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Journal articles on the topic 'Post-dispersal seed predation'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Figueroa, Javier A., Alejandro A. Muñoz, Jorge E. Mella, and Mary T. K. Arroyo. "Pre- and post-dispersal seed predation in a mediterranean-type climate montane sclerophyllous forest in central Chile." Australian Journal of Botany 50, no. 2 (2002): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt01003.

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Most seed-predation studies have evaluated pre- or post-dispersal predation separately, in one or a few species. Assessments of the overall importance of pre- v. post-dispersal seed predation at the community level are generally lacking. Here, we quantify levels of pre and post-dispersal seed predation in >25 plant species in a mediterranean-type climate montane forest in central Chile in two periods of study (1995–1996 and 1997–1998). Almost all species analysed suffered at least some seed losses to pre-dispersal and/or post-dispersal seed predation. However, among species, magnitudes of both pre- and post-dispersal seed predation proved highly variable, ranging between 0 and 100% and exceeding 50% in five and nine species, respectively. High inter-annual variability in both pre- and post-dispersal seed predation, at both the species and overall community levels, was observed, with only a small number of species suffering large losses during both periods of study. At the overall community level, percentage seed losses to pre-dispersal predation were not significantly different from those experienced in the postdispersal phase. Rodents were the most important seed removers in seven species. However, the three groups of granivores analysed (rodents, birds and insects) were similar in their importance as post-dispersal predators in most plant species. Groups of species suffering similar levels of seed losses to pre- or post-dispersal predators did not share any particular seed characteristics, suggesting that differences in the seed traits studied seem to be relatively unimportant in determining variation in seed predation.

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2

Villaseñor-Sánchez, Emma Ines, Rodolfo Dirzo, and Katherine Renton. "Importance of the lilac-crowned parrot in pre-dispersal seed predation of Astronium graveolens in a Mexican tropical dry forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 26, no. 2 (January 29, 2010): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467409990447.

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Abstract:Parrots represent a large biomass of canopy granivores in tropical forests, and may be effective pre-dispersal seed predators. We evaluated the importance of the lilac-crowned parrot (Amazona finschi) as a pre-dispersal seed predator of Astronium graveolens (Anacardiaceae) in tropical dry forest. Seeds were collected in fruit-traps beneath 22 trees to compare pre-dispersal seed predation by parrots and insects, and determine whether intensity of seed predation was related to fruit-crop size or the aggregation of fruiting conspecifics around focal trees. Ground-level exclosures were established to compare post-dispersal seed predation by vertebrates and insects. The lilac-crowned parrot predated 43% of seeds pre-dispersal, while insects predated only 1.3%. Intensity of pre-dispersal seed predation by parrots was significantly greater in high-fruiting 0.79-ha resource patches, and was not related to fruit abundance of the focal tree. Foraging parrots also discarded immature fruits below the tree, causing a total 56% pre-dispersal loss of seed production, which was greater than post-dispersal removal by vertebrates, mainly rodents (51%) or insects (36%). Our results show that parrots play an important role as pre-dispersal seed predators in tropical dry forests. The reduction of parrot populations in tropical forests may have consequences for seed predation, affecting recruitment patterns of canopy trees.

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3

Hulme, P. E. "Post-dispersal seed predation and seed bank persistence." Seed Science Research 8, no. 4 (December 1998): 513–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258500004487.

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AbstractThis study examines whether post-dispersal seed predators could be an important selective force in determining the seed bank strategies of grassland plants. It tests the hypothesis that species with persistent seed banks should sustain proportionally less predation of buried seeds than species which have transient seed banks and that this should be true irrespective of seed size. Results are drawn from a field experiment examining the relative susceptibility of surface versus buried seeds for 19 herbaceous taxa exhibiting different degrees of seed bank persistence. The data were consistent with the hypothesis that seed predators (rodents) influence the seed bank characteristics of seeds. Rodents removed proportionally more large seeds than small seeds and removed a smaller proportion of seeds with persistent rather than transient seed banks, independently of seed size. On average, burial reduced seed removal by almost 50%. The decrease in rates of seed removal following burial was marked for seeds with persistent seed banks but negligible for seeds with transient seed banks. Herbaceous plants with relatively large seeds (seed mass > 1 mg) that form persistent seed banks were either completely avoided or only consumed in small quantities by rodents. In contrast, large-seeded species with transient seed banks suffer high rates of seed predation. Models of life-history evolution predict trade-offs between seed dormancy and seed mass since dormancy and seed size are correlated traits that both reduce risk in variable environments and thus will show patterns of negative covariation. This paper presents an alternative explanation for this trade-off based on experimental evidence of a negative relationship between seed bank persistence and predation risk.

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4

Yates, CJ, R. Taplin, RJ Hobbs, and RW Bell. "Factors Limiting the Recruitment of Eucalyptus salmonophloia in Remnant Woodlands .II. Postdispersal Seed Predation and Soil Seed Reserves." Australian Journal of Botany 43, no. 2 (1995): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9950145.

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This study examined post-dispersal seed predation and soil seed reserves in four remnant populations of E. salmonophloia in the central wheatbelt of Western Australia to determine the effect of these factors on recruitment. Diurnal observations of post-dispersal seed predation at regular intervals of 2 months were undertaken over a 12 month period using artificial baits. Four species of ants were seen removing seeds from artificial baits regularly. Surveys of soil seed reserves revealed that E. salmonophloia does not form a soil seed bank despite a continual seed rain from canopy seed reserves. These observations suggest that ants probably destroy a large proportion of E. salmonophloia seed following dispersal. Burial of E. salmonophloia seeds in the soil in autumn, winter, spring and summer suggest that any seeds which do escape predation are unlikely to persist in the soil for much longer than 12 months and probably germinate with the onset of winter rains. Both the depredation of seeds by ants and the short term viability of seed in the soil contribute to the inability of E. salmonophloia to form a soil seed reserve.

