Journal articles: 'Post harvest contamination'

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Waliyar, F., M. Osiru, B. R. Ntare, K. Vijay Krishna Kumar, H. Sudini, A. Traore, and B. Diarra. "Post-harvest management of aflatoxin contamination in groundnut." World Mycotoxin Journal 8, no. 2 (January 1, 2015): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2014.1766.

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Aflatoxin contamination in groundnut by Aspergillus section Flavi is a major pre- and post-harvest problem causing kernel-quality loss. Post-harvest aflatoxin contamination is caused initially by infestation of aflatoxigenic strains at the pre-harvest stage, resulting in reduced kernel quality after harvest. Improper handling of pods and storage methods after harvest lead to high moisture and ambient temperatures, directly causing aflatoxin contamination. In this review, we report the extent of post-harvest contamination along the groundnut value chain in the Kolokani, Kayes, and Kita districts of Mali in West Africa. Groundnut kernels and paste samples were collected from retailers in selected markets from December 2010 to June 2011, and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) content was estimated. Aflatoxin was significantly higher in groundnut paste than in kernels. Kolokani recorded the highest toxin levels in both kernels and groundnut paste compared with the other districts. Overall, AFB1 levels in kernels and paste increased during storage at the market level in the three districts and were above permissible levels (≯20 μg/kg). The effect of weather factors on post-harvest contamination and the reasons for aflatoxin build-up in Mali are discussed. This paper also highlights different management tools for reducing post-harvest aflatoxin contamination, such as post-harvest grain handling, post-harvest machinery, physical separation, storage methods and conditions, disinfestation, detoxification, inactivation, filtration, binding agents, and antifungal compounds. Post-harvest management options and enhanced use of good agricultural practices for mitigating this problem in Mali are also presented.

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Ndemera, M., S. Landschoot, M. De Boevre, L. K. Nyanga, and S. De Saeger. "Effect of agronomic practices and weather conditions on mycotoxins in maize: a case study of subsistence farming households in Zimbabwe." World Mycotoxin Journal 11, no. 3 (September 18, 2018): 421–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2017.2227.

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Maize is susceptible to many mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins, being prone to Fusarium spp. infection and subsequent mycotoxin contamination. Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is the predominant mycotoxin in Zimbabwean subsistence-grown maize and results of mycotoxin analyses indicated FB1 to be significantly higher compared to other mycotoxins. To fully elucidate maize agronomic practices influencing FB1 contamination of maize produced by Zimbabwean subsistence farming populations, an investigative field survey was conducted in the selected provinces of Mashonaland West and Manicaland. Agronomic data and associated climatic data were collected during the 2014/2015 agricultural season. A total of 158 maize samples were collected from households’ harvest, three months and six months post-harvest. Analysis and quantification of mycotoxin contamination in the maize samples was performed using a validated multi-mycotoxin analysis method with a scope of 23 mycotoxins. Maize was mainly contaminated by FB1. There was low mycotoxin co-occurrence in Zimbabwean maize, which was typically of Fusarium toxins. FB1 occurred in 23, 47 and 47% of samples at harvest, three and six months post-harvest, respectively. The corresponding means of positive samples were 609, 597 and 289 μg/kg, respectively. Regarding fumonisins, the choice of seed and fertiliser application were significant in modulating FB1 contamination. There was no significant difference in mean FB1 contamination during post-harvest maize storage. Daily temperatures were key factors influencing FB1 incidence and levels. High temperatures were associated with high FB1 contamination particularly at the flowering stage of maize. Rainfall was positively correlated with FB1 contamination. Good agricultural practices attributed to low FB1 contamination in maize pre-harvest. Post-harvest practices such as preserving seed integrity by preventing pest infestation using grain protection chemicals are important in achieving lower mycotoxin contamination and in particular, FB1, in maize grain.

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Chimbaza, M., H. Kankwamba, A. M. Mwangwela, and W. Kamthunzi. "Post-harvest groundnut aflatoxin management among smallholder farmers in Malawi." World Mycotoxin Journal 13, no. 1 (February 6, 2020): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2018.2409.

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Aflatoxin contamination in groundnut production negatively affects health and trade outcomes. Aflatoxin contamination can occur at any stage along the groundnut value chain. However, the stage immediately after harvest has proven to be the most critical stage in aflatoxin management. This study presents knowledge, perceptions and practices in aflatoxin management during groundnut drying and storage among smallholder farmers in Malawi. Using probability proportionate to size random sampling techniques, the study sampled 150 smallholder farmers from three districts in the Central Region of Malawi namely Lilongwe, Mchinji and Kasungu. Descriptive analysis of results indicates that 90% of farmers harvest groundnuts at the right maturity. Results also showed that 59% farmers prefer drying groundnuts inverted in circular patches while 70% store groundnuts in polyethylene sacks on racks. Further, the study found that 97% of the farmers in the sample are aware of aflatoxin contamination but only 28% were able to identify the effects of aflatoxin contamination. These findings have implications in the design of postharvest intervention strategies on management and control of aflatoxin in groundnuts.

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Pandey, Manish K., Rakesh Kumar, Arun K. Pandey, Pooja Soni, Sunil S. Gangurde, Hari K. Sudini, Jake C. Fountain, et al. "Mitigating Aflatoxin Contamination in Groundnut through A Combination of Genetic Resistance and Post-Harvest Management Practices." Toxins 11, no. 6 (June 3, 2019): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11060315.

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Aflatoxin is considered a “hidden poison” due to its slow and adverse effect on various biological pathways in humans, particularly among children, in whom it leads to delayed development, stunted growth, liver damage, and liver cancer. Unfortunately, the unpredictable behavior of the fungus as well as climatic conditions pose serious challenges in precise phenotyping, genetic prediction and genetic improvement, leaving the complete onus of preventing aflatoxin contamination in crops on post-harvest management. Equipping popular crop varieties with genetic resistance to aflatoxin is key to effective lowering of infection in farmer’s fields. A combination of genetic resistance for in vitro seed colonization (IVSC), pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination (PAC) and aflatoxin production together with pre- and post-harvest management may provide a sustainable solution to aflatoxin contamination. In this context, modern “omics” approaches, including next-generation genomics technologies, can provide improved and decisive information and genetic solutions. Preventing contamination will not only drastically boost the consumption and trade of the crops and products across nations/regions, but more importantly, stave off deleterious health problems among consumers across the globe.

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Gummert, M., C. Balingbing, G. Barry, and L. Estevez. "Management options, technologies and strategies for minimised mycotoxin contamination of rice." World Mycotoxin Journal 2, no. 2 (May 1, 2009): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2008.1131.

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Ninety percent of the world's rice is produced and consumed in Asia. Millions of rice producers are resource-poor farmers with a rice area of less than one hectare. Yield increase and the introduction of double-cropping systems have ensured that rice production has kept up with an increasing demand. However, the increased quantities of grain and the second harvest, which is often in the wet season, have increased the problems in traditional postharvest systems. This can be particularly severe in the humid tropics, where post-harvest losses occur because of outdated management practices and technologies, and delays in post-harvest operations. Fungal infestation of rice grains can lead to discoloration, which results in price reductions in most markets. This can also result in rice being contaminated with mycotoxins, which is less visible to consumers. Contamination with ochratoxins, aflatoxins, and other mycotoxins have occasionally been reported in the literature. In the past, this was not seen as a significant problem and the focus was on other commodities such as maize and peanuts. However, recent studies and a massive recall of food products in Japan in September 2008, including sake, shoshu, and rice crackers made from imported rice from China and Vietnam, which were tested positive for aflatoxins, and also for pesticide residues, have renewed interest in looking at mycotoxin problems in rice. Exploratory studies in the Philippines compared best practice post-harvest management with the traditional management practices often used by smallholder farmers and small processors. It was concluded that synthesis of aflatoxin B1 is very likely in suboptimal post-harvest systems, with levels far above legislative limits. This indicates that there might be a considerable mycotoxin problem in rice from smallholder post-harvest operations. Improved post-harvest management options and technologies are available for diversified small-scale post-harvest systems. Small-scale combine harvesters, affordable and simple mechanical dryers and hermetic storage systems can help to avoid delays in the post-harvest chain and thus reduce mycotoxin contamination of rice. The development of strategies to scale out these improved practices and technologies to a large number of smallholder farmers will continue to be the main challenge.

