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1
Bukhori, K. A. "Pergeseran Paradigma Hukum." Medina-Te : Jurnal Studi Islam 14, no. 1 (July 16, 2018): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.19109/medinate.v14i1.2353.
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Positivists may declare that metaphysics (transcendental) is dead, but now it is logical positivism that first died. It is remarkable that the era of Muslim, Jewish and Christian theist thinkers is now again engaged in a vast exploration of the idea of "God's hypothesis." This paper will try to describe the law and spiritualism. The study of law here is meant to describe law or law through the approach of historical perspective, namely in the era of positivism that gave birth to modern law in liberal society. At such times spiritual values which include: moral ethics and religion are not in place so that modern law experiences a spiritual crisis. In its development, there emerged a positivist critical thinking movement which sought to escape and sue positivist thought.
Positivis boleh saja mengumumkan bahwa metafisika (transcendental) sudah mati, akan tetapi kini justru positivisme logislah yang duluan mati. Sangat menarik perhatian bahwa era pemikir teisme dari Muslim, Yahudi dan Kristen kini kembali terlibat dalam eksplorasi yang sangat luas terhadap gagasan “hipotesis Tuhan”. Tulisan ini akan mencoba menggambarkan hukum dan spiritualisme. Kajian hukum di sini dimaksudkan untuk menggambarkan hukum atau ilmu hukum melalui pendekatan perspektif historis, yakni pada era positivisme yang melahirkan hukum modern pada masyarakat liberal. Pada saat semacam itu nilai-nilai spiritual yang meliputi: etika moral dan agama tidak mendapat tempat sehingga hukum modern mengalami krisis spiritual. Dalam perkembangannya kemudian muncul gerakan pemikiran kritis yang post positivis yang berupaya untuk melepaskan diri dan menggugat pemikiran positivis.
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Ferreira, Sónia Mairos. "Dos processos aos produtos de investigação: três propostas de avaliação de estudos científicos não positivistas." Revista Pesquisa Qualitativa 6, no. 12 (December 24, 2018): 530. http://dx.doi.org/10.33361/rpq.2018.v.6.n.12.165.
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Resumo: O presente artigo constitui uma reflexão crítica acerca dos desafios e possibilidades que se colocam, na contemporaneidade, à avaliação da qualidade de investigação científica, quando esta se desenvolve segundo orientações de matriz não positivista. No âmbito da prossecução deste propósito a primeira rubrica contém uma breve síntese das (in)suficiências, reportadas na literatura, no que respeita ao positivismo e, também, às propostas alternativas defendidas pelos/as seus/suas críticos/as. A rubrica seguinte sintetiza três tendências de apreciação da qualidade de estudos científicos não positivistas, apontando as particularidades que assumem, assim como as divergências que possuem, em relação ao positivismo e, igualmente, entre si.Palavras-chave: Conhecimento científico; Investigação (não) positivista; Avaliação. From processes to research products: three proposals of evaluation of non-positivistic scientific studiesAbstract: This article is a critical reflection on the challenges and opportunities that arise, in contemporaneity, to the evaluation of the quality of scientific research, when it develops accordingly to non-positivist guidelines. In pursuing this purpose the first rubric contains a brief overview of the (in)sufficiencies, reported in the literature, regarding positivism and, also, to alternative proposals advocated by its critics. The following rubric synthesizes three trends of assessing the quality of non-positivist scientific studies, pointing out the particularities they assume, as well as the major differences from positivism and from each other.Keywords:
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Nottelmann, Nikolaj. "Om positivisme og objektivisme i samfundsvidenskaberne." Dansk Sociologi 28, no. 3 (October 15, 2017): 9–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/dansoc.v28i3.5640.
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”Positivisme” hører til de mest kontroversielle og mangetydige termer i moderne debatter om samfundsvidenskabelig metode. Bredt anvendte lærebøger er på én gang ofte uklare og voldsomt indbyrdes uenige angående positivismens metafysiske, erkendelsmæssige og ideologiske forpligtelser. Denne artikel leverer en receptionshistorisk behandling af positivismen fra dens dobbelte udspring i det 19. århundredes franske og tyske filosofi frem til i dag. Hermed kortlægges en række væsentlige historiske omforståelser og misforståelser som baggrund for nutidens begrebsforvirring. Det påvises efterfølgende, at forskellige positivistiske retningers forhold til videnskabelig objektivisme er en temmelig kompleks og varieret affære. Det er således ufrugtbart at behandle samfundsvidenskabelig positivisme og objektivisme under ét, sådan som det ofte gøres.
ENGELSK ABSTRACT:
Nikolaj Nottelmann: On positivism and objectivism in thesocial sciences
“Positivism” ranks among the most controversial and polysemous terms in
modern social scientific methodological discourses. Widely used textbooks in
the social sciences are often unclear and mutually inconsistent in their mapping
of positivism’s metaphysical, epistemological, and ideological commitments.