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5

Warzecha, Bernhard, and V. Thomas Parker. "Differential post-dispersal seed predation drives chaparral seed bank dynamics." Plant Ecology 215, no. 11 (August 6, 2014): 1313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-014-0389-9.

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6

HONEK, ALOIS, ZDENKA MARTINKOVA, and PAVEL SASKA. "Post-dispersal predation of Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) seed." Journal of Ecology 93, no. 2 (April 2005): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2005.00987.x.

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7

Kitamura, Shumpei, Shunsuke Suzuki, Takakazu Yumoto, Pilai Poonswad, Phitaya Chuailua, Kamol Plongmai, Naohiko Noma, Tamaki Maruhashi, and Chumphon Suckasam. "Dispersal of Aglaia spectabilis, a large-seeded tree species in a moist evergreen forest in Thailand." Journal of Tropical Ecology 20, no. 4 (July 2004): 421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404001555.

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We investigated the seed dispersal of Aglaia spectabilis, a large-seeded tree species in a moist evergreen forest of Khao Yai National Park in Thailand. Although one-to-one relationships between frugivores and plants are very unlikely, large-seeded plants having to rely on few large frugivores and therefore on limited disperser assemblages, might be vulnerable to extinction. We assessed both the frugivore assemblages foraging on arillate seeds of Aglaia spectabilis and dispersing them and the seed predator assemblages, thereby covering dispersal as well as the post-dispersal aspects such as seed predation. Our results showed that frugivores dispersing seeds were a rather limited set of four hornbill and one pigeon species, whereas two squirrel species were not dispersers, but dropped the seeds on the ground. Three mammal species were identified as seed predators on the forest floor. Heavy seed predation by mammals together with high seed removal rates, short visiting times and regurgitation of intact seeds by mainly hornbills lead us to the conclusion that hornbills show high effectiveness in dispersal of this tree species.

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8

Penido, G., V. Ribeiro, and DS Fortunato. "Edge effect on post-dispersal artificial seed predation in the southeastern Amazonia, Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Biology 75, no. 2 (May 2015): 347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.12813.

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This paper evaluates the post-dispersal artificial seed predation rates in two areas of the southeastern Amazon forest-savanna boundary, central Brazil. We conducted the survey in a disturbance regime controlled research site to verify if exists an edge effect in these rates and if the disturbance (in this case annual fire and no fire) affects seed predation. We placed 800 peanuts seeds in each area at regular distance intervals from the fragment`s edge. Data were analyzed by a likelihood ratio model selection in generalized linear models (GLM). The complete model (with effects from edge distance and site and its interaction) was significative (F3=4.43; p=0.005). Seeds had a larger predation rates in fragment’s interior in both areas, but in the controlled area (no disturbance) this effect was less linear. This suggests an edge effect for post-dispersal seed predation, and that disturbances might alter these effects. Even if we exclude the site effect (grouping both areas together) there is still a strong edge effect on seed predation rates (F3=32.679; p>0.001). We did not verify predator’s species in this study; however, the presence of several species of ants was extremely common in the seeds. The detection of an edge effect in only a short survey time suggests that there is heterogeneity in predation rates and that this variation might affect plant recruitment in fragmented areas of the Amazon forest. Henceforth, this seed predation should be taken in consideration in reforestation projects, where the main source of plants species is from seed distribution.

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9

Willis, Anthony J., Richard H. Groves, and Julian E. Ash. "Seed Ecology of Hypericum gramineum, an Australian Forb." Australian Journal of Botany 45, no. 6 (1997): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt96074.

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Aspects of the seed ecology of Hypericum gramineum Forster, a perennial forb that is native to Australia, were examined in several germination and seed predation experiments. Fresh seeds were innately dormant. Highest germination of non-dormant seeds occurred in the light at a temperature regime of approximately 35/25˚C. The results of field experiments indicated that there was no strongly seasonal effect on germination. Predators, such as ants, removed < 20% seeds, thereby suggesting that post-dispersal seed predation is relatively unimportant in the dynamics of H. gramineum populations. Seeds that escape predation and that fail to germinate after dispersal may be incorporated into a persistent soil seed bank.

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10

Blaney, C. S., and P. M. Kotanen. "Post-dispersal losses to seed predators: an experimental comparison of native and exotic old field plants." Canadian Journal of Botany 79, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 284–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b01-003.

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Invasions by exotic plants may be more likely if exotics have low rates of attack by natural enemies, including post-dispersal seed predators (granivores). We investigated this idea with a field experiment conducted near Newmarket, Ontario, in which we experimentally excluded vertebrate and terrestrial insect seed predators from seeds of 43 native and exotic old-field plants. Protection from vertebrates significantly increased recovery of seeds; vertebrate exclusion produced higher recovery than controls for 30 of the experimental species, increasing overall seed recovery from 38.2 to 45.6%. Losses to vertebrates varied among species, significantly increasing with seed mass. In contrast, insect exclusion did not significantly improve seed recovery. There was no evidence that aliens benefitted from a reduced rate of post-dispersal seed predation. The impacts of seed predators did not differ significantly between natives and exotics, which instead showed very similar responses to predator exclusion treatments. These results indicate that while vertebrate granivores had important impacts, especially on large-seeded species, exotics did not generally benefit from reduced rates of seed predation. Instead, differences between natives and exotics were small compared with interspecific variation within these groups.Key words: aliens, exotics, granivores, invaders, old fields, seed predators.