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Tanko, Hakibu, Danielle Julie Carrier, Lijun Duan, and Ed Clausen. "Pre- and post-harvest processing of medicinal plants." Plant Genetic Resources 3, no. 2 (August 2005): 304–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pgr200569.

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Herbal medicine is used worldwide either as a sole treatment method or as part of a comprehensive treatment plan alongside orthodox methods of diagnosis and treatment. A survey reported that, in the USA, nearly one-sixth of women took at least one herbal product in 2000. Despite their widespread use, numerous reports show that the herbal products available to consumers are of variable quality. This disparity in quality of herbal preparations can be attributed to the fact that their production is complicated. To produce high-quality herbal products, attention must be paid to, among others, phytochemical variations due to plant breed, organ specificity, stages of growth, cultivation parameters, contamination by microbial and chemical agents, substitution, adulteration with synthetic drugs, heavy metal contamination, storage and extraction. This review focuses on organ specificity, seasonal variations, the effect of drying and storage, and the extraction of phytochemical constituents. Special emphasis is placed on the four most frequently used herbal products in the USA: echinacea, Ginkgo biloba, ginseng and St John's Wort.

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Mohamed, Somaya, Shadia Abd-El-Aziz, and Azza Naffa. "Anti-Contamination of Pathogenic Fungi on Post-Harvest Wheat Grains." Egyptian Journal of Phytopathology 42, no. 2 (December 31, 2014): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejp.2014.95593.

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Magoke, Krockenberger, Bryden, Alders, Mramba, and Maulaga. "Aflatoxin Contamination of Village Grains in Central Tanzania: Dietary and Agricultural Practices in Relation to Contamination and Exposure Risk." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036020.

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A study was conducted in the semi-arid Manyoni District of Central Tanzania, involving eight village communities to: (1) assess aflatoxin contamination of village grains; and (2) gain knowledge on grain food practices and habits associated with aflatoxin risk. To address the respective objectives, random immediate post-harvest (n = 134) and following 6 month or more after storage grain samples (n = 157) were screened (AFLACHECKTM -VICAM), followed by quantitative HPLC determination of samples containing ≥10 µg/kg total aflatoxins. Responses were sought from 76 randomly selected adults by a questionnaire covering pre-harvest, harvest and post-harvest practices, food preparation and knowledge on food toxins. Aflatoxin contamination was particularly more significant in maize and groundnut samples ranging up to 198 µg/kg (mean = 25.46 µg/kg) in post-harvest grains and up to 351 µg/kg (mean = 50.83 µg/kg) in stored grains, well above the maximum limit of 10 µg/kg tolerated in foods for human consumption in Tanzania. Respondent questionnaires revealed farmers: had no knowledge of food toxins; received limited extension services; did not generally use irrigation, fertilisers or pesticides; relied on inadequate harvesting, drying and storage technologies; and frequently consumed unpolished grains. Village grains in Central Tanzania may contain high concentration of aflatoxins of potential significance to community health. Existing practices and lack of aflatoxin knowledge may facilitate contamination and exposure. Therefore, village farmers in Central Tanzania may benefit from better extension services, using livestock manure as fertilizer, access to drought tolerant seeds and better grain drying and storage technologies to reduce aflatoxin risk.

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Bist, Naresh Singh, and Pratibha Bist. "ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS IN POST-HARVEST LOSS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS: A REVIEW." Sustainability in Food and Agriculture 2, no. 1 (November 18, 2020): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/sfna.01.2021.01.04.

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The measurable quantitative (weight or volume) and qualitative (changed physical condition or characteristics) loss of agricultural products after harvest is considered as a post-harvest loss. Microbiological postharvest loss is one of the major types of postharvest loss and it refers to losses caused by microorganisms like moulds, yeasts, and bacteria. Microorganisms have a cosmopolitan distribution in the terrestrial ecosystem and are responsible for the contamination of agricultural products. Poor post-harvest management of agricultural products makes them susceptible to microbial contamination. Different genera of fungi, bacteria, protista even viruses are responsible for spoilage of food agricultural products rendering them unsuitable for consumption. Some microorganisms like Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium expel or produce mycotoxins on food material which is detrimental to human health. Thus, appropriate control measures should be applied to minimize microbial post-harvest loss for not only reducing risk to human health but also obtaining sustainable food security.

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Peles, Ferenc, Péter Sipos, Szilvia Kovács, Zoltán Győri, István Pócsi, and Tünde Pusztahelyi. "Biological Control and Mitigation of Aflatoxin Contamination in Commodities." Toxins 13, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13020104.

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Aflatoxins (AFs) are toxic secondary metabolites produced mostly by Aspergillus species. AF contamination entering the feed and food chain has been a crucial long-term issue for veterinarians, medicals, agroindustry experts, and researchers working in this field. Although different (physical, chemical, and biological) technologies have been developed, tested, and employed to mitigate the detrimental effects of mycotoxins, including AFs, universal methods are still not available to reduce AF levels in feed and food in the last decades. Possible biological control by bacteria, yeasts, and fungi, their excretes, the role of the ruminal degradation, pre-harvest biocontrol by competitive exclusion or biofungicides, and post-harvest technologies and practices based on biological agents currently used to alleviate the toxic effects of AFs are collected in this review. Pre-harvest biocontrol technologies can give us the greatest opportunity to reduce AF production on the spot. Together with post-harvest applications of bacteria or fungal cultures, these technologies can help us strictly reduce AF contamination without synthetic chemicals.

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Saleh, Ahd, M. El-Howeity, H. Galal, and A. Abo Hagar. "Study On Mycotoxin Contamination For Egyptian Rice During Post Harvest Processing." Journal of Environmental Studies and Researches 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jesr.2020.136573.

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Zahan, A., MA Ali, and MM Alam. "Probability of mycotoxin contamination during post harvest operations of boro paddy." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 14, no. 2 (May 29, 2017): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v14i2.32686.

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John Deere and Frugal Moisture meter were compared with that of Indosaw standard. Frugal moisture meter was similar to the Indosaw standard but John Deere moisture meter were, on average, 2% higher than the standard. It is believed the John Deere model can be recalibrated to provide accurate results. Baseline survey on mycotoxins among 200 households of two districts of Bangladesh through the questionnaire indicate that the farmers were familiar with grain discoloration due to mold contamination but they did not have any idea about mycotoxins production on grains. Grain samples, one kg from each of 200 households were collected during May and June (Boro 2015), 119 had moisture content >14% and 37 had moisture content >20%. Purity, discoloration, mold invasion, insects and germination were assessed in the laboratory. Inert matter was 10% in 142 samples and >15% in 15 samples. Molds were associated with grain discoloration. Samples with high moisture content had higher quantity of moldy grains and stored pests. There was 25% grain discoloration of which 18% were moldy when the moisture content was >20%. Blotter incubation test revealed 19% incidence of Aspergillus growth on the 19% of the grains and Fusarium growth in 9% of the grains and produce Aflatoxins produced by Aspergillis and fumonisins by Fusarium were detected in rough rice of India (Reddy et al., 1986). Detection and quantification has of these two mycotoxins have not yet been done in Bangladesh. Through the present study the paddy samples will be analyzed by USDA Romer Lab test kit strips to create a national database on mycotoxins in paddy of Bangladesh.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 14(2): 135-140, December 2016

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Kim, Yeon Rok, Ji-Hyoung Ha, Se-Ri Kim, Young Chun Park, Kyeong Cheol Kim, Won-Il Kim, Song Hee Ryu, and Hwang-Yong Kim. "Investigation of Microbial Contamination in Liriope platyphylla at Post Harvest Environments." Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety 31, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.13103/jfhs.2016.31.2.99.

