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Kotobuki, Masashi. "Recent progress of ceramic electrolytes for post Li and Na batteries." Functional Materials Letters 14, no. 03 (February 18, 2021): 2130003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604721300036.
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Recently, post Li batteries have been intensively researched due to high cost and localization of Li sources, especially for large-scale applications. Concurrently, ceramic electrolytes for post Li batteries also gain much attention to develop all-solid-state post Li batteries. The most intensively researched post Li battery is Na battery because of chemical and electrochemical similarities between Li and Na elements. Many good review papers about Na battery have been published including Na-ion conductive ceramic electrolytes. Contrary, ceramic electrolytes for other post Li batteries like K, Mg, Ca, Zn and Al batteries are hardly summarized. In this review, research on ceramic electrolytes for K, Mg, Ca, Zn and Al batteries is analyzed based on latest papers published since 2019 and suggested future research direction of ceramic electrolytes for post-Li batteries.
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Lécuyer, Margaud, Marc Deschamps, Dominique Guyomard, Joël Gaubicher, and Philippe Poizot. "Electrochemical Assessment of Indigo Carmine Dye in Lithium Metal Polymer Technology." Molecules 26, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 3079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113079.
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Lithium metal batteries are inspiring renewed interest in the battery community because the most advanced designs of Li-ion batteries could be on the verge of reaching their theoretical specific energy density values. Among the investigated alternative technologies for electrochemical storage, the all-solid-state Li battery concept based on the implementation of dry solid polymer electrolytes appears as a mature technology not only to power full electric vehicles but also to provide solutions for stationary storage applications. With an effective marketing started in 2011, BlueSolutions keeps developing further the so-called lithium metal polymer batteries based on this technology. The present study reports the electrochemical performance of such Li metal batteries involving indigo carmine, a cheap and renewable electroactive non-soluble organic salt, at the positive electrode. Our results demonstrate that this active material was able to reversibly insert two Li at an average potential of ≈2.4 V vs. Li+/Li with however, a relatively poor stability upon cycling. Post-mortem analyses revealed the poisoning of the Li electrode by Na upon ion exchange reaction between the Na countercations of indigo carmine and the conducting salt. The use of thinner positive electrodes led to much better capacity retention while enabling the identification of two successive one-electron plateaus.
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Rahmawati, Mintarsih, Cornelius Satria Yudha, Harry Kasuma Kiwi Aliwarga, Hendri Widiyandari, Adrian Nur, and Agus Purwanto. "Scaling-up the Production Process of Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC)." Materials Science Forum 1044 (August 27, 2021): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1044.15.
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Over the past few years, the development of lithium (Li)-ion batteries has been extensive. Several production approaches have been adopted to meet the global requirements of Li-ion battery products. In this paper, we propose a scaled-up process for the LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC622) cathode material for high performance Li-ion batteries. During each synthesis step, the structural and morphological characteristics of the products were comprehensively examined. The performance of the samples was evaluated directly using an 18650 full-cell-type battery. Commercial graphite and LiPF6 electrolyte were used as the anode and electrolyte, respectively. Based on the obtained data, increasing the production scale of NCM622 reduces the overall performance. Nevertheless, a simple post-treatment technique can be used to enhance the overall capacity.
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Tsai, Wan-Yu, Xi Chen, Sergiy Kalnaus, Ritu Sahore, and Andrew S. Westover. "Li Morphology Evolution during Initial Cycling in a Gel Composite Electrolyte." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024526mtgabs.
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Li metal anodes are the potential solution for high-energy batteries. One of the challenges of applying such a high-energy anode is Li dendrite growth, which results in short-circuit and thermal runaway. Current battery research focuses on developing solid electrolytes to serve as a physical barrier to prevent dendrite growth. However, the Li morphology change during plating and stripping, and the mechanisms of how Li dendrite grows and propagates into a complex composite solid electrolyte are poorly understood. Understanding and controlling Li morphology evolution, dendrite formation, and growth during cycling are crucial to developing dendrite suppression strategies for solid electrolytes and enabling high-energy lithium metal batteries. In this work, Li morphology evolution during initial cycling in a crosslinked PEO-based gel composite electrolyte full cell with NMC 811 cathode is monitored via post-mortem SEM. The results show that severe surface pitting occurs as early as the second stripping cycle. Pit formation and continuous dissolution is the main cause of Li surface roughening and dendrite growth mechanism in the model gel composite electrolyte. Comparing Li dendrite growth mechanisms in liquid, polymer, and solid electrolytes, the observed dendrite growth mechanism resembles that of the liquid electrolyte the most. This study suggests that strategies to improve the electrochemical reversibility of electrodeposited Li reported in liquid electrolytes to control Li morphology and prevent dendrite growth may be transferrable in a gel electrolyte. This work is sponsored by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), managed by UT-Battelle, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725. Part of the measurements was performed at the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences (CNMS), which is sponsored at Oak Ridge National Laboratory by the Scientific User Facilities Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences.
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Inada, Ryoji, Shotaro Miyake, and Venkataraman Thangadurai. "(Digital Presentation) Investigation on Reusability of Garnet-Type Ta-Doped Li7La3Zr2O12 Solid Electrolyte Degraded By Li Dendrite Growth." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024441mtgabs.
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Development of solid inorganic lithium (Li) ion conducting materials for the use as solid electrolytes is indispensable for the realization of next-generation all-solid-state Li batteries with high safety and reliability. Among various oxide-based solid electrolyte materials, a garnet-type oxide with the formula of Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) has attracted much attention because of its high Li ion conductivity at room temperature, excellent thermal performance, and high stability against Li metal.1,2) However, the formation of a solid-solid interface between LLZO and the Li metal anode is challenging. Poor interfacial connection causes non-uniform Li plating and intergranular penetration of Li dendrite in polycrystalline LLZO when the cell is cycled particularly at high current densities, resulting in internal short-circuit failure.3–5) There is no doubt that the establishment of prevention technology for short-circuit failures is a top priority issue for the development of all-solid-state Li metal batteries.5) On the other hand, from the viewpoint of effective use of material resources, the possibility of reusing LLZO extracted from a solid-state battery after a short-circuit failure occurred is worth considering. In this work, we investigated the reusability of a Ta-doped Li6.55La3Zr1.55Ta0.45O12 (Ta-LLZO) solid electrolyte shorted by Li dendrite growth during electrochemical Li plating/stripping testing for a Li/Ta-LLZO/Li symmetric cell. Ta-LLZO was taken out of a tested cell after the degradation by Li dendrite growth occurred, and then annealed at 700 ºC in air. The annealing temperature was set to suppress possible excess Li loss from Ta-LLZO during post-annealing.6) In the first Li plating/stripping test, the cell was shorted at 0.85 mA cm-2 and the dark gray area with possible Li dendrite growth was confirmed on the surface of Ta-LLZO. This dark gray area turned white but slightly different from the original color of Ta-LLZO by post-annealing. The ionic conductivity of as-synthesized and post-annealed Ta-LLZO was measured and compared. Post-annealed Ta-LLZO retained high room temperature ionic conductivity of 0.82 mS cm-1, which is slightly lower than the conductivity of as-synthesized one (= 0.90 mS cm-1). We also prepared a symmetric cell with the post-annealed Ta-LLZO and Li metal electrodes and the second Li plating/stripping test was carried out. Symmetric cell with post-annealed Ta-LLZO showed stable voltage response. This indicates the possibility of reusing the degraded garnet-type solid electrolyte by Li dendrite growth for an another solid-state Li battery. References 1. R. Murugan, V. Thangadurai, W. Weppner, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 46, 7778−7781 (2007). 2. A.J. Samson, K. Hofstetter, S. Bag, V. Thangadurai, Energy Environ. Sci. 12, 2957−2975 (2019). 3. E.J. Cheng, A. Sharafi, J. Sakamoto, Electrochim. Acta 223, 85−91 (2017). 4. R. Inada, S. Yasuda, H. Hosokawa, M. Saito, T. Tojo, Y. Sakurai, Batteries 4, 26 (2018). 5. S. Sarkar, V. Thangadurai, ACS Energy Lett. 7, 1492–1527 (2022). 6. R. Inada, A. Takeda, Y. Yamazaki, S. Miyake. Y. Sakurai, V. Thangadurai, ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 3, 12517–12524 (2020). Figure 1
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Tang, Shuai, Xiang Li, Qianqian Fan, Xiuqing Zhang, Dan-Yang Wang, Wei Guo, and Yongzhu Fu. "Review—Advances in Rechargeable Li-S Full Cells." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 040525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac638c.
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Lithium sulfur (Li-S) batteries with the high theoretical specific energy of 2600 Wh kg−1 are a promising candidate at the era of the post lithium-ion batteries. In most studies, lithium metal anode is used. To advance the Li-S battery towards practical application, Li-S full cells with low or non-Li metal anode need to be developed. Herein, the latest advances of the Li-S full cells are mainly categorized according to the initial state of the S cathode, i.e., sulfur (S) and lithium sulfide (Li2S). In each part, the challenges and strategies are thoroughly reviewed for the cells with different anodes, such as carbon, silicon, other alloys and metallic Li. The cycling performance comparisons of state-of-the-art Li-S full cells are also included. To achieve the high real energy density for practical applications, the Li-S full cells have to use low excess lithiated graphite, lithiated alloys, or metallic Li as the anodes. Meanwhile, the lean electrolyte is also important to further improve the practical energy density. The review is expected to supply a comprehensive guide to design Li-S full cells.
