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1
Nalbandian, Ani, Kartik Sehgal, Aakriti Gupta, Mahesh V. Madhavan, Claire McGroder, Jacob S. Stevens, Joshua R. Cook, et al. "Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome." Nature Medicine 27, no. 4 (March 22, 2021): 601–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01283-z.
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Ali Shah, Syed Zulfiquar, Ikram Din Ujjan, and Naveed Aslam Lashari. "Post-Acute Covid-19 Syndrome." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 5 (May 30, 2021): 891–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs21155891.
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The coronaviruses (CoVs) belongs to the subgroup Orthocoronavirinae in the family Coronaviridae, Order Nidovirales.1 During 2002, the China reports first outbreak of SARS quickly spread worldwide, leads to approximately 11% fatality rate while during 2012;2 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) originates in Saudi Arabia followed by its spread worldwide with 37% mortality.3 During December 2019, an pneumonia of unknown etiology has been detected in vast majority of patients resides in Wuhan City, Central China and Hubei Province.4 The Genomic research has been identified that this pneumonia considered as coronavirus disease 2019 caused by novel corona virus (CoV) labeled as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), formerly called as 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV).5 The screening and management strategies are not sufficient to end the battled against COVID-19.6 The survivors face various long terms symptoms produced by COVID-19 which are still the matter of debate.7 The literature reported 50-90% individuals have persistent symptoms and considered as long-haulers but due to confounders as gender, age, race, duration and severity of infection, short term study period and follow ups the results are hampered and limited.8
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Montani, David, Laurent Savale, Nicolas Noel, Olivier Meyrignac, Romain Colle, Matthieu Gasnier, Emmanuelle Corruble, et al. "Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome." European Respiratory Review 31, no. 163 (March 9, 2022): 210185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0185-2021.
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Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that has resulted in millions of deaths and a major strain on health systems worldwide. Medical treatments for COVID-19 (anticoagulants, corticosteroids, anti-inflammatory drugs, oxygenation therapy and ventilation) and vaccination have improved patient outcomes. The majority of patients will recover spontaneously or after acute-phase management, but clinicians are now faced with long-term complications of COVID-19 including a large variety of symptoms, defined as “post-acute COVID-19 syndrome”. Most studies have focused on patients hospitalised for severe COVID-19, but acute COVID-19 syndrome is not restricted to these patients and exists in outpatients. Given the diversity of symptoms and the high prevalence of persistent symptoms, the management of these patients requires a multidisciplinary team approach, which will result in the consumption of large amounts of health resources in the coming months. In this review, we discuss the presentation, prevalence, pathophysiology and evolution of respiratory complications and other organ-related injuries associated with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome.
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Murga Gandasegui, I. "About post-acute COVID-19." ANALES RANM 141, no. 141(03) (2024): 199–200. https://doi.org/10.32440/ar.2024.141.03.rev01.
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The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused great consequences for our healthcare systems. Throughout the European Union (EU) 17 million people have been affected by Long COVID in the first two years of the pandemic and this number continues to increase. Physicians must take this situation into account in their clinical practice, where they will treat patients with isolated persistent symptoms and others with multisystemic repercussions, with a predominance of disabling physical and mental fatigue for which no explanation can be found after the countless tests performed. An aspect to be assessed is its similarity with Post-viral Fatigue Syndrome/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ICD-11: 8E49). All these elements must be addressed by specialized units given their socio-health complexity.
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O’Keefe, Louise C. "Post-Acute COVID 19 Syndrome, ‘Long COVID’." Workplace Health & Safety 71, no. 5 (April 27, 2023): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21650799231164605.
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Cha, Jae Myung. "Post-COVID-19 Syndrome." Korean Journal of Medicine 97, no. 5 (October 1, 2022): 284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3904/kjm.2022.97.5.284.
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Although acute COVID-19 usually lasts for 12 weeks from the onset of symptoms, some patients experience variable persistent symptoms. Post-COVID-19 syndrome is defined as persistent symptoms and/or long-term complications that appear during or after COVID-19, persist for more than 12 weeks, and cannot be explained by an alternative diagnosis. The common symptoms of post-COVID-19 syndrome include general, pulmonary, hematological, cardiovascular, neuropsychiatric, renal, endocrine, gastroenterological, and dermatological symptoms. As the natural course and pathophysiology of COVID-19 are not yet clear, close monitoring is needed for various sequelae in multiple organs that occur in post-COVID-19 syndrome. In particular, patients who have been hospitalized in the intensive care unit or who have recovered from severe COVID-19 require close monitoring for the development of post-COVID-19 syndrome. Multidisciplinary collaboration is essential to provide integrated outpatient care for patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome.
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Kaushik, Arun, Kishalay Datta, Anita Rawat, and Ashar Khan. "Post Covid Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis." Indian Journal of Emergency Medicine 7, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijem.2395.311x.7121.6.
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The Coronavirus Pandemic began in China in December 2019. In a short time, this pandemic spread globally. World has been challenged by SARS COV-2, a new virus causing pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. There is lack of literature implicating COVID-19 in Pancreatitis, yet virus is generally understood to be a cause of pancreatitis in children. We present a case of previously well 12-year-old girl who presented to emergency department with a chief complain of abdominal pain, anorexia and bilious vomiting. She was diagnosed with acute pancreatitis with an abnormal lipase, ultrasound and computed tomography and was found to be COVID-19 positive by polymerase chain reaction. Our case suggest that in current pandemic, consideration for SARS COV2 testing in children with gastrointestinal symptoms and pancreatitis may be considered. Additionally, this case highlights the need for appropriate personal protective equipment for providers, even when COVID is not initially on the differential.
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Asfandiyarova, N. S. "Post-COVID-19 syndrome." Clinical Medicine (Russian Journal) 99, no. 7-8 (January 4, 2022): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30629/0023-2149-2021-99-7-8-429-435.
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The disease caused by new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) is a global problem not only because of its wide spread occurrance, but also due to the high incidence of post-COVID syndrome. The literature review presents the results of numerous observations of patients, who undergone COVID-19. The most common symptoms are: general weakness, impaired cognitive functions, memory loss, depression, anosmia, dysgeusia, shortness of breath, cough, chest pain, abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, less often — alopecia, skin rashes, etc. The most frequent symptoms of the post-COVID syndrome are described; the reasons and risk factors for its development are analyzed. The lack of views sameness on the term “postCOVID syndrome” makes it diffi cult to evaluate the frequency of certain symptoms development. Variants of the post-COVID syndrome are considered. It is proposed to distinguish between the post-COVID syndrome, developed after acute COVID-19 that lasts up to 12 weeks, and a prolonged variant of post-COVID clinical symptoms that last longer than 12 weeks, which should be distinguished from lingering COVID-19, its complications, and the consequences of intensive care. The questions of prognosis, diagnostics, and treatment of post-COVID syndrome are discussed.
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Al-Jahdhami, Issa, Khalid Al-Naamani, and Adhra Al-Mawali. "The Post-acute COVID-19 Syndrome (Long COVID)." Oman Medical Journal 36, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): e220-e220. http://dx.doi.org/10.5001/omj.2021.91.
