 3 (October 19, 2022): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/abcra.v10i3.631.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Personal hygiene is the behaviors that must be practiced in daily life, starting from morning to sleep time to protect our health.
Objectives: This study aimed to assess the role of health education in promoting knowledge of personal hygiene among Primary School Pupils in Umbada locality, Khartoum State Sudan (2018 - 2020)
Materials and methods: The study design an observational interventional study was conducted where a pre and post- assessment was done. Pre-test and post-test was used to determine the practices of hygiene among primary school Pupils in some selected schools of Umbada locality al emir unit. The targeted population was primary school Pupils in Government schools only. The study populations were the pupils in the Primary public schools with a total number of 37850 Pupils (grade 5, grade 6 and grade7) distributed among 180 public primary schools in the locality. The sample size consisted of (800) pupils during the period of the study. A pre and post- questionnaire was carefully prepared, tested and directed to the pupils . It covers pupil’s age, sex, and the classroom. , source of water supply and latrine in the house there, and to obtain data regarding knowledge, attitude, and practices (as regards personal hygiene in both pre and post-intervention phases. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS Computer Program Version (19.0).
Results: The study revealed that the overall knowledge of pupils about personal hygiene was increase from 38.7% to 61.3% after intervention of health education packages.
Conclusion: Due to gaps in many items of knowledge, attitude and practice regarding personal hygiene, there is need of the proper health education intervention through framework of schools to the school children, for improvement regarding personal hygiene among them, throughout the nation. Health education has significant role in promoting knowledge of school pupils regarding personal hygiene.
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Srivastava, Mayank, Dipanjan Bhattacharjee, and Vinod Kumar Sinha. "Socio-demographic correlates of school refusal among primary school students in Ranchi City." Indian Journal of Psychiatric Social Work 11, no. 1 (February 19, 2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.29120/ijpsw.2020.v11.i1.205.
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Introduction: School refusal has some distinctive features and it can affect the academic achievement of the students very negatively. Several socio-demographic factors are responsible for school refusal. This study intends to see the role of some socio-demographic factors in school refusal among primary grade students of five private schools of the city of Ranchi. Methodology: It was a Cross-sectional school-based study on five private schools of Ranchi city. Total students approached were 1640, out of which 52 students were selected purposively as per the study criteria. Socio-demographic Data Sheet and School Refusal Assessment Scale-Revised (SRAS-R) were used and descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, one way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test were used. Results: Factors like the gender of the students, parental education, monthly family income and family type have a significant impact on school refusal behaviour of selected students. Conclusion: School refusal is a complicated problem and it has been influenced by various factors.
Keywords: School refusal, demographic variables, parents, family, absenteeism
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Incekara, Cetin O. "Post-COVID-19 ergonomic school furniture design under fuzzy logic." Work 69, no. 4 (August 27, 2021): 1197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-210652.
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BACKGROUND: Because of wrong sitting position, children have back-pain and related musculoskeletal pain (MPD). Due to inappropriate designed class furniture by not taking into account the children’s anthropometric measurements have negative effect on children musculoskeletal systems. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis has changed the furniture industry’s production trends. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop a new fuzzy based design of ergonomic-oriented classroom furniture for primary school students considering the measured anthropometric dimensions of students’ safety, health, well-being, i.e. ergonomic criteria, socio-psychological aspect and post-COVID policies. METHODS: In the study 2049 number of primary school students are assessed considering COVID-19 pandemic policies and their static anthropometric dimensions were measured between 7-10-year-old (between 1st-4th grade students) and descriptive statistics of children among their ages and genders are calculated; mean, standard deviation, percentiles. The data collected from the students were analyzed quantitatively by using Significance Analysis: Mann-Whitney U test statistic, t-test, Regression Analysis and one-way ANOVA. In the study interviews with experts are performed and fuzzy mathematical model (by using fuzzy-AHP, fuzzy-TOPSIS and fuzzy-VIKOR) is developed to calculate Turkey’s three schools’ furniture. RESULTS: Results showed statistically significant differences between two genders. And it is observed that the seating bench height is too high for primary school students and lower than the height of the classroom’s blackboard from the floor. Fuzzy Multi Criteria Decision Making Method’s (FMCDM) results show that primary school students’ ergonomic classroom furniture should be mainly designed by considering “COVID-19 Criteria”, “Ergonomic Criteria” and “Socio-Psychological Aspect”. Students’ existing seating benches and tables are changed by considering post-COVID policies/protocols, Ergonomic Criteria and Socio-Psychological Aspect. And a new seating bench/chair and table’s dimensions is proposed in the study. CONCLUSIONS: Children study at school for long periods and their activities involve long periods of time on their desks in schools. As per the results of the study, it can be concluded that school management must consider the genders, ages of students and take into account the post-COVID policies/protocols while procuring the classroom furniture. The COVID-19 pandemic is the single largest event to have affected children globally in their access to school in recent times; estimates suggest that over 85%of the world’s total enrolled learners, 1.5 billion children and youths, have been affected. The coronavirus pandemic also creates dramatic changes for the school furniture.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Post primary school"
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Newman, M. "Post occupancy evaluation of primary schools : a multi-stakeholder perspective." Thesis, Coventry University, 2010. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/63752b3c-45f7-d6ff-b065-a80705279f0f/1.