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11

Broncano, Maria José, Anselm Rodrigo, and Javier Retana. "Post-dispersal seed predation in Pinus halepensis and consequences on seedling establishment after fire." International Journal of Wildland Fire 17, no. 3 (2008): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf07095.

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In the present study, we analyse the spatiotemporal patterns of seed predation and the consequences of this predation in the establishment of new Pinus halepensis individuals. Rodents were the main predators of P. halepensis seeds in burned areas, while predation by ants was considerably lower. Concerning spatiotemporal patterns of seed predation, the results obtained indicate that, although there were some small differences among distances or among seasons, removal of P. halepensis seeds was consistently very high in all situations, whether close to or far from the unburned margins, in pine or mixed forests, in different sites and in all sampling periods throughout the year. We analysed the role of seed predation on the modulation of post-fire regeneration of P. halepensis. Just after fire, no differences in seedling density were found between plots with or without rodent exclusion, probably owing to the high density of seeds on the ground and the low density of rodents affected by fire. One year after fire, when rodent populations had recovered in burned areas and seeds were much less abundant, the combination of addition of seeds and rodent exclusion led to an increase in pine seedling establishment.

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12

Jansen, Patrick A., Kelly Elschot, P. Johannes Verkerk, and S. Joseph Wright. "Seed predation and defleshing in the agouti-dispersed palm Astrocaryum standleyanum." Journal of Tropical Ecology 26, no. 5 (July 30, 2010): 473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467410000337.

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Abstract:The agouti (Dasyprocta punctata) meticulously defleshes Astrocaryum standleyanum palm seeds before scatter hoarding. On Barro Colorado Island, Panama, we experimentally tested three hypotheses on how this behaviour could reduce seed predation to the mutual benefit of the tree and the rodent. The first and established hypothesis – that defleshing reduces seed predation by bruchid beetles by intercepting larvae – was rejected. Experiments in which manually defleshed seeds or entire fruits were incubated at different times showed that defleshing reduced bruchid infestation before fruit fall but not after fruit fall. The second hypothesis – that defleshing reduces cache pilferage by making seeds less conspicuous – was supported. An experiment in which intact fruits and manually defleshed seeds were placed in mimicked agouti caches and followed showed that seeds with flesh were pilfered at higher rates than defleshed seeds. The third hypothesis – that defleshing reduces post-dispersal infestation of cached seeds – was rejected. An experiment in which intact fruits and manually defleshed seeds were placed in mammal exclosures and later collected to assess infestation showed that burial reduced seed infestation but defleshing did not. Thus, seed defleshing reduced palm seed predation, but in a different way than previously believed. We also found that (1) bruchid beetles can be pre-dispersal rather than post-dispersal seed predators, (2) seed infestation by scolytid beetles may control bruchid larvae, and (3) scolytids rather than bruchids are the main invertebrate seed predators of this palm.

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13

Hulme, Philip E. "Post-dispersal seed predation: consequences for plant demography and evolution." Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 1, no. 1 (January 1998): 32–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/1433-8319-00050.

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14

Carlo, Tomás A., Mario L. Flores-Mangual, and Marcos A. Caraballo-Ortiz. "Post-Dispersal Seed Predation Rates in a Puerto Rican Pasture." Caribbean Journal of Science 47, no. 2-3 (June 2013): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18475/cjos.v47i3.a4.

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15

Culot, Laurence, Marie-Claude Huynen, Paul Gérard, and Eckhard W. Heymann. "Short-term post-dispersal fate of seeds defecated by two small primate species (Saguinus mystaxandSaguinus fuscicollis) in the Amazonian forest of Peru." Journal of Tropical Ecology 25, no. 3 (May 2009): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467409005860.

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Abstract:Post-dispersal fate of seeds dispersed by large primates is well studied but little is known about this process in small frugivores like tamarins. This study in the Amazonian forest of Peru aimed at investigating if characteristics related to the defecation patterns of tamarins (Saguinus mystaxandSaguinus fuscicollis) affected short-term post-dispersal seed fate, through secondary seed dispersal by dung beetles and removal by seed predators. Data on dung beetle activity were based on direct observations of 49 defecations while seed fate was studied using semi-controlled experiments (N = 458 for secondary dispersal and N = 398 for predation). Tamarins produce small defecations with a low number of seeds. Thirty-five per cent of defecations were visited by an average of 1.5 dung beetles that usually transport the faeces as pellets. Twenty-four per cent of seeds were buried by beetles at a mean depth of 3.5 cm. With increasing quantities of faecal matter, the probability of secondary seed dispersal increased but not the depth of burial. Seed predation pressure was low (17.6%) after 4 d and higher in faeces ofS. mystaxthan in faeces ofS. fuscicollis. Despite their small size, tamarins could be considered as high-quality seed dispersers, with a potential role for forest regeneration.

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16

Razafindratsima, Onja H. "Post-dispersal seed removal by rodents in Ranomafana rain forest, Madagascar." Journal of Tropical Ecology 33, no. 3 (April 24, 2017): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467417000104.