This article offers a reception history, tracing positivism from its dual
roots in 19th century French and German philosophy of science to the present
day. The article points out several eventful historical reinterpretations and
misinterpretations responsible for the current conceptual confusion. Then
the article explains how various positivistic currents have very different and
complex relations to scientific objectivism. Thus, despite common practice,
it is unfruitful to treat social scientific positivism and objectivism under one
heading.
Keywords: Positivism; Objectivism; Phenomenalism; Logical Empiricism;
Critical Theory
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Cristi, Miguel Antonio Ahumada. "Los métodos positivista y fenomenológico, una explicación desde las ciencias naturales y sociales." Revista Pesquisa Qualitativa 6, no. 12 (December 24, 2018): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.33361/rpq.2018.v.6.n.12.219.
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Resumen: En ciencias sociales, históricamente han predominado, en teoría y práctica, dos perspectivas metodológicas: durante el siglo XIX, y en la primera parte del XX, tuvo predominio el positivismo, cuyo método deductivo echó raíces en la metodología cuantitativa. Sin embargo, desde la segunda mitad del siglo XX, los estudios fenomenológicos –que utilizan un método inductivo asociado a la metodología cualitativa– ganaron predominio. En este artículo nos proponemos describir y comprender las bases teóricas, provenientes de las ciencias naturales y de la filosofía, que sustentan al enfoque positivista y que sostienen parte importante del argumento de la perspectiva fenomenológica.Palabras clave: Positivismo; Fenomenología; Ciencias Naturales y Sociales. The positivist and phenomenological methods, an explanation from the natural and social sciences Abstract: In Social Studies, they have historically predominated in theory and practice, two methodological perspectives. During the XIX and the early XX century, positivism had predominance, whose deductive method took root in quantitative methodology. However, since the second half of the XX century, phenomenological studies – which use an inductive method associated to the qualitative methodology – won predominance. In this article, we propose to describe the theoretical bases, from natural science and philosophy, which support the positivist approach and hold an important part of the phenomenological perspective argument. Keywords: Positivism; Phenomenology; Natural and social science. Os métodos positivista e fenomenológico, uma explicação desde as ciências da natureza e sociaisResumo: Em ciências sociais, historicamente tem predominado, na teoria e prática, duas perspectivas metodológicas: durante o século XIX, e na primeira metade do XX, teve predomínio o positivismo, cujo método dedutivo forjou raízes na metodologia quantitativa. No entanto, desde a segunda metade do século XX, os estudos fenomenológicos – que utilizam um método indutivo associado à metodologia qualitativa – tomaram predomínio. Neste artigo nos propomos descrever e compreender as bases teóricas, provenientes das ciências da natureza e humanas, que dão sustento ao enfoque positivista e que fundamentam, também, uma parte importante da perspectiva fenomenológica.Palavras-chave: Positivismo; Fenomenologia; Ciências Naturais e Sociais.
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Arias Castillo, Tomás A., and Luis Alfonso Herrera Orellana. "Positivismo jurídico, Estado de Derecho y libertad: una propuesta de formulación = Legal Positivism, Rule of Law and Freedom: A Proposal for Formulating." EUNOMÍA. Revista en Cultura de la Legalidad, no. 16 (March 29, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/eunomia.2019.4692.
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Resumen: En el presente trabajo se exploran las posibles vías de conexión entre el positivismo jurídico, el liberalismo clásico y el Estado de Derecho, tarea que siempre se ha visto dificultada por la visión antipositivista de los autores liberales. En tal sentido, se analizan y responden las críticas antipositivistas con el propósito de mostrar la compatibilidad entre el positivismo jurídico y el ideal del Estado de Derecho. Palabras clave: Liberalismo clásico, positivismo jurídico, Estado de Derecho, separación entre derecho y moral, fuentes sociales del derecho.Abstract: This article explores possible connections between legal positivism, classical liberalism and the rule of law, a task that has been obstructed by the anti-positivist vision of liberal authors. In that sense, anti-positivists critics are analyzed and contested with the purpose of showing the compatibility between legal positivism and the rule of law ideal. Keywords: Classical liberalism, legal positivism, rule of law, separation between law and morals, social sources of the law.
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Gomes, Maysa. "Educação, sociabilidade e atuação: o positivismo como processo de organização política, social e educacional (Minas Gerais, fins do século XIX, início do XX) / Education, sociability and action: positivism as an organization process political, social and educational (Minas Gerais, 19TH and 20th century)." Revista de História e Historiografia da Educação 2, no. 4 (February 6, 2018): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rhhe.v2i4.53115.