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Diao, Enjie, Haizhou Dong, Hanxue Hou, Zheng Zhang, Ning Ji, and Wenwen Ma. "Factors Influencing Aflatoxin Contamination in Before and After Harvest Peanuts: A Review." Journal of Food Research 4, no. 1 (December 29, 2014): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v4n1p148.

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<p>Aflatoxin contamination of peanuts has been of worldwide concern since the 1960s. Aflatoxins are fungal secondary metabolites that have been associated with severe toxicological effects to human and animals, which can cause enormous economic loss to producers, handlers, processors and marketers of contaminated peanuts. Aflatoxin contamination of peanuts is unavoidable due to the varied factors in pre-harvest, harvesting, and post-harvest stages of peanuts. The review summarizes the factors influencing aflatoxin contamination in the whole supply chain of peanuts.</p>

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Haider, MN, M. Faridullah, MN Islam, and M. Kamal. "Survey on the Present Status of Infrastructure and Quality Management System in Golda Farms and Depots of Selected Area." Progressive Agriculture 19, no. 2 (November 11, 2013): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v19i2.16959.

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Post harvest qualitative and quantitative changes have been studied in an important crustacean species prawn, Golda (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) of Bangladesh at various stages of handling Golda have been studied. Detailed information on post-harvest handling, storage, transportation, and distribution of prawn using pre-tested questionnaires was collected from some selected farms and depots of four Golda producing districts viz. Khulna, Bagerhat, Jessore and Norail area. The information on various aspects was collected through interview with cross section of people engaged in farms and depots. The aspects of information collected on Golda farms were: farm conditions, infrastructure, harvesting, farm production, post-harvest care, transportation and quality measures. Information collected on various aspects of depots was: infrastructure facilities, condition of shrimp during receiving, handling, transportation, washing and owners opinion about the quality of prawn from previous year experiences. The post-harvest losses of Golda is due to soft shell, improper washing or washing with unclean water, longer duration of harvesting, exposure of shrimp at high ambient temperature for a long time (delayed icing), contamination, piled up on a dirty floor, general lack of hygiene and dipping in water to weight gain was about 1-4% of the total harvested quantity.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v19i2.16959 Progress. Agric. 19(2): 177 - 186, 2008

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Bhatnagar, D., K. Rajasekaran, M. Gilbert, J. W. Cary, and N. Magan. "Advances in molecular and genomic research to safeguard food and feed supply from aflatoxin contamination." World Mycotoxin Journal 11, no. 1 (February 23, 2018): 47–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2017.2283.

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Worldwide recognition that aflatoxin contamination of agricultural commodities by the fungus Aspergillus flavus is a global problem has significantly benefitted from global collaboration for understanding the contaminating fungus, as well as for developing and implementing solutions against the contamination. The effort to address this serious food and feed safety issue has led to a detailed understanding of the taxonomy, ecology, physiology, genomics and evolution of A. flavus, as well as strategies to reduce or control pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination, including (1) biological control, using atoxigenic aspergilli, (2) proteomic and genomic analyses for identifying resistance factors in maize as potential breeding markers to enable development of resistant maize lines, and (3) enhancing host-resistance by bioengineering of susceptible crops, such as cotton, maize, peanut and tree nuts. A post-harvest measure to prevent the occurrence of aflatoxin contamination in storage is also an important component for reducing exposure of populations worldwide to aflatoxins in food and feed supplies. The effect of environmental changes on aflatoxin contamination levels has recently become an important aspect for study to anticipate future contamination levels. The ability of A. flavus to produce dozens of secondary metabolites, in addition to aflatoxins, has created a new avenue of research for understanding the role these metabolites play in the survival and biodiversity of this fungus. The understanding of A. flavus, the aflatoxin contamination problem, and control measures to prevent the contamination has become a unique example for an integrated approach to safeguard global food and feed safety.

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Gagiu, Valeria, Elena Mateescu, Ileana Armeanu, Alina Dobre, Irina Smeu, Mirela Cucu, Oana Oprea, Enuta Iorga, and Nastasia Belc. "Post-Harvest Contamination with Mycotoxins in the Context of the Geographic and Agroclimatic Conditions in Romania." Toxins 10, no. 12 (December 13, 2018): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10120533.

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This study aimed to assess post-harvest contamination with mycotoxins in the context of the geographic and agroclimatic conditions in Romania in 2012–2015, a period that was characterized by extreme meteorological events and the effects of climate change. The samples were randomly sampled from five agricultural regions of Romania and analyzed for mycotoxins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An SPSS analysis was done to explore correlations between mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol—DON, aflatoxins—AF, ochratoxin A—OTA, zearalenone—ZEA), product types (raw cereal, processed cereal, cereal-based food), geographic coordinates (latitude, longitude, agricultural region), and agroclimatic factors (air temperature, precipitation, soil moisture reserve, aridity index, soil type). In the southeast part of the Southern Plain and Dobrogea (Baragan Plain, located at 44–45° N, 26–27° E), contamination with AF and OTA was higher in raw and processed cereals (maize in silo, silo corn germs) in the dry years (2012 and 2013), and contamination with DON was high in processed cereals (wheat flour type 450) in the rainy year (2014). DON and OTA contamination were significantly correlated with cumulative precipitation in all years, while AF and ZEA contamination were non-significantly correlated with climatic factors and aridity indices. The distribution of mycotoxins by product type and the non-robust correlations between post-harvest mycotoxins and agrometeorological factors could be explained by the use of quality management systems that control cereal at warehouse receptions, performant processing technologies, and the quality of storage spaces of agri-food companies. The Baragan Plain is Romania’s most sensitive area to the predicted climate change in southeast Europe, which may be associated with its increased cereal contamination with AF and OTA.

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Syamala, D., S. Nabanita Kumar, and P. Lalitha. "Mitigation of Aflatoxin Contamination in Groundnuts using Trichoderma viride." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 25, no. 12 (November 25, 2021): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2512rjce3243.

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Groundnuts are often prone to contamination by Microorganisms during pre-harvest or post-harvest storage. One such contaminant is Aspergillus flavus which is abundantly found in soil and air. Several strains of A. flavus are known to produce mycotoxins named as aflatoxins. These aflatoxins are potent carcinogenic agents whose destruction has become a challenging task in the present scenario. Various physical and chemical methods are available to eliminate the growth of Aspergillus flavus but these methods have several demerits. The present study is based on biological control of Aspergillus flavus using Trichoderma viride strain TV 10. Antagonistic studies of Tv 10 against A.flavus were carried out by performing dual culture technique.

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Tran, Trang Minh, Maarten Ameye, Lien Thi-Kim Phan, Frank Devlieghere, Sarah De Saeger, Mia Eeckhout, and Kris Audenaert. "Post-harvest contamination of maize by Fusarium verticillioides and fumonisins linked to traditional harvest and post-harvest practices: A case study of small-holder farms in Vietnam." International Journal of Food Microbiology 339 (February 2021): 109022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.109022.

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Gachara, Grace, Rashid Suleiman, Sara El Kadili, Essaid Ait Barka, Beatrice Kilima, and Rachid Lahlali. "Drivers of Post-Harvest Aflatoxin Contamination: Evidence Gathered from Knowledge Disparities and Field Surveys of Maize Farmers in the Rift Valley Region of Kenya." Toxins 14, no. 9 (September 3, 2022): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14090618.