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Abstract:Seed-consuming rodents are increasingly recognized for their roles in the maintenance of tree species diversity, by acting on crucial post seed-dispersal processes. Yet, studies examining the extent to which rodents may act as secondary seed dispersers and/or predators in Madagascar's forests are limited. Thread-marking seed experiments were run to address this, using the seeds of two native large-seeded, frugivore-dispersed tree species (Abrahamia thouvenotii and Cryptocarya crassifolia), in disturbed and less-disturbed habitats in the rain forests of Ranomafana National Park, during the dry season. Data show that post-dispersal handling of seeds by rodents (predation and removal) was significantly lower in disturbed than in less-disturbed habitats (1.31–3.78 times lower; n = 2200). Also, seeds were more likely to be predated or left on the forest ground after removal than being larder- or scatter-hoarded: 27–78% of the removed seeds were found on the ground, <12% found in burrows and there was no evidence of scatter-hoarding (n = 132). Based on pictures from camera traps, the native rodent species, Nesomys rufus, was potentially responsible for seed predation and/or removal in the less-disturbed habitat; but no indication of the rodent species active in the disturbed habitat was obtained. The lack of scatter-hoarding suggests a limited role of rodents in secondary seed dispersal in this system. These findings form a preliminary account of the potential roles of rodents in post seed-dispersal processes in Madagascar's forests, but this warrants further study.

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17

Casper, Brenda B. "Post-Dispersal Seed Predation May Select for Wind Dispersal but Not Seed Number per Dispersal Unit in Cryptantha flava." Oikos 52, no. 1 (March 1988): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3565977.

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18

MAUCHLINE, A. L., S. J. WATSON, V. K. BROWN, and R. J. FROUD-WILLIAMS. "Post-dispersal seed predation of non-target weeds in arable crops." Weed Research 45, no. 2 (April 2005): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2004.00443.x.

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19

Holmes, Rachel J., and Robert J. Froud-Williams. "Post-dispersal weed seed predation by avian and non-avian predators." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 105, no. 1-2 (January 2005): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.06.005.

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20

SHEPHERD, VIRGINIA E., and COLIN A. CHAPMAN. "Dung beetles as secondary seed dispersers: impact on seed predation and germination." Journal of Tropical Ecology 14, no. 2 (March 1998): 199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467498000169.

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Dispersal of seeds away from the parent plant may facilitate escape from density-dependent seed mortality. However, many post-dispersal events can have a profound influence on the survival of dispersed seeds. By incorporating seeds in the dung that dung beetles process for consumption and oviposition, dung beetles could enhance seed survival if they remove seeds from areas of high predation risk and place them in locations that avoid subsequent predation and that are suitable for germination. The role of dung beetles in seed survival was investigated over 15 mo in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Depths of seeds buried by beetles, levels of predation on buried and unburied seeds, and germination success of seeds buried to different depths were examined. Results suggest that by burying seeds dung beetles increase the probability that seeds will escape predation and germinate. Of seeds placed in dungpiles, 69% remained at the surface, while 25% were buried from 1–3 cm in depth. Larger seeds were buried more shallowly than smaller seeds. Buried seeds were less likely to be removed by predators than seeds at the surface. Germination of seeds buried at 1- and 3-cm depths was significantly higher than seeds buried at 10 cm. For the species tested, many seeds were buried by dung beetles between 1 and 3 cm and at this depth there was a high probability of escaping predators and germinating. This demonstrates the potential ecological importance of dung beetles in facilitating seed survival and provides data to consider the role of dung beetles in the evolution of seed attributes.

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21

von Allmen, Christiane, L. Patricia C. Morellato, and Marco A. Pizo. "Seed predation under high seed density condition: the palm Euterpe edulis in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 20, no. 4 (July 2004): 471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404001348.

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Over recent decades, studies on post-dispersal seed predation have revealed some general patterns despite dealing with a highly variable phenomenon (reviews in Crawley 1993, Hulme 1998). Most of these studies, however, were carried out with plant species whose population density range from low to moderately high (Hulme 1998). Only rarely has seed predation been studied in very dense stands of a given plant species (Schupp 1988a, b, 1992). In such a situation, seed predators might respond to the local availability of seeds in a manner that differs from their response under conditions of low seed density. For instance, a high density of seeds beneath a fruiting plant may attract seed predators, causing a positive correlation between predation and seed density (Janzen 1970). Schupp (1992), however, noted that at a population scale, a high density of seeds could satiate predators, resulting in a negative correlation between predation and seed density (see also Burkey 1994).

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22

van Klinken, R. D., and A. J. White. "The role of pre- and post-dispersal seed predation in determining total seed loss." Basic and Applied Ecology 15, no. 7 (November 2014): 581–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2014.08.012.

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23

Deus, Ernesto, Joaquim S. Silva, Hélia Marchante, Elizabete Marchante, and Catarina Félix. "Are post-dispersed seeds of <i>Eucalyptus globulus</i> predated in the introduced range? Evidence from an experiment in Portugal." Web Ecology 18, no. 1 (April 26, 2018): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-18-67-2018.

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Abstract. Plantations of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. have been expanding rapidly worldwide. The species is considered invasive in several regions. While in the native range, post-dispersal seed predation is known to severely limit eucalypt recruitment, there is no experimental evidence of seed predation in the introduced range. We hypothesised that E. globulus seeds largely escape predation in Portugal, which may explain its prolific recruitment in some locations. We tested this hypothesis in central Portugal by exposing E. globulus seeds to the local fauna. For comparison purposes, we also used seeds from locally common species: Acacia dealbata Link (alien, larger, elaiosome-bearing seeds) and Cistus salviifolius L. (native, similarly sized seeds). We installed 30 feeding stations across three study sites, each one dominated by one study species. Each feeding station featured four feeders with different animal-access treatments: invertebrates; vertebrates; full access; no access (control). We placed five seeds of each plant species every day in each feeder and registered the number of seeds missing, eaten and elaiosome detached over 9 summer days. Eucalyptus globulus seeds were highly attractive to fauna in the three sites. Nearly half of E. globulus seeds were predated or removed, thus contradicting our hypothesis. Surprisingly, E. globulus and A. dealbata seeds were used by animals in similar proportions and C. salviifolius seeds were the least preferred. Vertebrates were the predominant seed predators and preferred the alien seeds. Invertebrates used all seed species in similar proportions. We found spatial variation regarding the predominant type of seed predators and the levels of seed predation according to the following patterns: predominance of vertebrates; predominance of invertebrates; negligible seed predator activity. Locations with negligible seed predation were abundant and scattered across the study area. Such spatial variation may help to explain the heterogeneous recruitment patterns of E. globulus seedlings found in previous studies.