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Conder, Joanna, Cyril Marino, Petr Novák, and Claire Villevieille. "Do imaging techniques add real value to the development of better post-Li-ion batteries?" Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 8 (2018): 3304–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta10622j.
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Imaging techniques are increasingly used to study Li-ion batteries and, in particular, post-Li-ion batteries such as Li–S batteries, Na-ion batteries, Na–air batteries and all-solid-state batteries. Herein, we review recent advances in the field made through the use of these techniques.
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Chang, Zheng, Xujiong Wang, Yaqiong Yang, Jie Gao, Minxia Li, Lili Liu, and Yuping Wu. "Rechargeable Li//Br battery: a promising platform for post lithium ion batteries." J. Mater. Chem. A 2, no. 45 (2014): 19444–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta04419c.
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Ponrouch, Alexandre, and M. Rosa Palacín. "Post-Li batteries: promises and challenges." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 377, no. 2152 (July 8, 2019): 20180297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0297.
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Current societal challenges in terms of energy storage have prompted an intensification in the research aiming at unravelling new high energy density battery technologies. These would have the potential of having disruptive effects in the world transition towards a less carbon-dependent energy economy through transport, both by electrification and renewable energy integration. Aside from controversial debates on lithium supply, the development of new sustainable battery chemistries based on abundant elements is appealing, especially for large-scale stationary applications. Interesting alternatives are to use sodium, magnesium or calcium instead of lithium. While for the Na-ion case, fast progresses are expected as a result of chemical similarities with lithium and the cumulated Li-ion battery know-how over the years, for Ca and Mg the situation is radically different. On the one hand, the possibility to use Ca or Mg metal anodes would bring a breakthrough in terms of energy density; on the other, development of suitable electrolytes and cathodes with efficient multivalent ion migration are bottlenecks to overcome. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Energy materials for a low carbon future’.
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Uzakbaiuly, Berik, Aliya Mukanova, and Zhumabay Bakenov. "NMC111 Cathode Thin Films for All Solid State Li Ion Battery." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 3 (October 9, 2022): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-023337mtgabs.
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This work investigates the electrochemical properties of NMC111 as thin film cathode materials for thin film Li ion batteries. The films were deposited on Si substrate coated with Pt using a radio frequency magnetron sputtering system. The samples were post annealed after deposition and the it’s effect is discussed. Crystalline structures were obtained for samples annealed at 700 oC and O2 atmosphere. The electrochemical properties of all solid state thin film batteries with the crystalline cathode, Lipon electrolyte and Li anode showed good capacity retention. This battery proved to be an effective solution for thin film and microbatteries. Acknowledgement This research was funded under the research grant #51763/ПЦФ-МЦРОАП РК-19 “New materials and devices for defense and aerospace applications” from MDDIAI Republic of Kazakhstan
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Pendashteh, Afshin, Brahim Orayech, Jon Ajuria, María Jáuregui, and Damien Saurel. "Exploring Vinyl Polymers as Soft Carbon Precursors for M-Ion (M = Na, Li) Batteries and Hybrid Capacitors." Energies 13, no. 16 (August 13, 2020): 4189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164189.
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The viability of the sodium-ion batteries as a post-lithium storage technology is strongly tied to the development of high-performance carbonaceous anode materials. This requires screening novel precursors, and tuning their electrochemical properties. Soft carbons as promising anode materials, not only for batteries, but also in hybrid capacitors, have drawn great attention, due to safe operation voltage and high-power properties. Herein, several vinyl polymer-derived soft carbons have been prepared via pyrolysis, and their physicochemical and sodium storage properties have been evaluated. According to the obtained results, vinyl polymers are a promising source for preparation of soft carbon anode materials for sodium-ion battery application. In addition, their applicability towards Li-ion battery and hybrid capacitors (e.g., Li ion capacitors, LICs) has been examined. This work not only contrasts the carbonization products of these polymers with relevant physicochemical characterization, but also screens potential precursors for soft carbons with interesting alkali metal-ion (e.g., Na or Li, with an emphasis on Na) storage properties. This can stimulate further research to tune and improve the electrochemical properties of the soft carbons for energy storage applications.
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Walter, Marc, Maksym V. Kovalenko, and Kostiantyn V. Kravchyk. "Challenges and benefits of post-lithium-ion batteries." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 5 (2020): 1677–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj05682c.
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Karaoglu, Gozde, and Burak Ulgut. "(Digital Presentation) Electrochemical Noise Measurement in Batteries with Metallic Lithium Anode." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 1 (July 7, 2022): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01189mtgabs.
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Electrochemical noise measurements are well known in corrosion literature where the noise that is to be measured is appreciable in amplitude. From the measured noise, it is possible to identify the mode of corrosion and distinguish between localized corrosion types from the uniform ones. This is mainly because localized modes of corrosion are stochastic in nature, typically studied in conjunction with post-mortem studies. In recent years, the increase in the use of batteries demands that the tests to be performed on the batteries are faster, easier, cheaper and, if possible, non-destructive and non-perturbing. Although some electrochemical noise studies have begun to be carried out on batteries, the literature on this subject is scarce and questionable. Electrochemical noise measurement of Li batteries can be ultimately used as a non-invasive tool to diagnose the battery health and we have already shown that non-rechargeable batteries with Li/MnO2 chemistry shows increase in voltage noise after being exposed to a short circuit. On the other hand, if the battery is properly discharged, voltage noise does not increase. As a result, morphological changes on metallic lithium can be detected by electrochemical noise measurements and this method can be used as non-invasive diagnosis tool.[1] Lithium metal-based chemistries have a much higher capacity than rechargeable chemistries because of the use of Lithium-aluminum alloy or graphite in rechargeable chemistries, as opposed to metallic Lithium used at the anode. It is known that charging of lithium metal electrode to result in the formation of lithium dendrites and/or mossy structures. These end up creating safety and performance issues. For this reason, pre-detection is both academically interesting and industrially important. Some preliminary studies show that noise level increase drastically after charging. Moreover, the anodes of the charged batteries were also examined with SEM and serious deterioration was observed in the anode of the battery after charging. (Figure 1) Just like noise measurements on non-rechargeable batteries with lithium chemistry exposed to short circuits, it is worthy to study on and develop pre-detection method for in lithium batteries that are prone to form dendrite during charging and discharging cycles by using electrochemical noise measurements. For this reason, we also conduct noise studies with symmetrical and asymmetric cells (Li/Li, Cu/Cu and Li/Cu) prepared in the glove box and examine the details of the noise increase in a controlled and detailed manner. In this talk, how the electrochemical noise of metallic lithium-based batteries is measured, under what conditions it increases and what are the sources of the noise will be discussed both with noise measurements and imaging with optical microscope in situ and after death with spectroscopic analysis. References [1] Karaoglu G; Uzundal CB; Ulgut B; “Uneven Discharge of Metallic Lithium Causes Increased Voltage Noise in Li/MnO2 Primary Batteries upon Shorting, submitted. Figure 1
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Wang, Guanyi, Himanaga Emani, Valliammai Palaniappan, Jie Xiong, Jian Yang, Kevin Mathew, Bingyao Zhou, et al. "Printed Graphite Electrodes for Fast Charging Lithium-Ion Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 3 (October 9, 2022): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-023250mtgabs.
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Fast charging capability has become one of the key features of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) to facilitate the rapid growth of the electric vehicle (EV) market. However, charging thick electrodes in conventional EV batteries at high current densities always leads to adverse battery performance and safety issues. To address these challenges, thick graphite electrodes with patterned porous architecture were developed through a facile printing process. With selected graphite and developed formula, an appropriate graphite ink was printed onto the copper foil through the screen printing with designed patterned pore channels. The porous structure including pore diameter and pore-to-pore distance was controlled via adjusting the designed patterns on the screens. The presence of porous structure was confirmed through microscopic images. The printed graphite electrodes exhibited superior electrochemical behaviors over traditional electrodes in terms of rate capability and cycle life. It is believed that the improved battery performance is associated with the improved Li-ion transport arising from the patterned porous structure in printed electrodes. Results from the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) indicate that, compared with traditional electrodes without patterned pores, printed electrodes have significantly reduced tortuosity. The post-mortem analysis of cycled cells demonstrates that the printed electrodes have the capability to suppress the Li plating related to fast charging rates. Combining with the advantages of low cost and high throughput, the printed electrode with patterned pores, thus, has the potential of replacing conventional electrodes in commercial LIBs to realize the fast-charging application. Keywords: Graphite, Printing, Fast charging, Li-Ion Batteries
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Jeong, Goojin, Hansu Kim, Jong Hwan Park, Jaehwan Jeon, Xing Jin, Juhye Song, Bo-Ram Kim, Min-Sik Park, Ji Man Kim, and Young-Jun Kim. "Nanotechnology enabled rechargeable Li–SO2 batteries: another approach towards post-lithium-ion battery systems." Energy & Environmental Science 8, no. 11 (2015): 3173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ee01659b.
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Gaikwad, Mayur Mahendra, Rohit Mehta, Avik Sanyal, Jasvipul Chawla, and Amit Gupta. "(Digital Presentation) The Effect of Dominant Operational Conditions on Capacity Deterioration of Commercial Li-Ion Cells Under Accelerated Testing." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012397mtgabs.
