Journal articles on the topic 'Post-9/11 novels'
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Ingram, Callie. "Counter-Narrative Ethics: Don DeLillo’s Post-9/11 Novels." Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction 60, no. 5 (June 21, 2019): 585–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00111619.2019.1631746.
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Altwaiji, Mubarak. "Post 9/11 American Novel: Political Orientations in Representing Arabs." Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 22, no. 1 (May 2019): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2019.22.1.63.
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September 11, 2001 has been the most aggressive day in the history of modern America. The physical and psychological damages caused by the attacks left a unique experience of the day in the mind of American writers. Therefore, if literary and political orientations changed after the 9/11, novel's subject matter and themes changed too, because novel is a reflection of its social and political context. This study examines the assumption implicit in the dominant conceptions that novel serves the state's politics in its pursue of interests through representations and misrepresentations of other nations. This study examines how American novel expresses solidarity with the state and its politics, ignoring its imperial and hegemonic attitude towards other nations. Novel has become the most effective genres to represent the feelings of the nation and the concern of the country. Analysis will refer to two novels, Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close and Falling man, which directly deal with the moments of destroying the World Trade Centre and manifestly identify the terrorists, their culture, their religion and their intentions. Tendency to such themes allows American novel to follow the mainstream politics without grappling with the state's ideologies, interests and politics. Discussion will focus on the Foucauldian approach to literature and power and on the implications of using the Foucauldian approach to the study of imperial literature.
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Kanwal, Aroosa. "Post-9/11 Melancholic Identities: Memory, Mourning and National Consciousness." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 3 (April 14, 2021): 2237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i3.4226.
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This paper discusses the ways in which Nadeem Aslam’s novels – Maps for Lost Lovers and The Wasted Vigil – highlight the need for a re-conceptualisation of immigrant identity, in post-9/11 world, by linking traumatic experiences of an individual to the collective memory of a community or nation. Taking cue from Sigmund Freud, Judith Butler, Nicolas Abraham and Maria Torok’s concepts of mourning and melancholia, an interface between transnational movement and mourning will be investigated in order to emphasise how private grief becomes a metaphor for public grief. With reference to Aslam’s novels (that are set against the background of post-9/11 rhetoric of war on terrorism), I discuss how an endless process of diasporic nostalgia and mourning interacts with immigrants’ efforts to deal with different ‘others’ in their adopted homelands.
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Bonisch, D. "Geopoetics of Terror(ism): Spatiality and Visuality in Two 'Post-9/11' Novels." Forum for Modern Language Studies 51, no. 1 (December 11, 2014): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fmls/cqu066.
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Meghani, Shamira A. "White gay men in two post-9/11 novels: “Cultural surveillance” and historical echoes." Journal of Postcolonial Writing 55, no. 3 (May 4, 2019): 367–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17449855.2019.1617977.
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Kiczkowski, Adriana. "'Glocalization' in post-9/11 literature. "Burnt shadows" by Kamila Shamsie." Journal of English Studies 14 (December 16, 2016): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/jes.2813.
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Global terrorism is a complex phenomenon, its roots going back to long before the terrorist attacks of 9/11, while its sequels are opening new paths in the fields of both fiction and literary and cultural studies. To better understand some of the global processes, and how they are represented in contemporary literature, I proposed the expression glocalization novels as a theoretical construct that permits the incorporation of the narrative’s differential characteristics about terrorism in a globalized society. In Burnt Shadows by Kamila Shamsie, the notion of glocalization appears articulating general tendencies with global impact (the Nuclear Bomb, the Cold War, North American neo-colonialism in Southeast Asia, global terrorism, etc.) join with a direct impact on local lives that restructures and transmutes the meanings of individual or social actions. Fictions by intertwining the specific with the global help us to gain a more indepth understanding of the global and its local complexity.
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Udasmoro, Wening. "Toxic Masculinities in Post-9/11 Islam-Themed French Novels: Plateforme and Syngué Sabour. Pierre de Patience." k@ta 24, no. 1 (July 5, 2022): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/kata.24.1.40-48.
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ABSTRACT
This article aims to explore the concept of toxic masculinities in two French literary works, namely Plateforme by Michel Houellebecq and Syngué Sabour. Pierre de Patience by Atiq Rahimi, whose stories are related to Islam after the September 11, 2001 tragedy. Toxic masculinities are suspected to be present in both works, namely by placing women in the position of objects of sexual gaze and symbolic violence. This article dredges the concept of toxic masculinities, which is a derivation of the concept of hegemonic masculinities introduced by Raewyn Connell. This paper employs a critical discourse analysis method by examining the language used by the authors at levels of linguistic practice, discursive practice, and social practice with corpus data taken from the wordings and rewordings of the texts. This paper concludes that sexual gaze and symbolic violence are toxic because they can be drivers of physical violence.
Keywords: toxic, masculinities, French literature, Islam
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ATAR, Özlem. "MASCULINITIES IN MUSLIM WOMEN`S POST-9/11 NOVELS: MEN IN THE NIGHT COUNTER AND SAFFRON DREAMS." Moment Journal 8, no. 2 (December 27, 2021): 480–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17572/mj2021.2.480495.
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Siebert, Monika. "The Post-9/11 City in Novels: Literary Remappings of New York and London KarolinaGolimowska. McFarland, 2016." Journal of American Culture 41, no. 1 (March 2018): 106–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jacc.12863.
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MORLEY, CATHERINE. "“How Do We Write about This?” The Domestic and the Global in the Post-9/11 Novel." Journal of American Studies 45, no. 4 (November 2011): 717–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875811000922.
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This article argues that far from marking a break in recent literary development, the terrorist attacks of 9/11 made less of an impact on American fiction than we often think. Critics have often accused writers after 9/11 of “retreating” into the domestic; in fact, domestic and individual narratives, often set against sweeping historical backgrounds, already dominated American writing in the late 1990s. At first, therefore, novelists handling the events of 9/11 framed them within the personal and the small-scale. In the last two years, however, writers such as Adam Haslett and Jonathan Franzen have begun publishing broader, more ambitious state-of-the-nation novels, explicitly addressing the United States' relationship with the Middle East and the impact of globalization. Yet in these novels, too, the global and the personal are tightly intertwined; again and again, writers are drawn to the domestic themes that have so often dominated American literature.
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Kiczkowski, Adriana. "El tejido narrativo del terrorismo global en Falling Man de Don DeLillo." Epos : Revista de filología, no. 28 (January 1, 2012): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/epos.28.2012.12280.
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Entre la enorme producción literaria que tiene como tema principal los atentados del 11 de septiembre de 2001 o sus repercusiones posteriores, la obra de Don DeLillo, permite un acercamiento iluminador a la ficción que representa el mundo posterior a dicho acontecimiento, o literatura post-9/11, pero sobre todo habla de las emergentes condiciones sociales de la globalización. En este ensayo se propone un estudio sobre Falling Man en la línea de lo que se ha definido como «novelas de la globalización» (Annesley 2006), aquellas basadas no sólo en los cambios económicos y tecnológicos, sino en el entendimiento de las transformaciones que afectan a la representación cultural y a la percepción social del mundo de la incertidumbre global (Beck 1999).Within the many literary representations of, or related to, the 9/11 and its aftermath, Don DeLillo’s works not only allow a comprehensive approach to post-9/11 literature but they also refer to the emergent social conditions of globalization. My analysis of Falling Man, while taking into account elements from the so-called «novels of globalization » (Annesley 2006), based on economic and technological changes, attempts to
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Iqra Raza. "I (Don’t) See You: Absence, Omissions, and Spectrality in the Works of Ishtiyaq Shukri." Thinker 87, no. 2 (June 10, 2021): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36615/thethinker.v87i2.528.