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No Brasil, como em outros países da América Latina, o positivismo se fez presente na vida social, política e educacional. Embora com propósitos semelhantes, as experiências foram alçadas de modo diferenciado, mobilizando atores, agentes políticos, professores e redes de relacionamentos e sociabilidades. No caso brasileiro, a imbricação República e Positivismo levou a proposições políticas e educacionais promovidas por diversos agentes e em diferentes estados do país. Neste sentido, ressaltamos a disseminação do positivismo no Brasil no âmbito de diversas escolas e os professores como agentes, além de seu desígnio essencialmente educador. A atuação de grupos políticos e professores viabilizou a expansão de propostas derivadas do pensamento comtiano e a execução de projetos impulsionados pelo apelo à ordem e ao progresso, ao desenvolvimento dos homens e da sociedade. Este artigo analisa as formulações positivistas para a educação e para as relações sociais contidas em algumas obras de Comte e do Apostolado Positivista do Brasil e suas relações com os processos desenvolvidos por seus seguidores em terras brasileiras, em fins do século XIX, início do XX, particularmente em Minas Gerais.* * *In Brazil, as in other Latin American countries, positivism was present in social, political and educational life. Although for similar purposes, the experiences were raised in a differentiated way, mobilizing actors, political agents, professors and networks of relationships and sociabilities. In the Brazilian case, the imbrication Republic and Positivism led to political and educational propositions promoted by different agents and in different states of the country. In this sense, we emphasize the dissemination of positivism in Brazil within the framework of several schools and teachers as agents, in addition to their essentially educative purpose. The work of political groups and teachers enabled the expansion of proposals derived from Comte thought and the execution of projects driven by the call to order and progress, to the development of men and society. This article analyzes the positivist formulations for education and social relations contained in some works of Comte and the Positivist Apostolate of Brazil and their relations with the processes developed by their followers in Brazilian lands in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly in Minas Gerais.
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Hasanah, Ulfatun. "Kontribusi Pemikiran Auguste Comte (Positivisme) Terhadap Dasar Pengembangan Ilmu Dakwah." Al-I'lam: Jurnal Komunikasi dan Penyiaran Islam 2, no. 2 (March 30, 2019): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/jail.v2i1.1261.
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Abstrak:Auguste Comte (1798-1857) merupakan seorang filsuf dari Perancis penggagas dari aliran positivisme. Istilah ini mulai digunakan Comte pada karyanya “Cours de Philosophic Positive”. Di samping sebagai seorang filsuf, Auguste Comte juga mendapat sebutan sebagai “Bapak Sosiologi Modern”. Positivisme merupakan aliran pemikiran yang menekankan validitas data secara empirik-verifikatif, sehingga pengetahuan inderawi dijadikan sebagai satu-satunya norma bagi kegiatan ilmiah. Meskipun banyak kritik, tentunya sebagai hasil filsafat, positivisme Auguste Comte ini sangat berperan penting pada perkembangan ilmu-ilmu pengetahuan lain seperti ilmu dakwah. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah berupa sumbangan positivime Auguste Comte terhadap pengembangan ilmu dakwah dari aspek ontologi, epistomologi, dan aksiologi. Abstract:Auguste Comte (1798-1857) was a French philosopher who initiated the flow of positivism. This term began to be used by Comte in his work "Cours de Philosophic Positive". Aside from being a philosopher, Auguste Comte also received the title as "Father of Modern Sociology". Positivism is a school of thought that emphasizes the validity of data empirically-verification, so that sensory knowledge is used as the only norm for scientific activity. Despite many criticisms, of course, as a result of philosophy, Auguste Comte's positivism was very important in the development of other sciences such as da'wah. The results of this study are in the form of the contribution of Auguste Comte's positivime to the development of da'wah from the aspects of ontology, epistomology, and axiology.
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Maksimović, Jelena, and Jelena Evtimov. "Positivism and post-positivism as the basis of quantitative research in pedagogy." Research in Pedagogy 13, no. 1 (2023): 208–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/istrped2301208m.
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The paradigm on which a methodological approach is developed determines the situations in which its application will be most appropriate. The quantitative approach implies a positivist paradigm, the basis of which is cause-and effect relationships, as well as the questioning and verifying of existing theories. Positivism aims to prove that phenomena from the field of social sciences and humanities are equally subject to measurement as natural phenomena. That assumption is also the epicenter of criticism directed at positivism, from which, in addition to its strengths, post-positivism developed, characterized by more flexible views on absolute objectivity. The aim of this paper is focused on the analysis of the basis of the quantitative approach, the possibilities and limitations of the positivist paradigm and the post-positivist paradigm that overcomes the limitations of positivism. The tasks are as follows: 1. Define the concept of paradigm and its role in pedagogical research, 2. Determine the connection between the positivist and post-positivist paradigms and the quantitative approach, 3. Analyze the strengths and limitations of positivism and post-positivism and the possibilities of overcoming its weaknesses. The authors applied the theoretical method with content analysis and accepted the facts and ideas of positivism as the primary paradigm for researching educational reality. They state that post-positivism is intuitive and holistic, flexible in research, while positivism is based on solid facts that are objective and do not depend on subjective interpretation.
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Oliveira, Loraine Lopes de, and Vera Lúcia Martiniak. "Ordem e Progresso: Augusto Comte e as influências do Positivismo na educação das mulheres na Primeira República brasileira." Revista Educação e Emancipação 11, no. 1 (April 27, 2018): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2358-4319.v11n1p232-253.