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Li-ion batteries (LIBs) have been used in a variety of applications including consumer electronics, electric vehicles, space exploration, the defense sector, etc. As a result, the performance and reliability of the commercial LIBs have become extremely crucial which can be monitored by the deterioration in the charge storage over continuous charge-discharge cycling [1]. However, cycling LIBs at the nominal current rate involves excessive time and resource consumption resulting in a slow battery qualification process. Accelerated testing has been proposed to examine the reliability test and for the efficient qualification process of batteries [2]. It is conducted by increasing the operational (stress factors) conditions of the LIBs that have direct implications on the performance and cycle life of a battery. During accelerated testing, capacity deterioration and increase in impedance are recorded periodically, which serve as indicators of degradation of the batteries [3]. Batteries under consideration for the degradation process are closely monitored and the above degradation indicators are recorded at elevated levels of the operational conditions than normal. This process is known as the accelerated degradation test. In literature, there are several operational conditions that have been reported to affect the capacity fade and cycle life of a battery [1-4]. However, the C-rate and ambient temperature are the widely believed dominant factors that have a significant effect on the performance of a battery [2, 4]. In this work, we will present a systematic study on the performance degradation of commercial LIBs under accelerated testing using dominant operational conditions viz. C-rate and testing ambient temperature. Capacity fading of commercial cylindrical 18650-type LIBs is monitored at 1 and 2 C-rate while maintaining the ambient temperature during testing at 25 and 35 ℃ in a thermal chamber. Capacity degradation is highly sensitive to C-rate and causes faster fading at higher current rates due to mechanical degradation of electrodes, formation of SEI layer and side reactions. Discharging at high C-rates also causes ohmic heating in the cells increasing their internal temperature which further influences the chemical reaction kinetics [4]. The ambient temperature also has a strong influence on the capacity loss due to the degeneration of the positive electrode and SEI layer formation at the negative electrode [1, 4]. Accelerated testing including the synergistic effect of the ambient temperature and C-rate on the capacity fading and performance evaluation of the commercial LIBs till the end of life or 20% capacity reduction would be presented. Post cycling analysis of the Li-ion cells, in particular, electrode materials and periodic impedance measurements would enable a better understanding of battery failure under such accelerated testing. We believe that the results of this study would pave the way to shorten the duration in the detection of a battery failure and enable an efficient battery qualification process. References: Rashid, M. and Gupta, A., Experimental assessment and model development of cycling behavior in Li-ion coin cells, Acta 231 (2017) 171-184. Diao W., Saxena S., Pecht M., Accelerated cycle life testing and capacity degradation modelling of LiCoO2-graphite cells, Power Sources 435 (2019) 226830. Saxena S., Xing Y., Kwon D., Pecht M., Accelerated degradation model for C-rate loading of lithium-ion batteries, J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 107 (2019) 438–445. Rashid, M. and Gupta, A., Mathematical model for combined effect of SEI formation and gas evolution in Li-ion batteries, ECS Electrochem. Lett. 3(10) (2014) A95-A98. Figure 1
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Kim, Patrick Joohyun. "Surface-Functionalized Separator for Stable and Reliable Lithium Metal Batteries: A Review." Nanomaterials 11, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 2275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11092275.
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Metallic Li has caught the attention of researchers studying future anodes for next-generation batteries, owing to its attractive properties: high theoretical capacity, highly negative standard potential, and very low density. However, inevitable issues, such as inhomogeneous Li deposition/dissolution and poor Coulombic efficiency, hinder the pragmatic use of Li anodes for commercial rechargeable batteries. As one of viable strategies, the surface functionalization of polymer separators has recently drawn significant attention from industries and academics to tackle the inherent issues of metallic Li anodes. In this article, separator-coating materials are classified into five or six categories to give a general guideline for fabricating functional separators compatible with post-lithium-ion batteries. The overall research trends and outlook for surface-functionalized separators are reviewed.
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Han, Chao, Xinyi Wang, Jian Peng, Qingbing Xia, Shulei Chou, Gang Cheng, Zhenguo Huang, and Weijie Li. "Recent Progress on Two-Dimensional Carbon Materials for Emerging Post-Lithium (Na+, K+, Zn2+) Hybrid Supercapacitors." Polymers 13, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 2137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13132137.
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The hybrid ion capacitor (HIC) is a hybrid electrochemical energy storage device that combines the intercalation mechanism of a lithium-ion battery anode with the double-layer mechanism of the cathode. Thus, an HIC combines the high energy density of batteries and the high power density of supercapacitors, thus bridging the gap between batteries and supercapacitors. Two-dimensional (2D) carbon materials (graphite, graphene, carbon nanosheets) are promising candidates for hybrid capacitors owing to their unique physical and chemical properties, including their enormous specific surface areas, abundance of active sites (surface and functional groups), and large interlayer spacing. So far, there has been no review focusing on the 2D carbon-based materials for the emerging post-lithium hybrid capacitors. This concept review considers the role of 2D carbon in hybrid capacitors and the recent progress in the application of 2D carbon materials for post-Li (Na+, K+, Zn2+) hybrid capacitors. Moreover, their challenges and trends in their future development are discussed.
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Ziebert, Carlos, Corneliu Barbu, and Tomas Jezdinsky. "Calorimetric studies and safety tests on lithion-ion cells and post-lithium cells." Open Access Government 37, no. 1 (January 9, 2023): 416–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.56367/oag-037-10412.
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Calorimetric studies and safety tests on lithion-ion cells and post-lithium cells Open Access Government interviews Dr Carlos Ziebert, of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), who explores the thermal and safety properties of batteries across calorimetric studies. The group batteries – calorimetry and safety – focus on calorimetric studies and safety tests on lithium-ion cells and post-lithium cells. Depending on the cell size and application, different types of calorimeters are used in Europe's largest Battery Calorimeter Laboratory, established in 2011. It provides seven Accelerating Rate Calorimeters (ARCs) from Thermal Hazard Technology allowing the evaluation of thermodynamic, thermal and safety data for Lithium-ion and post-Li cells on material, cell, and pack levels for both normal and abuse conditions (thermal, electrical, mechanical). The lab also includes glove boxes for cell assembly and disassembly, many temperature chambers, a thermal camera, and cyclers with several hundred channels. It contains extremely sensitive 3D Calvet calorimeters, providing thermodynamic parameters and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry systems from Perkin-Elmer for venting gas analysis.
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Park, Bumjun, Christiana Oh, Sooyoun Yu, Bingxin Yang, Nosang V. Myung, Paul W. Bohn, and Jennifer L. Schaefer. "Coupling of 3D Porous Hosts for Li Metal Battery Anodes with Viscous Polymer Electrolytes." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 010511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac47ea.
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As the energy storage markets demand increased capacity of rechargeable batteries, Li metal anodes have regained major attention due to their high theoretical specific capacity. However, Li anodes tend to have dendritic growth and constant electrolyte consumption upon cycling, which lead to safety concerns, low Coulombic efficiency, and short battery lifetime. In this work, both conductive and non-conductive 3D porous hosts were coupled with a viscous (melt) polymer electrolyte. The cross-section of the hosts showed good contact between porous hosts and the melt polymer electrolyte before and after extensive cycling, indicating that the viscous electrolyte successfully refilled the space upon Li stripping. Upon deep Li deposition/stripping cycling (5 mAh cm−2), the non-conductive host with the viscous electrolyte successfully cycled, while the conductive host allowed rapid short circuiting. Post-mortem cross-sectional imaging showed that the Li deposition was confined to the top layers of the host. COMSOL simulations indicated that current density was higher and more restricted to the top of the conductive host with the polymer electrolyte than the liquid electrolyte. This resulted in quicker short circuiting of the polymer electrolyte cell during deep cycling. Thus, the non-conductive 3D host is preferred for coupling with the melt polymer electrolyte.
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Kuntz, Pierre, Olivier Raccurt, Philippe Azaïs, Karsten Richter, Thomas Waldmann, Margret Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, Michel Bardet, Anton Buzlukov, and Sylvie Genies. "Identification of Degradation Mechanisms by Post-Mortem Analysis for High Power and High Energy Commercial Li-Ion Cells after Electric Vehicle Aging." Batteries 7, no. 3 (July 16, 2021): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries7030048.
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Driven by the rise of the electric automotive industry, the Li-ion battery market is in strong expansion. This technology does not only fulfill the requirements of electric mobility, but is also found in most portable electric devices. Even though Li-ion batteries are known for their numerous advantages, they undergo serious performance degradation during their aging, and more particularly when used in specific conditions such as at low temperature or high charging current rates. Depending on the operational conditions, different aging mechanisms are favored and can induce physical and chemical modifications of the internal components, leading to performance decay. In this article, the identification of the degradation mechanisms was carried out thanks to an in-depth ante- and post mortem study on three high power and high energy commercial 18,650 cells. Li-ion cells were aged using a battery electric vehicle (BEV) aging profile at −20 °C, 0 °C, 25 °C, and 45 °C in accordance with the international standard IEC 62-660, and in calendar aging mode at 45 °C and SOC 100%. Internal components recovered from fresh and aged cells were investigated through different electrochemical (half-coin cell), chemical (EDX, GD-OES, NMR), and topological (SEM) characterization techniques. The influence of power and energy cells’ internal design and Si content in the negative electrode on cell aging has been highlighted vis-à-vis the capacity and power fade.
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Zhao, Yue, Ziqiang Liu, Zhendong Li, Zhe Peng, and Xiayin Yao. "Constructing stable lithium metal anodes using a lithium adsorbent with a high Mn3+/Mn4+ ratio." Energy Materials 2, no. 5 (2022): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2022.44.