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24

WANG, Bo. "Seed density affects post‐dispersal seed predation: evidence from a seed removal experiment of 62 species." Integrative Zoology 15, no. 2 (March 2020): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12421.

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25

Gagic-Serdar, Renata, Z. Poduska, I. Djordjevic, G. Cesljar, Svetlana Bilibajkic, Lj Rakonjac, and R. Nevenic. "Suppression of indigo bush with pod pests." Archives of Biological Sciences 65, no. 2 (2013): 801–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1302801g.

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The recorded seed predators of Amorpha fruticosa L., indigo bush weevils and pteromalid wasps, were the subject of laboratory and field research studies in the period from 2006 to 2011. Sample analyses were carried out on more than 30 localities in Serbia with the aim of measuring the summarized pre-dispersal and post dispersal predation preferences. The percentages of the total pre-dispersal (max?33%) and post-dispersal re-infested material (over 95%), make these insects serious candidates for host-plant suppression. Their bionomics were monitored through continuous collection, dessection and observation of infested seeds, in correlation with environmental parameters, especially water-level fluctuations in endangered forests.

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26

Pannwitt, Heike, Paula R. Westerman, Friederike De Mol, and Bärbel Gerowitt. "Demographic Processes Allow Echinochloa crus-galli to Compensate Seed Losses by Seed Predation." Agronomy 11, no. 3 (March 17, 2021): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030565.

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The effect of weed management that targets the seed stage on subsequent life stages is largely unknown. Post-dispersal seed predation reduces the number of seeds from the soil surface before the seeds contribute to the seedbank. Density-dependent processes can mitigate the effect of seed predation in subsequent life stages. In this study, we tested if (i) targeting the seed stage affects the subsequent seedling stage; (ii) if density-dependent mortality in subsequent life stages partly compensates seedling abundance; and (iii) if the magnitude of final seed production depends on seed predation. We fully parameterized a model for the summer-annual weed Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. Field data from three maize fields in north-eastern Germany were obtained, in the presence or absence of seed predation and different population levels of the weed species. Seeds of E. crus-galli were applied in autumn and the number of seedlings, adult plants, and seed production per m2 was determined the following season. Seed predation reduced the number of seedlings. Density-dependent mortality during the seedling stage increased fecundity with decreasing seedling density, and, thus, compensated for lower numbers of seedlings. The final level of seed production per m2 did not depend on seed predation and initial population densities, but differed among fields. We conclude, solely targeting the seed stage can scarcely limit the population growth of E. crus-galli.

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27

McConkey, Kim R. "The influence of gibbon primary seed shadows on post-dispersal seed fate in a lowland dipterocarp forest in Central Borneo." Journal of Tropical Ecology 21, no. 3 (May 2005): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467405002257.

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The natural seed shadow created by gibbons (Hylobates mulleri×agilis) in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, was monitored over 11 mo to discern the role of gibbons and post-dispersal events in the spatial pattern of seed germination. Variability in the content and distribution of 183 scats was used to determine which, if any, scat characteristics influenced seed fate. Nine scat characters were evaluated: (1) seed number; (2) number of seed species per scat; (3) scat weight; (4) seed load; (5) rainfall; (6) scat density; (7) distance to nearest fruiting tree; (8) ripe fig abundance; (9) non-fig fruit abundance. More than 99% of monitored seeds were killed, removed, or had germinated during the monitoring period. Vertebrates killed or removed most seeds (86%) and the probability of them moving seeds was highly dependent on non-fig fruit abundance at the time of deposition; factors (2), (6) and (7) also influenced seed removal/predation by vertebrates, depending on whether seeds were deposited in peak or non-peak times of consumption. Insect predation (2% of seeds) occurred mainly in scats that were deposited in months of high ripe fig abundance, while the actual chance of a seed germinating (11% of seeds) was influenced by non-fig fruit abundance at time of deposition and number of species in the original scat. The gibbon-generated seed shadow was profoundly altered by post-dispersal events and variation in the characteristics of the shadow had little lasting impact on the probability of seeds germinating.

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Hulme, Philip Eric. "Post-Dispersal Seed Predation in Grassland: Its Magnitude and Sources of Variation." Journal of Ecology 82, no. 3 (September 1994): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2261271.

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Chilpa-Galván, Nahlleli, Gerhard Zotz, Guillermo J. Sánchez-Fuente, Celene Espadas-Manrique, José L. Andrade, and Casandra Reyes-García. "Drought, post-dispersal seed predation, and the establishment of epiphytic bromeliads (Tillandsiaspp.)." Biotropica 49, no. 6 (August 24, 2017): 770–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/btp.12482.

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Salvande, Miguel, Mercedes Mulet, and Luis A. Gómez González. "Ilex Canariensis Poir. (Aquifoliaceae) Post-dispersal Seed Predation in the Canary Islands." Plant Ecology 187, no. 1 (April 7, 2006): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-006-9139-y.

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Gantz, Alberto G., and Carlos E. Valdivia. "Post-dispersal seed predation in the hedgerows of agroecosystems in southern Chile." Gayana (Concepción) 84, no. 2 (December 2020): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-65382020000200112.