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This paper studies the representation of the Muslim body (within the context of the War on Terror) as an instance of disembodied subjectivity that haunts through the remnants of its presence, via a close textual analysis of Ishtiyaq Shukri’s novels The Silent Minaret (2005) and I See You (2014). The paper examines the corporeal absence within the said texts as a template for understanding the modus operandi of the necropolitical regime and the extremities of state violence it implies. It explores the implications of spectrality within texts saturated by instances of taxonomical categorisations of the body and examines spectrality alongside the implications of absences and omissions in order to reveal how the three interact and inform each other. Conceptualising spectrality as the dominant mode of writing for post-9/11 novels, the paper engages with Derrida’s work on deferred mourning in relation to spectres, offering a new paradigm for an understanding of the post-9/11 Muslim experience.
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Roy, Pathik. "The Islamic Other in Post-9/11 America: Reading Resistance in Hamid and Halaby." IAFOR Journal of Arts & Humanities 9, no. 1 (July 29, 2022): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22492/ijah.9.1.09.
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The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York on 11th September, 2001, left behind 2977 dead, an altered Manhattan skyline and a changed world order marked by a formidable upsurge of global discourses pertaining to terrorism, multiculturalism, xenophobia, collective memory, and so forth. Indeed, 9/11 inhabits a discursive field of narratives/counter-narratives defying closure. Taking into cognizance this inevitability of myriad discourses, the present paper engages with the politics of the emergence of the discursively constructed Islamic Other in the post-9/11 national imaginary. Using the Foucauldian ideas of Power/Knowledge and “regime of Truth” along with Said’s major premises as are found in the works Orientalism and Covering Islam, the paper attempts to debunk the idea that “innocent”, neutral and objective representations in the media have been the norm. It argues that the fanatical, regressive and jehad-driven stereotype of the Islamic Other that gained visibility/ circulation/ legitimisation in the post-9/11 American socio-political culturescape had a Stateist genesis rooted in the reductive, ahistorical, Manichean binary of “us versus them” which essentially constituted the official discourse. It traces the trajectory of the Arab-American experience from initial erasure/ invisibility to hyper-visibility in the post-9/11 years, a time marked by deep fractures in the civil society where xenophobia, racial profiling and jingoistic patriotism became normalised. One way of generating resistance to such workings of power is by launching a counternarrative through the literary text. Consequently, the paper ends with a detailed engagement with two novels, one by Mohsin Hamid and another by Laila Halaby, that resist the official stereotypes/discourses while foregrounding the various registers of Othering in the post-9/11 years.
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Rickel, Jennifer. "The Fear of Foreign Violence and the Narrative of American Victimization: Lessons From Three Post-9/11 Coming-of-Age Novels." Studies in the Novel 52, no. 2 (2020): 172–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sdn.2020.0021.
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Khalifa, Mahmoud. "Intimate Others: Utopia and Heterotopia in the Reluctant Fundamentalist and the Submission." British Journal of Translation, Linguistics and Literature 2, no. 4 (December 5, 2022): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54848/bjtll.v2i4.43.
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The Submission and The Reluctant Fundamentalist invest in the strategic ambivalence that characterizes heterotopias. Steering away from trauma studies I concentrated on the possibilities the concept of heterotopia offers to understanding the multilayered content and symbolism of the two post 9/11 novels. Heterotopia as a Foucauldian concept established spaces that are ‘other’ in relation to a normal space. I extend that other space to include Muslims as belonging to a heterotopic garden from which they challenge an Islamophobic and divisive discourse that is affiliated to power and uses the popular media and grievances of the 9\11 families to further cut off Muslims from contribution to mainstream society.
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Sánchez-Arce, Ana María. "Performing innocence: Violence and the nation in Ian McEwan’s Saturday and Sunjeev Sahota’s Ours Are the Streets." Journal of Commonwealth Literature 53, no. 2 (February 14, 2017): 194–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021989416686648.
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Mainstream British society and post-9/11 fiction borrow from the discourse of American exceptionalism (including the fall from innocence to experience, the desire to create or preserve a better world, a “Messianic consciousness” reflecting the arrogance of virtue, the development of narratives of heroism and goodness tied to nation-building, and the use of the above to justify “exemptionalism”) to expose and query the entitlement of those within the narrative home of Britishness and the outsider status of those used to define its borders. This article discusses Ian McEwan’s Saturday and Sunjeev Sahota’s Ours Are the Streets, arguing that they illustrate a turning point in Britain’s imagination of itself as a nation in a struggle over Britishness which is predicated on notions of violence and innocence. Since 9/11 the debate about Britishness has used innocence as a constitutive inside of the nation and direct violence as an exclusionary characteristic. McEwan satirizes this rhetoric of innocence whereas Sahota challenges it. Both novels illustrate how post-9/11 British fiction deals with politics as war, placing violence at the heart of society. McEwan parodies the point of view of British normative society by allowing his main character to justify his privileged position under the guise of arguing for the current social and international status quo. Sahota charts the journey of those who are caught between the rejection of unjust social structures and the desire to fit within them, depicting his protagonist’s misguided attempt to redefine the British nation through terrorism. Violence and exceptionalism are central to both novels, which portray a turn in the imagining of Britain. The events of 9/11 can therefore be seen not just as a historical turning point but as a turn in Britain’s imagination of itself.
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Bolaño Quintero, Jesús. "Paul Auster’s Transcendentalism: Shifting Postmodern Sensibility in the New Millennium." Journal of English Studies 19 (December 22, 2021): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/jes.4750.
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This article traces Paul Auster’s shift in sensibility after the 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center. While his earlier novels where paradigmatic of postmodern self-referentiality, several critics have argued that his post-9/11 production turned towards realism. This might be interpreted as subsidiary evidence in favor of the polemic debate around the death of postmodernism. However, the aim of this article is to outline the transformation of the writer and offer explanations as to why that change in sensibility does not respond to a divestiture of postmodernism, but to an intensification of it. I trace Auster’s alternative to postmodern relativism, that is, transcendentalism, to arrive at the conclusion that his stance towards it is the same in his later novels.
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Naz, Bushra. "Postcolonialism, Liberal Internationalism, 9/11 and Pakistani English Fiction." University of Chitral Journal of Linguistics and Literature 5, no. II (December 30, 2021): 219–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33195/jll.v5iii.339.