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O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma reflexão acerca da influência do Positivismo na educação das mulheres no contexto da Primeira República brasileira (1889-1930), também chamada de República Velha. Faz-se uma breve abordagem inicial a respeito de Augusto Comte e o surgimento da filosofia positivista e posteriormente se discorre sobre a influência do Positivismo na educação das mulheres, a qual era vista como um elemento chave para a concretização da nova sociedade que se projetava, para o progresso e a modernização. A pesquisa tem caráter bibliográfico e fundamenta-se nos pressupostos teóricos do materialismo histórico-dialético, que busca compreender os fenômenos sociais e históricos a partir da existência material dos homens. A discussão prioriza a relação da educação com os fatores econômicos, políticos e sociais, já que se compreende que o objeto de pesquisa não pode ser entendido como uma situação isolada de seu contexto histórico.Palavras-chave: Positivismo. Primeira República Brasileira. Educação das mulheres. Order and Progress: Augusto Comte and the influences of Positivism in the education of women in the First Brazilian RepublicABSTRACTThe present article aims to present a reflection on the influence of positivism in the education of women in the context of the First Brazilian Republic (1889-1930), also called the Old Republic. A brief initial approach is given to Augusto Comte and the emergence of the positivist philosophy and later it talks about the influence of positivism in the education of women, a qualitative perspective as a key element for a concretization of the new society which was projected, for progress and modernization. The research has a bibliographic character and is based on the theoretical assumptions of historical-dialectical materialism, which seeks social and historical phenomena from the material reality of men. The discussion prioritizes the relationship of studies with economic, political and social factors, which encompass the object of research can’t be understood as a situation isolated from its historical context.Keywords: Positivism. First Brazilian Republic. Education of women. Orden y Progreso: Augusto Comte y las influencias del Positivismo en la educación de las mujeres en la primera república brasileñaRESUMENEl presente artículo tiene como objetivo exponer una reflexión acerca de la influencia del Positivismo en la educación de las mujeres en el contexto de la Primera República Brasileña (1889-1930), también denominada de República Vieja. Se hace un breve abordaje inicial a respecto de Augusto Comte y el surgimiento de la filosofía positivista y posteriormente se discurre sobre la influencia del Positivismo en la educación de las mujeres, la cual se veía como un elemento clave para la concretización de la nueva sociedad que se proyectaba hacia el progreso y la modernización. La investigación tiene carácter bibliográfico y se fundamenta en los supuestos teóricos del materialismo histórico-dialéctico, que busca comprender los fenómenos sociales e históricos a partir de la existencia material de los hombres. La discusión prioriza la relación de la educación con los factores económicos, políticos y sociales, ya que se comprende que el objeto de la investigación no puede ser entendido como una situación distante de su contexto histórico.Palabras-clave: Positivismo. Primera República Brasileña. Educación de las mujeres
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Leiter, Brian. "Realism, Hard Positivism, and Conceptual Analysis." Legal Theory 4, no. 4 (December 1998): 533–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352325200001130.
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The American Legal Realists, as I read them, are tacit legal positivists: they presuppose views about the criteria of legality that have affinities with positivist accounts of law in the sense that they employ primarily pedigree tests of legal validity. Ever since Ronald Dworkin's well-known critique of H.L.A. Hart's positivism a generation ago, however, it has been hotly contested whether there is anything about positivism as a legal theory that requires that tests of legal validity be pedigree tests. So-called Soft or Inclusive versions of positivism are willing to relax the restrictions on the content of a Rule of Recognition to admit non-pedigree criteria of legal validity; Hard or Exclusive versons of positivism deny that such a move is compatible with the central commitments of positivism. Hard Positivism, of which Joseph Raz has been the leading proponent, thus competes with various Soft Positivisms, defended by, among others, Coleman, Lyons, Soper, Waluchow, and now, explicitly, Hart himself in the “Postscript.” If the Realists are positivists, as I claim, then it cannot be the case that Soft Positivism is a genuinely positivistic doctrine. But there is more at stake here than just labels. Realist arguments for the indeterminacy of law—arguments central to the whole Realist enterprise—depend crucially on their tacit Hard Positivism. If, in fact, positivism has a more relaxed view of the criteria of legality than Hard Positivism supposes, then Realist arguments depend on unsound tacit premises about legal validity. What is at stake, then, is not whether Realists should be called (tacit) “Positivists” or merely (tacit) “Hard Positivists,” but whether their underlying view of the criteria of legality is sound. It can only be so if the best arguments favor Hard Positivism.
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Benditt, Theodore M. "The Endless Dialectic of Legal Thought." Dialogue 34, no. 4 (1995): 815–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001221730001115x.