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Chiappelli, Francesco. "Post acute CoViD-19 syndrome (PACS) - Long CoViD." Bioinformation 18, no. 10 (October 31, 2022): 908–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.6026/97320630018908.
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Patients sero-positive for the Systemic Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus2 (SARS-CoV2) virus develop the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (CoViD-19). CoViD-19 may be asymptomatic in some individuals, proffer mild symptoms in other patients, and can be a serious and even lethal disease in a sub-group of the population. The variables that determine the severity of CoViD-19 have not been fully characterized. What is clear is that the patients who survive CoViD-19 return to a state of sero-negativity for SARS-CoV2 generally within 3-5 weeks. However, several cases of repeated infection have been reported, and a large proportion of CoViD-19-recovered patients manifest multi-system and multi-organ symptomatic pathologies several weeks-to-months after resuming sero-negativity for SARS-CoV2. This new pathological condition, originally termed Long Covid, is now recognized as the Post Acute CoViD-19 Syndrome (PACS). The original principal clusters of signs and symptoms of PACS: likelihood of relapse and reinfection, physical fatigue and cognitive slowdown, may actually be broadened to include immune deregulation, cardiovascular disease and coagulation abnormalities. The development and evaluation of new and improved clinical interventions for PACS are critical and timely.
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Sсherbak, Sergey G., Andrey M. Sarana, Dmitry A. Vologzhanin, Tatyana A. Kamilova, Aleksandr S. Golota, and Stanislav V. Makarenko. "Immunology of post-COVID syndrome." Medical Journal of the Russian Federation 29, no. 1 (February 23, 2023): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/medjrf133829.
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COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, has diverse long-term consequences of varying severity after recovery from the acute phase. As survivorship and therefore the number of individuals with long COVID continue to increase, the prevalence, origins, and mechanisms of post-acute sequelae manifestation must be critically elucidated. The inappropriate and unique inflammatory response in the acute phase of COVID-19 causes severe respiratory symptoms, which can be subsequently accompanied by multiple-organ damage, affecting the brain, heart, kidneys, etc. This review examines the role of an unregulated antigen-specific immune response to COVID-19 in the onset and development of its consequences. We discuss the potential role of virus persistence in tissue reservoirs, unresolved inflammation, cytokine hyperproduction, tissue damage, and molecular mimicry and autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of post-COVID syndrome the induction and maintenance of imbalanced immune responses after the resolution of acute COVID-19.
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Araujo-Filho, Irami, and Amália Cinthia Menseses Rêgo. "Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome and Stroke." JOURNAL OF SURGICAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 15, no. 1 (July 8, 2024): 44–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.20398/jscr.v15i1.35636.
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This review explores the multifaceted strategies to mitigate the risk of cerebrovascular impairment in young adults recovering from COVID-19. The pandemic has illuminated an increased incidence of stroke in populations traditionally considered at lower risk, underscoring the need for targeted preventative measures. Given the complex interplay between SARS-CoV-2 infection and stroke risk, this article synthesizes current evidence and recommendations across lifestyle modifications, medical interventions, and proactive health monitoring. Key recommendations include adopting a heart-healthy diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and implementing stress reduction techniques. The management of existing cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension and diabetes, is emphasized as crucial for minimizing stroke risk post-COVID. Moreover, education on recognizing stroke symptoms is vital for ensuring timely medical response. The review also discusses the importance of avoiding smoking, limiting alcohol intake, and, for specific high-risk individuals, the judicious use of anticoagulants. Regular medical follow-ups for monitoring post-COVID symptoms and addressing any ongoing complications are advocated to identify and manage potential risks early. In conclusion, a comprehensive approach involving lifestyle changes, vigilant management of pre-existing conditions, education on stroke symptoms, and regular healthcare engagement is essential for reducing the risk of cerebrovascular events in young adults recovering from COVID-19. This review underscores the importance of continued research and public health advocacy in addressing the long-term effects of the pandemic on cerebrovascular health.
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Kumar, Naresh. "Post-COVID-19 Pulmonary Fibrosis: An Update." Journal of Advanced Research in Medicine 08, no. 02 (June 30, 2021): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2349.7181.202109.
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The most common cause of hospitalisation for COVID-19 is interstitial pneumonia that may be complicated by Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). With an increasing magnitude of COVID-19 survivors, post-COVID interstitial lung disease and pulmonary vascular disease are likely to be the most important long term respiratory complications. Data from previous coronavirus infections such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), as well as emerging data from the COVID-19 pandemic, suggest that there could be substantial pulmonary fibrotic consequences following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, the long-term consequences of COVID-19 appear crucial. Here, we have discussed the pathogenesis, natural history, and radiological aspects of such patients and the possible predictors which might lead to the development of lung fibrosis. Older age, severity of illness, prolonged ICU stay, history of smoking and alcoholism are few of the risk factors for the development of post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis. Therapeutic options like antifibrotic drugs such as pirfenidone, nintedanib, pulmonary rehabilitation, SARS-COV-2 vaccine etc. have been described. The role of steroids and antifibrotics in the prevention of post-COVID fibrosis is still controversial. Careful longitudinal follow-up of multiple cohorts of post-COVID-19 survivors with serial lung function testing and imaging is required to complete the knowledge about natural history of the disease and the response to various therapies.
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Dmytriiev, Dmytro, and Oleksandr Dobrovanov. "Post-COVID pain syndrome." Anaesthesia, Pain & Intensive Care 25, no. 4 (August 11, 2021): 505–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35975/apic.v25i4.1582.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the lives and health of people all around the world. Although majority of patients with COVID-19 experience respiratory symptoms, pain is also a very important symptom. The condition of 15-20% of patients is serious and requires hospitalization. Despite the fact that the disease was initially referred to as a respiratory disease, it often affects other systems as well; the most common are the cardiovascular, urologic and nervous system. Multi-organ involvement increases the need for intensive care and treatment of several consequences caused by the disease. Due to severity of the disease, the management of complications following release from hospital should also be considered. The provision of multidisciplinary care that supports both physical and mental recovery in the initial stages of hospitalization can minimize the damage. Cognitive, physical and mental dysfunction reported by COVID-19 patients after discharge may have significant impact on the quality of human life. Pain is usually part of the dysfunction. The post-COVID-19 pain syndrome is still not completely understood, in particular the way it affects patients after they have recovered from COVID-19. There is limited information on the clinical characteristics, treatment, results and pain management in COVID-19 patients. The aim of our article is to provide an overview of the impact COVID-19 has on conditions associated with acute and chronic pain. Key words: Acute pain; Chronic pain; Co-morbidity; Pain syndrome; Pandemic COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2 Citation: Dmytriiev D, Dobrovanov O, Post-COVID pain syndrome. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2021;25(4):505–512. DOI: 10.35975/apic.v25i4.1582
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Sher, L. "Post-COVID syndrome and suicide risk." QJM: An International Journal of Medicine 114, no. 2 (January 24, 2021): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcab007.