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The UK government, under the Primary Capital Programme, is planning to rebuild or refurbish approximately half of all primary schools by 2022/23. The aim is to create primary schools that are equipped for 21st century teaching and learning. Around £7 billion will be invested in the scheme with £1.9 billion of the budget being spent 2008-11, £650 million for all local authorities in 2009-10 and £1.1 billion in 2010-11. However, this substantial investment will only meet the target of providing a 21st century educational environment, with opportunities for exemplary teaching and learning, if the design of new and refurbished schools is fit for this purpose. The research set out to answer the question ‘How can all user groups be involved in the evaluation of newly built primary schools?’ This question was addressed by achieving the aim of developing a post-occupancy evaluation toolkit specifically for primary schools which accounted for the views of all stakeholders. The research focussed on primary schools in the city of Coventry in the UK West Midlands and was conducted in two phases: an examination of schools built before the introduction of a model brief in 1996 and an evaluation of schools that were built using its guidance. The findings from the initial case studies indicated issues to be addressed in the design of the toolkit. Following the initial case studies in pre-1996 schools, the research focussed on five recently built primary schools that were constructed according to the guidelines contained in Coventry’s model brief. At the time of commencing the research, six primary schools had been built using this framework. However, there had been no attempt to evaluate the schools to establish whether they met the needs of all stakeholders. The post-occupancy evaluation toolkit that was developed took a multi-stakeholder perspective on primary school builds and resulted in findings which indicate the variability in responses between different stakeholder groups and schools. The research concluded that the post-occupancy toolkit can provide information on school buildings, from a multi-stakeholder perspective, which may be useful architects and designers. It also proposes an approach to primary school design which accounts for the variability in the needs of diverse stakeholder groups and the individuality of each school, including their geographical location.
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Carter, Annabel Louise. "Helping, caring and learning: strengths in new entrants settling into and learning in primary school in post-earthquake Christchurch." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Health Sciences, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8721.
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Christchurch has experienced a series of over 13,500 earthquakes between September 2010 and January 2012. Some children who have been exposed to earthquakes may experience post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms (PTSD) including difficulty concentrating, feeling anxious, restlessness and confusion. Other children may be resilient to the effects of disaster. Western models of resilience relate to a child’s social support and their capacity to cope. The Māori model of wellbeing relates to whanau (family), wairua (spiritual connections), tinana (the physical body) and hinengaro (the mind and emotions). Children’s concepts of helping, caring and learning may provide insight into resilience without introducing the topic of earthquakes into the conversation, which in itself may provoke an episode of stress. Many researchers have studied the effects of earthquakes on children. However, few studies have examined positive outcomes and resilience or listened to the children’s voices.
The objective of this study was to listen to the voices of children who experienced the Canterbury earthquake period in order to gain a deeper understanding of the ideas associated resilience. Individual interviews were conducted with 17 five-year-old participants during their first term of primary school. After the interviews, the teacher shared demographic information and reports on the children’s stress and coping. Six children were identified as New Zealand European and eleven children identified as New Zealand Māori.
Children had different views of helping, caring and learning. Themes of resilience from Western and Kaupapa Māori models were identified in transcripts of the children's voices and drawings. Māori children voiced more themes of resilience associated with the Western model, and in the Tapa Whā model, Māori children's transcripts were more likely to be inclusive of all four components of well-being.
How five-year-old children, having experienced an earthquake disaster during their preschool years, talk or draw pictures about helping, caring and learning can provide insight into resilience, especially in situations where it is not advisable to re-traumatise children by discussing the disaster event. Future research should interview parents/caregivers and whānau to gain further insights. Considering information from both a Western and a Tapa Whā perspective can also provide new insights into resilience in young children. A limitation of this study is that qualitative studies are not always free from a researcher’s interpretation and are, therefore, subjective.
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Muzvidziwa, Irene. "A phenomenological study of women primary school heads' experiences as educational leaders in post colonial Zimbabwe." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008200.
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This research study was carried out in order to gain an understanding of the experiences of women primary school heads, their perceptions of their roles as leaders, the challenges they face and how they dealt with them. The study focused on the lived experiences of five women in Zimbabwe's primary schools. Literature relating to the issues and experiences of women in educational leadership within school contexts and the conceptual framework is examined. The importance of leadership has been emphasised in the literature of school effectiveness. Leadership theories tended to emphasise measurability and effectiveness of leadership, oversimplifying the complexity of leadership phenomenon. These features reflect research approach adopted by researchers from a positivist orientation. This study is an in-depth qualitative study conducted along the lines suggested by a phenomenological-interpretivist design with emphasis on rich contextual detail, close attention to individual's lived experience and the bracketing of pre-conceived notions of the phenomenon. Views and experiences based on the participants' perspectives are described through in-depth interviews which were dialogical in nature. Through this approach, I managed to grasp the essences of the lived experiences of women The research highlights the women's perceptions of themselves as educational leaders. What emerges is the variety of approaches to handling challenges. My findings show a rich and diverse culture of creativity in the way participants adopted a problem-solving strategy, which is not reflected in the mainstream leadership. Though educational leadership emerges as a complex phenomenon, with alternative approaches to educational research, there is high potential for increased understanding of woman's leadership, its importance and implications for school.KMBT_363
Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in
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Nambalirwa, Stellah. "The implementation of Universal Primary Education in Uganda." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27986.
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Since independence in 1962, the education system in Uganda has comprised four levels under the control of the Ministry of Education and Sports, namely, the pre-school, primary education, post-primary education and higher education. In 1986, the National Resistance Movement formed a series of commissions to investigate the functioning of the Ministry of Education and Sports. Subsequently, the Education Policy Review Commission was established and made the recommendation to universalise primary education. In 1996, the President announced free education for all with the main components including the provision of free education for a maximum of four children per family, and the removal of school fees in primary schools from grades one to seven. The main goal was to provide for the minimum necessary facilities and resources to enable all Ugandan children of school-going age to enter and remain in school until the primary cycle is completed. However, the implementation of Universal Primary Education in Uganda has been met with various challenges. The current planning and organising framework does not support its implementation with communication and coordination challenges cited as most problematic. This study focuses on proposing a planning and organising framework that will address the issues regarding policy implementation, coordination and communication. Specifically, the study will focus on: - a) describing the internal and external environment within which Universal Primary Education in Uganda is implemented; b) exploring the planning and organising challenges hindering the implementation of Universal Primary Education in Uganda; and c) proposing a comprehensive planning and organising framework to support the implementation of Universal Primary Education in Uganda.