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Maize-dependent populations in sub-Saharan Africa are continually exposed to aflatoxin poisoning owing to their regular consumption of this dietetic cereal. Being a staple in Kenyan households, consumption of maize-based meals is done almost daily, thereby exposing consumers to aflatoxicoses. This study assessed awareness levels, knowledge disparities, and perceptions regarding aflatoxin contamination at the post-harvest phase among farmers in the Rift Valley Region of Kenya. Households were randomly selected using a geographical positioning system (GPS) overlay of the agro-ecological zones within Uasin Gishu and Elgeyo Marakwet counties. Face-to-face interviews were conducted in 212 smallholder and large-scale farms. The study documented the demographic profiles of farmers and knowledge, awareness, and perceptions of aflatoxin contamination using a pre-designed structured questionnaire. Most farmers were familiar with aflatoxins and the adverse effects they present to health (61.32%). Almost all the farmers (94.37%) were aware of storage molds and food-spoilage fungi. However, few farmers adopted good post-harvest practices (PHPs), such as avoiding premature harvests (49.8%), using well-ventilated storage spaces (44.6%), grain sorting (30.5%), proper drying of maize (17.8%), and using hermetic bags for storage (30.5%). Conclusively, intensified farmer education is required to train farmers on good PHPs to protect their maize from aflatoxigenic fungi and aflatoxin accumulation.

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Jordan, David. "Adoption of Post-Harvest Strategies to Minimize Aflatoxin Contamination in Groundnut (Arachis Hypogaea) in Ghana." Archives of Agriculture Research and Technology (AART) 3, no. 3 (December 29, 2022): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.54026/aart/1042.

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Aflatoxin, a mycotoxin caused by the mold Aspergillus flavus or parasiticus, can have negative impacts on human health, especially vulnerable populations. Several management practices can minimize risk of contamination of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). A survey was conducted with thirty-six farmers who were involved in research designed to develop strategies to minimize aflatoxin contamination in groundnut in northern Ghana in 2017 and again in 2020. Fewer farmers in 2020 were consuming groundnuts with mold that produces aflatoxin or selling grain suspected of containing aflatoxin in local markets. Farmers increased use of tarpaulins as a drying surface in 2020 compared with 2017. Drying on tarpaulin has been shown to reduce aflatoxin contamination going into storage by minimizing spores on groundnut and enabling farmers to cover their crop when rain occurs after harvest and initial drying of pods. Hermetically-sealed bags limit fluctuations in humidity and can maintain groundnut moisture at optimum levels during storage. Farmers did not adopt hermetically-sealed bags to minimize aflatoxin, most likely because of availability and cost. Results from this longitudinal study provide knowledge on what aspects of aflatoxin mitigation after harvest need to be addressed in future research.

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Shin, Jin Song, Han Sol Park, Ki Won Lee, Ji Seop Song, Hea Yeon Han, Hye Won Kim, and Tae Jin Cho. "Advances in the Strategic Approaches of Pre- and Post-Harvest Treatment Technologies for Peach Fruits (Prunus persica)." Horticulturae 9, no. 3 (February 28, 2023): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9030315.

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Peach (Prunus persica) is one of the representative climacteric fruits susceptible to environmental stresses, including microbial contamination. This article analyzed major findings from the literature on pre- and post-harvest technologies for maintaining the quality of peach fruit to figure out the strengths and limitations of each treatment strategy. The key implication from studies of pre-harvest agents directly applied to the fruit surface or supplemented as fertilizer was the application of a mixture regarding substances with diverse working mechanisms to prevent excessive use of the agent. The common objectives of previous research on pre-harvest treatments were not only the improvement in the quality of harvested fruit but also the storability during long-term refrigeration due to the short lifespan of peaches. In the case of post-harvest treatments, the efficacy was considerably affected by various determinant factors (e.g., a cultivar of fruit, the sort of technologies, and storage environments), and thus operating conditions optimized for peach fruit were described in this article. Whereas, although the combined treatment of technologies categorized into principles (physical, chemical, and biological approaches) has been adopted to achieve the synergistic effect, undesirable antagonistic effects (i.e., the inhibition of efficacies expectable from singular treatments) were also reported to highlight the importance for exploring adequate treatment conditions.

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Wenndt, Anthony J., Hari Kishan Sudini, Rukshan Mehta, Prabhu Pingali, and Rebecca Nelson. "Spatiotemporal assessment of post-harvest mycotoxin contamination in rural North Indian food systems." Food Control 126 (August 2021): 108071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108071.

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Torres, A. M., G. G. Barros, S. A. Palacios, S. N. Chulze, and P. Battilani. "Review on pre- and post-harvest management of peanuts to minimize aflatoxin contamination." Food Research International 62 (August 2014): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2014.02.023.

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Majado, M. J., A. García-Hernández, A. Morales, C. González, V. Martínez-Sánchez, A. Menasalvas, P. Rosique, A. Rubio, and E. Sanz-Imedio. "Influence of harvest bacterial contamination on autologous peripheral blood progenitor cells post-transplant." Bone Marrow Transplantation 39, no. 2 (December 18, 2006): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bmt.1705549.

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Julian, Angela M., Peter W. Wareing, Sarah I. Phillips, Victor F. P. Medlock, Mary V. MacDonald, and Luis E. del Río. "Fungal contamination and selected mycotoxins in pre- and post-harvest maize in Honduras." Mycopathologia 129, no. 1 (January 1995): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01139331.

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Кузнецов, Николай, Nikolay Kuznecov, Николай Пушкаренко, Nikolay Pushkarenko, Владимир Медведев, Vladimir Medvedev, Петр Зайцев, et al. "MODEL OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS FUNCTIONING OF POST-TREATMENT PROCESSING OF GRAIN IN THE RECEPTION AND PRELIMINARY CLEANING DEPARTMENT OF GRAIN PORES." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 13, no. 4 (December 19, 2018): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5c3de39977c439.48919234.

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At present, in many regions of the Russian Federation, post-harvest processing of grain is carried out directly on the farms themselves. Produced grain is mainly used for fodder and seed purposes. This is predetermined by difficult weather conditions, and freshly harvested grain is fed to the post-harvest treatment unevenly, it has high humidity and debris, a significant heterogeneity of seeds by ripeness. Machines and equipment of grain cleaning and drying stations and complexes do not fully comply with the properties of the grain pile, which leads to a decrease in their throughput, disruption of processing, the accumulation of large masses of raw grain heap, lengthening the time of harvest, increased losses and reduced quality seeds. Reception and temporary storage of a pile of grain in aerated receiving bunkers with forced ventilation of the pile causes an improvement in the technological properties of the seeds, a decrease in humidity and grain contamination. The use of aerated bunkers for receiving and temporary storage of a grain heap, increase the energy consumption for grain cleaning and heating of the heap. The reduction of specific energy consumption for the operation “Reception of a grain heap” is possible by optimizing both the design parameters and the operating modes of aerated bunkers. The research of the authors showed that the preliminary drying of the grain heap can improve the productivity of the heap cleaner, improve the flowability of the grain pile, the working conditions of the gravity flow devices and the quality of the preliminary cleaning of the grain. The inclusion of the heat generator in the technology of post-harvest processing of grain and the use of heated air in the operations of receiving and pre-cleaning the grain leads to a decrease in the moisture content and grain contamination, an increase in the supply of heap of grain, as well as to the intensification of subsequent technological operations. The paper presents a model of the functioning of the technological process of post-harvest grain processing in the receiving and pre-cleaning unit of the grain pile.

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Anitha, Seetha, Takuji W. Tsusaka, Samuel M. C. Njoroge, Nelson Kumwenda, Lizzie Kachulu, Joseph Maruwo, Norah Machinjiri, et al. "Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Malawian Farmers on Pre- and Post-Harvest Crop Management to Mitigate Aflatoxin Contamination in Groundnut, Maize and Sorghum—Implication for Behavioral Change." Toxins 11, no. 12 (December 9, 2019): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11120716.