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Abstract A significant number of coronavirus disease SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) patients continue to have symptoms related to COVID-19 after the acute phase of illness. This post-COVID condition is sometimes called ‘post-COVID syndrome’, ‘long COVID’ or ‘post-acute COVID-19’. Persistent psychiatric symptoms among COVID-19 survivors such as depression, anxiety, post-traumatic symptoms and cognitive impairment may be related to psychological factors and neurobiological injury. COVID-19 related neurological symptoms including anosmia, ageusia, dizziness, headache and seizures may persist for a long time after the acute COVID-19 illness. Many COVID-19 survivors experience persistent physical symptoms such as cough, fatigue, dyspnea and pain after recovering from their initial illness. There is a high probability that symptoms of psychiatric, neurological and physical illnesses, as well as inflammatory damage to the brain in individuals with post-COVID syndrome increase suicidal ideation and behavior in this patient population. COVID-19 survivors without post-COVID syndrome may also be at elevated suicide risk. Studies of suicidality in COVID-19 survivors are urgently needed and will be a new area of suicide research. An appropriate management of psychiatric, neurological and medical conditions may reduce suicide risk among COVID-19 survivors with or without post-COVID syndrome.
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Ramírez Urrea, Sara Isabel. "Post-COVID 19 Syndrome: Case Report." Journal of Clinical Case Studies Reviews & Reports 3, no. 5 (October 31, 2021): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.47363/jccsr/2021(3)188.
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Post-covid syndrome has been defined as the persistence of at least one clinically relevant symptom, or spirometry or radiological alterations after infection by covid-19. Its existence is undoubted although it is not clearly distinguishable since it is confused with clinical pictures produced by other acute viral diseases whose most persistent symptoms are usually dyspnea, cough, and chest pain.
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Burooj, Ahmed, and Ruqia Al-Ali. "Long COVID/Post-COVID-19 Syndrome - A Review." Clinical and Research Journal in Internal Medicine 5, no. 2 (November 25, 2024): 168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.crjim.2024.005.02.11.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has posed significant challenges to global healthcare systems, leaving behind a myriad of unanswered questions and long-term consequences. One such consequence is the emergence of a clinical phenomenon known as Long COVID, characterized by persistent symptoms following an acute COVID-19 infection. The long-term ramifications of this condition remain largely unknown. In this review article, the aim is to explore the most common symptoms associated with Long COVID, shed light on the difficulties in diagnosing the condition, and provide recommendations for its management. By examining existing literature and clinical observations, we seek to enhance our understanding of Long COVID and contribute to the development of effective strategies for its diagnosis and treatment. We searched PUBMED and SCOPUS for relevant research published in the last few years with the keywords ‘Long COVID’, ‘Long Haulers’, ‘Post-COVID-19 syndrome’, ‘Chronic COVID’, ‘Post-acute COVID-19’ and narrowed down to the 37 most relevant studies. The following is a discussion and review of the findings from the aforementioned.
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Garg, Alpana, Sachin Goyal, and Alejandro P. Comellas. "Post-acute COVID-19 functional movement disorder." SAGE Open Medical Case Reports 9 (January 2021): 2050313X2110393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050313x211039377.
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Movement disorders are rare compared to other neurological manifestations of COVID-19. Patients who have recovered from acute severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection continue to have multiple debilitating symptoms months later. We report a case of 54-year-old man who presented with repetitive flexion movement of head which started 2 months after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection. Extensive work-up including neurological examination, neuroimaging, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and electroencephalogram were normal. The self-reported questionnaires for depression and anxiety were suggestive of severe anxiety and depression. The patient continued to have the jerky movements besides cognitive impairment, frequent headaches, intermittent shortness of breath, sleeping difficulties, fatigue, and dizziness at 1-year follow-up. This case highlights the presentation of functional movement disorder as one of the manifestations of underlying neuropsychiatric condition. Our patient had significant effect on quality of life with high symptom burden which further highlights the struggle and unmet needs of the patients with multiple symptoms after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection.
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Apsari Dewi, Ni Putu Rani, and Anak Agung Gde Upeksha. "Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome after a Critical COVID-19: A Case Report." International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research 7, no. 1 (March 25, 2022): 276–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijshr.20220141.
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Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused many impacts in health, economic and social aspect worldwide. Infection of SARS-CoV-2 affects many organ systems. Post-COVID-19 syndrome is a condition when some of those infected with SARS-CoV-2 are complaining symptoms that persist for weeks to months even the PCR was negative. Case Illustrations: We present a case of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome in a 59 years old man with persistent respiratory symptoms for 3 months since the onset of a critical COVID-19. He was admitted to the hospital with critical COVID-19 which he received treatment for COVID-19 according to protocol and mechanical ventilation via tracheostomy in intensive care unit (ICU). In the post-acute COVID-19 conditions, he complained of persistent fatigue, shortness of breath, cough, limited walking activity and palpitations. Discussion: In most cases of asymptomatic, mild and moderate COVID-19 symptoms, patients usually resolve without complications. However, in cases with severe symptoms, systemic hyperinflammation of the immune system occurs due to activation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus which causes various complications in several organs. The management of patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome is determined based on clinical assessment of the patient, radiological examination, and laboratory and pulmonary function tests if possible. Patients with radiological abnormalities without clinical symptoms, evaluation is carried out 8 to 12 weeks after therapy and can be earlier if patients have any complains. Meanwhile patients with clinical symptoms with or without radiological abnormalities, need to evaluate after 4 weeks to see if there is any improvements. In addition to symptomatic treatment, oxygen therapy, rehabilitation, psychotherapy and nutritional therapy can also be given in patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome. Conclusion: Post-COVID-19 syndrome is a condition that affected almost all of the organ system in the body. The most common symptoms are persistent fatigue, shortness of breath, cough, myalgia, malaise and headache. This condition impact both physical and mental health that persists for weeks or months after being infected with SARS-CoV-2. Patient with post-COVID-19 syndrome should be prioritized due to their impact on the global health burden. Those who diagnosed with post-COVID-19 syndrome also needed psychological and emotional support to deal with persistent symptoms caused by post-COVID-19 condition so the survivors can return to living their lives as before. Keywords: Post-COVID-19 Syndrome, Long COVID, Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome, Critical COVID.
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Shroff, Riddhi S., Jaspreet Kaur Talwar, and Manish M. Ray. "Prevalence of post COVID-19 syndrome." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 9, no. 9 (August 26, 2022): 3551. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20222223.