Dissertation (MAdmin)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
School of Public Management and Administration (SPMA)
unrestricted
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DaSilva, Christian. "Youth Agency and the Efficacy of Basic Education in Tanzania: An Inquiry into Post-primary School Structuration." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/33019.
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This qualitative study explores how youth in Tanzania, with low levels of basic education, manage their personal lives and seek opportunities in the workplace or in post-basic education training programs.
In Tanzania, Education for All (EFA) has served as a key focal point of coordination between the government and the international donor community. While substantial attention has centered on the challenges of ensuring the sustainability and quality of EFA, there is relatively little known about the socio-economic circumstances of young school leavers and their perceptions of education and its relation to their post-school life trajectories.
Using structuration theory as the theoretical framework to illuminate the dynamic interconnectedness of social structures and youth agency, I conducted semi-structured interviews with 14 young male and female school leavers. Disturbing patterns of social reproduction and a fundamental discontinuity between basic education and post-school challenges were revealed in the research. Yet, in view of their resilience, orientation to the future and entrepreneurial resourcefulness, findings suggest that despite profound qualitative shortcomings, aspects of basic education and the structuring effects of economic liberalization may be contributing to enhanced youth agency.
The dissertation contributes to the theoretical discourse in the study of youth phenomena by adapting and advancing Klocker’s (2007) use of the notion of thinners and thickeners of agency within structuration theory. Exploring factors like educational quality and attainment level, in addition to those already established by Klocker (tribe, gender, age, and poverty), my research shows how young people’s agency can be attenuated or accentuated in space and time. This dissertation contributes empirical, hermeneutic and narrative data to illuminate the educational experience and post-basic education realities for a group of Tanzanian youth, reducing what has heretofore been described as a paucity of such qualitative accounts of marginalized African youth and the challenges they face.
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Pulsford, Mark J. "The emergence of the male primary school Special Educational Needs Coordinator : a relational materialist post-qualitative exploration." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16598/.
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This thesis reports on a study of the experiences and perspectives of four men working as Special Educational Need Coordinators (SENCos) in Primary schools in England, based on interviews between September 2013 and November 2014. Within their schools, SENCos have ‘day-to-day responsibility for the operation of SEN policy and co-ordination of specific provision made to support individual pupils with SEN’ (DfE, 2015, p.108). The role has an historic association with forms of motherly, selfless care and can be seen as a key site of tension as masculine-coded managerial and performative forces colonise SEN provision. There is currently no published research exploring men’s experiences of working as SENCos. The study adopts a ‘relational materialist’ ontology (Hultman and Lenz Taguchi, 2010), drawing on new material feminist (e.g. Taylor, 2013) and sociomaterialist (e.g. Fenwick and Edwards, 2013) approaches, and inspired by the work of Karen Barad and Gilles Deleuze. In line with this thinking, the research engages a ‘material storytelling’ sensibility (e.g. Strand, 2012) and is directed by a post-qualitative approach to data analysis (Lather and St. Pierre, 2013). This study pays close attention to how material objects folders, filing cabinets, suits and ties, photographs, desks, et al.) are entangled with discourses of gender, teaching and SEN with/in the men’s narrative becomings. Thinking with relational material-discursive assemblages allows a sense of how these men emerge as particular ‘male Primary school SENCo’ subjects that knot around rigid and mutually-informing axes of hegemonic masculinity, heteronormativity, and neoliberal and neoconservative policy imperatives. This has consequences for the iterations of professionalism and care that emerge simultaneously with this ‘male Primary school SENCo’, which has potential to affect/effect the becomings of pupils, colleagues, knowledges and practices within their orbit. The research contributes to and advances the study of male Primary school teachers, SENCos and SEN practice, and develops the use of relational/new materialist theories.
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Ribchester, Christopher Brian. "Education policy and the viability of small school provision : the social significance of small primary schools in England and Wales post 1988." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361003.
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McEnery, Michael. "Emerging practices in a post primary school : challenges and opportunities when working with a Virtual Learning Environment (VLE)." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.680436.
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The use of a Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) to support teaching and learning in a range of second and third level education contexts is increasing. The variety of elements included in the VLE and the extent to which it is integral to the course varies. While the use of the VLE may appear to have a number of benefits, in particular the promotion of independent learning, there is a need for empirical research in a range of contexts to establish an evidence base that will inform practice. This dissertation reports on a study of a General Certificate of Education (GCE) Advanced Supplementary (AS) Level Information Communication Technology Course (ICT) in a co-educational school with a mixed ability intake. The course models a 'blended' approach to the teaching, incorporating many of the Web 2.0 technology tools that comprise a VLE to support the students in their work and to encourage independent learning. The VLE is used along with the traditional teacher-led style of delivery outlining learning outcomes, directing learning and assessing progress. While numerous studies in this area have provided insights into the potential benefits of a VLE, many use third level institutions as a backdrop and focus on staff rather than pupil experiences. Students' perceptions and engagement is under researched. This study addresses the students' reasons for engagement with the VLE, their perceptions of this mode of delivery and the extent and nature of independent working promoted by this approach. The study showed that students saw the benefits of engaging with the VLE for ~he purpose of the course over and above those employed in other subject areas specifically in relation to student management and organisation of learning, absence from school, assessment feedback and belonging to a community of learners. The study also found that although the school made the development of the VLE a whole school initiative, for the majority of subjects its use was limited to an online resource storage area.