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A knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) study was conducted in three districts of Malawi to test whether the training had resulted in increased knowledge and adoption of recommended pre- and post-harvest crop management practices, and their contribution to reducing aflatoxin contamination in groundnut, maize and sorghum. The study was conducted with 900 farmers at the baseline and 624 farmers at the end-line, while 726 and 696 harvested crop samples were collected for aflatoxin testing at the baseline and end-line, respectively. Results show that the knowledge and practice of pre- and post-harvest crop management for mitigating aflatoxin were inadequate among the farmers at the baseline but somewhat improved after the training as shown at the end-line. As a result, despite unfavorable weather, the mean aflatoxin contamination level in their grain samples decreased from 83.6 to 55.8 ppb (p < 0.001). However, it was also noted that increased knowledge did not significantly change farmers’ attitude toward not consuming grade-outs because of economic incentive incompatibility, leaving potential for improving the practices further. This existing gap in the adoption of aflatoxin mitigation practices calls for approaches that take into account farmers’ needs and incentives to attain sustainable behavioral change.

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Xue, H. Q., T. G. Isleib, G. A. Payne, and G. OBrian. "Evaluation of Post-harvest Aflatoxin Production in Peanut Germplasm with Resistance to Seed Colonization and Pre-harvest Aflatoxin Contamination." Peanut Science 31, no. 2 (July 1, 2004): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/pnut.31.2.0012.

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Abstract Contamination of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) with aflatoxin produced by species of Aspergillus remains a problem for the U.S. peanut industry. Several peanut genotypes were reported to be resistant to in vitro seed colonization by Aspergillus flavus Link ex Fries (IVSCAF), to field seed colonization by A. flavus (FSCAF), or to preharvest aflatoxin contamination (PAC), but few to production of aflatoxin per se. Cotyledons of 39 peanut genotypes reportedly resistant to IVSCAF, FSCAF, or PAC, and eight susceptible to PAC were evaluated in four tests for their ability to support aflatoxin production after inoculation with A. flavus. Cultivars Perry and Gregory were used as checks in each test. Seed cotyledons were separated, manually blanched, inoculated with conidia of A. flavus, placed on moistened filter paper in petri dishes, and incubated for 8 d at 28 C. Dishes were arranged on plastic trays enclosed in plastic bags and stacked with PVC spacers between trays. Incomplete block designs were used for all tests. In each test, none of the genotypes examined was completely resistant to aflatoxin production, but significant genotypic variation was observed in the amount of total aflatoxin accumulated in seeds. Genotypes previously reported to be resistant to IVSCAF, FSCAF, or PAC exhibited differential abilities to support aflatoxin production. PI 590325, PI 590299, PI 290626, and PI 337409 supported reduced levels of aflatoxin, and their degree of resistance was consistent across tests. Fungal growth was highly correlated with aflatoxin production in three tests. The results from this study suggested that there were no absolute relationships of aflatoxin production resistance with IVSCAF, FSCAF, or PAC resistance, but that it should be possible to identify a genotype with high IVSCAF, FSCAF, or PAC resistance and reduced capacity for aflatoxin production by A. flavus.

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Kanaan, Manal, and Ahmad Tarek. "Innovative Modern Bio-Preservation Module of Meat by Lytic Bacteriophages against Emergent Contaminants." Open Veterinary Journal 12, no. 6 (2022): 1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ovj.2022.v12.i6.30.

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Meat is a perishable product that has a short shelf life and can be ruined easily if the proper preservation measures are not employed. It is difficult to control all potential sources of microbial contamination due to the complexity of the habitats present during pre-harvest, harvest, and post-harvest stages of the food supply chain. This is due to the fact that contamination can occur at any stage. As a consequence of this, the food industry is perpetually at risk of being tainted by microorganisms, notwithstanding the progress that has been made in contemporary technology. Antibiotic usage has exacerbated the problem, leading to the emergence of infections transmitted by antibiotic-resistant foods. It's critical to work on novel ways to reduce microbial contamination in meat and in the meat processing environment. Therefore, to assure the wholesomeness of the finished product, several control procedures must be adopted throughout the food manufacturing and processing chain. Because of this, bacteriophages and the derivatives of these viruses have arisen as an innovative, significant, and risk-free option for the prevention, treatment, and/or elimination of such pollutants in a variety of foodstuff handling environments. So, the focus of this review was on the future potential of integrated phage, modified phage, and their derivatives as antimicrobials in the traditional farm-to-table setting, which encompasses areas like primary production, post-harvest processing, bio-sanitation, and bio-detection. In addition to presenting certain safety concerns. Also, this paper discusses how to assure the safe and successful use of bacteriophages in the future.

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Mesfin, Addisalem, Carl Lachat, Seifu Hagos Gebreyesus, Meselech Roro, Kokeb Tesfamariam, Tefera Belachew, Marthe De Boevre, and Sarah De Saeger. "Mycotoxins Exposure of Lactating Women and Its Relationship with Dietary and Pre/Post-Harvest Practices in Rural Ethiopia." Toxins 15, no. 4 (April 16, 2023): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15040285.

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Mycotoxins can be transferred to breast milk during lactation. Hence, the presence of multiple mycotoxins (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, and M1, alpha and beta zearalanol, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins B1, B2, B3, and hydrolyzed B1, nivalenol, ochratoxin A, ochratoxin alpha, and zearalenone) in breast milk samples was assessed in our study. Furthermore, the relationship between total fumonisins and pre/post-harvest and the women’s dietary practices was examined. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze the 16 mycotoxins. An adjusted censored regression model was fitted to identify predictors of mycotoxins, i.e., total fumonisins. We detected only fumonisin B2 (15% of the samples) and fumonisin B3 (9% of the samples) while fumonisin B1 and nivalenol were detected only in a single breast milk sample. No association between total fumonisins and pre/post-harvest and dietary practices was found (p < 0.05). The overall exposure to mycotoxins was low in the studied women, although fumonisins contamination was not negligible. Moreover, the recorded total fumonisins was not associated with any of the pre/post-harvest and dietary practices. Therefore, to better identify predictors of fumonisin contamination in breast milk, longitudinal studies with food samples in addition to breast milk samples and with larger sample sizes are needed for the future.

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Mounjouenpou, P., D. Gueule, M. Ntoupka, N. Durand, A. Fontana-Tachon, B. Guyot, and J. Guiraud. "Influence of post-harvest processing on ochratoxin A content in cocoa and on consumer exposure in Cameroon." World Mycotoxin Journal 4, no. 2 (January 1, 2011): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2010.1255.

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Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin that contaminates several foodstuffs, including cocoa. It has nephrotoxic, teratogenic and carcinogenic properties in humans. The effect of post-harvest processing and storage on the OTA contamination of cocoa was studied over three successive cocoa seasons (2005, 2006 and 2007) in Cameroon. The type of fermentation (box or heap) did not significantly influence bean OTA content, which varied from undetectable (<0.03 ng/g) to 0.25 ng/g, remaining below 2 ng/g (the defined standard for cocoa beans). However, pod damage and late pod opening were aggravating factors for OTA contamination of cocoa. If pods were not intact (intentionally or naturally damaged), OTA was found in samples with contents of up to 75.5 ng/g before processing and 32.2 ng/g after 4 months' storage. This contamination exceeded the levels tolerated for export. In addition, some of the cocoa produced is processed locally and consumed as chocolate, cocoa powder, chocolate filled sweets, cocoa-based drinks and cocoa butter. In Cameroon, the average daily consumption of cocoa by-products is estimated at 0.75 g/d for adults and 1 g/d for children. Consequently, for maximum OTA contamination of cocoa beans, the maximum daily exposure to OTA would be 1.61 ng/kg bw/d in young children weighing around 20 kg, greatly contributing to the exposure of young consumers.

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PALUMBO, Roberta, Ana GONÇALVES, Athanasios GKRILLAS, Antonio LOGRIECO, Jean-Lou DORNE, Chiara DALL’ASTA, Armando VENÂNCIO, and Paola BATTILANI. "Mycotoxins in maize: mitigation actions, with a chain management approach." Phytopathologia Mediterranea 59, no. 1 (March 14, 2020): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/phyto-11142.