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Background: Post COVID-19 syndrome is a condition where symptoms from the acute infection continue to persist after several weeks of testing negative on RT-PCR. It has been divided into 2 stages- post-acute and post chronic COVID-19, where symptoms continue to persist after 3 and 12 weeks respectively. The most common are fatigue, breathlessness, arthralgia, myalgia, chest pain, headache, concentration problems, etc. Different treatment techniques like breathing exercises, strengthening and stretching as well as cardiovascular endurance exercises can be given to improve their quality of life.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 COVID-19 survivors who are in the time-span of more than 3 weeks after testing negative on RT-PCR. A validated questionnaire was circulated via online platforms. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics.Results: Data analysis showed that there was a 39.33% prevalence of post COVID-19 syndrome among the Indian population. The standard deviation of age was 33.96±13.954. It is found that high levels of fatigue (28.2%), myalgia (12.9%), cough (10.3%), headache (7.7%) and breathlessness (7.7%) still exist post 3 weeks of COVID-19 infection. In the case of post 12 weeks of COVID-19 infection, symptoms like fatigue (19%), avascular necrosis of femur (AVN) (12.6%), arthralgia (10.8%), myalgia (9%), problems with concentration (9%) and brain fog (7.2%) still persist.Conclusions: The study confirms the occurrence of long-term COVID-19 effects in the Indian population, and a 39.33% prevalence of post COVID-19 syndrome.
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Al-Ramadan, Ali, Omar Rabab’h, Jawad Shah, and Abeer Gharaibeh. "Acute and Post-Acute Neurological Complications of COVID-19." Neurology International 13, no. 1 (March 9, 2021): 102–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/neurolint13010010.
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging global health emergency caused by the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The global outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 infection has been declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). The clinical presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection depends on the severity of the disease and may range from an asymptomatic infection to a severe and lethal illness. Fever, cough, and shortness of breath are among the most common symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Accumulating evidence indicates that COVID-19 patients commonly develop neurological symptoms, such as headache, altered mental status, anosmia, and myalgia. In this comprehensive literature review, we have summarized the most common neurological complications and reported neurological case studies associated with COVID-19, and neurological side effects associated with COVID-19 treatments. Additionally, the post-acute COVID-19 syndrome and long-term neurological complications were discussed. We also explained the proposed mechanisms that are involved in the pathogenesis of these neurological complications.
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Asfandiyarova, N. S., E. V. Filippov, V. G. Demikhov, O. V. Dashkevich, A. G. Yakubovskaya, K. A. Moseychuk, N. S. Zhuravleva, and S. A. Kulikov. "Clinical manifestations of post-COVID-19 syndrome." Russian Medical Inquiry 6, no. 11 (2022): 612–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-11-612-617.
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Aim: to assess the prevalence of various clinical manifestations in COVID-19 survivors, depending on the time interval after the disease, clinical severity, and the presence of polymorbidity. Patients and Methods: the study included 253 patients (187 females and 66 males), 18–85 years old, who survived COVID-19. The patients were split into two groups based on the disease severity during the acute phase: group 1 consisted of patients with mild COVID-19 illness (n=133); group 2 consisted of patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 illness (n=120). In addition, patients of each of the groups were divided into two subgroups, depending on the time elapsed from the acute phase of COVID-19 illness: in subgroups A the health assessment of patients was performed within 3 months (12 weeks) after the acute phase of the diseases and in subgroups B — 3 months (12 weeks) after the disease, i.e. the time interval ranged from 3 months to one year after COVID-19 illness. A multi-stage phone interview of the patients was used to reveal the presence of symptoms. Also, outpatient medical records of those patients who addressed therapists or narrow specialists, were reviewed. Results: symptoms were revealed both in patients of subgroup 1A (45/52 (86.5%)) and subgroup 2А (42/45 (93.3%)), or, in other words, the symptoms were absent in 7 (13.5%) and 3 (6.7%) patients, respectively. Three months after COVID-19 illness, the symptoms were absent in 34 (42%) patients of subgroup 1B and in 13 (17.3%) patients of subgroup 2B (p<0.001), while at least one symptom persisted in 47/81 (58%) patients of subgroup 1B and 62/75 (82%) patients of subgroup 2B. In both patient groups the most common symptoms comprised fatigue, shortness of breath, and cough. In group 2 patients central nervous and cardiovascular system consequences and arthralgia were frequently reported. The prevalence of comorbidities was higher in group 2 patients than that in group 1 patients, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.01). Conclusions: the development of post-COVID-19 syndrome does not depend on the illness severity during the acute phase, and it may occur both in mild and moderate or severe cases. However, in the latter category the patients will have more symptoms. In patients recovered from COVID-19, most of the disease sequela were revealed in central nervous, bronchopulmonary, and cardiovascular systems. Comorbidities are associated with the severity of the novel coronavirus disease during the acute phase. COVID-19 survivors need follow-up care during the first three months after the acute phase and in the later period which should be provided by multidisciplinary team of specialists for achieving complete recovery of the patients’ health and improving the quality of life. KEYWORDS: coronavirus infection, COVID-19, post-COVID-19 syndrome, comorbidities, central nervous system disorders, bronchopul - monary system disorders, cardiovascular system disorders. FOR CITATION: Asfandiyarova N.S., Filippov E.V., Demikhov V.G. et al. Clinical manifestations of post-COVID-19 syndrome. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2022;6(11):612–617 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-11-612-617.
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Kim, Youn Jeong. "COVID-19 and Long-Term Sequelae." Korean Journal of Medicine 97, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3904/kjm.2022.97.1.23.
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After acute corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), there have been increasing reports of persistent and long-term symptoms similar to the post- viral syndromes described in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS). Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the current literature on long-term COVID-19 focusing on organ-specific sequelae. Many of the recovered COVID-19 patients may be affected by long-term health. The future for COVID-19 survivors remains uncertain, and well conducted long term research will be needed.
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Khakshooy, Allen, and Francesco Chiappelli. "Post-acute CoVid-19 syndrome (PACS) linked cardiovascularsymptoms." Bioinformation 20, no. 5 (May 31, 2024): 412–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.6026/973206300200412.
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Officials have marked the end of the CoVid-19 pandemic, yet we continue to learn more about the SARS-CoV2 virus itself and its lasting multidimensional effects after acute infection. Long COVID, or the post-acute CoViD-19 syndrome (PACS), manifests as a wide range of prolonged physical, mental, and emotional symptoms over at least 1 to 12 months after SARS-CoV2 infection. Here, we describe certain pervasive clinical consequences of PACS on the cardiovascular system, and insight on the potentially improved prognoses in heart failure patients.
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Roda, Silvia, Alessandra Ricciardi, Angela Maria Di Matteo, Marco Zecca, Patrizia Morbini, Marco Vecchia, Teresa Chiara Pieri, Paola Giordani, Angelo Tavano, and Raffaele Bruno. "Post-acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) syndrome:." Clinical Infection in Practice 15 (July 2022): 100144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinpr.2022.100144.
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Roda, Silvia, Alessandra Ricciardi, Angela Maria Di Matteo, Marco Zecca, Patrizia Morbini, Marco Vecchia, Teresa Chiara Pieri, Paola Giordani, Angelo Tavano, and Raffaele Bruno. "Post-acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) syndrome:." Clinical Infection in Practice 15 (July 2022): 100144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinpr.2022.100144.
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Araújo, Laura, Vanessa Arata, and Ricardo G. Figueiredo. "Olfactory Disorders in Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome." Sinusitis 5, no. 2 (September 24, 2021): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sinusitis5020012.