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Arizmendi, Wayne Clinton, and arizmendi@fastmail fm. "Relative truths regarding childrens learning difficulties in a Queensland regional primary school: Adult stakeholders positions." Central Queensland University. School of Education, 2005. http://library-resources.cqu.edu.au./thesis/adt-QCQU/public/adt-QCQU20060510.112803.
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This study explored the discursive subject positions that 18 parents, teachers and administrators involved with children identified as experiencing learning difficulties in a Queensland regional primary school between September 2003 and August 2004 drew upon to explain the causes of those childrens learning difficulties. The study used a post-structuralist adaptation of positioning theory and social constructionism and a discourse analytic method to analyse relevant policy documents and participants semi-structured interview transcripts to interrogate what models were being used to explain a student's inability to access the curriculum. Despite the existence of alternative explanatory frameworks that functioned as relatively undeveloped resistant counternarratives, the study demonstrated the medical models overwhelming dominance in both Education Queensland policy statements and the participants subject positions. This dominance shapes and informs the adult stakeholders subjectivities and renders the child docile and potentially irrational.
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Madden, Emma. "School bullying : victim perspective past and present : an assessment of university students perceived long-term consequences utilising retrospective accounts and post-primary school pupils attitude and response to typical scenes of bullying." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.551568.
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One of the main aims of this research was to determine the perceived long-term consequences of bullying behaviour in schools. Furthermore, this study examined individual's recollections of the nature and prevalence of bullying and experiences of other forms of violence throughout their life-course; in doing so the reliability of individual's retrospective accounts were also assessed. Further still, school pupil's experiences of bullying and exposure to violence and trauma was also examined, as were their typical behavioural responses to scenes of school bullying. This thesis presents the findings of three studies, focusing on individuals experiences of bullying in school, in a sample of undergraduate university students and post- primary school pupils. In Chapter One, a review of the literature surrounding bullying behaviour research is presented, in addition to an overview of the 'cycle of violence' hypothesis, which permeates all aspects of this research. Chapter Two provides an outline of the continuing debate concerning the use of retrospective in bullying behaviour research and a detailed review of all the scales utilised in the first study. The results of Study One are presented in Chapter Three, in which a short-term longitudinal study assessed the reliability and stability of participants (N = 824) memories, the nature of their life-course victimisation experiences and perceived negative consequences of such experiences. A qualitative approach was adopted in Study Two, involving a series of in-depth interviews with self-reported victims (N = 13) of child abuse, bullying in school and domestic violence, all of whom had previously taken part in the first quantitative study; the results of which are presented in Chapter Four. In Chapter Five, the questionnaire booklet was administered to a sample of post-primary pupils (N = 213), within the local area, to assess their experiences of bullying in school and evaluate their perceived 'rules' for behaviour according to their status group. Finally, a summary and discussion of the results are presented in Chapter Six. Results suggest that 31.1 % (N = 256) of university participants recalled having been bullied in school at some point, and a further 11.9% (N = 98) acknowledged having actively taken part in victimising other pupils at school, with individuals most commonly citing verbal bullying (i.e. name calling). Just over two in five victims (44%) stated that they attempted suicide, with the majority reporting more than one attempt. It was determined that 43.0% of victims reported having experienced abuse during childhood (i.e. physical abuse/neglect, sexual abuse, etc), 35.9% indicated that they had experienced bullying in later-life (i.e. workplace harassment); resulting in one in five participants (N = 53; 20.7%) revealing that they had experienced both abuse and further victimisation. Measures in the questionnaire booklet revealed that participants were more likely to experience depression, anger and hostility, compared to those with no experience of bullying in school. Over one in three 'victim only' participants reported a 'fearful' relationship style, and moreover reported the lowest mean scores relating to same and opposite sex self-esteem, but the highest levels regarding emotional loneliness and social isolation. Further still, symptornology analogues with PTSD were found in 11 % of victims. Finally, reliability analysis revealed that individual's recollections were both accurate and stable across the three data collection point (initial, 6 months post, and 12-14 months post). Reponses from the face-to-face interviews supported these findings with participants expressing how their experiences of bullying in school have affected many aspects of the adult life. Results from the schools based research revealed that 18.8% of pupils reported to be 'victim only' and a further 6.6% stated that they were both the victim and a perpetrator of bullying in school, with name calling and exclusion the most commonly cited forms of behaviours reported. With regards to pupil's experiences of violence, individuals reported experiencing 'vivid memories' recollections and feelings of distress in situations which remind victims of their experiences, leading to outbursts of anger and a general sense of wariness. Furthermore, 'bully only' pupils reported the highest overall mean on a measure of aggression, and on a measure of parenting style reported the highest means relating to 'indifference', 'over-control' and 'abuse'. Self- identified victims reported lowest levels of both same and opposite-sex self-esteem and general self-esteem; and highest levels of both emotional loneliness and social isolation.
Books on the topic "Post primary school"
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Morgan, Mark. Drinking among post-primary school pupils. Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute, 1994.
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Large, Julie. Looking ahead: How primary schools can broaden girls' post-school options. Canberra: Department of Employment, Education, and Training, 1993.
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Gorman, Donna Marie. Handling bereavement in the post-primary school. [S.l: The Author], 1996.