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In this article, I argue that Momo, Chengaze, and Daanish’s quest of political liberty and identity in Red Birds, The Reluctant Fundamentalist, and Trespassing respectively manifests that liberal-internationalism is a colonial agenda. Focussing on the development of liberal internationalism because of the transformation of the colonial to a neo-colonial strategy of the powerful countries, I argue that Pakistani fiction demonstrates these policies influencing and affecting the everyday life of ordinary Muslims living in refugee camps, diaspora, or in Pakistan. The focal point would be the examination of the procedures and constituents of liberal-internationalism to distinguish colonial subterfuges and ruses of upholding control in the erstwhile and contemporaneous colonies exemplified in these novels in the context of post 9/11. For the purpose of this analysis, I have taken Chris Brown and Kristen Ainley’s notion of liberal internationalism as a modern means of colonization, Gilbert Rist’s ideas of liberal internationalism as a medium of disguised colonization, and E. H. Carr’s view of internationalism as a utopian fantasy for fundamentally being a colonial economic agenda to keep afloat the conflict between ‘haves’ and ‘have not’ by way of creating an economic dependency of the third world nations’ upon the rich nations. Following this, I will interpret Brown, Ainley, and Rist’s philosophy of the production of liberal internationalism as a secreted ploy of modern colonization building on Carr’s notion of international liberalism as a paradox of political and economic freedom and a disagreement against it for political and economic liberty, an essential element in M. Hanif, Mohsin Hamid, and Uzma Aslam Khan’s protagonist’s achievement of individual sovereignty through a fundamental reconceptualization of their identity to the decolonization of their personhood.
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Jaff, Daban Q., and Yasir A. Al-Jumaili. "Conceptualizing Trauma in Don DeLillo’s Falling Man." Koya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (June 26, 2020): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/kujhss.v3n1y2020.pp123-131.
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This paper explores the mapping process which is used to conceptualize trauma in one of the post-9/11 novels, namely DeLillo’s Falling Man. The paper focuses on how the traumatic experiences are represented through metaphors. Although many previous studies have attempted stylistic investigations to DeLillo’s novel, very little research approached its metaphorical language. As far as trauma experience is concerned, most of the previous studies discussed these experiences thematically (Kensiton and Quinn, 2008; Gray, 2012; Pozorski, 2014; Keeble, 2014). This study, therefore, offers a stylistic examination of the metaphors of trauma which are used to communicate the negative mental experiences in this novel. It examines the conceptualization of traumatic experiences encountered by the main characters as they are exposed to disturbing events. The study applies insights from Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1980; 2003) to selected metaphors from the novel. The application of conceptual metaphor theory allows better understanding of how the abstract state of trauma is conceptualized and communicated through the course of the novel. The experience of trauma is represented variously in this novel, sometimes it is communicated through idiosyncratic metaphors (Moncef, 2016) and sometimes it is represented through using conventional metaphors. The study also examines the mapping process to see how conceptual structures are selected from different source domains and mapped onto the domain of the abstract state of trauma to convey the effects of these distressing experiences.
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Cormier, Matthew. "The Destruction of Nationalism in Twenty-First Century Canadian Apocalyptic Fiction." American, British and Canadian Studies 35, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/abcsj-2020-0014.
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Abstract This article argues that, since the turn of the twenty-first century, fiction in Canada – whether by English-Canadian, Québécois, or Indigenous writers – has seen a re-emergence in the apocalyptic genre. While apocalyptic fiction also gained critical attention during the twentieth century, this initial wave was tied to disenfranchised, marginalized figures, excluded as failures in their attempts to reach a promised land. As a result, fiction at that time – and perhaps equally so in the divided English-Canadian and Québécois canons – was chiefly a (post)colonial, nationalist project. Yet, apocalyptic fiction in Canada since 2000 has drastically changed. 9/11, rapid technological advancements, a growing climate crisis, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission: these changes have all marked the fictions of Canada in terms of futurities. This article thus examines three novels – English-Canadian novelist Emily St. John Mandel’s Station Eleven (2014), Indigenous writer Thomas King’s The Back of the Turtle (2014), and Québécois author Nicolas Dickner’s Apocalypse for Beginners (2010) – to discuss the ways in which they work to bring about the destruction of nationalism in Canada through the apocalyptic genre and affectivity to envision new futures.
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Žindžiuviene, Ingrida Egle. "Going to Extremes: Post-9/11 Discrimination in Fiction." EXtREme 21 Going Beyond in Post-Millennial North American Literature and Culture, no. 15 (Autumn 2021) (November 20, 2021): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7311/pjas.15/2/2021.03.
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The aim of the article is to discuss the representation of discrimination and polarization of the American society after the events of 9/11 in Laila Halaby’s novel Once in a Promised Land (2007). The novel presents the point of view of “the Other” and focuses on the analysis of the antagonistic processes in the American society and their outcomes in the lives of ordinary citizens, accused of being “the Other.” The article examines the deterioration of beliefs and values and the “death” of the American Dream. Based on the fundamental theory of Trauma Studies, the article discusses the issues of personal and collective trauma and their representation in Laila Halaby’s novel. Collective traumas may unify or polarize the society–both aspects have had negative outcomes in the USA. Increased patriotism and solidarity were particularly prominent during the immediate aftermath of 9/11 and resulted in the discrimination and polarization of the society, the anger being directed at Muslim communities. The first days of the aftermath marked the start of antagonism on different levels: despite being US citizens, representatives of the Muslim communities experienced harsh reactions in their neighborhoods, jobs, social spheres, etc. For many of those “on the other side” these processes meant the end of their normal lives and dreams. The article examines both the informational and empathic approach used by the author of the novel to disclose irreparable processes that may happen in any society.
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VERSLUYS, KRISTIAAN. "9/11 as a European Event: the Novels." European Review 15, no. 1 (January 9, 2007): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798707000063.
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At the time of writing, more than 20 novels have been written that deal directly or indirectly with the events of 9/11. In broad outlines, they fall under four categories: the novel of recuperation, the novel of first-hand witnessing, the great New York novel, and the novel of the outsider. It is the last category of novels – written by non-Americans – that demonstrates the extent to which 11 September has penetrated deep into the European psyche and thus has become a European event. What is surprising is that the gap between the continents seems smaller in fiction than in politics. Even Luc Lang's onze septembre mon amour, a strident anti-American screed, is characterized by a sense of solidarity for the victims and for an alternative America, antithetical to the official one. In Frédéric Beigbeder's Windows on the World (a French novel with an English title), Europe and the US remain united in the overarching concept of the West, sharing a common destiny. In Ian McEwan's Saturday, finally, the events in the US have become part and parcel of the protagonist's existence, even though he lives thousands of miles away in the posh part of London.
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Ni, Zengxin. "On Unnatural Narrative in Post-9/11 Fiction Flight." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 6, no. 12 (January 2, 2020): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.612.7529.
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In the wake of innumerable and insightful studies on the unnatural narratology at home and abroad, it develops into a post-classical narratology that is comparable to female narratology, rhetoric narratology, and cognitive narratology. Taking the native American writer Sherman Alexie’s Flight as its central concern, the essay attends to explore the unnaturalness of the novel and further elaborates on its thematic meaning. In Alexie’s Flight, as a post-9/11 fiction, its unnaturalness can be explored by such elements as unnatural storyworlds, unnatural minds and unnatural acts of narration. The intentional violation of conventional narration further highlights the hero’s crisis and reconstruction of his identity in the post-9/11 world changed with the miserable memory in his childhood, his sublimation from terrorism to pacifism during his time travel and the regain of love in his final foster family, which consequently contributes to the final change of his appellation from “Zits” to “Michael”.