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Altered smell is one of the most prevalent symptoms in acute COVID-19 infection. Although most patients recover normal neurosensory function in a few weeks, approximately one-tenth of patients report long-term smell dysfunction, including anosmia, hyposmia, parosmia and phantosmia, with a particularly notable impact on quality of life. In this complex scenario, inflammation and cellular damage may play a key role in the pathogenesis of olfactory dysfunctions and may affect olfactory signaling from the peripheral to the central nervous system. Appropriate management of smell disturbances in COVID-19 patients must focus on the underlying mechanisms and the assessment of neurosensorial pathways. This article aims to review the aspects of olfactory impairment, including its pathophysiology, epidemiology, and clinical management in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS).
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Sárközi, Anna Teréz, Ilona Tornyi, Erik Békési, and Ildikó Horváth. "Co-Morbidity Clusters in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome." Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 5 (March 2, 2024): 1457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm13051457.
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Background: Post-COVID-19 syndrome, characterized by persistent symptoms emerging more than 12 weeks after acute infection, displays diverse manifestations. This study aimed to analyze co-existing organ dysfunctions in post-COVID-19 patients and explore their potential association with the acute COVID-19 episode and functional impairment. Methods: Data from 238 patients attending post-COVID-19 outpatient care between 1 March 2021 and 1 March 2022, after previous hospitalization for acute COVID-19, were retrospectively analyzed with 80 having comprehensive mapping of organ involvement. Results: The average time between acute episode and post-COVID-19 care was 149 days. Spirometry indicated significant abnormalities in lung function. Predominant symptoms included respiratory (75%), fatigue (73%), neurological (62.5%), and ear-nose-throat issues (51.25%). Multiorgan dysfunctions were observed in 87.5% of patients, contributing to an 18.33% reduction in health quality compared to pre-acute COVID-19 levels. Subgroup analysis identified four distinct post-COVID-19 syndrome subgroups, highlighting the coexistence of respiratory and neurological disorders as potential indicators and drivers of further organ involvement. Our results reveal that most patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome suffer from multiorgan disorders. Conclusions: The presence of coexisting respiratory and neurological symptoms suggests the involvement of other organ systems as well. The complexity of multiorgan involvement requires further studies to provide insights into the different symptom clusters and identify potential targets for personalized preventive and therapeutic interventions to improve patient outcome.
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ÇANGA, Aytun. "Covid-19’da Geç Dönem Kardiyovasküler Olaylar." Yüksek İhtisas Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 3, no. 1 (April 29, 2022): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.51261/yiu.2022.00043.
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Late Cardiovascular Events in Covid-19 ABSTRACT Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome (PACS) is defined by persistent symptoms >3–4 weeks after onset of COVID-19. The mechanism of these persistent symptoms is distinct from acute COVID-19 although not completely under-stood despite the high incidence of PACS. Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain and palpitations commonly occur in PACS, but the underlying cause of symptoms is infrequently known. While autopsy studies have shown that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) rarely causes direct myocardial injury, several syndromes such as myocarditis, pericarditis, and Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome have been implicated in PACS. Keywords: Covıd-19, cardiovascular semptoms, pandemic, PACS
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Orlova, E. A., I. G. Kondratov, O. B. Ogarkov, and L. I. Kolesnikova. "Mechanisms of autoimmune pathology in post-COVID syndrome." Acta Biomedica Scientifica 7, no. 5-1 (December 6, 2022): 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.29413/abs.2022-7.5-1.8.
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One of the delayed consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection is post-acute COVID-19 – polymorphic disorders of various organ systems that affect COVID-19 convalescents and persist for more than four weeks after an acute infection. Due to the infectious nature of the COVID-19, we would like to pay special attention to complications from the immune system, especially concomitant and new-onset autoimmune pathology. This review analyzes the current state of the issue of post-acute COVID-19 complications, discusses the molecular features of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the mechanisms underlying the impaired immune response during acute COVID-19 infection and the occurrence of autoimmune and autoinflammatory conditions during convalescence. Particular attention is paid to the molecular mimicry of antigenic determinants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which are structurally similar to the epitopes of human autoantigens. The current data on post-acute COVID-19 autoimmune complications from humoral immunity and the endocrine system, as well as reproductive disorders faced by male patients are presented. For the first time, we hypothesize a role of the structural homology of the human SOX13 autoantigen (HMG box factor SOX13) associated with diabetes mellitus and SARS-CoV-2 envelope (E) protein in the development of the post-acute COVID-19 autoimmune pathologies. Due to the structural similarity of the two proteins and the overlap of their immunogenic regions, we suggest that the increased risk of developing diabetes mellitus and reproductive disorders in men after suffering from COVID-19 may be associated with immunological cross-reactivity.
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Vakhnenko, Y. V., I. E. Dorovskikh, and A. P. Domke. "Cardiovascular component of post-COVID-19-syndrome." Pacific Medical Journal, no. 1 (March 26, 2022): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.34215/1609-1175-2022-1-56-64.
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Observation of patients suffering from acute COVID-19 shows that many of them have a long persistence of various symptoms, which often significantly worsen the quality of life and are combined with the concept of "postvoid syndrome". The study of this phenomenon is actively continuing, but its types and manifestations are already known, registers of patients are created, their condition is monitored, and postcovid syndrome is included in the International Classification of Diseases. The review covers predictors, mechanisms of development and main signs of Long-Covid, systemic affection of internal organs, which is explained, among other things, by damaging effect of the virus on different tissues, endothelial dysfunction and micro thrombosis. Particular attention is paid to the causes and types of cardiovascular system disorders. The features of functioning of the world health care system during the pandemic waves which influenced the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are outlined. It is emphasized that postvascular syndrome is susceptible both to persons who had acute form of COVID and to asymptomatic patients. They equally require medical attention. Electronic means of communication help to provide such care during pandemic period.
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Biswas, Som. "Pulmonary features of Long Covid-19: Where are we now?" Journal of Clinical Oncology Reports 2, no. 1 (February 27, 2023): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.58489/2836-5062/007.
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Objectives Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has led to the Covid-19 pandemic that has resulted in millions of deaths and severe morbidity worldwide. Clinicians are now faced with an increasing number of long-term complications of Covid-19, defined as “post-acute COVID-19 syndrome”. Most studies have focused on severe COVID-19, however post-acute COVID-19 syndrome mostly exists in outpatients and had limited published literature. Given the diversity of its symptoms and the persistence of its symptoms, the management of these patients requires a multidisciplinary approach, that will result in the utilization of large amounts of health resources in the coming months and even years. In this review, we discuss the clinical and radiological presentation, pathophysiology, and management of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Key Findings: The persistence of respiratory symptoms, like dyspnea and cough, beyond 4 weeks from the onset of symptoms is considered Long Covid-19 syndrome. Dyspnea is the most frequent respiratory symptom reported after COVID-19. Symptom of cough is found to be less common than dyspnea after Covid-19 infection. Post-COVID-19 dyspnea can affect patients with even initially mild COVID-19 and no evidence of organ damage. Conclusion: In this review, we have discussed the clinical and radiological presentation, pathophysiology, and management of pulmonary features associated with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Implications for practice: For radiologists, this is an upcoming topic of extreme significance and few published literatures exist on this specific evolving disease.