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Maize is the principal staple food/feed crop exposed to mycotoxins, and the co-occurrence of multiple mycotoxins and their metabolites has been well documented. This review presents the infection cycle, ecology, and plant-pathogen interactions of Aspergillus and Fusarium species in maize, and current knowledge on maize chain management to mitigate the occurrence of aflatoxins and fumonisins. Preventive actions include at pre-harvest, as part of cropping systems, at harvest, and at post-harvest, through storage, processing, and detoxification to minimize consumer exposure. Preventive actions in the field have been recognized as efficient for reducing the entrance of mycotoxins into production chains. Biological control of Aspergillus flavus has been recognized to minimize contamination with aflatoxins. Post-harvest maize grain management is also crucial to complete preventive actions, and has been made mandatory in government food and feed legislation.

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Xu, F., R. C. Baker, T. B. Whitaker, H. Luo, Y. Zhao, A. Stevenson, C. J. Boesch, and G. Zhang. "Review of good agricultural practices for smallholder maize farmers to minimise aflatoxin contamination." World Mycotoxin Journal 15, no. 2 (April 7, 2022): 171–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2021.2685.

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Maize is consumed world-wide as staple food, livestock feed, and industrial raw material. However, it is susceptible to fungal attack and at risk of aflatoxin contamination under certain conditions. Such contamination is a serious threat to human and animal health. Ensuring that the maize used by food industry meets standards for aflatoxin levels requires significant investment across the supply chain. Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) form a critical part of a broader, integrated strategy for reduction of aflatoxin contamination. We reviewed and summarised the GAP of maize that would be effective and practicable for aflatoxin control within high-risk regions for smallholder farmers. The suggested practicable GAP for smallholder farmers were: use of drought-tolerant varieties; timely harvesting before physiological maturity; sorting to remove damaged ears and those having poor husk covering; drying properly to 13% moisture content; storage in suitable conditions to keep the crop clean and under condition with minimally proper aeration, or ideally under hermetic conditions. This information is intended to provide guidance for maize growers that will help reduce aflatoxin in high-risk regions, with a specific focus on smallholder farmers. Following the proposed guidelines would contribute to the reduction of aflatoxin contamination during pre-harvest, harvest, and post-harvest stages of the maize value chain.

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Conte, Giuseppe, Marco Fontanelli, Francesca Galli, Lorenzo Cotrozzi, Lorenzo Pagni, and Elisa Pellegrini. "Mycotoxins in Feed and Food and the Role of Ozone in Their Detoxification and Degradation: An Update." Toxins 12, no. 8 (July 30, 2020): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12080486.

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Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by some filamentous fungi, which can cause toxicity in animal species, including humans. Because of their high toxicological impacts, mycotoxins have received significant consideration, leading to the definition of strict legislative thresholds and limits in many areas of the world. Mycotoxins can reduce farm profits not only through reduced crop quality and product refusal, but also through a reduction in animal productivity and health. This paper briefly addresses the impacts of mycotoxin contamination of feed and food on animal and human health, and describes the main pre- and post-harvest systems to control their levels, including genetic, agronomic, biological, chemical, and physical methods. It so highlights (i) the lack of effective and straightforward solutions to control mycotoxin contamination in the field, at pre-harvest, as well as later post-harvest; and (ii) the increasing demand for novel methods to control mycotoxin infections, intoxications, and diseases, without leaving toxic chemical residues in the food and feed chain. Thus, the broad objective of the present study was to review the literature on the use of ozone for mycotoxin decontamination, proposing this gaseous air pollutant as a powerful tool to detoxify mycotoxins from feed and food.

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dieme, Eliasse, Ibrahima sarr, Maty diop, Cheikh ndiaye, Malang seydi, and Djibril traore. "Critical Periods of Aflatoxin Contamination of Maize during Post-Harvest Management in Velingara (Senegal)." Journal of Nutritional Health & Food Science 7, no. 1 (January 11, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.15226/jnhfs.2019.001150.

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Wheeler, T. L., N. Kalchayanand, and J. M. Bosilevac. "Pre- and post-harvest interventions to reduce pathogen contamination in the U.S. beef industry." Meat Science 98, no. 3 (November 2014): 372–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.06.026.

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Dao, Juliane, Kathrin Stenchly, Oumar Traoré, Philip Amoah, and Andreas Buerkert. "Effects of Water Quality and Post-Harvest Handling on Microbiological Contamination of Lettuce at Urban and Peri-Urban Locations of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso." Foods 7, no. 12 (December 16, 2018): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods7120206.

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Vegetable production in urban gardens of Ouagadougou contributes to food security, but water for irrigation is often of low quality. This is particularly acute if irrigation water is taken from wastewater polluted channels. This study aimed at (i) verifying to what degree irrigation water quality is correlated with contamination of lettuce with Escherichia coli, total coliforms, and Salmonella spp., and (ii) assessing effects of post-harvest handling on pathogen development during the trade chain. We tested pathogen removal efficiency on lettuce by applying post-harvest washing. Irrigation water of production areas in Ouagadougou (n = 10) showed a mean E. coli load of 2.1 × 105 CFU 100 mL−1. In 60% of the cases, irrigation water did not meet the standards of the World Health Organization (WHO) for safe irrigation water, and in 30% of the cases, irrigation water was contaminated with Salmonella spp. Loads of total coliforms on lettuce leaves ranged from 2.9 × 103 CFU g−1 to 1.3 × 106 CFU g−1, while E. coli averaged 1.1 × 102 CFU g−1. Results on post-harvest handling revealed that microbial loads increased along the trade chain. Overall, half of all lettuce samples (n = 60) were tested positively for Salmonella spp. The experiment showed that appropriate post-harvest handling could prevent the increase of total coliforms.

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Prüβ, Birgit M. "Microbes in Our Food, an Ongoing Problem with New Solutions." Antibiotics 9, no. 9 (September 8, 2020): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9090584.

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Despite an increasing number of techniques that are designed to mitigate microbial contamination of food and the resulting food borne disease outbreaks, the United States and many other countries across the world continue to experience impressive numbers of such outbreaks. Microbial contamination can occur during activities that take place in the pre-harvest environment or in the processing facility post-harvest. Current treatments of food that are aimed at reducing bacterial numbers may be only partially effective because of the development of bacterial resistance, the formation of bacterial biofilms, and inactivation of the treatment compound by the food products themselves. This Special Issue will include basic research approaches that are aimed at enhancing our understanding of how contamination occurs throughout the food processing chain, as well as more immediate and applied approaches to the development and use of novel anti-microbials to combat microbes in food. Novel techniques that aim to evaluate the efficacy of novel anti-microbials are included. Overall, we present a broad spectrum of novel approaches to reduce microbial contamination on food at all stages of production.

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Wang, Xue, Dun Wang, Shujuan Zhang, Mengjie Zhu, Qing Yang, Jing Dong, Qi Zhang, and Peng Feng. "Research Progress Related to Aflatoxin Contamination and Prevention and Control of Soils." Toxins 15, no. 8 (July 25, 2023): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15080475.

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Aflatoxins are potent carcinogenic compounds, mainly produced by fungi species of the genus Aspergillus in the soil. Because of their stability, they are difficult to remove completely, even under extreme conditions. Aflatoxin contamination is one of the main causes of safety in peanuts, maize, wheat and other agricultural products. Aflatoxin contamination originates from the soil. Through the investigation of soil properties and soil microbial distribution, the sources of aflatoxin are identified, aflatoxin contamination is classified and analysed, and post-harvest crop detoxification and corresponding contamination prevention measures are identified. This includes the team’s recent development of the biofungicide ARC-BBBE (Aflatoxin Rhizobia Couple-B. amyloliquefaciens, B. laterosporu, B. mucilaginosus, E. ludwiggi) for field application and nanomaterials for post-production detoxification of cereals and oilseed crops, providing an effective and feasible approach for the prevention and control of aflatoxin contamination. Finally, it is hoped that effective preventive and control measures can be applied to a large number of cereal and oilseed crops.