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32

Gong, Hede, ChaoZhi Tang, and Bo Wang. "Post-dispersal seed predation and its relations with seed traits: a thirty-species-comparative study." Plant Species Biology 30, no. 3 (April 1, 2014): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1442-1984.12051.

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Marino, Paul C., P. R. Westerman, C. Pinkert, and W. van der Werf. "Influence of seed density and aggregation on post-dispersal weed seed predation in cereal fields." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 106, no. 1 (March 2005): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.07.001.

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Motta, Luciana, Agustin Vitali, Guillermo C. Amico, Daniel García, and Mariano A. Rodriguez-Cabal. "Post-dispersal seed predation in Patagonia temperate forest depends on habitat patchiness and seed species." Plant Ecology 222, no. 7 (May 20, 2021): 819–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-021-01145-1.

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Shimizu-Kimura, Yoko, Scott Burnett, and Alison Shapcott. "Demographic, dispersal, predation and genetic data reveal the potential vulnerability of an endangered rainforest shrub, Triunia robusta (Proteaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 65, no. 3 (2017): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt16216.

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We investigated the population ecology of Triunia robusta (C.T. White) Foreman, an endemic rainforest shrub of south-east Queensland, Australia. Two-time demographic data from 1999 and 2010 were used to estimate the species life span and changes in demographic factors over the 11 year period. The potential dispersal vectors and their activities were monitored, and the effects of predation on seed and seedling mortality were quantified. Published genetic data was used to assess the gene flow distance in years. On average, T. robusta has a life span of 103 years, with a generation time of 44 years. Larger populations (>200) increased in size since 1999, whereas smaller populations retained the same or slightly reduced numbers. Small, isolated populations in the northern distribution range showed substantially lower reproductive rates. Local rodents and marsupials were considered responsible for the majority of observed secondary seed dispersal (<10.3 m) and predation activities. Post-predation mortality was high (82%), with only 12% surviving to become seedlings. The empirical evidence of short-distance dispersal, limited gene flow, high post-predation mortality rates and relatively low reproductive rates, combined with potential absence of primary dispersers suggests that critically small and isolated populations may be highly vulnerable.

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Denham, Andrew J., and Tony D. Auld. "Flowering, seed dispersal, seed predation and seedling recruitment in two pyrogenic flowering resprouters." Australian Journal of Botany 50, no. 5 (2002): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02009.

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A few resprouting plants in fire-prone environments have no local seed bank (soil or canopy) when a fire occurs. These species rely on post-fire flowering and the production of non-dormant seeds to exploit favourable post-fire establishment and growth conditions. For two such pyrogenic flowering species (Doryanthes excelsa Correa and Telopea speciosissima (Smith) R.Br.), we examined the timing of seed release, patterns of fruit production, seed dispersal, seed predation and seedling establishment following a fire in the Sydney region of south-eastern Australia. Both species took some 19 months after the fire to flower and the first seeds were released 2 years after the fire. D. excelsa flowered and fruited only once after the fire. For T. speciosissima, plants also flowered at least once more in the subsequent 5 years, but produced seed in only the first three post-fire flowering years. Fruit production differed between species, with fruiting individuals of D. excelsa producing fewer infructescences, similar numbers of follicles, but many more seeds per follicle than fruiting individuals of T. speciosissima. Ultimately, D. excelsa produced approximately six times as many seeds per m2 and four times as many seeds per adult in one flowering season than T. speciosissima did after four flowering (three successful fruiting) seasons. Seeds were passively dispersed from fruits borne 3–4 m (D. excelsa) or 1–2 m (T. speciosissima) above the ground. Most seeds were found within 5 m (D. excelsa) or 3 m (T. speciosissima) of parent plants. The primary seed shadow of both species was a poor predictor of the distribution of seedlings, with more seedlings occurring further from the adults than expected from the distribution of seeds. Seed loss to predators was high in both species in exclusion experiments where mammals had access to clumps of seeds (77–88%). It was variable and generally lower (8–65%) in experiments where seeds were not locally clumped. However, for T. speciosissima, at one site, some 65% of seeds were lost to mammals and invertebrates in these latter experiments. At this site, these losses appeared to influence subsequent recruitment levels, as very low seedling densities were observed. For both species, germination of seedlings first occurred some 2.5–3 years after the passage of the fire. The percentage of seeds produced to seedlings successfully established was low in D. excelsa (2–3%) and more variable across sites and years in T. speciosissima (0–18%). Resultant post-fire seedling densities of D. excelsa (two sites) and T. speciosissima at one site were similar, but they were much lower at the T. speciosissima site that had high levels of seed predation. Both D. excelsa and T. speciosissima are amongst the slowest woody resprouting species to recruit seedlings after fire in south-eastern Australia and lag years behind species with soil or canopy seed banks.

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Escobar, Sebastián, Onja H. Razafindratsima, Rommel Montúfar, and Henrik Balslev. "Post-Dispersal Seed Removal in a Large-Seeded Palm by Frugivore Mammals in Western Ecuador." Tropical Conservation Science 13 (January 2020): 194008292094704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1940082920947041.

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Post-dispersal seed removal by ground-foraging frugivores promotes secondary dispersal of large seeds, reducing seed predation and increasing recruitment and regeneration. We studied how habitat disturbance influences seed removal patterns in the large-seeded palm Phytelephas aequatorialis within three habitats forming a continuum of disturbance (agroforestry system, disturbed forest, and less-disturbed forest) using seed removal experiments and camera trapping. We tested whether seed removal rates, and both richness and composition of seed remover communities varied between the habitats. On average, 15 seeds were removed under each tree in the agroforestry system over seven days, which was significantly lower compared to the disturbed forest (18) and the less-disturbed forest (19). Eight mammal species were identified removing seeds in the three habitats. On average, one mammal species removed seeds at each station in the agroforestry system, which was significantly lower than the two species observed in the two forests. The composition of seed remover communities was significantly different between the three habitats. Our results suggest that the loss of forest cover in the agroforestry system has reduced the richness of seed removers, which subsequently caused decreased removal rates. Nevertheless, this habitat could still maintain effective seed dispersal events because spiny rats were important seed removers. Our camera trap data should be taken as preliminary because we could only identify less than half of the animals responsible for seed removal. This study highlights the importance of medium- and large-sized rodents for the removal and effective dispersal of large seeds in disturbed tropical habitats.