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Karareba, Gilbert, Simon Clarke, and Thomas O'Donoghue. Primary School Leadership in Post-Conflict Rwanda. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60264-6.
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Daws, Peter Philip. Citizenship in the post-primary school curriculum. Belfast: NICED Information Centre, 1987.
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Ireland. Dept. of Education. Guidelines on countering bullying behaviour in primary and post-primary schools. Dublin: Stationery Office, 1993.
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Mark, Morgan. Drinking among post-primary schoolpupils. Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute, 1994.
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Library and InformationServices Council (Northern Ireland)., ed. Libraries in post primary schools: Guidelines for good practice. Ballymena: Library and Information Services Council (Northern Ireland), 1995.
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Northern Ireland. Department of Education. Review of school information & prospectuses regulations: Post-primary schools consultation document. Bangor: DENI, 2001.
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Northern Ireland. Department of Education. Education and Training Inspectorate. Inspection, self-evaluation and improvement in primary and post-primary schools: 2003-2004 : a report. Bangor: Department of Education, 2004.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Post primary school"
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Rose, Richard, and Michael Shevlin. "Student Transition from Primary to Post-Primary School." In Establishing Pathways to Inclusion, 146–59. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Connecting research with practice in special and inclusive education: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003144045-15.
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Kheang, Thida, Tom O’Donoghue, and Simon Clarke. "Educational Leadership in Developing Countries and in Post-New War Countries." In Primary School Leadership in Cambodia, 43–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76324-8_3.
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Kheang, Thida, Tom O’Donoghue, and Simon Clarke. "Cambodia as a Post-New War Country: Current Concerns of School Leaders." In Primary School Leadership in Cambodia, 181–206. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76324-8_6.
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Karareba, Gilbert, Simon Clarke, and Thomas O’Donoghue. "Introduction." In Primary School Leadership in Post-Conflict Rwanda, 1–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60264-6_1.
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Karareba, Gilbert, Simon Clarke, and Thomas O’Donoghue. "The Broad Context." In Primary School Leadership in Post-Conflict Rwanda, 23–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60264-6_2.
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Karareba, Gilbert, Simon Clarke, and Thomas O’Donoghue. "Overview of the Literature." In Primary School Leadership in Post-Conflict Rwanda, 61–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60264-6_3.
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Karareba, Gilbert, Simon Clarke, and Thomas O’Donoghue. "Historical Background to Primary School Leadership from Colonial Times Until 1994." In Primary School Leadership in Post-Conflict Rwanda, 97–122. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60264-6_4.
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Karareba, Gilbert, Simon Clarke, and Thomas O’Donoghue. "Developments in Relation to Primary School Leadership in Rwanda Since the Genocide of 1994." In Primary School Leadership in Post-Conflict Rwanda, 123–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60264-6_5.
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Karareba, Gilbert, Simon Clarke, and Thomas O’Donoghue. "Concerns of School Leaders and Associated Strategies Adopted by Them." In Primary School Leadership in Post-Conflict Rwanda, 147–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60264-6_6.
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Karareba, Gilbert, Simon Clarke, and Thomas O’Donoghue. "Overview, Discussion, and Conclusion." In Primary School Leadership in Post-Conflict Rwanda, 185–214. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60264-6_7.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Post primary school"
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Krowin, Martinus M. M., and Risal M. Merentek. "Management Of Post- Certification Primary School Teacher Performance In The Minahasa District Education Office Environment." In Proceedings of the International Conference Primary Education Research Pivotal Literature and Research UNNES 2018 (IC PEOPLE UNNES 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icpeopleunnes-18.2019.22.
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Diana Coroi, Marinela. "The importance of digital literacy in primary education." In Condiții pedagogice de optimizare a învățării în post criză pandemică prin prisma dezvoltării gândirii științifice. "Ion Creanga" State Pedagogical University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46728/c.18-06-2021.p177-181.
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The idea of digital literacy is adopted and put into educational practice by most countries in the world since it is the answer outlined by the need to develop a society dominated by information and technology. Digital education is a priority of the education and training system that aims at training and developing digital skills for lifelong learning and the professions of the future. The need to approach digital education in Romanian primary education would be the first step towards important digital literacy in optimizing online learning activities. The initiation from a young school age in the sphere of knowledge of safe use of technology can be materialized, through a systematic didactic approach, rising in the ranking of European states regarding the level of digital competencies.
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Haris, Zahiah, Mustapha Kamal Ahmad Kassim, Abdullah Yusof, and Norliya Ahmad Kassim. "Teaching methods for islamic education Post Graduate Diploma in Teaching Primary School in Malaysia." In 2011 IEEE Colloquium on Humanities, Science and Engineering (CHUSER). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/chuser.2011.6163737.
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Chen, Feifei. "Primary Investigation on reform of post practice mode based on school-enterprise collaborative innovation." In 2014 International Conference on Education Technology and Social Science. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icetss-14.2014.19.
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Zhubi, Arjana. "TEACHERS’ ATTITUDES IN APPLICATION OF TECHNOLOGY AND EFFECTIVE TEACHING PLANNING IN PRIMARY SCHOOL." In International Conference on Education and New Developments. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021end061.