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Lithium (Li) metal batteries (LMBs) have emerged as the most prospective candidates for post-Li-ion batteries. However, the practical deployment of LMBs is frustrated by the notorious Li dendrite growth on hostless Li metal anodes. Herein, a protonated Li manganese (Mn) oxide with a high Mn3+/Mn4+ ratio is used as a Li adsorbent for constructing highly stable Li metal anodes. In addition to the Mn3+ sites with high Li affinity that afford an ultralow Li nucleation overpotential, the decrease in the average Mnn+ oxidation state also induces a disordered adsorbent structure via the Jahn-Teller effect, resulting in improved Li transfer kinetics with a significantly reduced Li electroplating overpotential. Based on the mutually improved Li diffusion and adsorption kinetics, the Li adsorbent is used as a versatile host to enable dendrite-free and stable Li metal anodes in LMBs. Consequently, a modified Li||LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) coin cell with a high NMC811 loading of 4.3 mAh cm-2 delivers a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.85% over 200 cycles and the modified Li||NMC811 pouch cell also achieves a remarkable improvement in electrochemical performance. This work demonstrates a novel approach for the preparation of highly efficient Li protection structures for safe LMBs with long lifespans.
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Singh, Shashwat, Shubham Lochab, Lalit Sharma, Valérie Pralong, and Prabeer Barpanda. "An overview of hydroxy-based polyanionic cathode insertion materials for metal-ion batteries." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 23, no. 34 (2021): 18283–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cp01741a.
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Jin, Dahee, Joonam Park, Myung‐Hyun Ryou, and Yong Min Lee. "Structure‐Controlled Li Metal Electrodes for Post‐Li‐Ion Batteries: Recent Progress and Perspectives." Advanced Materials Interfaces 7, no. 8 (February 23, 2020): 1902113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/admi.201902113.
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Le Pham, Phuong Nam, Romain Wernert, Giuliana Aquilanti, Patrik Johansson, Laure Monconduit, and Lorenzo Stievano. "Prussian Blue Analogues for Potassium-Ion Batteries: Application of Complementary Operando X-Ray Techniques." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 1 (July 7, 2022): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01160mtgabs.
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In the last 5 years, potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have been considered as a promising post-lithium-ion battery technology, much due to cost effectiveness and a variety of electrode materials available [1]. Prussian Blue Analogues (PBAs), with advantages such as simple synthesis, high capacity, and eco-friendliness, have gained a huge interest [2–4] and here we present a detailed study on the electrochemical mechanism of K x Mn2/3Fe1/3[Fe(CN)6] y .zH2O. We do this by combining complementary operando techniques: X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, supported by ex situ 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. Chemometric analysis of the operando data allows us to follow the physico-chemical and structural evolution during electrochemical cycling, providing deeper understanding. From this, a reversible phase transition between monoclinic and cubic crystal structure was observed during the oxidation/reduction of Mn species. The local geometry information on Fe and especially Mn, as obtained from the EXAFS data analysis, serves to explain the volume expansion of the Fe–CN–M (M = Mn, Fe) framework during the extraction of potassium. This paves the way for optimizing the PBA composition for PIB application. References [1] T. Hosaka, K. Kubota, A.S. Hameed, S. Komaba, Research Development on K-Ion Batteries, Chem. Rev. 120 (2020) 6358–6466. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00463. [2] X. Jiang, T. Zhang, L. Yang, G. Li, J.Y. Lee, A Fe/Mn-Based Prussian Blue Analogue as a K-Rich Cathode Material for Potassium-Ion Batteries, ChemElectroChem. 4 (2017) 2237–2242. https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201700410. [3] A. Zhou, W. Cheng, W. Wang, Q. Zhao, J. Xie, W. Zhang, H. Gao, L. Xue, J. Li, Hexacyanoferrate-Type Prussian Blue Analogs: Principles and Advances Toward High-Performance Sodium and Potassium Ion Batteries, Adv. Energy Mater. 11 (2021) 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202000943. [4] K. Hurlbutt, S. Wheeler, I. Capone, M. Pasta, Prussian Blue Analogs as Battery Materials, Joule. 2 (2018) 1950–1960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.07.017.
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Shen, Chao, Bao Zhang, Jia-feng Zhang, Jun-chao Zheng, Ya-dong Han, and Hui Li. "3D-porous β-LiVOPO4/C microspheres as a cathode material with enhanced performance for Li-ion batteries." RSC Advances 5, no. 10 (2015): 7208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra12469c.
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Mukai, Kazuhiko, and Ikuya Yamada. "High-pressure study of Li[Li1/3Ti5/3]O4 spinel." Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 5, no. 8 (2018): 1941–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8qi00371h.
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Crystal structures and electrochemical reactivities of high-pressure forms of the lithium titanium spinel Li[Li1/3Ti5/3]O4 (LTO) were investigated under a pressure of 12 GPa to elucidate its structural phase transition from spinel to post-spinel and to obtain a wide variety of electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries.
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Guo, Jia, Yaqi Li, Kjeld Pedersen, Leonid Gurevich, and Daniel-Ioan Stroe. "The Influence and Degradation Mechanism of the Depth of Discharge on the Performance of NMC-Based Cathodes for Li-Ion Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012252mtgabs.
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Many factors affect the degradation behavior of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries and one of these is the depth of discharge (DOD). As Li-ion batteries are used, a reasonable DOD can not only extend their service life (by reducing the degradation rate) but can also reduce the frequency of the re-charging. Therefore, to investigate and clarify the effect of the DOD on cathode performance, we performed cycle aging tests on coin cells considering three DODs. Furthermore, we proposed a degradation mechanism, to account for the influence of the DOD on the cathode performance, through ex-situ post-mortem analysis. The investigated positive electrode was from a commercial cathode NMC 532, assembled with a lithium metal anode in a 2016 type coin cell. The initial discharge capacity was about 163 mAh g–1 at a 1 C rate (1C taken as 160 mAh g–1). After every certain number of cycles, the 100% DOD (2.75 – 4.3 V) capacity was measured and recorded for all DOD ranges. Our cycle aging test experiment results (in the below Figure) show that the capacity fades faster in the higher DOD range (i.e., 3.65 – 4.3 V); the capacity of coin cells showed an initial increase due to the initial activation and a rapid decline thereafter. In contrast, the battery capacity faded slower in the two lower DOD ranges (i.e., 2.75 – 4.3 V and 3.55 – 4.3 V). The results also show that the higher DOD makes the battery more active during the initial cycles, as shown in the Figure. We refined and analyzed the XRD results of different states of the charged cathode to calculate the change in unit cell volume in initial different DOD cycles. By calculating the Li-ion diffusion coefficient through the EIS measurements, it was found that it is larger in the higher state of charge (SOC) state, which explains the higher activity of the cathode in a higher DOD range. Furthermore, we disassembled and analyzed the coin cells, after the same numbers of equivalent full cycles. Surface microcracks of the cathode were observed by SEM, and the cathode-electrolyte interphase (CEI) film was analyzed and quantified by XPS technology. Based on these results, we concluded that higher DODs enable the material to maintain a faster Li-ion diffusion rate and are always in a highly activated state. At the same time, it leads to a faster cathode decay. The post-mortem analysis showed the detailed mechanism of degradation. Looking at the results of this study, frequent charging, making the battery operation at a higher voltage, aggravates deterioration of the cathode. Acknowledgments This project has received funding from the China Scholarship Council (no. 202006370035; no. 202006220024). Furthermore, the authors would like to thank Haidi company for providing the cathode material. Figure 1
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Khudyshkina, Anna D., Polina A. Morozova, Andreas J. Butzelaar, Maxi Hoffmann, Manfred Wilhelm, Patrick Theato, Stanislav S. Fedotov, and Fabian Jeschull. "Poly(ethylene oxide)-Based Electrolytes for Solid-State Potassium Metal Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 1 (July 7, 2022): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01166mtgabs.
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Most conventional batteries today employ organic liquid electrolytes (LEs) that are not only flammable, but also serve as a medium for irreversible side reactions at the electrode interfaces, especially when metal is used as electrode. In post-lithium systems, such as potassium batteries, this issue is even more pronounced due to a higher reactivity of the metal as compared to lithium, and typically results in electrochemical instability leading to a rapid capacity fade of the battery.[1] When switching from LEs to solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) that typically show better electrochemical stability at low (< 0.5 V vs. K+/K) and high (> 4 V vs. K+/K) potentials due to polymers inherent inertness, enhanced cycle life of the battery is expected.[2] Moreover, well-known disadvantage of SPEs in Li-based batteries, i.e., poor ionic conductivity at ambient temperature, could be overcome in systems with larger cation size, e.g. K+ [3,4], potentially removing some of the bottlenecks previously encountered in the case of Li-transport. In this presentation, a series of poly(ethylene oxide) - potassium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide (PEO-KTFSI) compositions with different salt concentration was investigated for their potential application as SPEs in potassium metal batteries. To identify the most promising candidate in terms of ion transport and mechanical integrity, the effect of KTFSI concentration on thermal, rheological and electrochemical properties was studied. Several electrolyte compositions were examined in solid-state potassium batteries with a potassium metal negative electrode, and a positive electrode from Prussian blue analogue family. Our results reveal the advantages of solid-state systems with respect to improved capacity retention and Coulombic efficiency as compared to the reference system with carbonate-based LE, as demonstrated in Figure 1, thus paving the way for a new generation of potassium batteries with significantly improved key performance parameters. Figure 1. Comparison of potassium half-cells employing different electrolyte systems: carbonate-based liquid electrolyte (LE) vs. PEO-based solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) (a) capacity retention and (b) corresponding Coulombic efficiencies. [1] H. Wang, D. Zhai, F. Kang, Energy Environ. Sci. 2020, 13, 4583–4608. [2] J. Mindemark, M. J. Lacey, T. Bowden, D. Brandell, Prog. Polym. Sci. 2018, 81, 114–143. [3] M. Perrier, S. Besner, C. Paquette, A. Vallée, S. Lascaud, J. Prud’homme, Electrochim. Acta 1995, 40, 2123–2129. [4] U. Oteo, M. Martinez-Ibañez, I. Aldalur, E. Sanchez-Diez, J. Carrasco, M. Armand, H. Zhang, ChemElectroChem 2019, 6, 1019–1022. Figure 1
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Kovachev, Schröttner, Gstrein, Aiello, Hanzu, Wilkening, Foitzik, Wellm, Sinz, and Ellersdorfer. "Analytical Dissection of an Automotive Li-Ion Pouch Cell." Batteries 5, no. 4 (October 31, 2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries5040067.