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Rasad, Siti Kurniati, and Achmad Munjid. "POST-9/11 TRAUMATIC PARANOIA AS REFLECTED IN DON DELILLO’S FALLING MAN." Rubikon : Journal of Transnational American Studies 6, no. 2 (November 21, 2020): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/rubikon.v6i2.61482.
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This article investigates how the trauma of 9/11 tragedy affects the lives of the characters in DeLillo’s Falling Man and shows how the trauma of 9/11 portrayed in the novel reflects American collective trauma. This investigation is qualitative research utilizing memory and trauma as the theoretical framework. The discussion in this article reveals that individual experience the trauma of 9/11 tragedy differs from one person to another. While other characters go through their mourning successfully, the main character in the novel becomes a perennial mourner and is ceaselessly haunted by his traumatic memory due to constant avoidance from his trauma. His continuous externalization of his trauma causes him to focus on the external threats and becomes a paranoiac. On a societal level, American society is also perpetually mourning and is haunted by post-traumatic paranoia continuously. American exceptionalism, biased orientalist perspective about the orient, and alleged prolonged quasi war between Islam and the west have framed the collective experience of the trauma in binary opposite narrative of a good versus evil war. The collective trauma perpetuates and many policies are born out of their paranoia.Keywords: 9/11 tragedy; memory; mourning; post-traumatic paranoia; trauma
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White, Mandala. "Framing travel and terrorism: Allegory in The Reluctant Fundamentalist." Journal of Commonwealth Literature 54, no. 3 (November 15, 2017): 444–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021989417738125.
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In contrast to others who have read Mohsin Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist exclusively as a political novel, I argue that the novel’s most significant contribution to the body of post-9/11 literature is formal in nature. The novel indeed mobilizes political issues, but it achieves this by creating a series of allegories that centre on various forms of travel connected to the terrorism hinted at in the term “fundamentalist” in the title. These allegories, which I examine in the first part of this article, revolve around the interactions between the protagonist and those he encounters as he travels: the hosts and guests in the travel interactions function as allegories of different nations, and the relationships between nations within global space. However, while the novel’s travel allegories indeed raise political concerns, these are often conflicted and ambiguous owing to the unreliability of the narrator. Rather than selecting one of the unreliable perspectives brought forth by the travel allegories as “true”, I read them as part of a larger meta-allegorical project in which the narrative itself becomes an allegory of the uncertainties of the post-9/11 environment. In the second part of this article, I discuss this meta-allegorical project through an examination of the novel’s narrative structure, particularly its frame narrative which, I argue, provides a means for Hamid to allegorically explore the ways that permeable borders engender paranoia and fear of terrorism in the post-9/11 context.
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Rahman, Bakht, Muhammad Arif, and Ansar Mehmood. "The Problem of Post 9/11 Representation in Sikandar: A Postcolonial Perspective." Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/1.2.5.
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The issue of representation has always been a concern in postcolonial discourse. It is the result of colonialism. Earlier, it was the physical domination of the West and it ruled over their colonies in various parts of the world like the Caribbean, and South Asia. Currently, it is cultural and imperialistic domination by the same powers and of the same territories. The basic concern of these western powers is that the colonized cannot represent themselves since they are inferior, uncivilized, barbaric, and illiterate and so many other terms are used for their disposition and particularly after the catastrophic incident of 9/11. This paper investigates the issue of representation in Sikanadar, a novel by M Salahuddin Khan where he confronts, although in soft language, this European/Western stance, and stresses on the importance of mutual respect and dignity and love for humanity. This is a qualitative research where the researcher has used interpretation and textual analysis through the lens of postcolonialism. It has used an eclectic framework by combining both Edward Sarian and Bhabha concepts of colonialism.
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Lau, Lisa, and Ana Cristina Mendes. "Post-9/11 re-orientalism: Confrontation and conciliation in Mohsin Hamid’s and Mira Nair’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist." Journal of Commonwealth Literature 53, no. 1 (March 9, 2016): 78–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021989416631791.
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This article offers a comparative reading of the novel and film adaptation of The Reluctant Fundamentalist, looking at the ways these texts represent changing Western public perceptions towards Pakistan and vice-versa along the temporal axis 2001–2007–2012. Both novel and film are informed by the post-9/11 distrust of the Muslim other. Mohsin Hamid’s novel was begun before 9/11 and published seven years later, in 2007; Mira Nair’s film adaptation followed in 2012, with a premiere at the Venice Film Festival (as the opening film) and the Toronto Film Festival. Ostensibly more conciliatory than Hamid’s novel, Nair’s film adaptation attempts to build bridges, stressing the tragedy of cultural suspicion and mistrust that besets the relationships between Pakistan and the US, endeavouring to open and facilitate dialogue. Despite utilizing spaces of ambiguity to expose the dangers of binary thinking, both novel and film ultimately demonstrate that representations are still unable to escape the loop of orientalism and re-orientalism, highlighting the tension of how East and West continue as locked into this circular mode of relational identity.
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Altwaiji, Mubarak. "Neo-Orientalism or Neo-Imperialism? Islamism in a Globalized World: Prayers for the Assassin as a Case Study of Contemporary American Novel." Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 23, no. 3 (2020): 86–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2020.23.3.86.
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This paper deals with some aspects of neo-orientalism in the modern American novel highlighted in much conventional political and literary studies and conceptualized both as a composite of cultural studies and a western ideology. When applied to the post 9/11 American novel analysis, neo-orientalism uses terrorism as a significant aspect of a much broader reaction to Islamists’ threats living in the United States and Europe. It is common in neo-orientalist discourse about extremism to refer to Islamism as a threat to nations and therefore, it is important to find how the American novel represents the Muslims and how vigorously acts with the state in its fight against terror. This paper focuses on contemporary issues on Arabs represented in Robert Ferrigno’s Prayers for the Assassin (2006), such as extremism, women’s rights, hostility, and identity, common themes in post 9/11 novel on the Muslims. Moreover, this study attempts to answer two questions: Has there been a change in the representation of Muslims in the American novel after nineteen years from 9/11, and has American media coverage affected the representation of the Muslims in the novel? In the analysis of Prayers for the Assassin, Muslim characters are victimers and victimized at the same time; they live out the contradiction of being victims of post 9/11 anti-Muslim representations and being arrogant and aggressive towards the non-Muslims.
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Mitrea, Alexandra. "Representations of Pre- and Post-9/11 New York City in Colum McCann’s Let the Great World Spin." East-West Cultural Passage 21, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ewcp-2021-0015.
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Abstract The article sets out to investigate the way in which Colum McCann depicts New York City in his 2009 novel, Let the Great World Spin. While starting from the idea that the novel falls in the category of 9/11 fiction, the article will argue that it makes clever use of the technique of deterritorialization in order to look at the USA from an external point of view, interrogating in this way American international relations and extraterritorial citizenship, both before and after 9/11. The article will also argue that by starting from the trauma of 9/11, which is, however, circuitously tackled in the novel, McCann questions the myth of American exceptionalism, pointing at unresolved US domestic affairs, as well as harrowing external affairs, which have resulted in countless traumas.