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The planning of teaching with technological tools in Kosovo schools has brought new and challenging experiences for teachers at all levels of education. The purpose of the research is to analyze the attitudes of teachers about the application of technology in effective planning of teaching and raising learning outcomes in primary school. Furthermore, the research determines the impact of age and level of teacher’s education on the application of technology according to curriculum areas. The TPACK model was used as the theoretical framework during the research, which helped us to clarify the notions: technological knowledge, pedagogical knowledge, and teaching contents in the effective planning of teaching by applying technology. The data were collected from a questionnaire with 25 teachers in an elementary school where technology finds higher applicability in teaching. To analyze the learning outcomes during the application of technology and applicability in other subjects, the Post Hock test, and the Correlation was used to measure the relationship between the two variables, respectively the correlation between the age and the level of education of teachers. The results of this research show that learning planning through technology affects the increase of focus and gain a higher understanding in each subject, acquiring knowledge of new concepts, raises the desire to learn independently, makes the learning process more innovative and more attractive to students. The research recommends for the local and central level to give priority to equipping primary schools with technological tools to improve teaching by having the opportunity to plan different practices.
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Situmorang, Roiman Dolok Tarsisius, Albadi Sinulingga, and Nurhayati Simatupang. "Performance Analysis of Primary School Physical Education Teacher in Sibolga Post Taking Teacher Competence Test 2015." In Proceedings of the 4th Annual International Seminar on Transformative Education and Educational Leadership (AISTEEL 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aisteel-19.2019.149.
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IORDACHE (NEAGU), Marieta. "The impact of using digital textbooks in the formation of scientific thinking in the discipline of Natural Sciences." In Condiții pedagogice de optimizare a învățării în post criză pandemică prin prisma dezvoltării gândirii științifice. "Ion Creanga" State Pedagogical University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46728/c.18-06-2021.p141-145.
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Quality education should ensure a cultural and value balance. The rapid evolution of technology is a reality today in all areas of activity, including the education system. Creating a favorable quality learning context becomes an imperative of the time. The education acquired today in school is not enough to cope with the avalanche of changes facing humanity The use of the digital textbook in primary school contributes to the awareness of students of the possibility of using technology for their own training, being a bridge between its digital world and school. In particular, in the natural sciences classes, it makes possible a better understanding of phenomena and knowledge, making up for the impossibility of direct contact with a virtual reality. Thus, the rational thinking based on science is stimulated, explaining the phenomena that happened in nature on the students' understanding.
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Brasili, Simone, and Riccardo Piergallini. "A QUESTIONNAIRE FOR EVALUATING PUPILS’ COGNITIVE PATH ABOUT SYMMETRY AT PRIMARY SCHOOL." In International Conference on Education and New Developments. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021end103.
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The fundamental role of symmetry has to be more closely enhanced in the interplay between mathematics and physics to foster the teaching of the Nature of Science. In our presentation, we explore the positive effect of introducing the modern concept of symmetry viewed as “sameness within change”. A teaching-learning sequence (TLS) was conducted to test the challenges of an interdisciplinary approach based on symmetry and invariance in the educational context, namely at the primary school level. In the design of this sequence, solving the game of closing special cardboard boxes provides a fundamental role. The study evaluates how the specific teaching action makes the modern concept of symmetry in principle appropriate for primary school students through manipulative games. We investigate the students’ cognitive paths about symmetry during the sequence by analysing pre- and post-sequence questionnaires. The questionnaire comprises four questions with dichotomous choice, items text, narrative text, and open justification. It is structured mainly in three domains devoted to cognitive, affective, and psychomotor dimensions. The analysis is composed of a mixed method approach. The investigations incorporate qualitative data with Text Analytics and Natural Language Processing (NLP) statistics to identify and extract information from pupils’ written reflections. Our study also explores whether the emotion experienced by students plays a role in the TLS. Results show that educational activities induce the increasing knowledge and skills of students. In particular, most students interpreted the lessons as experiences rich in stimuli and insights on symmetry and mathematics in general. The findings also bring important suggestions and contents of reflection that teachers can consider for exploiting the potential learning path on symmetry and invariance.
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Frischemeier, Daniel, and Rolf Biehler. "Design of a teaching unit to develop primary school students ́ reasoning about uncertainty in multi-step chance experiments." In Decision Making Based on Data. International Association for Statistical Education, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/srap.19304.
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Statistical reasoning and the confrontation with first ideas of uncertainty can already be enhanced in primary school. A challenge is how to relate theoretical-combinatorial aspects to empirical frequency aspects, given that fraction concepts are usually not available at primary school. In the frame of a Design Based Research approach we have designed and realized a teaching sequence consisting of seven lessons to develop statistical reasoning about uncertainty of grade 4 students (age 10-11). To supervise their learning processes we collected data on different levels: (a) written pre/post-tests, (b) working notes after each lesson and (c) interviews after the teaching unit. In this paper we will mainly present the design of teaching unit and first results from the analysis of pre- and posttests.
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Čurová, Viera, Oľga Orosová, Lenka Abrinková, and Marcela Štefaňáková. "EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PROGRAMS UNPLUGGED AND UNPLUGGED 2 ON ALCOHOL USE AND SMOKING AMONG SCHOOLCHILDREN." In International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021inpact092.
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"Objectives: The aim of the study is to examine the long-term effectiveness of the school-based drug prevention programs Unplugged and Unplugged2 using a Solomon design and supplemented with n-Prevention booster sessions on the cumulative index (CI) of reported alcohol use (AU) and smoking. Methods: In 2013/2014, Unplugged was implemented during 12 consecutive weeks in Slovak primary schools. A sample of 744(M=12.5; 58.72%girls) was collected before program implementation(T1) and 12months later(T3). In 2017/2018, Unplugged2 was implemented by each school over 6months. A sample of 408(M=14.48; 51.96%girls) was collected before program implementation (T1), immediately after implementation(T2) and 12months later(T3). Participation in Unplugged was divided into control and experimental groups and Unplugged2 into control, experimental and experimental groups with n-Prevention, a pre-test and post-test or with post-test only. CI in the past 30 days was dichotomized (0-not used,1-AU, smoking or both). Binary logistic regressions were used to analyze the data at every measurement point. The moderation effect of gender was examined. The CI at T1 in Unplugged and Unplugged2 with a pre-test and post-test, and CI at T2 in Unplugged2 with a post-test were used as the control variables. Results: There was no significant effect of Unplugged and Unplugged2 with the pre-test and post-test. Unplugged2 with a post-test was significantly associated with CI at T3. The experimental group with n- Prevention was less likely to use alcohol and/or smoke. There was no significant effect or moderation effect of gender. Conclusions: The results show the long-term effectiveness of a preventive program is more pronounced with booster sessions, specifically with the post-test design."