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Phan, Lien Thi Kim, Trang Minh Tran, Marthe De Boevre, Liesbeth Jacxsens, Mia Eeckhout, and Sarah De Saeger. "Impact of Season, Region, and Traditional Agricultural Practices on Aflatoxins and Fumonisins Contamination in the Rice Chain in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam." Toxins 13, no. 9 (September 18, 2021): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13090667.

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The current study aimed to evaluate the impact of the crop season, cultivation region, and traditional pre- and post-harvest agricultural practices on mycotoxin contamination in the Mekong Delta rice chain of Vietnam. The results showed that aflatoxins (AFs) and fumonisins (FBs) were predominantly detected in both paddy (n = 91/184, 50%) and white rice (n = 9/46, 20%). Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-contaminated paddy samples (n = 3) exceeded the regulatory threshold (5 µg·kg−1). The contamination of paddy with AFs and FBs was not significantly different by growing seasons and cultivation localities. Evidently, in the winter–spring season, fumonisins frequently occurred in paddy planted in Can Tho, while AFs were found in paddy planted in regions Dong Thap and An Giang, and such toxins were absent in Can Tho. Furthermore, the selection of paddy varieties strongly impacted the occurrence of these toxins, especially AFs, for example, line DT8 and Jasmine were susceptible to AFs and FBs. In addition, poor pre- and post-harvest practices (such as crop residue-free fields, fertilizer application, unsanitary means of transport, delayed drying time) had an impact on the AFs and FBs contamination. Our findings can help to understand the dynamics of AFs and FBs in the rice chain in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta, leading to the mitigation of the contamination of AFs and FBs in rice.

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Pisuttu, Claudia, Samuele Risoli, Lorenzo Moncini, Cristina Nali, Elisa Pellegrini, and Sabrina Sarrocco. "Sustainable Strategies to Counteract Mycotoxins Contamination and Cowpea Weevil in Chickpea Seeds during Post-Harvest." Toxins 15, no. 1 (January 11, 2023): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15010061.

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Mycotoxins contamination and pest infestation of foods and feeds represent a pivotal threat for food safety and security worldwide, with crucial implications for human and animal health. Controlled atmosphere could be a sustainable strategy to reduce mycotoxins content and counteract the vitality of deleterious organisms in foodstuff. Ozone treatment (O3, 500 ppb for 30, 60 or 90 min) and high nitrogen concentration (N2, 99% for 21 consecutive days) were tested in the post-harvest management of four batches of Cicer arietinum grains to control the presence of mycotoxigenic fungi and their secondary metabolites, as well as pest (i.e., Callosobruchus maculatus) infestation. At the end of the treatment, O3 significantly decreased the incidence of Penicillium spp. (by an average of −50%, independently to the time of exposure) and reduced the patulin and aflatoxins content after 30 min (−85 and −100%, respectively). High N2 concentrations remarkably reduced mycotoxins contamination (by an average of −94%) and induced pest mortality (at 100% after 5 days of exposure). These results confirm the promising potential of O3 and N2 in post-harvest conservation strategies, leading to further investigations to evaluate the effects on the qualitative characteristics of grains.

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Kuisa, Rhoda N., Josphert N. Kimatu, and Titus I. Kanui. "FARMERS PERCEPTION AND THE HIGHLIGHTS OFTHE SOURCES OF THE CHRONIC AFLATOXIN CONTAMINATION AMONGST THE INHABITANTS OF THE SOUTH-EASTERN REGION INKENYA." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 7, no. 1 (January 25, 2017): 976–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v7i1.5643.

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There are factors that contribute to aflatoxin contamination like conducive ecological zones, stressed crops, virulent Aspergillus strains and unconventional agricultural practices. Kenyans especially in the South-Eastern region are exposed to regular doses of mycotoxins. Even after campaigns on aflatoxin mitigation in 2004, this region has had continuous cases of aflatoxin poisoning. These have not been systematically studied to identify the key entry points and contributory factors. This research was instituted to evaluate the farmers perception of the factors which contribute to chronic aflatoxin contamination in maize grains along the pre-harvest, post-harvest and marketing stages of the production chain. We studied the moisture content of maize on seven major highway centers and found that the maize was largely within the accepted levels of moisture of 11-14%. The agri-practices investigated showed that most farmers knew the basic standard practices but were not consistent in adhering to them. We found 88%approved that close spacing of maize can stress crop, 87% agreed that poor farm plant nutrition causes stress, 78 % agreed that plant residue act as reservoirsfor fungi. It was remarkable that 95 % of farmers agreed that delayed harvesting and storing of grains when the moisture content is more than 13% encouraged growth of the fungus was the main contributor of aflatoxin contamination. Furthermore, 91% indicated that, if maize combs were dropped on the soil during harvest, it increased the chances of fungal contamination. 80% of farmers agreed that the use of plastic bags to store maize in combs after harvesting could cause contamination. However, most farmers could not adequately relate contamination with the health repercussions of aflatoxin contamination. Hence, there is need to train and constantly contact understandable-sensitizations of all stakeholders; farmers, extension staff, researchers, traders, consumers, on the dangers of aflatoxin contamination along the whole maize production chain.

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Ren, Xianfeng, Qi Zhang, Wen Zhang, Jin Mao, and Peiwu Li. "Control of Aflatoxigenic Molds by Antagonistic Microorganisms: Inhibitory Behaviors, Bioactive Compounds, Related Mechanisms, and Influencing Factors." Toxins 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12010024.

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Aflatoxin contamination has been causing great concern worldwide due to the major economic impact on crop production and their toxicological effects to human and animals. Contamination can occur in the field, during transportation, and also in storage. Post-harvest contamination usually derives from the pre-harvest infection of aflatoxigenic molds, especially aflatoxin-producing Aspergilli such as Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Many strategies preventing aflatoxigenic molds from entering food and feed chains have been reported, among which biological control is becoming one of the most praised strategies. The objective of this article is to review the biocontrol strategy for inhibiting the growth of and aflatoxin production by aflatoxigenic fungi. This review focuses on comparing inhibitory behaviors of different antagonistic microorganisms including various bacteria, fungi and yeasts. We also reviewed the bioactive compounds produced by microorganisms and the mechanisms leading to inhibition. The key factors influencing antifungal activities of antagonists are also discussed in this review.

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Christina Zakayo Wuiya, Valerian CK Silayo, Frida Nyamete, and Ramadhani Omari Majubwa. "The effect of harvest, sorting and drying practices on aflatoxin contamination of maize." International Journal of Scientific Research Updates 4, no. 2 (October 30, 2022): 063–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.53430/ijsru.2022.4.2.0150.

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Aflatoxins are the result of fungal metabolites that contaminate agricultural produce and can cause death to both humans and animals. The risks of using contaminated food and feed with aflatoxins have increased due to environmental factors, pre-harvest, post-harvest and socio-economic factors. This study revealed on harvesting, drying, and sorting practices that can reduce aflatoxin contamination. Experiments were designed in three districts; Kilosa, Gairo, and Mvomero with five (5) treatments replicated nine (9) times under farmers’ conditions. Samples were collected during harvesting, drying, and sorting; and analyzed for aflatoxin B1 using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) at Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS) laboratory. Analysis of variance and comparison of means for moisture content, mold levels, grain damage, and aflatoxin levels were performed using GenStat® Executable release 16 Statistical Analysis Software. Results indicated that aflatoxin contamination levels were lower at maize grain harvested into bags (456.9μg/kg) compared to maize harvesting onto the ground (889.1μg/kg). It was also observed that maize dried on tarpaulin and raised platform had significantly (p<0.05) low aflatoxin levels (65.5 μg/kg, 67.1μg/kg respectively) while maize dried on the ground had higher aflatoxin infestation (179 μg/kg). Again, sorting maize by color significantly (p<0.05) reduces aflatoxin contamination. These results indicate that proper postharvest management of maize, such as harvesting maize on bags, drying maize on tarpaulin, raised platform and sorting maize by color gives the lowest aflatoxin contamination levels. Hence, proper education to farmers on harvesting maize using container/bags and drying maize on raised platform to be established in farmer level.