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Maqableh, Rasha. "From Melting Pot to Islamophobia: Mohsin Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 5, no. 4 (April 14, 2022): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2022.5.4.22.
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America was founded on the idea of the melting pot that guarantees success, an opportunity to prosperity and social upward regardless of race, religion or status at birth. After the events of 9/11, the idealized notion of the melting pot was abandoned. Therefore, another version of America initiates fueled by post-9/11 xenophobia and President Bush administration’s “war on terror” launched on the pretext of promoting democracy. The Bush Doctrine, however, represented terrorism as a cause rather than an effect of the long history of Western colonization, oppression and manipulation of the Muslim World. This is exactly where the importance of Mohsin Hamid’ novel, The Reluctant Fundamentalist (2007), is manifested to challenge and subvert the dominant post-9/11 discourse. In Hamid’s novel the “Other” is directly represented, not through the Orientalist discourse, but through an Easterner who changes his allegiance from a believer in and proponent of the neoliberal capitalist version of the American Dream to a skeptic and opponent of USA economic and political foreign policy. Therefore, this research argues that Hamid’s novel attempts to delineate the discourses of Islamophobia, capitalism, economic and political domination of the west, and fundamentalism in context of 9/11 attacks and their aftermath.
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Brunner, José, and Galia Plotkin Amrami. "From the therapeutic to the post-therapeutic: The resilient subject, its social imaginary, and its practices in the shadow of 9/11." Theory & Psychology 29, no. 2 (March 18, 2019): 219–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354319830784.
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In the aftermath of 9/11, the concept of psychological resilience, which refers to the ability to “bounce back” after adversity, became prominent across the American mental health community. Resilience thinking made its way quickly into the U.S. military, where it sparked the most expensive psychological intervention program in history. This article interweaves four strands of explanation—political, scientific, technological, and cultural—to account for the success of resilience thinking in the U.S. military and beyond. It shows that theories and practices of psychological resilience are not as novel as their proponents make them out to be. However, it also details how the ideal of a post-therapeutic, resilient subject became the cornerstone of a new, post-9/11 social imaginary. This article concludes that the contemporary ascendancy of psychological resilience indicates that rather than allying itself with the therapeutic as it had done previously, post-9/11 neoliberalism has moved toward the post-therapeutic.
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Gauvin, Mitchell. "Ecologies of Anxiety." Con Texte 3, no. 1 (May 26, 2022): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.28984/ct.v3i1.384.
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This paper examines the urban space as an ecology of anxiety in post-9/11 literature. After the atomic bomb drop on Hiroshima in August 1945, survivors testified of experiencing prior to the bombing an anticipatory trauma known as bukimirooted in the belief that a catastrophic event was forthcoming. Paul K. Saint-Amour suggests that similar experiences to bukimi are not exclusive to the residents of Hiroshima but came to structure post-war urban experience as a result of a nuclear condition wrought by the Cold War. My paper explores whether a contemporary bukimi can be identified in post-9/11 literature. The post-9/11 novel—works which directly or indirectly acknowledge the terrorist attacks—present familiar but ambiguous forms of risk engendered by the threat of terrorism and maintained in the form of an urban-originated anxiety. This anxiety is rooted in the spectre of an event that’s never total or conclusive—an event that promises witness testimony and the maintenance of traumatic memories, but which also eclipses calamitous structures (like global warming) that are gradual and continuous. To unravel this contemporary species of bukimi, my paper examines depictions of the urban space in the post-9/11 literature of Foer and McEwan.
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Altwaiji, Mubarak. "Discourse Analysis: New Language and New Attitude towards Yemen in Contemporary British Novel." International Journal of English Linguistics 9, no. 4 (July 12, 2019): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n4p326.
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In the critical work on European orientalism, the European scholars approach post 9/11 British neo-orientalist discourse with a totalizing view of representation; a part of the dominant misrepresentation. This study examines issues related to Yemen in Paul Torday’s novel Salmon Fishing in the Yemen (2007). In Salmon Fishing, Torday uses fragmented forms of narrations for his new approach of representation. He uses newspapers, interviews, emails, news articles, document transcripts, diary entries, personal interviews, scientific reports and memoranda as narrative techniques to re-conceptualize the Yemeni people. This study investigates the British political and cultural attitudes towards Yemen and the improvement in the representation of Yemen in post 9/11 British discourse by focusing on the fissures between classic orientalism and neo-orientalism. In the analysis of Salmon Fishing, the study scrutinizes the views of Ralph Emerson and Georg Lukács which are usually associated more closely with studies on representations. The study manifestly identifies the harmony, cooperation and mutual understanding between the east and the west in post 9/11 British discourse on Yemen.
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Naem, Ali Dakhil, and Alaa Abbas Ghadban. "Orientalism in Laila Halaby’s Once in a Promised Land." International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences 7, no. 2 (2022): 340–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.72.49.
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In this paper, the researcher show how Laila Halabypresents informative perception into the conflicts confrontation Arab Americans in post 9/11 America. Halaby turns the Western look upon the Arab societies. Laila Halaby symbolizes an America which is conspiratorial and submerged with religious enthusiasms. After 9/11, Halaby’s American characters become increasingly fanaticism and mistrustful of Arabs and Islamic cultures. Halaby, then, portrays intolerant and xenophobic American characters overwrought with doubts and discloses a post 9/11 America that is widespread with anti-Arab racism. Halaby also propounds that the widespread American perception of a world patently divided between East and West only arouses global crises such as drought, poverty and war. She also declares that the juveniles that occurred on September 11, 2001, were a direct result of these epidemics. Moreover, Halaby offers a perspective of Americans as ignorantly perceiving the United States as alienated from crises impending all nations. For this reason, Halaby's novel functions as a cautionary story decreeing Americans to transcend a binary frame of reference for avoiding further crises from escalating within or beyond American borders.
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Chattopadhyay, *Ms Anwesa. "The “ARAB-ORIENTAL” in post-9/11 America : A Reading of LAILA HALABY’S Once in a Promised Land." American Research Journal of English and Literature 7, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21694/2378-9026.21001.
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The Orientalist psychology has been persistently shaped by an ideological demarcation between Westerners and Arab-Orientals; “the former are (in no particular order) rational, peaceful, liberal, logical, capable of holding real values without natural suspicion; the latter are none of these things” (Said, p. 49). The Orientalist perspective has remained ingrained in the Western mind across the decades, persistently shaping the colonialist ideology in an era of mass migration. The latter decades of the nineteenth century witnessed a rapid upsurge in the migration of Arabs, a major part of whom settled in the United States. The continuous upsurge in the Arab migration and settlement was concurrent with the growing spur of racism, which forms the basis of the victimization of the Arab-American populace. In this regard,Steven Salaita (an eminent critic of Islamophobia and a spokesperson for the “Anti-Arab Racism” in the USA) observes, “The origin of American racism is a combination of European colonial values and interaction with Blacks and Indians” (p. 5). In the light of the above statement, this paper aims to study Laila Halaby’s novel Once in a Promised Land (2007) from an orientalist perspective, and locate the traces of Islamophobia that had victimized the Muslim immigrants in America after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.