Reports on the topic "Post primary school"
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Bano, Masooda, and Daniel Dyonisius. The Role of District-Level Political Elites in Education Planning in Indonesia: Evidence from Two Districts. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/109.
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Focus on decentralisation as a way to improve service delivery has led to significant research on the processes of education-policy adoption and implementation at the district level. Much of this research has, however, focused on understanding the working of the district education bureaucracies and the impact of increased community participation on holding teachers to account. Despite recognition of the role of political elites in prioritising investment in education, studies examining this, especially at the district-government level, are rare. This paper explores the extent and nature of engagement of political elites in setting the education-reform agenda in two districts in the state of West Java in Indonesia: Karawang (urban district) and Purwakarta (rural district). The paper shows that for a country where the state schooling system faces a serious learning crisis, the district-level political elites do show considerable levels of engagement with education issues: governments in both districts under study allocate higher percentages of the district-government budget to education than mandated by the national legislation. However, the attitude of the political elites towards meeting challenges to the provision of good-quality education appears to be opportunistic and tokenistic: policies prioritised are those that promise immediate visibility and credit-taking, help to consolidate the authority of the bupati (the top political position in the district-government hierarchy), and align with the ruling party’s political positioning or ideology. A desire to appease growing community demand for investment in education rather than a commitment to improving learning outcomes seems to guide the process. Faced with public pressure for increased access to formal employment opportunities, the political elites in the urban district have invested in providing scholarships for secondary-school students to ensure secondary school completion, even though the district-government budget is meant for primary and junior secondary schools. The bupati in the rural district, has, on the other hand, prioritised investment in moral education; such prioritisation is in line with the community's preferences, but it is also opportunistic, as increased respect for tradition also preserves reverence for the post of the bupati—a position which was part of the traditional governance system before being absorbed into the modern democratic framework. The paper thus shows that decentralisation is enabling communities to make political elites recognise that they want the state to prioritise education, but that the response of the political elites remains piecemeal, with no evidence of a serious commitment to pursuing policies aimed at improving learning outcomes. Further, the paper shows that the political culture at the district level reproduces the problems associated with Indonesian democracy at the national level: the need for cross-party alliances to hold political office, and resulting pressure to share the spoils. Thus, based on the evidence from the two districts studied for this paper, we find that given the competitive and clientelist nature of political settlements in Indonesia, even the district level political elite do not seem pressured to prioritise policies aimed at improving learning outcomes.
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Vallerani, Sara, Elizabeth Storer, and Costanza Torre. Key Considerations: Equitable Engagement to Promote COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake among Undocumented Urban Migrants. SSHAP, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.013.
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This brief sets out key considerations linked to the promotion of COVID-19 vaccine uptake among undocumented migrants residing in Rome, Italy. We focus on strategies to equitably distribute COVID-19 vaccines. Evidence from Italy is applicable to other contexts where vaccine administration is tied to “vaccine passports” or “immunity passes”. Undocumented migrants have been considered as some of the “hardest to reach” groups to engage in COVID-19 vaccination outreach. This brief uses the term undocumented migrant or migrant for brevity, but we refer to people living without formal Italian citizenship, refugee status or right to remain in Italy. This brief explores the everyday context of undocumented migrants lives, and how experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic have exacerbated difficult conditions. It links emerging vulnerabilities to perceptions of vaccines, and we suggest that migrants orientate themselves towards the vaccines within frameworks which prioritise economic survival. In many cases, migrants have accepted a COVID-19 vaccine to access paid employment, yet this has often generated mistrust in the state and healthcare system. Accordingly, this brief considers how vaccines can be distributed equitably to boost trust and inclusion in the post-pandemic world. This brief draws primarily on the ethnographic evidence collected through interviews and observations with undocumented migrants in Rome, along with civil society representatives and health workers between December 2021 and January 2022. This brief was developed for SSHAP by Sara Vallerani (Rome Tre University), Elizabeth Storer (LSE) and Costanza Torre (LSE). It was reviewed by Santiago Ripoll (IDS, University of Sussex), with further reviews by Paolo Ruspini (Roma Tre University) and Eloisa Franchi (Université Paris Saclay, Pavia University). The research was funded through the British Academy COVID-19 Recovery: G7 Fund (COVG7210058). Research was based at the Firoz Lalji Institute for Africa, London School of Economics. The brief is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. The Unmaking of the Black Blue-Collar Middle Class. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp159.