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Norm and Nature: The Movements of Legal Thought, by Roger Shiner, is an intricate book with the perhaps surprising thesis that the outstanding problem in legal philosophy, the conflict between positivism and natural law, is irresolvable. The controversy is doomed to a never-ending cycle because “sophisticated positivism follows from positivism's difficulties with simple positivism … anti-positivism follows from sophisticated positivism's difficulties with simple positivism; [and] simple positivism follows from positivism's difficulties with anti-positivism” (p. 281). For legal theory, then, an understanding of law is simply an understanding of why legal theory is thus “condemned to endless dialectic” (p. 324). And the reason is found in the nature of law itself and the perennial tension between, on the one hand, certainty and procedure and, on the other, flexibility and substance.
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Artyukh, Vyacheslav. "Elements of positivism in the Ukrainian philosophy and culture of the second half of the 19th century." Studia Historiae Scientiarum 16 (December 18, 2017): 269–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2543702xshs.17.011.7712.
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This article addresses the appropriation of positivist thought by Ukrainian intellectuals in the second half of the nineteenth century, in particular in the field of philosophy of history. By discussing elements of positivist thought in the works of Mykhailo Drahomanov, Ivan Franko and Pantaleimon Kulish, the author argues that all three were under direct influence of positivist thought, but none of them was a blind adherent of positivism. Positivism particularly influenced their thinking about history and the issue of determinism. Importantly, it was not the French positivism of Auguste Comte whose ideas were adopted, but rather the English positivism of Henry Thomas Buckle and John Stuart Mill.
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Schauer, Frederick. "Positivism Before Hart." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 24, no. 2 (July 2011): 455–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0841820900005270.
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Many contemporary practitioners of analytic jurisprudence take their understanding of legal positivism largely from Hart, and the debates about legal positivism exist largely in a post-Hartian world. But if we examine carefully the writings and motivations of Bentham and even Austin, we will discover that there are good historical grounds for treating both a normative version of positivism and a version more focused on legal decision-making as entitled to at least co-equal claims on the positivist tradition. And even if we conceive of the inquiry in philosophical and not historical terms, there are reasons to doubt the view that a theory of the nature of law is the exclusive understanding of the core commitment of legal positivism. Positivism as a descriptive theory of the nature of law is important, but so too is positivism as a normative theory about the preferable attitude of society or theorists, and so too is positivism as a normative or descriptive theory of adjudication and other forms of legal decision-making. Those who understand positivism and the positivist tradition as being more normative or more adjudication-focused than the contemporary understanding allows are thus committing neither historical or philosophical mistakes, and little would be lost were we to recognize the multiple important contemporary manifestations of the legal positivist tradition.
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Maretha, Citra. "Positivism in Philosophical Studies." Journal of Innovation in Teaching and Instructional Media 3, no. 3 (May 22, 2023): 124–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.52690/jitim.v3i3.716.
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Positivism is a scientific paradigm rooted in empirical philosophy. As a scientific paradigm, positivism has a very broad influence in various fields of science. August Comte was an 18th century French philosopher known as the founder of positivism. In positivism, everything or phenomenon must be able to be measured positively or definitively in order to be measurable. This applies not only to the natural sciences but also to the social sciences. The role of positivist philosophy in the aspect of learning methods can be seen from two things, namely positivist philosophy plays a role in developing learning methods and positivist philosophical thinking plays a role as a learning method. Of course, various learning development activities are based on data and something empirical in nature. About the role of positivist philosophy in relation to learning strategies, which are expressed through the learning method itself. There are several learning methods used today that follow the scientific method, such as discovery learning, project-based learning, and problem-based learning.
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Cantero García, Victor. "El relato amoroso en Marianela (1878): Una ejemplificación galdosiana del positivismo comtiano." Monteagudo, no. 25 (October 15, 2020): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/monteagudo.445981.
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La presente colaboración trata de evidenciar la apuesta de Benito Pérez Galdós por convertir a Marianela (1878) en un exponente del llamado positivismo comtiano. El análisis del devenir del idilio amoroso entre Pablo, el ciego y Nela, su lazarillo, nos permite descubrir la inclinación de Galdós a favor de las tesis del denominado naturalismo positivista. Un posicionamiento que coincide con el talante progresista y liberal tan propio del temperamento de nuestro autor. The present collaboration tries to demonstrate the attempt by Benito Pérez Galdós to turn his novel Marianela (1878) in an example of the so-called Comtian positivism. The analysis of the development of the amorous relationship between Pablo, the blind man and Nela, his guide, allows us to discover the inclination of Galdós in favor of the thesis of the so-called positivist naturalism. A positioning that coincides with the progressive and liberal attitude so dear the writer´s own temperament.
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Coleman, Jules L. "Incorporationism, Conventionality, and the Practical Difference Thesis." Legal Theory 4, no. 4 (December 1998): 381–425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352325200001099.