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Battisti, Chiara. "Falling Man and the Aesthetics of Terrorism." Pólemos 16, no. 2 (August 8, 2022): 347–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pol-2022-2020.
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Abstract This paper analyses Don DeLillo’s novel Falling Man as an influential example of post-9/11 literature. This novel, in describing the shattering impact of the destruction of the symbolic reference points that determine our experience of reality, has undoubtedly contributed to defining a “before and after 9/11” cultural scenario, where the new era is abruptly marked by the presence of new meanings, new attitudes, new spaces and new categories. This complex reframing of reality has engendered a new approach to the role of art, and especially of literature, in the Western world. This paper demonstrates that Falling Man can be read a site of political (re)configuration, in which the return to the link between the creative process and the issue of terrorism – a theme that runs through much of DeLillo’s writing – leads to a move beyond established categories and concepts. Such a move responds to a public need for a reconceptualisation of paradigms of terror/horror. I argue that the novel’s narrativisation of terrorism has introduced important suggestions into the contemporary cultural panorama, which now allow us to identify both a new form of terrorism that is closely connected with the emergent metamodern sensibility, and new aesth-ethical concepts that are better suited to describing contemporary violence.
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Gasztold, Brygida. "Of Promises Delivered and Failed: Post‑9/11 America through the Eyes of The Reluctant Fundamentalist by Mohsin Hamid." Ad Americam 16 (December 30, 2015): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/adamericam.16.2014.16.02.
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Mohsin Hamid’s novel The Reluctant Fundamentalist offers an interesting voice in the discussion about post‑9/ 11 America and shows how a successful immigrant story changes to a racially charged case of ethnic discrimination. Despite the fact that Hamid’s protagonist may believe in his successful assimilation into American culture, the general feeling of xenophobia that gripped American society in the wake of the 9/11 attacks forces him to re‑evaluate his position. His personal dilemma, oscillating between the desire for material affluence and ethnic loyalty, is presented in a broader context that depicts the world divided along financial and political lines. The conflicting pull between the economic interests lying in the West – represented by the U.S. and the subaltern position of less‑developed countries, such as Pakistan – becomes a source of anguish for the protagonist. This paper examines how the borders of conflict shift from public to personal, complicating the issue of identity for Muslim immigrants. The discourse of the war on terror is presented from the perspective of an Other, offering a counter‑narrative to the hegemonic narrative of Western culture.
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Hashim, Hazim Adnan, and Ruzbeh Babaee. "Trauma and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Don Delillo's Falling Man." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 54 (June 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.54.1.
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This article looks at 9/11 trauma and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Don DeLillo’s Falling Man. This asserts that 9/11 has brought about not only political, social, economic and cultural consequences but also caused victims on the personal level. This paper demonstrates how Keith, the protagonist of the novel, has been affected by 9/11. In other words, this article examines Keith’s traumatic experience of witnessing his close friend’s death, the falling man, and escaping his own impending death in the north tower and how these horrible scenes affect Keith’s perception of self. Eventually, this article concludes that DeLillo's Falling Man presents the reality of what the survivors have experienced during and after the attacks, and the complication of trauma and PTSD that turns their world topsy-turvy.
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Jadwe, Majeed U. "Storytelling, Liminality & the Textual Fashioning of a Post-Colonial “Ancient Mariner” in Mohsin Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist." Studies in Linguistics and Literature 3, no. 3 (July 5, 2019): p241. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sll.v3n3p241.
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This paper examines Mohsin Hamid’s 2007 novel The Reluctant Fundamentalist as a post-colonial re-writing of S. T. Coleridge’s narrative poem “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” (1798). A comparative analysis is carried between these two works to establish their affinities in terms of storytelling technicalities and the space of liminality where they position their narrators. The comparative analysis shall prove that Hamid’s affinities with Coleridge’s work are deliberately employed to fashion his central character Changez as a post-colonial ancient mariner, which ultimately lies to the heart of the novel as both a contemporary politico-moral fable and as an act of resistance to post 9/11 American neo-colonialist discourses.
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Dittamore, Ryan Vance, Adam Jendrisak, Nicole A. Schreiber, Brigit McLaughlin, Ryon Graf, Angel Rodriguez, Martin Fleisher, et al. "Changes in CTC burden and prevalence of specific CTC subtypes in mCRPC patients (pts) receiving alpharadin (Ra-223) as single agent or in combination with other therapuetics (Tx)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): 5076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.5076.
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5076 Background: Ra-223 prolongs life in mCRPC pts with symptomatic osseous metastasis with inconsistent effects on PSA. Survival times are prolonged further when combined with Abi/Enza. Data from preclinical studies suggest that Ra-223 may sensitize tumors to DDR agents and/or biologic therapies. But predictive biomarkers of benefit to each or both combinationso are lacking. We studied CTC counts and the prevelance of specific CTC subtypes in patients before and following Ra-223 therapy, both as a single agent and in combination, to identify biomarkers of sensitivity and treatement efficacy, and effects of Ra-223 on tumor biology. Methods: Pre and ~4 week post RA-223 therapy blood samples were collected from 35 pts (2 samples each) given as a single agent (n = 20 pts) or in combination with other therapies (n = 15 pts, 9 w/ Enza, 5 w/ Abi, 1 w/ Taxane). Samples were processed and CTCs analyzed using the Epic Sciences platform. Total CTC count and the prevalence of specific CTC phenotypes present pre and post Rx were identified utilizing high content digital pathology and associated with therapy type and post-treatment change. Results: CTC declines were observed in 55% (11/20) and 60% (9/15) of pts treated with single agent and combination respectively. In Ra-223 alone pts, a novel CTC subtype (high N/C ratio, high nuclear area) was identified at baseline 11/20 samples (med = 33% of CTCs). Which was no longer detected in 10 (90%) of the pts treated. This contrasts with a second novel CTC subtype present at baseline in 4 pts (med CTC = 9%) that increased to 9 cases (med CTC = 18%) at follow-up. Conclusions: A subset of pts demonstrate post-therapy CTC declines following Ra-223 alone or in combination. A novel CTC subtype resolved by RA-223 in conjunction with total CTC kinetics may indicate pt benefit from Ra-223. A novel emergent CTC subtype has also been identified in pts already receiving Ra-223. Single CTC sequencing and protein analysys of these CTC subtypes are ongoing, and may help describe tumor evolution and sensitization to novel therapuetics.
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Mr. Sidhique P. and Dr Abdul Mohammed Ali Jinnah. "Within the Hybrid Imagination: Muslim Women's Agency after 9/11 in Laila Halaby’s once in a Promised Land." Dogo Rangsang Research Journal 12 (2022): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.36893/drsr.2022.v12i12n01.63-70.