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Caruso, Garson M., Les Kertay, and Christopher R. Brigham. "Evaluating Post-COVID-19 Conditions." Guides Newsletter 26, no. 6 (November 1, 2021): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2021.novdec01.
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Abstract Persistent symptoms, physical signs, and abnormal test results after acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) illness have emerged as a significant problem in the current and ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus pandemic. Finding a rational balance between compelling subjective symptoms and limited objective findings in patients with post-COVID-19 conditions is challenging. We advise caution in adopting attributions, explanations, and management strategies, and especially in conferring formal disability status, for these disorders until we understand them more completely. The prevalent uncertainties threaten both overevaluation and overtreatment, with substantial personal and societal consequences, and all stakeholders need to be both intellectually open and cautious going forward. This article highlights several concerns in evaluating and treating patients with enduring COVID-19-related illness.
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Agircan, Dilek, Ozlem Ethemoglu, and Tülin Gesoglu-Demir. "COVID-19 and post-poliomyelitis syndrome: coincidence?" Ideggyógyászati szemle 75, no. 5-6 (2022): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18071/isz.75.0207.
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Although severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel virus, many central and peripheral nervous system manifestations associated with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) infection have been reported. Beyond the neurologic manifestations, we may still have much to learn about the neuropathologic mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here we report a case of post-poliomyelitis syndrome (PPS) related to COVID-19 and attempt to predict the possible pathophysiologic mechanism behind this association.
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Goenawan, Kristian, and Margrette Paliyama. "FIRST POSNER SCHLOSSMAN SYNDROME POST COVID-19 INFECTION." Ophthalmologica Indonesiana 49, no. 1 (March 8, 2023): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.35749/journal.v49i1.100658.
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Introduction: We reported a unique case report of Posner Schlossman Syndrome (PSS) after Covid-19 infection. Case Illustration: Female 54 y.o. came in our hospital with chief complaint of painless blurred vision, red eye, and very high pressure on right eye (RE). She had the same complaint 1½ months before and diagnosed as acute primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG), treated successfully with good outcome. She also had history of covid-19 infection 1 month before the first attack. Initial visual acuity (VA) of RE is 20/70. Anterior segment showed mild inflammation with flare and cell but no KP, while posterior segment cannot be assessed. IOP was 57.0 mmHg. After 1 month of medication (patient rejected to go inward), the patient finally agreed to the trabeculectomy because VA decreased to 20/200. Perimetry and OCT has been done before the operation, showed decreased parameter. One day, 7-days, and 28-days post operated VA were 3/60, 20/50, and 20/40 respectively, while IOP were 9.0 mmHg, 6.7 mmHg, and 15.0 mmHg respectively. Discussion: PSS can be very similar to acute PACG, though with careful history taking and examination we can distinct the disease. History taking for recurrent attack and unilateral is very important. Examination that showed acute open angle marked IOP with sign of uveitis should lead to PSS. Conclusion: In every attack of glaucoma, PSS has resemblance with acute PACG. The foresight of an ophthalmologist in determining the diagnosis is indeed very important.
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Simonetti, Alessio, Evelina Bernardi, Delfina Janiri, Marianna Mazza, Silvia Montanari, Antonello Catinari, Beatrice Terenzi, et al. "Suicide Risk in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 12 (December 7, 2022): 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12122019.
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Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 include several neuropsychiatric disorders. Little is known about the relationship between post-COVID-19 syndrome and suicidality. The aim of the study was to investigate the risk of suicide in subjects with persistent post-COVID-19 syndrome. One-thousand five-hundred eighty-eight subjects were assessed in the Post-Acute Care Service at the Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS of Rome. Assessment included: (a) sociodemographic characteristics; (b) symptoms during and after COVID-19; (c) psychopathological evaluation. Participants were divided in those with (SUI) or without (NON SUI) suicide risk according to the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Additionally, subjects with SUI were split into those with high (HIGH SUI) and low (LOW SUI) suicide risk. Between-group comparisons were made with t-tests for continuous variables and χ2 tests for categorical variables. SUI showed greater percentages of physical complaints during and after COVID-19, greater percentages of psychiatric history and presence of psychiatric history in relatives, greater percentages of subjects previously undergoing psychopharmacotherapy, and greater levels of anxiety, mixed depressive symptoms, general psychopathology than NON SUI. HIGH SUI showed greater number of symptoms during and after COVID-19 and higher levels of mixed depressive symptoms than LOW SUI. Percentages of subjects undergoing psychotherapy was higher in LOW SUI than HIGH SUI. Greater levels of physical complaints and psychopathology during post-COVID-syndrome might enhance the risk of committing suicide. Treatment of physical complaints and psychotherapy might reduce suicide risk.
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Khadka, Bikash, and Kishor Khanal. "Post COVID-19 vaccine Guillain-Barré syndrome." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 19, no. 04 (March 13, 2022): 852–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v19i04.3803.
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Guillain-Barré syndrome is an acute generalized polyneuropathy which usually follows infection with a virus or bacteria, although rarely vaccination may be associated with it. We present a case of a 44-year-man who presented with progressive weakness of both lower limbs since 6?days, neurological examination findings were consistent with flaccid-type paraplegia and investigation findings including lumbar puncture and nerve conduction studies were consistent with the diagnosis of Guillain-Barré syndrome. He had received the Johnson and Johnson corona virus disease-19 vaccine intramuscularly 15 days before his presentation. Only potential triggering factor in this case was positive finding of Jansen Vaccine.Keywords: Guillain-Barré syndrome; immunoglobulin; jansen vaccine; polyneuropathy.
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Khaliullina, S. V., V. A. Anokhin, D. I. Sadykova, T. P. Makarova, N. V. Samoylova, Yu S. Melnikova, O. A. Nazarova, et al. "Post-covid syndrome in children." Rossiyskiy Vestnik Perinatologii i Pediatrii (Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics) 66, no. 5 (December 9, 2021): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2021-66-5-188-193.
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Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated with COVID-19 is a new disease, information first appeared in April 2020. There were reported cases of hospitalized children with unusual symptoms, manifested primarily by fever and multisystem inflammation from the pediatricians in the UK and other countries during the coronavirus infection pandemic (COVID-19). Some of these children were in critical condition with symptoms of shock and multiple organ failure, and some children had manifestations similar to Kawasaki disease. Despite the fact that COVID-19 in children is relatively easy, some of the «convalescents» after 2–6 weeks develop symptoms largely identical to the manifestations of severe forms of new coronavirus infection in adults. The report presents own clinical cases of multisystem inflammatory syndrome that developed in children after acute form of a new coronavirus infection. The authors discuss the possible clinical variants of the syndrome, its origin and outcomes.