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H.L.A. Hart's The Concept of Law is the most important and influential book in the legal positivist tradition. Though its importance is undisputed, there is a good deal less consensus regarding its core commitments, both methodological and substantive. With the exception of an occasional essay, Hart neither further developed nor revised his position beyond the argument of the book. The burden of shaping the prevailing understanding of his views, therefore, has fallen to others: notably, Joseph Raz among positivists, and Ronald Dworkin among positivism's critics. Dworkin, in particular, has framed, then reframed, the conventional understanding, not only of Hart's positivism, but of the terms of the debate between positivists and him. While standing on the sidelines, Hart witnessed the unfolding of not only a lively debate between positivists and Dworkin, but an equally intense one among positivists as to positivism's (and his) core claims. The most important debate has been between so-called inclusive and exclusive positivists: a debate as much about Hart's legacy as about the proper interpretation of legal positivism.
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Cahyono, Suham, and Debby Ratna Daniel. "The Positivism Paradigm in Internal Audit Research: A Perspective of Contemporary Accounting Research." Kompartemen : Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi 21, no. 1 (August 31, 2023): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30595/kompartemen.v21i1.15451.
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ABSTRACTThis study aims to investigate the dominance of research with the paradigm of positivism in accounting, especially research related to the internal function of audit. The dominant paradigm in accounting research to date is the positivist paradigm. In internal audit, all things are not only seen from the facts that are on the surface and concluded directly from the existing data, but also must understand the meaning contained on it. Therefore, it is necessary to have another paradigm that contradicts positivism and covers its limitations. Anti-positivist paradigms, that are interpretivism, radical humanist, radical structuralist, critical, and postmodernist paradigm, should be widely used in internal audit research. The anti-positivism paradigm raises the heterogeneity of the mainstream paradigm which has a positive impact on the development of internal audit research.Keyword: Paradigma Positivism, Internal Audit, Qualitative Research Method
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Ismi, Hayatul. "BEBERAPA PEMIKIRAN HUKUM DALAM MENYIKAPI POSITIVISME HUKUM." Riau Law Journal 1, no. 1 (May 31, 2017): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30652/rlj.v1i1.4181.
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AbstrakTulisan ini mencoba melihat beberapa pemikiran dalam menyikapi positivisme hukum yaitu melalui pendekatan hukum progresif di Indonesia, melalui pendekatan mazhab Sociological Jurisprudence, dan teori hukum pembangunan.Kata Kunci : Positivisme, Mazhab, Teori hukum AbstractThis paper tries to see some thoughts in addressing legal positivism through progressive legal approach in Indonesia, through approach of Sociological Jurisprudence school, and theory of law of development.Keywords :Positivism, Mazhab, Theory of Law
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Perry, Stephen R. "The Varieties of Legal Positivism: Critical Notice: Inclusive Legal Positivism by W.J. Waluchow." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 9, no. 2 (July 1996): 361–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0841820900003490.
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It is not easy to come up with a characterization of legal positivism that is not vacuous and yet at the same time is sufficiently general to capture the myriad theories of law to which, over the years, the positivist label has been attached. Wil Waluchow suggests in his recent book Inclusive Legal Positivism that the core of positivism is the simple claim that any connections between law and morality are contingent only, dependent on whether the right kinds of laws have been created in the right kinds of ways (81). As a thumb-nail sketch of positivism this suggestion is plausible enough, so far as it goes, but it is important to note that it focuses on the possible connection between moral value and law, as opposed to that between moral value and theories of law. For there is an important strand in positivist thought that is as concerned with denying the latter type of connection as it is with denying the former. We can, in other words, distinguish between what we might call methodological and substantive versions of positivism.
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Mora-Sifuentes, Francisco M. "Hart y el problema del positivismo jurídico. Una reconstrucción en tres actos = Hart and the problem of legal positivism. A reconstruction in three acts." UNIVERSITAS. Revista de Filosofía, Derecho y Política, no. 31 (December 19, 2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/universitas.2020.5135.