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Information derived from microscopic images of Li-ion cells is the base for research on the function, the safety, and the degradation of Li-ion batteries. This research was carried out to acquire information required to understand the mechanical properties of Li-ion cells. Parameters such as layer thicknesses, material compositions, and surface properties play important roles in the analysis and the further development of Li-ion batteries. In this work, relevant parameters were derived using microscopic imaging and analysis techniques. The quality and the usability of the measured data, however, are tightly connected to the sample generation, the preparation methods used, and the measurement device selected. Differences in specimen post-processing methods and measurement setups contribute to variability in the measured results. In this paper, the complete sample preparation procedure and analytical methodology are described, variations in the measured dataset are highlighted, and the study findings are discussed in detail. The presented results were obtained from an analysis conducted on a state-of-the-art Li-ion pouch cell applied in an electric vehicle that is currently commercially available.
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Li, Min, Rosalinda Sciacca, Mariam Maisuradze, Giuliana Aquilanti, Jasper Rikkert Plaisier, Mario Berrettoni, and Marco Giorgetti. "(Digital Presentation) Electrochemistry and Structural Study of Manganese Hexacyanoferrate Cathode Material in Aqueous Zn-Ion Battery." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 59 (October 9, 2022): 2208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02592208mtgabs.
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Aqueous rechargeable Zinc-ion batteries (ARZIBs) have attracted extensive attention as one of the most promising post-lithium ion battery candidates for large-scale electrochemical applications, because of their low cost, intrinsic safety, and environmental friendliness. The metallic zinc, as an ideal anode material shows high theoretical gravimetric and volumetric capacity of 820 mAh g-1 and 5855 mAh cm-3, low electrochemical potential (-0.76 V vs. SHE) and high abundance.[1,2] Manganese hexacyanoferrate (MnHCF), one of the Prussian blue analogues (PBAs), has attracted widely attention as promising cathode material for Li-ion and post-Li ion batteries. MnHCF is composed of only highly abundant metals and displays large capacity and high discharge potential owning to the two-redox active sites [3-4]. Here, the electrochemical performance of MnHCF was studied in 3 M ZnSO4 aqueous electrolyte with Zn sheet as anode. The battery exhibits high specific capacity (176 mAhg-1) at C/20, and around 61% capacity retention after 50 cycles at C/5. In order to explain the capacity fading problems during cycling, the local geometric, electronic structures, as well as the framework structure change of MnHCF electrode were studied by means of ex-situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD). Based on XAS data, no obvious change was observed at the Fe K-edge during cycling, and this indicates that there is no apparent change of the local Fe structural environment. However, the XAS spectra of Mn K-edge exhibit an apparent change after 10 cycles. The Zn K-edge shows a typical -Zn-NC-Fe- structural framework in the cycled samples that resembles the one of zinc hexacyanoferrate (ZnHCF), providing evidence for Zn-Mn partially replacement upon cycling, resulting in dissolution the Mn ion [5]. From the ex-situ XRD data, we found that this phase changes mainly concerns early cycles, because the XRD patterns of the 2nd and 10th cycle are almost identical. ZnHCF phase formed even during the first charge process. The more detailed phase transformation process is still under studying. By combing the ex-situ XAS and XRD data, the charge/discharge mechanism of MnHCF in aqueous Zn-ion battery can be more clearly illustrated. Trócoli, F. La Mantia, ChemSusChem. 8, 2015, 481–485. Tang, L. Shan, S. Liang, J. Zhou, Energy Environ. Sci. 12, 2019, 3288–3304. Mullaliu, J. Asenbauer, G. Aquilanti, S. Passerini, M. Giorgetti. Small Methods, 2019, 1900529. Mullaliu, M. Gaboardi, J. R. Plaisier, S. Passerini, and M. Giorgetti, ACS Applied Energy Materials 3, 2020, 5728. Li, R. Sciacca, M. Maisuradze, G. Aquilanti, J. Plaisier, M. Berrettoni, M. Giorgetti, Electrochim. Acta. 400 ,2021.
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Wang, Jichao, Chaojun Cui, Guohua Gao, Xiaowei Zhou, Jiandong Wu, Huiyu Yang, Qiang Li, and Guangming Wu. "A new method to prepare vanadium oxide nano-urchins as a cathode for lithium ion batteries." RSC Advances 5, no. 59 (2015): 47522–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra02508g.
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Yang, Zhenzhen, Stephen E. Trask, Xianyang Wu, and Brian J. Ingram. "Effect of Si Content on Extreme Fast Charging Behavior in Silicon–Graphite Composite Anodes." Batteries 9, no. 2 (February 16, 2023): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020138.
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Commercial Li-ion batteries typically incorporate a small amount of high-capacity silicon (Si)-based materials in the composite graphite-based anode to increase the energy density of the battery. However, very little is known about the effects of Si on the fast-charging behavior of composite anodes. Herein, we examine the effects of the Si/graphite ratio in the composite anode on the fast-charging behavior of full cells. We show that addition of Si increases the rate capability from 1C to 8C and improves the capacity retention in early cycles at 6C due to reduced overpotential in constant current charging cycles. The impacts of Si content on fast-charging aging were identified by Post-Test characterization. Despite realizing benefits of available capacity and reduced Li plating at 6C, silicon–electrolyte interactions lead the time-dependent cell performance to fade quickly in the long term. The Post-Test analysis also revealed the thickening of the electrode and nonuniform distribution of electrolyte decomposition products on the Si-containing anodes, as well as the organic-rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), which are the factors behind cell degradation. Our study sheds insight on the advantages and disadvantages of Si/graphite composite anodes when they are used in fast-charging applications and guides further research in the area by designing an optimized composition of Si incorporated in a mature graphite matrix.
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Wahl, Markus Solberg, Jacob Lamb, Eirik Sundby, Peter James Thomas, Dag Roar Hjelme, and Odne Stokke Burheim. "Towards in-situ State of Health Monitoring of Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Internal Fiber-Optic Sensors." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 52 (July 7, 2022): 2166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01522166mtgabs.
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We demonstrate a fiberoptic sensor for measuring the lithium-ion concentration inside a lithium-ion battery (LiB), live during charge and discharge. The goal is to monitor the health of the battery based on the dynamic and state-of-charge dependent concentration of lithium ions in the electrolyte. An important factor to improve the sustainability of LiBs is to prolong the usable lifetime of the batteries, as it directly reduces the environmental footprint per functional unit (e.g., per kilometer driven). Batteries lose capacity over time, both due to charging/discharging and to shelf ageing (calendar ageing). This ageing is caused either by i) unwanted chemical reactions, reducing the number of available lithium-ions or increasing the impedance, or ii) by physical changes that reduces the available lithium storage capacity of the electrodes. Generally, ageing is studied through monitoring the operational performance (e.g., coulombic capacity, internal resistance), or through post-mortem investigations. Alternatively, advanced equipment such as thermal neutron imaging or X-ray tomography has been used to take snapshots of the internal composition of the battery [1,2]. In this study we propose to monitor and study the health of LiBs through internal measurements using fiber-optic sensors, specifically through live measurements of the internal lithium concentration. The intrinsic properties of optical fibers (e.g., small, chemically inert, electrically insulating) make them ideal for internal sensing in the chemically harsh interior of a battery. Multiple sensors can also be produced on a single fiber, enabling multi-point or multi-parameter sensing with only one entry point in the cell. Alternatively, the whole fiber can be used as a sensor, giving a continuous measurement along the fiber. In this study, the lithium concentration is measured by immobilizing a lithium-sensitive fluorophore at the tip of an optical fiber. Multiple fluorophores that exhibit increased fluorescence in the presence of lithium ions have been described in the literature [3–5]. Padilla et al. synthesized such a turn-on type fluorophore with a red-shifted absorption/emission spectrum to reduce UV photobleaching [5]. However, they did not demonstrate the Li-sensitivity in a setup suitable for internal health monitoring in LiBs, which will be done in this study using optical fibers. The experimental setup used in this study can be seen in Figure 1a. The fluorophore (2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-naphthoxazole, HPNO) is synthesized according to Padilla et al. When the fluorophore (HPNO) binds a lithium-ion (see Figure 1b), the absorption edge redshifts enough to enable excitation at 405 nm. This increases the fluorescence intensity, which therefore becomes sensitive to the Li-ion concentration (Figure 1c). The fluorophore concentration used in this plot was 5 mM, with the Li-ion concentration varying from 0 to 14 mM. The sensitivity range therefore needs to be shifted to higher concentrations to reach typical conditions in LiBs (~1 M). The fluorophore shows minimal photo-bleaching, making the sensing principle suitable also in long term cycling studies. Siegel, J.B.; Lin, X.; Stefanopoulou, A.G.; Hussey, D.S.; Jacobson, D.L.; Gorsich, D. Neutron Imaging of Lithium Concentration in LFP Pouch Cell Battery. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2011, 158, A523, doi:10.1149/1.3566341. Senyshyn, A.; Mühlbauer, M.J.; Dolotko, O.; Hofmann, M.; Ehrenberg, H. Homogeneity of lithium distribution in cylinder-type Li-ion batteries. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 1–9, doi:10.1038/srep18380. Qin, W.; Obare, S.O.; Murphy, C.J.; Angel, S.M. A fiber-optic fluorescence sensor for lithium ion in acetonitrile. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 4757–4762, doi:10.1021/ac020365x. Langmuir, M.E.; Laura, R. Fluorescent lipophilic lithium ionophores. In Proceedings of the Advances in Fluorescence Sensing Technology; Lakowicz, J.R., Thompson, R.B., Eds.; 1993; Vol. 1885, pp. 337–348. Padilla, N.A.; Rea, M.T.; Foy, M.; Upadhyay, S.P.; Desrochers, K.A.; Derus, T.; Knapper, K.A.; Hunter, N.H.; Wood, S.; Hinton, D.A.; et al. Tracking lithium ions via widefield fluorescence microscopy for battery diagnostics. ACS Sensors 2017, 2, 903–908, doi:10.1021/acssensors.7b00087. Figure 1
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Shi, Wenhui, Xilian Xu, Lin Zhang, Wenxian Liu, and Xiehong Cao. "Metal-organic framework-derived structures for next-generation rechargeable batteries." Functional Materials Letters 11, no. 06 (December 2018): 1830006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604718300062.