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Al Riachy, Reem, Caroline Strub, Noël Durand, Benjamin Guibert, Hugues Guichard, Florentin Constancias, Vincent Chochois, Félicie Lopez-Lauri, Angélique Fontana, and Sabine Schorr-Galindo. "Microbiome Status of Cider-Apples, from Orchard to Processing, with a Special Focus on Penicillium expansum Occurrence and Patulin Contamination." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7040244.

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Patulin is a secondary metabolite produced primarily by the fungus Penicillium expansum, responsible for the blue mold disease on apples. It is found in apple products including apple cider when apple juice is added after fermentation. In the present study, two hundred and twenty-five cider-apples of the variety “Bedan”, cultivated in Brittany in France, were sampled from the orchard during harvesting until the storage step, right before processing. The patulin analysis on these samples reported a low contamination at the orchard and a significantly higher-level of contamination in the cider-apples starting from the transporting bin. The percentage of positive samples increased from 6% to 47% after 12 h in the harvesting bin before transporting and reached 95% after 24 h of transporting, decreasing then to 69% at the end of the storage. Penicillium expansum was quantified on the surface of apples using real-time PCR and was observed to be mostly consistent between the harvest and post-harvest steps. It was detected on average, on the surface of 85% of all sampled apples with a mean value around 2.35 × 106Penicillium expansum DNA/g of apple. Moreover, the changes in the fungal and bacterial epiphytic microbiota in the different steps were studied using a metabarcoding approach. The alpha and beta diversity analysis revealed the presence of unique and more diverse bacterial and fungal communities on the surface of apples picked from the orchard compared to the rest of the sampling steps. Potential indigenous biological control agents were identified on the surface of sampled apples. Future perspective includes developing actions of prevention and control of the contamination by Penicillium expansum during the harvest and along the various critical post-harvest stages before transformation in a sustainable development concern.

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Agriopoulou, Sofia, Eygenia Stamatelopoulou, and Theodoros Varzakas. "Advances in Occurrence, Importance, and Mycotoxin Control Strategies: Prevention and Detoxification in Foods." Foods 9, no. 2 (January 28, 2020): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9020137.

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Mycotoxins are toxic substances that can infect many foods with carcinogenic, genotoxic, teratogenic, nephrotoxic, and hepatotoxic effects. Mycotoxin contamination of foodstuffs causes diseases worldwide. The major classes of mycotoxins that are of the greatest agroeconomic importance are aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, emerging Fusarium mycotoxins, enniatins, ergot alkaloids, Alternaria toxins, and patulin. Thus, in order to mitigate mycotoxin contamination of foods, many control approaches are used. Prevention, detoxification, and decontamination of mycotoxins can contribute in this purpose in the pre-harvest and post-harvest stages. Therefore, the purpose of the review is to elaborate on the recent advances regarding the occurrence of main mycotoxins in many types of important agricultural products, as well as the methods of inactivation and detoxification of foods from mycotoxins in order to reduce or fully eliminate them.

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Kamala, A., M. Kimanya, B. De Meulenaer, P. Kolsteren, L. Jacxsens, G. Haesaert, K. Kilango, H. Magoha, B. Tiisekwa, and C. Lachat. "Post-harvest interventions decrease aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination in maize and subsequent dietary exposure in Tanzanian infants: a cluster randomised-controlled trial." World Mycotoxin Journal 11, no. 3 (September 18, 2018): 447–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2017.2234.

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A cluster randomised controlled trial was performed in three agro-ecological zones of Tanzania to evaluate the effectiveness of locally available post-harvest mitigation strategies in preventing and reducing aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination in maize. A total of 300 children, each from one household, were randomly selected from 30 villages (intervention: n=15). The mitigation strategies focused on hand sorting (prior to storage and use), drying maize on mat/raised platforms, proper sun drying, application of storage insecticides and de-hulling before milling. Maize sample was collected from each household at harvest (baseline) and six months after harvest. Maize intake by each child, estimated using the 24 h dietary recall technique and its body weight measured using standard procedures were taken at six months after harvest. Aflatoxins and fumonisins in the maize samples were determined using HPLC. Follow-up (six month after harvest) data were available for 261 of the 300 households (intervention: n=136). Mean concentration of aflatoxins, or fumonisins was significantly (P<0.05) lower in the intervention than in the control group: intervention effects: μg/kg (95% confidence interval (CI)) -4.9 (-7.3,-2.5), and -405, (-647,-162), respectively. The difference corresponds to 83 and 70% for aflatoxins, and fumonisins, respectively. At the end of the intervention, aflatoxin and fumonisin estimated mean intakes were lower in the intervention than in the control group by 78 and 65%, respectively. Six months after harvest, prevalence of underweight in the intervention group was 6.7% lower (P=0.014) than in the control group. Mean weight-for-age Z-score difference between the groups was 0.57 (95% CI; 0.16,-0.98; P=0.007). Post-harvest practices are effective in preventing and reducing aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination in maize and subsequent dietary exposure to infants. The interventions may be applied in these and other communities with similar environmental conditions or agricultural practices that favour production of aflatoxin and fumonisins in food crops. The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02438774.

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Berhe, Muez, Bhadriraju Subramanyam, Mekasha Chichaybelu, Girma Demissie, Fetien Abay, and Jagger Harvey. "Post-Harvest Insect Pests and Their Management Practices for Major Food and Export Crops in East Africa: An Ethiopian Case Study." Insects 13, no. 11 (November 18, 2022): 1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13111068.

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Ethiopian subsistence farmers traditionally store their grain harvests, leaving them open to storage pests and fungi that can cause contamination of major staple crops. Applying the most effective strategy requires a precise understanding of the insect species, infestation rates, storage losses, and storage conditions in the various types of farmers’ grain stores. This study did a complete literature analysis on post-harvest pest and management measures with a focus on Ethiopia. The most frequent insect pests of stored cereals in this study were weevils (Sitophilus spp.), the lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica), rust-red flour beetle (Tribolium sp.), sawtoothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus sp.), grain beetle (Cryptolestes spp.), Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella), and Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella). Flour beetles (Tribolium spp.), sawtoothed beetles (Oryzaephilus sp.), flat grain beetles (Cryptolestes pusillus), and some moths have been identified as common stored product pests of stored oil seed, while bruchid beetles (Callosobruchus chinensis) and the moths were reported for pulses. Additionally, the storage pests in Ethiopia under varied conditions caused storage losses of 9–64.5%, 13–95%, 36.9–51.9%, and 2–94.7% in maize, sorghum, chickpeas, and sesame, respectively. To reduce the losses incurred, preventative measures can be taken before infestations or as soon as infestations are discovered. A variety of pest population monitoring systems for harvested products and retailers have been developed and recommended. In this context, reducing post-harvest grain losses is an urgent concern for improving food accessibility and availability for many smallholder farmers in Ethiopia and ensuring the nation’s long-term food security.

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Ono, E. Y. S., E. Y. Sasaki, E. H. Hashimoto, L. N. Hara, B. Corrêa, E. N. Itano, T. Sugiura, Y. Ueno, and E. Y. Hirooka. "Post-harvest storage of corn: effect of beginning moisture content on mycoflora and fumonisin contamination." Food Additives and Contaminants 19, no. 11 (November 2002): 1081–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030210146828.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Post harvest contamination'

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