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Pufal, Gesine, and Alexandra-Maria Klein. "Post-dispersal seed predation of three grassland species in a plant diversity experiment." Journal of Plant Ecology 6, no. 6 (March 13, 2013): 468–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtt011.

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39

HEGGENSTALLER, ANDREW H., FABIAN D. MENALLED, MATT LIEBMAN, and PAULA R. WESTERMAN. "Seasonal patterns in post-dispersal seed predation ofAbutilon theophrastiandSetaria faberiin three cropping systems." Journal of Applied Ecology 43, no. 5 (July 19, 2006): 999–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01198.x.

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40

Valenta, Kim, Mariah E. Hopkins, Melanie Meeking, Colin A. Chapman, and Linda M. Fedigan. "Spatial patterns of primary seed dispersal and adult tree distributions: Genipa americana dispersed by Cebus capucinus." Journal of Tropical Ecology 31, no. 6 (August 28, 2015): 491–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467415000413.

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Abstract:The spatial distribution of adult trees is typically not expected to reflect the spatial patterns of primary seed dispersal, due to many factors influencing post-dispersal modification of the seed shadow, such as seed predation, secondary seed dispersal and density-dependent survival. Here, we test the hypothesis that spatial distributions of primary seed shadows and adult trees are concordant by analysing the spatial distributions of adult Genipa americana trees and the seed shadow produced by its key primary disperser, the capuchin monkey (Cebus capucinus) in a tropical dry forest in Costa Rica. We mapped the dispersal of G. americana seeds by the capuchins during focal animal follows (mean = 463 min, n = 50) of all adults in one free-ranging group over two early wet seasons (May–July, 2005 and 2006). We mapped the locations of all G. americana trees within a 60-ha plot that lay within the home range of the capuchin group. We conducted multiple spatial point pattern analyses comparing degrees of clustering of capuchin defecations and G. americana trees. We found that adult tree distributions and primary dispersal patterns are similarly aggregated at multiple spatial scales, despite the modification of the primary dispersal patterns and long dispersal distances.

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41

Ruano, Irene, Carlos del Peso, and Felipe Bravo. "Post-dispersal predation of Pinus pinaster Aiton seeds: key factors and effects on belowground seed bank." European Journal of Forest Research 134, no. 2 (November 23, 2014): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10342-014-0853-z.

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42

Hammond, D. S. "Post-dispersal seed and seedling mortality of tropical dry forest trees after shifting agriculture, Chiapas, Mexico." Journal of Tropical Ecology 11, no. 2 (May 1995): 295–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400008762.

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ABSTRACTVertebrate attack accounted for 98.4% of all seed loss during the two months following dispersal. This accounted for, across all habitat types, 94% ofBursera, 76% ofSpondias, 37% ofSwieteniaand 25% ofErythrinaseeds artificially dispersed.Bursera, SpondiasandSwieteniaseeds in early successional habitat suffered significantly greater predation than in either older abandoned (30 y) or mature forest plots.Erythrinashowed generally low loss to predation in all plots. Seeds attacked were more often removed from, rather than buried or eaten at, the dispersal site. In young secondary habitats, however, seeds ofBurseraandSpondiaswere more frequently eaten at the site. Seeds dispersed individually rather than in larger aggregations (5, 10) were more likely to survive in mature forest and late secondary habitat. This advantage was lost inBurseraandSwieteniawhen they were dispersed to younger successional habitats.At the early seedling stage, recruitment ofBurseraandSwieteniawas highest in the older secondary habitats. Seedlings ofErythrinashowed the lowest overall losses to any of the mortality factors identified during the first two months of establishment. Seeds of forest tree species arriving in secondary habitat were more vulnerable to attack by non-flying vertebrates than in mature forest. Survival of seedlings of these species was most closely related to the moisture-conserving status of the habitat.

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Pizo, Marco Aurélio. "Seed dispersal and predation in two populations ofCabralea canjerana(Meliaceae) in the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil." Journal of Tropical Ecology 13, no. 4 (July 1997): 559–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400010713.

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ABSTRACTThe seed dispersal system of a neotropical tree,Cabralea canjerana(Meliaceae), was studied in two forested areas in southeastern Brazil. The first study site, Parque Estadual Intervales (PEI), is a 49,000-ha reserve composed mostly of old-growth Atlantic rain forest. The second site, Mata de Santa Genebra (MSG), is a 250-ha fragment of old-secondary semideciduous forest whose present bird fauna differs markedly from the original, in part as a consequence of forest fragmentation. At PEI 35 bird species ate the diaspores ofC. canjerana. Black-tailed tityra (Tityra cayana, Tyrannidae) was the main seed disperser, but several other species were also important seed dispersers. In contrast, at MSGC. canjeranadiaspores were eaten by 14 bird species. At this area, the red-eyed vireo (Vireo olivaceus, Vireonidae) was the most important seed disperser, but it was also a ‘waster’ which dropped seeds beneath parent plants, or carried them to sites unsuitable for germination. At PEI, exposed seeds on the forest floor were heavily preyed upon by rodents and insects. Insects destroyed mainly seeds deposited near to parent plants. Insect predation was less intense at MSG than at PEI. The rodent density at MSG was unusually small, and part of the post-dispersal seed predation may be done by terrestrial birds, such as doves and tinamous, which are especially common at MSG. Some of the differences recorded between the seed dispersal systems ofC. canjeranaat PEI and MSG may have been the result of the fragmentation and isolation of the latter area.