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In the decade after the Civil Rights Act of 1964, African Americans made historic gains in accessing employment opportunities in racially integrated workplaces in U.S. business firms and government agencies. In the previous working papers in this series, we have shown that in the 1960s and 1970s, Blacks without college degrees were gaining access to the American middle class by moving into well-paid unionized jobs in capital-intensive mass production industries. At that time, major U.S. companies paid these blue-collar workers middle-class wages, offered stable employment, and provided employees with health and retirement benefits. Of particular importance to Blacks was the opening up to them of unionized semiskilled operative and skilled craft jobs, for which in a number of industries, and particularly those in the automobile and electronic manufacturing sectors, there was strong demand. In addition, by the end of the 1970s, buoyed by affirmative action and the growth of public-service employment, Blacks were experiencing upward mobility through employment in government agencies at local, state, and federal levels as well as in civil-society organizations, largely funded by government, to operate social and community development programs aimed at urban areas where Blacks lived. By the end of the 1970s, there was an emergent blue-collar Black middle class in the United States. Most of these workers had no more than high-school educations but had sufficient earnings and benefits to provide their families with economic security, including realistic expectations that their children would have the opportunity to move up the economic ladder to join the ranks of the college-educated white-collar middle class. That is what had happened for whites in the post-World War II decades, and given the momentum provided by the dominant position of the United States in global manufacturing and the nation’s equal employment opportunity legislation, there was every reason to believe that Blacks would experience intergenerational upward mobility along a similar education-and-employment career path. That did not happen. Overall, the 1980s and 1990s were decades of economic growth in the United States. For the emerging blue-collar Black middle class, however, the experience was of job loss, economic insecurity, and downward mobility. As the twentieth century ended and the twenty-first century began, moreover, it became apparent that this downward spiral was not confined to Blacks. Whites with only high-school educations also saw their blue-collar employment opportunities disappear, accompanied by lower wages, fewer benefits, and less security for those who continued to find employment in these jobs. The distress experienced by white Americans with the decline of the blue-collar middle class follows the downward trajectory that has adversely affected the socioeconomic positions of the much more vulnerable blue-collar Black middle class from the early 1980s. In this paper, we document when, how, and why the unmaking of the blue-collar Black middle class occurred and intergenerational upward mobility of Blacks to the college-educated middle class was stifled. We focus on blue-collar layoffs and manufacturing-plant closings in an important sector for Black employment, the automobile industry from the early 1980s. We then document the adverse impact on Blacks that has occurred in government-sector employment in a financialized economy in which the dominant ideology is that concentration of income among the richest households promotes productive investment, with government spending only impeding that objective. Reduction of taxes primarily on the wealthy and the corporate sector, the ascendancy of political and economic beliefs that celebrate the efficiency and dynamism of “free market” business enterprise, and the denigration of the idea that government can solve social problems all combined to shrink government budgets, diminish regulatory enforcement, and scuttle initiatives that previously provided greater opportunity for African Americans in the government and civil-society sectors.
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Microbiology in the 21st Century: Where Are We and Where Are We Going? American Society for Microbiology, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aamcol.5sept.2003.
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The American Academy of Microbiology convened a colloquium September 5–7, 2003, in Charleston, South Carolina to discuss the central importance of microbes to life on earth, directions microbiology research will take in the 21st century, and ways to foster public literacy in this important field. Discussions centered on: the impact of microbes on the health of the planet and its inhabitants; the fundamental significance of microbiology to the study of all life forms; research challenges faced by microbiologists and the barriers to meeting those challenges; the need to integrate microbiology into school and university curricula; and public microbial literacy. This is an exciting time for microbiology. We are becoming increasingly aware that microbes are the basis of the biosphere. They are the ancestors of all living things and the support system for all other forms of life. Paradoxically, certain microbes pose a threat to human health and to the health of plants and animals. As the foundation of the biosphere and major determinants of human health, microbes claim a primary, fundamental role in life on earth. Hence, the study of microbes is pivotal to the study of all living things, and microbiology is essential for the study and understanding of all life on this planet. Microbiology research is changing rapidly. The field has been impacted by events that shape public perceptions of microbes, such as the emergence of globally significant diseases, threats of bioterrorism, increasing failure of formerly effective antibiotics and therapies to treat microbial diseases, and events that contaminate food on a large scale. Microbial research is taking advantage of the technological advancements that have opened new fields of inquiry, particularly in genomics. Basic areas of biological complexity, such as infectious diseases and the engineering of designer microbes for the benefit of society, are especially ripe areas for significant advancement. Overall, emphasis has increased in recent years on the evolution and ecology of microorganisms. Studies are focusing on the linkages between microbes and their phylogenetic origins and between microbes and their habitats. Increasingly, researchers are striving to join together the results of their work, moving to an integration of biological phenomena at all levels. While many areas of the microbiological sciences are ripe for exploration, microbiology must overcome a number of technological hurdles before it can fully accomplish its potential. We are at a unique time when the confluence of technological advances and the explosion of knowledge of microbial diversity will enable significant advances in microbiology, and in biology in general, over the next decade. To make the best progress, microbiology must reach across traditional departmental boundaries and integrate the expertise of scientists in other disciplines. Microbiologists are becoming increasingly aware of the need to harness the vast computing power available and apply it to better advantage in research. Current methods for curating research materials and data should be rethought and revamped. Finally, new facilities should be developed to house powerful research equipment and make it available, on a regional basis, to scientists who might otherwise lack access to the expensive tools of modern biology. It is not enough to accomplish cutting-edge research. We must also educate the children and college students of today, as they will be the researchers of tomorrow. Since microbiology provides exceptional teaching tools and is of pivotal importance to understanding biology, science education in schools should be refocused to include microbiology lessons and lab exercises. At the undergraduate level, a thorough knowledge of microbiology should be made a part of the core curriculum for life science majors. Since issues that deal with microbes have a direct bearing on the human condition, it is critical that the public-at-large become better grounded in the basics of microbiology. Public literacy campaigns must identify the issues to be conveyed and the best avenues for communicating those messages. Decision-makers at federal, state, local, and community levels should be made more aware of the ways that microbiology impacts human life and the ways school curricula could be improved to include valuable lessons in microbial science.