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RESUMEN: Este trabajo tiene como finalidad destacar la contribución específica de H.L.A. Hart sobre el problema del positivismo jurídico. A juicio del autor, el tratamiento que Hart dio a la polémica entre positivismo jurídico y Derecho Natural estuvo marcada por dos extremos aparentemente contradictorios. Por una parte, se abocó a clarificar las diversas tesis que anidan tras la etiqueta “positivismo jurídico”, así como las posiciones que suelen referirse como tales. Al hacerlo abrió el camino para mostrar en qué sentido no resulta ilógico defender algunas tesis asociadas al mismo o negar otras. Por otra parte, y si bien no asumió una posición que afirmase la conexión necesaria entre Derecho y moral, se ocupó también de mostrar en qué sentido tal conexión existe y es importante. Con dicho objetivo, en el primer apartado se ofrece una reconstrucción detallada sobre el tratamiento que Hart hizo sobre el problema del positivismo jurídico. En el segundo se expone el tratamiento del autor sobre el iusnaturalismo, con la intención de comprender el lugar preciso e implicaciones de su conocida tesis del “contenido mínimo Derecho Natural”. En la tercera parte se aborda la teoría elaborada por Hart sobre el positivismo jurídico, esto es, el “positivismo jurídico hartiano” y las tesis por él defendidas. Importante aquí será su posición respecto a la posibilidad de que la regla de reconocimiento pueda incorporar criterios materiales para la identificación jurídica que nos introduce en una nueva etapa de la nunca acabada polémica. ABSTRACT: The aim of this work is to address H.L.A. Hart’s contribution to the problem of legal positivism. According to the author, Hart’s approach to the controversy of Natural Law/Legal Positivism was characterized by two apparently opposing ends. On the one hand, he clarified the label “Legal Positivism” as well as other approaches that are usually referred as such. In doing so, he paved the way to show in which sense it is not illogical to defend some theses associated with it and in which sense it is not. On the other hand, despite he did not take a stand for the necessary connection between Law and Morals, he did show in what sense such connection may exist and why it is important. To this end, section one offers a detailed reconstruction of Hart’s approach to the problem of legal positivism. In section two the author’s approach to Natural Law is explained so that his well-known thesis of “The Minimum Content of Natural Law”, and what it implies, is properly understood. Section three is devoted to Hart’s theory of Legal Positivism that is “Hartian Legal Positivism”, where his main claims are presented. Hart’s claim on the possibility for the rule of recognition to incorporate material criteria for legal identification or legal validity is particular relevant because it introduces us to a new stage of the never-ending controversy. PALABRAS CLAVE: H.L.A. Hart, positivismo jurídico, teorías de derecho natural, positivismo jurídico incluyenteKEYWORDS: H.L.A. Hart, legal positivism, natural law theories, inclusive legal positivism.
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Succi Junior, David Paulo. "Missões militares, técnica e política: o emprego das forças armadas em segurança pública." Brazilian Journal of International Relations 6, no. 2 (September 14, 2017): 413–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36311/2237-7743.2017.v6n2.10.p413.
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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o modo em que a bibliografia especializada busca explicar o constante emprego das Forças Armadas – instrumento de política externa – em missões de segurança pública na América do Sul. São identificados três níveis de explicação: internacional, regional e nacional. Defende-se que as análises podem ser agrupadas em duas lógicas explicativas – positivismo e o pós-positivismo –, as quais distinguem-se não apenas em termos teóricos, mas também, sob a ótica da teoria crítica, em relação às suas consequências políticas. Considera-se que a compreensão positivista do fenômeno em questão leva a uma subordinação da política à técnica, enquanto as análises pós-positivistas evidenciam o caráter político da escolha de envolver o instrumento militar em segurança pública.
Palavras-chave: Forças Armadas; Segurança Pública; América do Sul.
Abstract: The current paper aims to evaluate the way in which specialized scholars seek to clarify the constant employment of South Americans Armed Forces – foreign policy instrument – in public security. Three explanatory levels are identified: international, regional and domestic. It is argued that analyses can be classified in two logics of explanation – positivism and post positivism – that are distinguished by both its theoretical specificity and its politics implications. We sustain that rationalist explanation submits politics to technique, while post positivism analyses emphasize the political nature of the decision to involve the military in public security.
Key-Word: Armed Forces; Public Security; South America.
Recebido em: fevereiro/2017.
Aprovado em: agosto/2017.
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Supelli, Karlina. "Ernst Mach Dan Ekonomi Pikiran." DISKURSUS - JURNAL FILSAFAT DAN TEOLOGI STF DRIYARKARA 11, no. 1 (April 16, 2012): 20–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36383/diskursus.v11i1.154.
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Abstract: Ernst Mach stands as a representative figure of the positivist philosophy of science at the turn of the twentieth century, yet he is by far the most misunderstood scientist-philosopher. The misunderstanding is largely caused by his epistemological rejection of the use of hypothetical entities that are ordinarily posited by scientists. He also argued against the mechanistic worldview which dominated scientific investigations in the nineteenth century. This essay will demonstrate that Mach’s positivism differs from the earlier positivism of August Comte. His anti metaphysical stance is deeply-rooted in his physical phenomenology, guided by the economy of thought in pursuit of the unity of science. In Mach’s view, scientific theories are merely biological tools for organizing experience by means of the fewest possible concepts, and all metaphysical elements are to be eliminated from science as methodologically and epistemologically superfluous. But Mach’s thesis of the unification of science does not share the common concern of the logical positivists to reduce various scientific statements to physical language. While Mach’s philosophy of science clearly exhibits a miscalculation of the strength of scientific conceptual tools, his physical phenomenology serves as a bridge between theory and experiment which has proved to be fruitful.
Keywords: The economy of thought, evolution, element, physical phenomenology, the unity of science, instrumentalism, emphirical realism.