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Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted great attention as versatile precursors or sacrificial templates for the preparation of novel porous structures. Due to their tunable compositions, structures and porosities as well as high surface area, MOF-derived materials have revealed promising performance for energy storage devices. In this mini review, the recent progress of MOF-derived materials as electrodes of next-generation rechargeable batteries was summarized. We briefly introduce the preparation methods, various design strategies and the structure-dependent performance of recently reported MOF-derived materials as electrodes of post-lithium-ion batteries, focusing on lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and metal–air batteries. Finally, we give the conclusion with some insights into future development of MOF-derived materials for next-generation rechargeable batteries.
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Mosquera, Nerly Liliana, Jorge Calderon, and Liliana Lopez. "(1-x) Li1-YNayM1-ZTizO2 x LiM2-ZTizO4 layered-Spinel Nanoparticles As Promising Dual Positive Electrode for Lithium-Ion Batteries and Sodium-Ion Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 4 (July 7, 2022): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-014556mtgabs.
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The demand for high-capacity batteries is increasing rapidly with the upcoming energetic needs of an ever increasing population, especially in the transportation sector. Lithium-ion battery (LIB) has emerged as an attractive technology, however the main restriction is his low energy density1. To make a post-transition possible the sodium-ion battery (SIB) are among the most promising alternatives due sodium is abundant, there are enormous availability and It's low cost2. Besides, the electrochemical principles governing LIB and SIB batteries are quite similar3. Nevertheless, for both emerging alternatives it is necessary to find more suitable electrode materials. Therefore, nowadays, different electrode materials have been explored to increase the capacity of those batteries. Specially, the layered-spinel structure has been used to improve the initial specific capacity and stability electrode materials. The Na-layered structure cathode facilitates Li+-ion diffusion in the structure4. Besides the incorporation of Ti4+ in the LiMn2O4 spinel phase is performed with the purpose of improving its stability by averting the Jahn-Teller effect of the Mn3+ and decreasing Mn2+ dissolution towards the electrolyte during cycling since Ti-O provides a higher binding energy (662 kJ/mol) than for Mn-O (402 kJ/mol)1. The aim of this investigation is to estimate the optimal stoichiometry in the (1-x)Li1-yNayM1-zTizO2x LiM2-zTizO4 layered-spinel by varying the concentration of Na+ and to assess the effects of the cations addition in the cycling stability of the active material. A facile sol-gel method is presented to develop new composite materials for LIB and SIB. Cathode materials were characterized by XRD, Raman, SEM, VC, EIS and charge/discharge cycling tests. Analysis of XRD patterns confirmed the existence of a spinel-layered composite where the peaks can be indexed to the cubic spinel structure ( space group) and layered structure (C 12 - m1; R-3m and P 63-mmc space group)°5. For LIB cycling was performed typically between 4.8 and 2.0V vs. Li|Li+ at a constant current of 29.0 mAg-1, equivalent to 0.1 C-rate. The stoichiometry 0,5Li0.9Na0.1Mn0.4Ni0.5Ti0.1O2-0,5LiMn1.4Ni0.5Ti0.1O4 showed an initial specific capacity, ca. 141 mAhg-1 but later it presented increasing of the specific capacity, ca. 180 mAh g-1 at 15st cycling exhibiting 98% of its charge capacity after 30st cycles. Moreover, for SIB cycling was performed typically between 4.5 and 2.0V vs. Na|Na+ at a constant current of 10.0 mAg-1, equivalent to 0.1 C-rate. In this case, the stoichiometry 0,5Li0.5Na0.5Mn0.4Ni0.5Ti0.1O2-0,5LiMn1.4Ni0.5Ti0.1O4 showed an initial specific capacity, ca. 94 mAh g- 1. Thus, by possessing interesting properties electrochemical we believe that these materials could be a potential electrode for the development of high-power rechargeable Li-ion batteries and Na-ion batteries. References N. Mosquera, F. Bedoya-Lora, V. Vásquez, F. Vásquez, and J. Calderón, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-021-01582-w. R. Klee, P. Lavela, and J. L. Tirado, Electrochimica Acta, 375 (2021). S. Rubio et al., Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 24, 2565–2573 (2020). L. Zheng and M. N. Obrovac, Electrochimica Acta, 233, 284–291 (2017) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013468617304978. S. U. Vu. N and H. V, Journal of Power Sources, 355, 134–139 (2017) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.04.055. Figure 1
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Dongmo, Saustin, Fabio Maroni, Cornelius Gauckler, Mario Marinaro, and Margret Wohlfahrt-Mehrens. "On the Electrochemical Insertion of Mg2+in Na7V4(P2O7)4(PO4) and Na3V2(PO4)3 Host Materials." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 120541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac412b.
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Next generation energy storage technologies need to be more sustainable and cheaper. Among Post-Li chemistries, Mg batteries are emerging as a possible alternative with desirable features like abundance of Mg on the Earth’s crust and a doubled volumetric capacity with respect to the current Li metal. However, research and development of Mg-batteries is still in its infancy stage and still many hurdles are to be understood and solved. For instance, cathode materials showing high capacities, operating at high potentials and with sufficient fast kinetics need to be designed and developed. Polyanionic materials are a class of sustainable and environmentally friendly that emerged as possible Mg2+ hosts. In this work the insertion of Mg cations inside the NASICON Na3V2(PO4)3 and, for the first time, in the mixed phosphate phase Na7V4(P2O7)4(PO4), is reported, structurally and electrochemically characterized.
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Suhaimi, Lalu, Andy Tirta, and Muhammad Hilmy Alfaruqi. "THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF DIVALENT ION INSERTION INTO TUNNEL-TYPE MANGANESE DIOXIDE POLYMORPH." OISAA Journal of Indonesia Emas 3, no. 1 (January 15, 2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.52162/jie.2020.003.01.1.
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Rechargeable battery plays an important role to support the implementation of clean and renewable energy. In this aspect, post Li-ion battery, such as Zn-ion battery is receiving great attention due to its low cost and enviromentally friendly. Therefore, studies of electrode materials for Zn-ion battery are of paramount importance. In this contribution, we present theoretical investigation to explore the potential use of tunnel-type manganese dioxide for zinc storage material. Our calculation suggests the stability of the material for Zn-ion battery application.
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Gao, Zhi, Jiayi Zhao, Xiaoliang Pan, Lijun Liu, Shikun Xie, and Huiling Yuan. "Controllable preparation of one-dimensional Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 cathode materials for high-performance lithium-ion batteries." RSC Advances 11, no. 9 (2021): 4864–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra09880a.
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Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 rods with controllable sizes were synthesized via a co-precipitation route followed by a post-calcination treatment to improve rate capabilities.
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Hendrickx, Mylène, Andreas Paulus, Maria A. Kirsanova, Marlies K. Van Bael, Artem M. Abakumov, An Hardy, and Joke Hadermann. "The Influence of Synthesis Method on the Local Structure and Electrochemical Properties of Li-Rich/Mn-Rich NMC Cathode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries." Nanomaterials 12, no. 13 (June 30, 2022): 2269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12132269.
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Electrochemical energy storage plays a vital role in combating global climate change. Nowadays lithium-ion battery technology remains the most prominent technology for rechargeable batteries. A key performance-limiting factor of lithium-ion batteries is the active material of the positive electrode (cathode). Lithium- and manganese-rich nickel manganese cobalt oxide (LMR-NMC) cathode materials for Li-ion batteries are extensively investigated due to their high specific discharge capacities (>280 mAh/g). However, these materials are prone to severe capacity and voltage fade, which deteriorates the electrochemical performance. Capacity and voltage fade are strongly correlated with the particle morphology and nano- and microstructure of LMR-NMCs. By selecting an adequate synthesis strategy, the particle morphology and structure can be controlled, as such steering the electrochemical properties. In this manuscript we comparatively assessed the morphology and nanostructure of LMR-NMC (Li1.2Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13O2) prepared via an environmentally friendly aqueous solution-gel and co-precipitation route, respectively. The solution-gel (SG) synthesized material shows a Ni-enriched spinel-type surface layer at the {200} facets, which, based on our post-mortem high-angle annual dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy and selected-area electron diffraction analysis, could partly explain the retarded voltage fade compared to the co-precipitation (CP) synthesized material. In addition, deviations in voltage fade and capacity fade (the latter being larger for the SG material) could also be correlated with the different particle morphology obtained for both materials.