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In literary imaginations, Muslim women are frequently portrayed as disempowered, oppressed, and devalued by Muslim men, submissive to their husbands with no equal rights, utterly neglected by their parents and mistreated as daughters-in-law, and, most notably, always kept at home and under the veil of ignorance. Some Muslim authors, however, strayed from these Orientalist, neo-Orientalist, and postcolonial depictions of Muslim women. Islamophobia escalated after the September 11 attacks, resulting in Muslims being exposed to othering, profiling, discrimination, and physical and verbal abuse. The post-9/11 public power discourse and Islamophobic social rhetoric that accompanied the War on Terrorism produced a narrative of destroying terrorism, instituting democracy, and freeing burqa-clad Muslim women from patriarchal and religious restrictions. After 9/11, the fictional works of Western authors propagated negative preconceptions of Islam and Muslims. This portrayal intentionally eliminated any prospective Muslim female characters, so developing and endorsing the non-entity persona of Muslim women who have little place, position, and role in the public arena, and are therefore not worth depicting. In contrast, Muslim authors presented the flip side of the coin to contradict this widespread misunderstanding and stereotyping of Muslims and Islam. This research paper investigates the portrayal of Muslim women in post-9/11 literature, giving special reference to the novel Once in a Promised Land by Laila Halaby.
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Nafia Fakhrulddin, Saif Raed, and Ida Baizura Bahar. "Social Oppression and American Cultural Imperialism: The Crisis of the Muslim Minority Groups’ Identity in Terrorist by John Updike." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 11, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.11n.1p.1.
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Terrorist (2006) by John Updike has been classified within the post-9/11 novel genre where many American authors depict their counter-narratives to the horrific event of 9/11. The novel revolves around the life of a young teenager named Ahmad and his religious mentor, Shaikh Rashid, who are accused as terrorists. This study problematises the issue of the identity of Muslim characters in facing oppression using the concept of cultural imperialism by Iris Marion Young (1990), focussing on the social treatment of Muslim minority characters in America perceived as inferior to the entire American cultural mainstream. The objective of this study then is to examine the author’s depictions of the American society as the cultural imperialism persecuting Muslim characters. The findings highlight the Muslim characters’ inability to emulate the prevailing American cultural imperialism which oppresses them. As such, the study’s originality lies in the interpretation of the aversive affinity between Muslim minority groups and American cultural imperialism from a social perspective. Thus, the social aspects of social oppression and the American cultural imperialism will be the core of the study’s novelty regarding the view of Muslims in America in the years ensuing the events of 9/11.
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Berrebbah, Ishak. "Understanding Arab American Identity through Orientalist Stereotypes and Representations in Mohja Kahf’s The Girl in the Tangerine Scarf (2006)." East-West Cultural Passage 20, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 30–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ewcp-2020-0002.
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Abstract Arab-American women’s literature has emerged noticeably in the early years of the 21st century. The social and political atmosphere in post-9/11 America encouraged the growth of such literature and brought it to international attention. This diasporic literature functions as a means of discussing the Orientalist discourse that circumscribes Arab American identity and its effects in determining their position in the wider American society. As such, this article investigates the extent to which Edward Said’s discourse of Orientalism is employed by Mohja Kahf in her novel The Girl in the Tangerine Scarf (2006) to project the stereotypes and misrepresentations that confine the identity of Arab and Muslim characters in the US society. This article suggests that post-9/11 Arab American fiction serves as a literary reference to such stereotype-based discourse in the contemporary era. The arguments in this article, while employing an analytical and critical approach to the novel, are outlined within postcolonial and Orientalist theoretical frameworks based on arguments of prominent critics and scholars such as Peter Morey, Edward Said, and Jack Shaheen, to name just a few.
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Bahrawi, Nazry. "Mohsin Hamid's War on Error: The Reluctant Fundamentalist as a Post-Truth Novel." CounterText 4, no. 2 (August 2018): 256–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/count.2018.0130.
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In contemporary political discourse, the term ‘post-truth’ denotes rhetorical techniques often directed at garnering popular support. Post-truth techniques were, for instance, said to have characterised Donald Trump's presidential campaign in the United States as well as the Brexit lobby in the United Kingdom. This article proposes an alternative interpretation of ‘post-truth’, approaching it as a challenge to dominant systems of knowledge expressed through literary narratives. This essay puts forward a consideration of ‘decolonial post-truth’ as a rhetorical technique inspired by Walter Mignolo's concept of decoloniality. In so doing, it engages with the countertextual through the ways in which literariness travels from the novel into everyday politics. Seeking to demonstrate the workings of decolonial post-truth through a close reading of Mohsin Hamid's The Reluctant Fundamentalist (2007), the essay positions the novel as a counter-historical text that challenges the truisms that breathe life into 9/11 Islamophobia.
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Shehzad, Umar. "Accounting for the Unaccountable: The Problem of Evil in the Post 9/11 Fiction with Special Reference to Don DeLillo’s Falling Man." International Journal of Linguistics and Culture 3, no. 2 (December 16, 2022): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/ijlc.v3i2.121.
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An account of evil is an oxymoronic construction because, as Terry Eagleton puts it, evil is like “boarding a crowded commuter train wearing only a giant boa constrictor” i.e. incomprehensible by its very nature. However, evil has variously been described as the underbelly of religion, the backyard of morality, and inassimilable waste and byproduct of existence. In the post 9/11 fiction, problematics of evil have been dealt in three distinct and mutually contradictory ways: as a fissure in the cosmic order, as an inevitable fallout of power politics on the international stage, and finally as part of the normal human condition and thus a continuation of average everydayness. Don DeLillo’s Falling Man, an important post 9/11 work of fiction, stages all three strategies. Therefore, when the novel starts with taking up the big questions – Man vs God, good vs evil, determinism vs free will, east vs west, the narrative soon descends to the depiction of the average dailiness of the daily and the little emotional dramas it entails, leaving the fundamentals to fend for themselves.
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Khan, Hashim, Muhammad Umer, and Amjad Saleem. "A Narrative of Confrontation and Reconciliation Through Vivid Symbolism: A Study of Mohsin Hamid's Novel the Reluctant Fundamentalist." Global Language Review V, no. III (September 30, 2020): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glr.2020(v-iii).14.
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This study examined The Reluctant Fundamentalist by Mohsin Hamid, a response to American position on 9/11. The author's 'research back' and 'counter history' literary technique was explored to analyze it as a fiction of confrontation and reconciliation. Both the elements have been studied with reference to vivid symbolism of the characters, names, situations, texts and references. The novel is a bold encounter with American political narrative and military response. Out of a huge volume of post-9/11 fiction, The Reluctant Fundamentalist stands out as a part of counter narrative literature. This study reveals its position as a fiction which puts forth a balanced approach. The novel, despite displaying the element of confrontation, presents the gesture of reconciliation. It does not incite for war; it invites for political, cultural and socioeconomic engagement. It stipulates the need for Pakistan and the Muslim world to minimize their gulf of mistrust and misunderstanding with America.
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Wiśniewski, Tomasz. "Towards the Post-secular Historical Consciousness." Prace Kulturoznawcze 21, no. 1 (December 22, 2017): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0860-6668.21.6.