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44

Hulme, Philip E., and Melanie K. Hunt. "Rodent post‐dispersal seed predation in deciduous woodland: predator response to absolute and relative abundance of prey." Journal of Animal Ecology 68, no. 2 (March 1999): 417–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00294.x.

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Lapenta, Marina Janzantti, and Paula Procópio-de-Oliveira. "The Fate of Seeds Dispersed by Golden Lion Tamarins (Leontopithecus Rosalia) in an Atlantic Forest Fragment, Brazil." Tropical Conservation Science 2, no. 3 (September 2009): 266–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194008290900200301.

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Frugivores, as seed dispersers may influence the spatial patterns of adult and juvenile plants, but a large portion of the potential recruitment of plant populations is lost to seed predators. The majority of seeds dispersed by primates are killed by seed predators or moved by secondary dispersers. Little is known about post-dispersal seed-predation and seedling distribution of exploited plant species. This study iinvestigated the survival and establishment of seedlings from seeds defecated by the golden lion tamarin ( Leontopithecus rosalia), a frugivorous endemic primate of the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Two groups of golden lion tamarins were studied in the União Biological Reserve from April 2003 to March 2004. Seeds from fruits consumed by tamarins and collected from their feces were evaluated with respect to the following: germination success, seed disappearance or secondary dispersal on the forest floor, seed predation, and seedling establishment and survival for the length of the study period. The tamarin groups consumed 88 fruit species. Of these, 38 were used to run 107 experiments which indicated that more than 50% of the seeds disappeared, about 15% died before germinating and seeds of 22 species reached the seedling stage. At the end of the study, only 15 of these species still had surviving seedlings. Studies on seed fate are important for understanding the role of the golden lion tamarind in the natural process of forest regeneration in the lowland Atlantic Forest of the state of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil.

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Alcántara, Julio M., Pedro J. Rey, Alfonso M. Sánchez-Lafuente, and Francisco Valera. "Early effects of rodent post-dispersal seed predation on the outcome of the plant-seed disperser interaction." Oikos 88, no. 2 (February 2000): 362–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.880215.x.

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47

Chauvet, Stéphanie, and Pierre-Michel Forget. "Edge effects on post-dispersal seed removal in a fragmented rain forest in French Guiana." Journal of Tropical Ecology 21, no. 1 (January 2005): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404001944.

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Forest fragmentation results in the creation of edge habitats, which can be responsible for large modifications in community dynamics (Murcia 1995, Saunders et al. 1991). Plant recruitment along edges is favoured for early successional species but is limited for core forest species (Fox et al. 1997, Williams-Linera 1990). Because the former generally produce large quantities of small seeds while the latter produce fewer large seeds (Hammond & Brown 1995), seed resource availability along the edge is biased in favour of smaller seeds. Such seeds are more likely to attract small rodents than large scatterhoarding species (Adler 1998, Forget et al. 1998). Moreover, the density and activity of forest animals in edge habitats can also be altered as a consequence of their specific responses to habitat changes, varying from edge avoidance to edge preference (Bowers & Dooley 1993, Goosem 2000). These changes in seed resource availability and rodent communities can have cascading effects on plant–rodent interactions in edge habitats and post-dispersal seed predation processes (Holl & Lulow 1997).

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Traxler, Tanja. "NATIVE FOOD SPECTRUM, SIZE-MATCHING AND FORAGING EFFICIENCY OF THE MEDITERRANEAN HARVESTER ANT MESSOR WASMANNI (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)." Ecologica Montenegrina 7 (November 14, 2016): 451–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2016.7.19.

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This study examined the food spectrum, size-matching and harvesting efficiency of the Mediterranean harvester ant Messor wasmanni Krausse, 1910, a major seed predator on annual grasslands, on the Croatian island of Cres. The ant workers collect available food items not only from the soil surface (post-dispersal seed predation), but also directly from the mother plant (pre-dispersal seed predation). The distributional pattern of the main food resources therefore changed constantly from May to October 2009. This investigation shows that food items were collected either from several distinct small regions, or from widely distributed zones of the foraging ground. Accordingly, the foraging strategies are a mixture of individual foraging and column foraging, adjusted to the ants’ needs. Moreover, under natural conditions, M. wasmanni workers do not show size-matching at foraging trails. Little, if any, size variation of harvested seeds and fruits can be attributed to the foragers’ body size. Small workers did not appear to be constrained by load size, which indicates that size-matching may not be an adequate measure of colony foraging success for M. wasmanni. I further observed that the harvesting efficiency of media- and major-sized workers decreased considerably from May to October 2009, whereas the harvesting efficiency of minor-sized workers constantly increased over the year. This finding suggests that the worker size and the resulting difference in individual metabolism play an important role for the harvesting efficiency of M. wasmanni.

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MUÑOZ, ALEJANDRO A., and LOHENGRIN A. CAVIERES. "A Multi-species Assessment of Post-dispersal Seed Predation in the Central Chilean Andes." Annals of Botany 98, no. 1 (May 10, 2006): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcl087.

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50

Hulme, Philip E. "Post-dispersal seed predation and the establishment of vertebrate dispersed plants in Mediterranean scrublands." Oecologia 111, no. 1 (June 6, 1997): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050212.

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