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Kim, Doori, Seo-Hyun Park, Won-Suk Sung, and Eun-Jung Kim. "Current Status of Korean Medicine Treatment for Post-acute COVID-19 Syndrome: A Survey of Korean Medicine Doctors." Perspectives on Integrative Medicine 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.56986/pim.2022.09.006.
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Background: The applicability of Korean medicine (KM) treatments for post-acute COVID-19 syndrome were investigated.Methods: A cross-sectional, web-based survey of Korean medical doctors (KMDs) was conducted in June 2022. The 25-item questionnaire comprised of five parts: basic characteristics, prescribed post-COVID-19 KM treatments, treatment effect in patients with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome, patient satisfaction, and awareness and utilization of the relevant KM Clinical Practice Guideline by the KMDs.Results: In total, 1,063 completed questionnaires were collected, and 822 were analyzed. The most common symptoms in patients with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome treated by KMDs was weakness and fatigue (84.3%). Herbal decoctions (39.2%) and herbal powder (not covered by medical insurance; 25.8%) were primarily used. Among the KMDs, 95% (n = 781) responded that KM treatments, particularly herbal decoctions (82.6%) and herbal powder (not covered by medical insurance; 46.8%), were effective. Overall, 92.6% (n = 761) of KMD participants answered that the patients were satisfied with KM treatments, mostly due to symptomatic improvement (60.8%). The primary reason for dissatisfaction was the burden of cost for patients (78.4%). The main reasons for low uptake of KM services by patients with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome were lack of publicity and administrative issues such as no health insurance coverage.Conclusion: KM is highly applicable for post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Health policies supporting the use of KM for post-acute COVID-19 syndrome are recommended.
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Chernokov, O., and I. Shchurok. "PostCovid syndrome during the Covid-19 pandemic." Immunopathology, Allergology, Infectology 2021, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14427/jipai.2021.3.105.
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We review the classification, mechanisms of infection and multiple organ damage, as well as clinical manifestations of Post-CoVid syndrome (Post-CoViD Conditions, Long CoViD, Post-acute CoViD). The data was obtained via search in the PubMed system. For the query (long) AND (covid) at the time of 06.20.2021, 12 221 results were found, which underlines the relevance of this issue. The issues of the immunopathogenesis of Covid-19 development and possible causes of the development of Post-Covid syndrome were also highlighted.
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Ambrosino, Pasquale, Anna Lanzillo, and Mauro Maniscalco. "COVID-19 and Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome: From Pathophysiology to Novel Translational Applications." Biomedicines 10, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10010047.
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Hirsch, Joseph, Steven Mandel, Les Kertay, James B. Talmage, Greg Vanickachorn, Kurt Hegmann, James Underhill, John Meyers, and Christopher R. Brigham. "Long COVID-19 Neurological and Psychological Claims: Assessment Guidelines." Guides Newsletter 27, no. 3 (May 1, 2022): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2022.mayjun01.
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Abstract Post–severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]) conditions are referred to by a wide range of names, including long COVID, post-acute COVID-19, long-term effects of COVID, post-acute COVID syndrome, chronic COVID, long-haul COVID, late sequelae, and others, as well as the research term, post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). Symptoms may include difficulty thinking or concentrating, fatigue, depression, anxiety, and other complaints. The results of studies are clouded by self-reports, lack of objective cognitive data, misattribution, and ill-defined psychological issues. Prospective cohort studies with objective assessment are needed to clarify the impact of COVID-19. While we do not dismiss the presence of long COVID or chronic COVID-19 symptoms lasting beyond a typically expected viral respiratory-transmitted syndrome, neither do we uncritically accept such a syndrome in all those who were diagnosed as having COVID-19, especially in those whose initial presentation was asymptomatic or mild. Evaluators must be astute and perform unbiased, thorough assessments and focus on objective findings while carefully assessing the potential for confounding or alternate conditions.
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Demeter, Stephen L. "Cardiac Manifestations of “Long COVID” (Post–COVID-19 Conditions)." Guides Newsletter 27, no. 5 (September 1, 2022): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2022.septoct01.
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Abstract The Centers for Disease Control has defined long COVID—or post–COVID-19 conditions—as a clinical syndrome reflecting a wide range of new, persistent, or recurring health problems experienced by individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]). What is known is that symptoms in these individuals diminish with time. It is unclear how long it takes to achieve maximum medical improvement. This article addresses the cardiac manifestations (including the pulmonary vascular and peripheral vascular manifestations) of long COVID. Emphasis is placed on recent articles (published in the last year) and issues relating to impairment evaluations.
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Eita, Aliaa Abdelmoniem Bedeir. "Parosmia, Dysgeusia, and Tongue Features Changes in a Patient with Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome." Case Reports in Dentistry 2021 (August 26, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3788727.
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the pandemic of major global concern that has been causing several tragic events ever since December 2019. Infection with COVID-19 varies from being asymptomatic or mild with general unwellness to severe with difficulty in breathing and even mortality. Recently, several reports signified the persistence of symptoms or the development of new ones for weeks or months after the virus has gone, the so-called “post-acute COVID-19 syndrome.” This article presents a 31-year-old female with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome showing parosmia, dysgeusia, and tongue feature changes as simultaneous newly developed manifestations after the viral clearance. Follow-up revealed complete remission of manifestations after one month. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome can show oral manifestations. Despite the lack of evidence regarding the etiology, risk factors, and consequences of post-COVID-19 syndrome, it is important to monitor COVID-19 survivors to avoid complications during their recovery period.
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Kulchavenya, Ekaterina V. "Post-COVID syndrome in urology." Clinical review for general practice 3, no. 4 (April 28, 2022): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.47407/kr2022.3.4.00154.
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The review of more than 50 domestic and foreign literary sources, concerning the sequelae of novel coronavirus infection that affect human genitourinary system and fertility potential, has been performed, which also demonstrates some treatment possibilities for the emerging complications. The review has made it possible to reach the following conclusion: COVID-19 is a multisystem disease that affects multiple organs; pathogen eradication does not mean full recovery, acute or chronic post-COVID syndrome usually develops. It is advisable to repeat the course of Selzinc Plus for prevention and treatment of novel coronavirus infection; Selzinc Plus should be used to protect or restore male fertility potential after novel coronavirus infection. COVID-19 can exacerbate the existing OAB or trigger the development of OAB. Trospium chloride (Spasmex) is the best drug for treatment of OAB in cases of exposure to polypharmacy or in elderly patients.
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Lamprecht, Bernd. "Gibt es ein Post-COVID-Syndrom?" Der Pneumologe 17, no. 6 (October 8, 2020): 398–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10405-020-00347-0.