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This paper is an attempt to present an idea of post-secular historical consciousness. I start from brief observations about the contemporary post-secular condition and emphasize the presence of some non-secular factors in historical consciousness such as the meaning of the theological tradition. I reveal some elements present in contemporary historiography especially in the writings of Hayden White, which — I believe — are based on ideas derived from religious spiritual, theological imagination, but which also appear useful for eventual conceptualizing of the post-secular historical consciousness. I discuss also political dimensions of the problem, its symptoms and stakes from 9/11 terrorist attacks to Michel Houellebecq’s novel Submission.
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Gaibulloev, Khusrav, and Todd Sandler. "What We Have Learned about Terrorism since 9/11." Journal of Economic Literature 57, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 275–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.20181444.
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This overview examines critically the post-9/11 empirical literature on terrorism. Major contributions by both economists and political scientists are included. We focus on five main themes: the changing nature of terrorism, the organization of terrorist groups, the effectiveness of counterterrorism policies, modern drivers or causes of terrorism, and the economic consequences of terrorism. In so doing, we investigate a host of questions that include: How do terrorist groups attract and retain members? What determines the survival of terrorist groups? Is poverty a root cause of terrorism? What counterterrorism measures work best? In the latter regard, we find that many counterterrorism policies have unintended negative consequences owing to attack transference and terrorist backlash. This suggests the need for novel policies such as service provision to counter some terrorist groups’ efforts to provide such services. Despite terrorists’ concerted efforts to damage targeted countries’ economies, the empirical literature shows that terrorism has had little or no effect on economic growth or GDP except in small terrorism-plagued countries. At the sectoral level, terrorism can adversely affect tourism and foreign direct investment, but these effects are rather transient and create transference of activities to other sectors, thus cushioning the consequences. (JEL F21, F52, H56, K42, Z31)
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Ashour, Ramsey, Stephen Dodson, and M. Ali Aziz-Sultan. "Endovascular management of intracranial blister aneurysms: spectrum and limitations of contemporary techniques." Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 8, no. 1 (November 6, 2014): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2014-011443.
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BackgroundIntracranial blister aneurysms are rare lesions that are notoriously more difficult to treat than typical saccular aneurysms. High complication rates associated with surgery have sparked considerable interest in endovascular techniques, though not well-studied, to treat blister aneurysms.ObjectiveTo evaluate our experience using various endovascular approaches to treat blister aneurysms.MethodsAll consecutive blister aneurysms treated using an endovascular approach by the study authors over a 3-year period were retrospectively analyzed. A literature review was also performed.ResultsNine patients with blister aneurysms underwent 11 endovascular interventions. In various combinations, stents were used in 8/11, coils in 5/11, and Onyx in 3/11 procedures. At mean angiographic follow-up of 200 days, 8/9 aneurysms were completely occluded by endovascular means alone requiring no further treatment and 1/9 aneurysms required surgical bypass/trapping after one failed surgical and two failed endovascular treatments. At mean clinical follow-up of 416 days, modified Rankin Scale scores were improved in six patients, stable in two, and worsened in one patient. One complication occurred in 11 procedures (9%), resulting in a permanent neurologic deficit. No unintended endovascular parent vessel sacrifice, intraprocedural aneurysmal ruptures, antiplatelet-related complications, post-treatment aneurysmal re-ruptures, or deaths occurred.ConclusionThis series highlights both the spectrum and limitations of endovascular techniques currently used to treat blister aneurysms, including a novel application of stent-assisted Onyx embolization. Long-term follow-up and experience in larger studies are required to better define the role of endovascular therapy in the management of these difficult lesions.
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Stegelmann, Frank, Martin Griesshammer, Sandra Ruf, Susanne Kuhn, Frank G. Rücker, Simone Miller, Hartmut Dohner, and Konstanze Dohner. "Genetic Profiling of BCR/ABL Negative Myeloproliferative Disorders Using High-Resolution Microarrays." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 1538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.1538.1538.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Recently, the identification of the gain of function mutation JAK2V617F delivered important insights into the pathogenesis of BCR/ABL negative myeloproliferative disorders (MPD). JAK2V617F is detectable in more than 90% of polycythemia vera (PV) patients (pts) and in approximately 50% of pts with essential thrombocythemia (ET) or primary myelofibrosis (PMF), representing the genetic hallmark of BCR/ABL negative disease. However, about 30% of MPD pts lack the JAK2V617F mutation and previous studies on ET and PV demonstrated that clonality exceeds the percentage of V617F mutated cells. These findings suggest that additional genetic alterations are involved in the pathogenesis of MPD, in both JAK2 mutated and unmutated pts. To identify novel genetic aberrations and to determine whether specific lesions are associated with disease phenotype, genomic DNA from granulocytes of 72 MPD pts classified according to the WHO criteria was analyzed using high-resolution, genome-wide microarray techniques [disease, number analyzed, JAK2 mutation status: PMF, n=14, 9/14; post-ET MF, n=5, 3/5; post-PV MF, n=5, 5/5; PV, n=37, 37/37; ET, n=11, 11/11]. In a first approach, all cases were investigated by comparative genomic hybridization to 8k arrays (array CGH) with an average probe spacing of less than 1 Mb. While no genomic imbalances were found in ET, 11% of PV pts (n=4) exhibited large (>10 Mb) deletions on 20q (n=2) or gains on 9p and 1q (n=1, each). In addition, small (<1 Mb) recurrent gains in 1q21.1 (n=2) and 22q11.23 (n=2) were identified. In MF pts the incidence of large genomic imbalances was 25% (n=6) with trisomy 9 (n=3) being the most frequent aberration followed by loss of 20q, 5q, and 13q in single cases. Furthermore, in one pt with post-PV MF small genomic losses in 17q11.2 (2 Mb) and 17p13.2 (0.8 Mb) were identified harbouring NF1 but not TP53. Deletion of the NF1 allele without concomitant loss of TP53 was confirmed by FISH. To further increase resolution and to investigate the role of uniparental disomy (UPD), single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis using the Affymetrix 250k Nsp SNP array was performed in all MF cases. Copy number estimation and loss of heterozygosity probability were analyzed using a set of 117 remission samples from acute myeloid leukemia pts as a common reference. SNP analysis confirmed all anomalies detected by array CGH. In addition, SNP analysis revealed small genomic losses (1.6–2.6 Mb) in 1q21.2 (n=3), 5q13.2, and 3p13 (n=1, each), and in one secondary MF pt another microdeletion in 17q11.2 (1.2 Mb). UPDs recurrently affected 9p (n=5) in a region harbouring the JAK2 locus. In single cases, large UPDs of 1q (25 Mb), 2p (14 Mb), 5q (4 Mb), 6p (11 Mb), and 7q (11 Mb) were identified. Of note, all JAK2V617F mutated post-PV and post-ET MF cases exhibited 9p abnormalities represented either by trisomy 9 or UPD of 9p. In conclusion, using a combined microarray approach we were able to detect novel submicroscopic alterations in addition to known abnormalities. Parallel analysis of both techniques clearly demonstrated the superiority of array-SNP mapping. Further analyses on larger pt populations and correlation with global gene expression data will facilitate the identification of disease-related genes that are involved in the pathogenesis of BCR/ABL negative MPD.