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Thakur, Anukul K., Mandira Majumder, Shashikant P. Patole, Karim Zaghib, and M. V. Reddy. "Metal–organic framework-based materials: advances, exploits, and challenges in promoting post Li-ion battery technologies." Materials Advances 2, no. 8 (2021): 2457–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ma01019g.
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In this review, the development of MOFs and MOF-based materials for application in non-Li rechargeable batteries has been highlighted together with describing the various persisting challenges and their corresponding remedies for these materials.
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Hartmann, Louis, Cheuck Hin Ching, Tim Kipfer, and Hubert Andreas Gasteiger. "Aqueous-Based Post-Treatment of Li- and Mn-Rich Ncm." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012415mtgabs.
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To achieve lithium-ion batteries with high energy density at competitive prices for automotive and large-scale applications, cathode active materials (CAMs) based on Li- and Mn-rich NCMs (LMR-NCMs), like Li1.14(Ni0.26Co0.14Mn0.60)0.86O2, are promising candidates.[1] However, LMR-NCMs still suffer from high gassing, particularly during cell formation, and detrimental voltage and capacity fading over their cycle life.[2,3] Different approaches can be utilized to try to mitigate these issues, such as the use of electrolyte additives, novel material designs (compositional gradients, etc.), or post-treatments.[4–7] In this study, we investigated the effect of a water-based post-treatment of LMR-NCM. It consists of a washing process of the LMR-NCM that results in a partial delithiation of its near-suface region by a lithium/proton ion exchange, while at the same time avoiding transition metal dissolution. A recalcination of this protonated near-surface layer of the LMR-NCM particles results in the formation of a protective spinel-like surface layer. We observed that after this treatment, the gassing during formation is decreased by »10-fold. Furthermore, the cycling performance of graphite/LMR-NCM full-cells is also drastically increased. By conducting on-line electrochemical mass spectrometry (OEMS) measurements, we analyzed the gas evolution of as-received and post-treated LMR-NCMs during the first activation cycle. It is known from the literature that the activation of LMR-NCMs is accompanied by a strong O2 and CO2 evolution during the first charge.[2] As seen in Figure 1, CO2 is evolved simultaneously with O2 from Li/LMR-NCM half-cells, prepared with untreated, as-received LMR-NCM (as-received, black line). With post-treated LMR-NCM, both CO2 and O2-evolution during the activation cycle are reduced by »10-fold (post-treated, green line). Only a small amount of the first-charge capacity (<10%) is lost due to the post-treatment, as seen in Figure 1a, reflecting the slight extent of delithiation that is part of the post-treatment. As will be shown, cycling tests of graphite/LMR-NCM full-cells with a post-treated LMR-NCM reveal a greatly increased cycling stability in comparison to cells with an as-received material. Using TGA-MS, XPS and ICP-OES, we further elucidate the beneficial mechanism of the here developed water-based post-treatment. References: [1] D. Andre, S.-J. Kim, P. Lamp, S. F. Lux, F. Maglia, O. Paschos, B. Stiaszny, J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 6709–6732. [2] T. Teufl, B. Strehle, P. Müller, H. A. Gasteiger, M. A. Mendez, J. Electrochem. Soc. 2018, 165, A2718–A2731. [3] B. Strehle, K. Kleiner, R. Jung, F. Chesneau, M. Mendez, A. Hubert, J. Electrochem. Soc. 2017, 164, 400–406. [4] Z. Zhu, D. Yu, Y. Yang, C. Su, Y. Huang, Y. Dong, I. Waluyo, B. Wang, A. Hunt, X. Yao, J. Lee, W. Xue, J. Li, Nat. Energy 2019, 4, 1049–1058. [5] S. Ramakrishnan, B. Park, J. Wu, W. Yang, B. D. Mccloskey, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 8522–8531. [6] A. Gue, C. Bolli, M. A. Mendez, E. J. Berg, ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2020, 3, 290–299. [7] J. Sicklinger, H. Beyer, L. Hartmann, F. Riewald, C. Sedlmeier, H. A. Gasteiger, J. Electrochem. Soc. 2020, 167, 130507. Acknowledgements This work is financially supported by the BASF SE Network on Electrochemistry and Battery Research. Figure 1: OEMS measurements of the first lithiation half-cycle to 4.8 V of Li/LMR-NCM half-cells with either an as-received (black line) or a post-treated LMR-NCM (green line). a) Cell voltage vs. time at a C/rate of C/10 (referenced to 250 mAh/g delithiation capacity). b) CO2 evolution given in units of μmol/gCAM (determined from the signal at m/z = 44). c) O2 evolution (from m/z = 32). The half-cells were charged at 25°C, using an FEC/DEC (2:8) electrolyte with 1.0 m LiPF6. Figure 1
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Ramadhan, Zeno Rizqi, Changhun Yun, Bo-In Park, Seunggun Yu, Sung Bin Park, Juhee Hong, Joo Won Han, et al. "One-Pot Synthesis of Lithium Nickel Manganese Oxide-Carbon Composite Nanoparticles by a Flame Spray Pyrolysis Process." Science of Advanced Materials 12, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2020.3682.
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The nanoparticles based on nickel-manganese oxide and carbon-coated LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 are synthesized by flame spray pyrolysis technology with controlled particle sizes. The structural properties of nanoparticles are characterized by X-ray diffraction and high-resolution electron microscopy. It is observed that the higher surface tension of precursors in the flame spray pyrolysis setup increases the particle sizes. The post annealing treatment significantly enhances the crystallinity of nanoparticles due to the favorable oxidation process and the structure conversion from NiMn2O4 to NiMnO3. In addition, the solid-state reaction of as-prepared NiMn2O4 results in the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 nanoparticles which can be applied to the cathode in Li-ion batteries. The carboncoated LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 nanoparticles are also made by additional carbonization reaction. The control of surface tension of precursors in the flame spray pyrolysis process is expected to result in the small size of nanoparticles, which can result in high cyclic stability and high capacity for Li-ion batteries.
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Kim, Jae-Hun, Min-Sik Park, Yong Nam Jo, Ji-Sang Yu, Goojin Jeong, and Young-Jun Kim. "Post Oxygen Treatment Characteristics of Coke as an Anode Material for Li-Ion Batteries." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 13, no. 5 (May 1, 2013): 3298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2013.7249.
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Dasgupta, Neil P. "(Invited) Enabling Fast Charging of Lithium-Ion Batteries without Lithium Plating." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012342mtgabs.
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Today’s Li-ion technology is highly optimized for performance at relatively slow charging operation. However, significant challenges still present for fast charging conditions (> 4C). In state-of-the-art Li-ion batteries (LIBs) with high energy densities, the electrodes are relatively thick (> 100 μm), which leads to a tradeoff between energy density and high-power performance. In addition, the electrochemical potential of the anode can easily become more negative than Li/Li+ during fast charging, resulting in Li plating [1]. Therefore, new approaches are needed to overcome these energy/power tradeoffs in LIBs In this talk, I will introduce three strategies to enable fast charging LIBs, using industrially-relevant pouch cells with thick (>3 mAh/cm2) electrode loadings. In the first strategy, vertical channels are introduced into post-calendared electrodes using laser ablation patterning [2]. The resulting 3-D anode architecture consists of a hexagonal close-packed array of vertical channels that serve as linear pathways for rapid ionic diffusion through the electrode thickness. This allows for a more homogeneous flux of Li throughout the volume of the electrode. As a result, the accessible capacity of the electrode during fast charging increases, and Li plating is eliminated. In the second strategy, the energy/power tradeoffs in carbonaceous anode materials are overcome by forming hybrid blends of graphite and hard carbon [3]. This allows for a balance between the higher energy density of graphite with the faster rate performance of hard carbon. By controlling the graphite/hard carbon ratio, we identify an optimal blend for fast charging. In the third strategy, we demonstrate the potential to eliminate Li plating and enabling 4C fast charging purely through interfacial control. This is achieved by coating the surface of graphite with a solid-state electrolyte material using Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) [4]. These coatings eliminate electrolyte decomposition during the formation cycle, resulting in an “artificial SEI” with a resistance that is 75% lower than the natural SEI that forms in carbonate electrolytes. This challenges the fundamental assumption that fast charging of thick graphite anodes must be solved by improving mass transport, highlighting the critical role of the SEI on fast-charge performance. [1] Y. Chen, K.-H. Chen, A. J. Sanchez, E. Kazyak, V. Goel, Y. Gorlin, J. Christensen, K. Thornton, N. P. Dasgupta, J. Mater Chem. A 9, 23522 (2021). [2] K.-H. Chen, M. Namkoong, V. Goel, C. Yang, S. Kazemiabnavi, S. M. Mortuza, E. Kazyak, J. Mazumder, K. Thornton, J. Sakamoto, N. P. Dasgupta, J. Power Sources 471, 228475 (2020). [3] K.-H. Chen, V. Goel, M. J. Namkoong, M. Wied, S. Müller, V. Wood, J. Sakamoto, K. Thornton, N. P. Dasgupta, Adv. Energy Mater. 11, 2003336 (2020). [4] E. Kazyak, K.-H. Chen, Y. Chen, T. H. Cho, N. P. Dasgupta, Adv. Energy Mater, In Press (2021).