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ZusammenfassungFür kritisch kranke COVID-19-Patienten könnte das Überleben der Akutphase evtl. nur die Bewältigung der ersten Etappe eines insgesamt langen und herausfordernden Weges sein. Körperliche, kognitive und psychologische Folgen sind realistisch. Aber stellen residuale Symptome bei Patienten mit mikrobiologischer Normalisierung tatsächlich ein „Post-COVID-Syndrom“ dar, und welche Symptome sind in diesem Zusammenhang prinzipiell denkbar und in der Lage, dieses zu begründen? Dass kritisch kranke Patienten oftmals über einen längeren Zeitraum nach ihrer Krankenhausentlassung noch funktionelle Einschränkungen erleben, ist nicht neu. Für die Diagnose eines Post-COVID-Syndroms ist es aber in den meisten Fällen bei COVID-19 jetzt noch zu früh. Dafür müssen die Symptome mindestens 6 Monate anhalten. Aktuell kann man daher wohl nur von postinfektiöser Fatigue sprechen. Und selbst wenn sich Betroffene körperlich wieder erholen, so sind sie evtl. besonders gefährdet, an lang anhaltenden mentalen Gesundheitsproblemen zu leiden bzw. eine reduzierte Lebensqualität zu empfinden. Solche Beobachtungen gibt es jedoch nicht nur nach einem ARDS („acute respiratory distress syndrome“), viele Intensivpatienten verzeichnen lange anhaltende Beschwerden, die auch als „post-intensive care syndrome“ (PICS) bezeichnet werden. In Summe bestehen jedenfalls ausreichend Hinweise für die mögliche Existenz eines „Post-COVID-Syndroms“ bzw. für die Berechtigung, die denkbaren Folgeerscheinungen mit persistierenden Symptomen so zu bezeichnen. Es sind alle Anstrengungen gerechtfertigt, die eine vollständige funktionelle Wiederherstellung und eine Rückkehr in ein Leben nach Corona ermöglichen.
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Bhandari, Sudhir, Govind Rankawat, Shashank Joshi, Mangesh Tiwaskar, Anurag lohmror, and Shiven Bhandari. "Post-COVID Syndrome: The Stranger Ghost of Culprit COVID-19." Journal of The Association of Physicians of India 71, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/japi-11001-0193.
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Background: Post-COVID syndromes are the most abundant sequel of coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) infection, which affects millions of people around the whole world. There is a significant difference observed during the acute phase as well as during the post-COVID period between patients hospitalized with (alpha, delta, or omicron) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant. In the present scenario, when most people are vaccinated, COVID-19 disease is less likely, but the remnants of previous COVID-19 infections are still a vast health burden. Materials and methods: This prospective, observational, comparative, and analytical study included a total of 3,840 COVID-19-infected patients who visited the hospital. We included 1,150 patients of alpha variants, 1,845 patients of delta variants, and 815 patients of omicron variants, from June 2020 to November 2020, March 2021 to July 2021, and January 2022 to May 2022, respectively. All medical data of the study population, including hospital stay and vaccination status, were collected, and all patients were followed up for 6 months of duration. All collected data were compiled and analyzed to compare the post-COVID thrombotic and other events among different variants of COVID-19. Results: Patients infected during the delta variant are the most symptomatic at onset (higher prevalence of fever, dyspnea, cough, myalgia, headache, or gastrointestinal problems) than those infected with the alpha or omicron variant (p < 0.01). A total of 2,830 patients (7.48%) [1,520 (82.38%) of delta variant, 598 (73.37%) of omicron variant, and 712 (60.34%) of omicron variant] developed post-COVID syndrome during their follow-up period out of 3,220 enrolled patients and the difference was statistically significant when compared among variants (p < 0.05). In this study, the highly prevalent post-COVID syndrome was mucormycosis (11.41%), followed by new-onset diabetes (9.89%), pulmonary fibrosis (7.67%), ischemic heart disease (6.46%), brain stroke (3.29%), and other thromboembolic disorders (2.37%). Conclusion: COVID-19-associated onset symptoms during the delta variant were more severe and highly prevalent, while neurological symptoms (aguesia and anosmia) were more common during the alpha variant. Patients infected with the delta variant of COVID-19 are more prone to develop post-COVID-associated complications with minimal risk in the omicron variant and intermediate risk in the alpha variant. Long COVID-19 requires specific attention for management, irrespective of the SARS-CoV-2 variant.
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Lustov, Nikolay. "Post-COVID Syndrome During the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Impact of COVID-19 on the Brain." Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 3, no. 4 (April 2022): 419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1459.
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The review provides information on the classification, mechanisms of development of infection and multiple organ damage, as well as clinical manifestations of post-COVID syndrome (Post-СOVID Conditions, Long COVID, Post-acute COVID). The issues of the impact of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 on the human brain are also considered, its psychiatric and neurological aspects are discussed. The experience of international observations indicates a high prevalence of post-COVID symptoms.
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Marić, Gorica, Aleksa Jovanović, and Tatjana Pekmezović. "Epidemiology of post-COVID syndrome." Medicinski podmladak 74, no. 4 (2023): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/mp74-47686.
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As per the World Health Organization's (WHO) definition, post-COVID syndrome or long COVID refers to the persistence or emergence of new symptoms three months after the initial infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), and lasting for a minimum of two months, while excluding alternative diagnoses. The precise mechanisms responsible for the development of long COVID-19 symptoms have yet to be fully understood. The prevalence of post-COVID syndrome exhibits considerable variation , mostly influenced by factors like as study design, study population, and the specific case definition employed in the study. Based on some estimations, a minimum of 10% of those exhibiting a severe clinical manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 viral infection are likely to have post-COVID syndrome. This condition is characterized by multisystemic involvement, presenting a diverse spectrum of symptoms that impact several bodily systems, including but not limited to the respiratory, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, neurological systems and skin. The prevailing manifestations of prolonged COVID-19 encompass fatigue, dyspnea, and cognitive impairment. Nonetheless, a spectrum of over 200 distinct symptoms have been documented, which can significantly impede the day-today capabilities of those afflicted with the condition. Based on data derived from both the United States and Europe, it has been shown that the incidence of long COVID syndrome has a greater frequency among the female population and individuals afflicted with chronic conditions. Considering the global prevalence of individuals affected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, it is imperative to conduct ongoing epidemiological surveillance to gain a consistent understanding of the current situation. Additionally, it is crucial to perform research, primarily utilizing representative population samples, to enhance our understanding of risk factors and identify potential preventive measures. This knowledge would also contribute to the identification of population groups with a higher susceptibility to the onset of post-COVID syndrome, which holds significant value in comprehending the enduring consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Kachkovskii, M. A. "Rehabilitation in severe COVID-19 and prevention of the development of post-COVID-19 syndrome." Bulletin of the Medical Institute "REAVIZ" (REHABILITATION, DOCTOR AND HEALTH), no. 6 (November 20, 2021): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20340/vmi-rvz.2021.6.covid.1.
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There is have presented case report of clinical course of the disease, rehabilitation and prevention of post COVID-19 condition in a 56-year-old doctor who has undergone severe COVID-19, community-acquired bilateral polysegmental interstitial pneumonia with a volume of pulmonary tissue damage of 75%, with the development of multiple complications in the acute period of the disease and during the period of ongoing symptomatic COVID-19. There are listed typical problems that arise in such patients, the possibilities of rehabilitation measures to restore health and prevent the development of post COVID-19 condition.