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Victor Chombo, Pius, Yossapong Laoonual, and Somchai Wongwises. "Lessons from the Electric Vehicle Crashworthiness Leading to Battery Fire." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 6, 2021): 4802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164802.
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Electric vehicles (EVs) are currently emerging as alternative vehicles due to their high energy efficiency and low emissions during driving. However, regarding the raising concern, the safety of EVs can further be improved before they completely replace conventional vehicles. This paper focuses on reviewing the safety requirements of EVs, especially those powered by Li-ion battery, based on the mechanical abuse tests from the international standards, national standards, regulations and other laboratories standards, and safety of occupants from the regulations and safety programs. Moreover, the publicly reported real-world fire incidents of EVs based on road crashes were collected and reviewed. The objective is to highlight the gap and challenges arose between the current safety requirements and real-world fire incidents of EVs and provide the way for assisting the future research in the area of EV safety, particularly light duty passenger vehicle. The serious challenges observed include high impact speed, multi-crashes per incident, multiple barriers of different types involved in the accident, and post-crash safety (serious injury and demise) of occupants and rescue teams. While addressing these challenges, this review will aid researchers and manufacturers working in batteries, EVs, and fire safety engineering to narrow the gap and enhance the safety of future EVs in areas of battery materials, fire extinguishing, and vehicle’s body structure.
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Brennhagen, Anders, Carmen Cavallo, David S. Wragg, Ponniah Vajeeston, Anja O. Sjåstad, Alexey Y. Koposov, and Helmer Fjellvåg. "Operando XRD studies on Bi2MoO6 as anode material for Na-ion batteries." Nanotechnology 33, no. 18 (February 10, 2022): 185402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac4eb5.
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Abstract Based on the same rocking-chair principle as rechargeable Li-ion batteries, Na-ion batteries are promising solutions for energy storage benefiting from low-cost materials comprised of abundant elements. However, despite the mechanistic similarities, Na-ion batteries require a different set of active materials than Li-ion batteries. Bismuth molybdate (Bi2MoO6) is a promising NIB anode material operating through a combined conversion/alloying mechanism. We report an operando x-ray diffraction (XRD) investigation of Bi2MoO6-based anodes over 34 (de)sodiation cycles revealing both basic operating mechanisms and potential pathways for capacity degradation. Irreversible conversion of Bi2MoO6 to Bi nanoparticles occurs through the first sodiation, allowing Bi to reversibly alloy with Na forming the cubic Na3Bi phase. Preliminary electrochemical evaluation in half-cells versus Na metal demonstrated specific capacities for Bi2MoO6 to be close to 300 mAh g−1 during the initial 10 cycles, followed by a rapid capacity decay. Operando XRD characterisation revealed that the increased irreversibility of the sodiation reactions and the formation of hexagonal Na3Bi are the main causes of the capacity loss. This is initiated by an increase in crystallite sizes of the Bi particles accompanied by structural changes in the electronically insulating Na–Mo–O matrix leading to poor conductivity in the electrode. The poor electronic conductivity of the matrix deactivates the Na x Bi particles and prevents the formation of the solid electrolyte interface layer as shown by post-mortem scanning electron microscopy studies.
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Zhao, Erqing, Furui Ma, Yudi Guo, and Yongcheng Jin. "Stable LATP/LAGP double-layer solid electrolyte prepared via a simple dry-pressing method for solid state lithium ion batteries." RSC Advances 6, no. 95 (2016): 92579–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra19415j.
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A LATP/LAGP bi-layer structured solid electrolyte has been prepared via a simple dry-pressing and post-calcination process, which exhibits high electrical conductivity and excellent stability in air as well as high chemical stability against Li.
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Yim, Taber, Neal A. Cardoza, Rhyz Pereira, and Vibha Kalra. "A Facile, Lithium Salt in Polymer Interfacial Layer for Lithium Anode Stability in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024487mtgabs.
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Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) have garnered interest recently due to their 8-fold increase in theoretical capacity compared to state-of-the-art Li-ion batteries (LIBs), the affordability of sulfur at $100/ton, and the low environmental impact of sulfur. However, just like LIBs, LSBs suffer from anode instability due to dendrite formation and an unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI). In this work, we address anode stability via a facile, polymer and lithium salt interfacial layer. Stable SEI formation was achieved by using a fluorinated polymer and lithium salt. A conventional Celgard separator was used for mechanical support and the polymer:salt ratio was tuned. To confirm the effectiveness of the interfacial layer for anode stability, it was used as a standalone gel polymer electrolyte in a Li-Li symmetric cell. It showed remarkable stability beyond 700 hours at an energy density of 1 mA cm-2 and capacity of 1 mAh cm-2, with a steady polarization voltage of 16mV. By comparison, a Li-Li symmetric cell with a Celgard separator began to show increasing polarization voltage after just 100 hours, with a polarization voltage that gradually increased to beyond 500mV (Figure 1). This stability was achieved by a robust SEI layer that contained LiF and Li2O, hindering the formation of the dead lithium layer. The presence of these compounds was confirmed by post-mortem X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Dendrite formation was also physically inhibited by the presence of the polymer matrix that had a uniform morphology and pore diameter around 1 μm. Additionally, using this interfacial layer in a lithium-sulfur coin cell provided a capacity of 866 mAh g-1 at 200 cycles, a 26% improvement over lithium-sulfur cells without the interfacial layer. Figure 1
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Yetim, Delphine, Lenka Svecova, and Jean-Claude Lepretre. "Is Closed-Loop Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries Feasible ?" ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 5 (July 7, 2022): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-015585mtgabs.
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Rechargeable Li-ion batteries have been developed and marketed over the past 30 years and are used today in different fields like electric vehicles, portable electronics, etc. In a few years, the development of this technology has been exponential, and it has quickly imposed on the energy storage market. However, it is important to note that this technology is very dependent on metals (Co, Ni, Cu, Al, Li ...). These metals are rare, expensive and non-renewable. In addition, they are unevenly distributed in the earth's crust and their production is often very polluting. Thus, the massive use of this technology is creating an imbalance between the needs for metals and the existing primary resources, leading irrevocably to environmental and economic problems.Recycling this waste is therefore essential to both limit the overexploitation of primary metal resources and reduce their ecological impact. In terms of batteries recycling, two main families of processes can be distinguished. The first, known as pyrometallurgy, is based on the high-temperature treatment of waste. In contrast, hydrometallurgical processes are processes with significantly lower energy costs, as these processes are carried out at near ambient temperatures. The principle is to dissolve metals in their ionic form. Toxic acids (and their mixtures) are very often used, but other methods are possible (bases, complexing agents, oxidants). Once in solution, the metals can be recovered in the form of salts, hydroxides or in their metallic form by conventional chemical processes (precipitation, crystallization, etc.) or electrochemical processes (electro-deposition). Several separation / purification steps are sometimes necessary. Relatively few studies have looked at closed-loop recycling, i.e. the resynthesis and reuse of recycled materials in batteries. Thus, the objective of this project is to test the feasibility of closed-loop recycling of cathode materials from Li-ion batteries based on the use of innovative and less toxic recycling routes, and to verify the electrochemical performance of recycled materials at the end of the recycling process. To build this green cycle, the present study has been carried out using both model cathode materials (LCO, NMC) and real cathodes from spent drone batteries, that have been discharged, opened and dismantled in a glove box. All materials have, of course, been characterised (X-ray diffraction, SEM) and the present metals content has been quantified (wet digestion followed by AAS analyses) in order to be able to establish reliable material balances at the end of the recycling process. The developed closed-loop recycling process was composed of three subsequent steps: 1) The cathode materials recovered have been leached in a deep eutectic solvent medium (DES) composed of ethylene glycol – choline chloride mixture, replacing the concentrated acids traditionally used. DES is a new class of green solvents, that is, non-harmful to human health and the environment compared to conventional organic solvents. They consist of a mixture of products (solids) which, at a given ratio, become liquid (eutectic), and which have the combined properties of the different constituents of the mixture. 2) Synthesis of recycling active material from the DES media by precipitation and calcination. 3) Assembly of button cells, followed by electrochemical tests and batteries post-mortem analyses (X-ray diffraction, SEM) have been carried-out at the last step. Composite electrodes made of recycled active materials, polymer binder and carbon have been formulated and assembled into button cells with a Li counter-electrode and a conventional separator (e.g. Celgard impregnated with liquid electrolyte). The prepared batteries were then recycled by electrochemical methods coupled with impedance measurements. The aging of the cells was carried out through one hundred charge / discharge cycles and a specified «fast charging» test developed in our laboratory, allowing to calculate the lithium diffusion coefficient in the cathode material. The results have shown that the recycling of metals has been successfully carried out using a deep eutectic solvent (DES), in a closed-loop manner. The leaching protocol have been optimized at the optimum conditions: ChCl: EG (1:2) with 0.8 mol.L-1 of HCl, with a ratio(wt.) S/L of 1/50, heated to 87.5 °C, for 2 h. After being completely dissolved, the metals have been then recovered from the DES by precipitation, calcined and reused as active materials. Using this method, the DES solvent has also been recovered and reused in a closed-loop without suffering any damage. This work has also shown that the recovered battery materials can be reused into the battery manufacturing cycle without changing their electrochemical performance. Indeed, this process allowed to obtain a homogeneous powder with a morphology similar to the initial materials (particle size <1 μm), presenting good capacities (154 mAh.g-1). Figure 1