Abstrak: Ernst Mach tampil sebagai tokoh representatif dari Filsafat Ilmu Pengetahuan positivis pada peralihan menuju abad ke-20, sekaligus sebagai ilmuwan-filsuf yang paling disalahpahami. Kesalahpahaman tersebut sebagian besar disebabkan oleh penolakan epitemologisnya terhadap penggunaan wujud-wujud hipotetis yang kerap diajukan oleh para ilmuwan. Ia juga melawan cara pandang mekanistis yang mendominasi penyelidikan ilmiah pada abad ke-19. Artikel ini memperlihatkan bahwa positivisme Mach berbeda dengan positivisme August Comte yang mendahuluinya. Pandangan anti-metafisis Mach berakar sangat dalam pada fisika fenomenologi yang dipandu oleh ekonomi pikiran untuk mencapai sains terpadu. Dalam pandangan Mach, teori-teori ilmiah semata-mata sarana biologis untuk menata pengalaman dengan memanfaatkan sesedikit mungkin konsep, dan semua elemen metafisika perlu disingkirkan dari sains karena secara metodologis dan epistemologis tidak bermanfaat. Namun, tesis Mach tentang sains terpadu tidak sejalan dengan gagasan para positivis logis yang mereduksi berbagai macam pernyataan ilmiah ke dalam bahasa fisika. Sementara Filsafat Ilmu Pengetahuan Mach jelas-jelas keliru dalam memperhitungkan kekuatan piranti-piranti konseptual sains, fisika fenomenologi yang menjembatani teori dan eksperimen telah terbukti sangat bermanfaat.
Kata-kata kunci: Ekonomi pikiran, evolusi, elemen, fisika fenomenologi, sains terpadu, instrumentalisme, realisme empiris.
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Dyzenhaus, David. "Legality Without The Rule of Law? Scott Shapiro on Wicked Legal Systems." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 25, no. 1 (January 2012): 183–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0841820900005403.
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InLegality,Scott Shapiro – a leading legal positivist – analyses the problem of a wicked legal system in a way that brings him close to natural law positions. For he argues that a wicked legal system is botched as a legal system and I show that such an argument entails a prior argument that there is some set of standards or criteria internal to law which are both moral and legal. As a result, the more successful a legal order is legally speaking, the better the moral quality of its law, and the more it is a failure morally speaking, the worse the legal quality of its law. It is such moral features of law that Shapiro concedes make it plausible to account for law’s claim to justified authority over its subjects. However, Shapiro cannot, as a legal positivist, accept this entailment. His book thus brings to the surface and illuminates a central dilemma for legal positivism. If legal positivists wish to account for the authority of law they have to abandon legal positivism’s denial that law has such moral features. If they do not, they should revive a form of legal positivism that specifically abjures any claim to account for law’s normative nature.
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Geraldine, Alviana, and ,. Sulistyanta. "IMPLIKASI PENALARAN POSITIVISME HUKUM DALAM POLA PENEGAKAN HUKUM OLEH HAKIM PERKARA PIDANA." Recidive : Jurnal Hukum Pidana dan Penanggulangan Kejahatan 10, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/recidive.v10i1.58857.
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<p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p><strong></strong>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji ide munculnya aliran positivisme hukum serta implikasi dari penalaran positivisme hukum yang telah mengakar di dalam pola pikir hakim ketika memutuskan sebuah perkara pidana. Penelitian ini termasuk kedalam jenis penelitian hukum normatif. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan konseptual. Sumber hukum yang digunakan terdiri dari sumber data sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan bahan hukum yang berasal dari bahan hukum primer dan sekunder dikumpulkan melalui studi kepustakaan. Teknik analisis dilakukan secara deskriptif analitis dengan tujuan untuk memperoleh gambaran menyeluruh tentang fakta yang berhubungan dengan penelitian. Lahirnya mazhab positivisme berangkat dari sangkalan terhadap mazhab hukum alam. Implikasi penalaran positivisme hukum di dalam penegakan hukum yang dilakukan oleh hakim menyebabkan munculnya statisnya pola penegakan hukum serta sangat mungkin keadilan substansial tidak dapat diwujudkan.<br />Kata Kunci: Positivisme Hukum; Penegakan Hukum; Hakim.<br /><strong></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><strong></strong>This research aimed to examine the idea of the emergence of legal positivism and the implications of legal positivism in the mindset of the Judge in in decision-making a criminal case. Type of this research is normative legal research. The approach used was conceptual approach. Secondary data are utilized by researcher as a source of law. The technique of collecting legal materials derived from primary and secondary legal materials is collected through library research. The analysis technique carried out in a descriptive analytical way in order to obtain a comprehensive picture of the fact related to the research. The emergence of legal positivism that is from the denial of natural law. The implication of legal positivism reasoning in law enforcement carried out by judges causes the emergence of statism in law enforcement patterns and it is possible that substantial justice unrealized.<br />Keywords: Legal Positivism; Law Enforcement; Judge.</p>
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Petroski, Karen. "Is Post-Positivism Possible?" German Law Journal 12, no. 2 (February 1, 2011): 663–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200017053.
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In some of his last published works, Neil MacCormick began to refer to his theoretical position as “post-positivist.” In light of the widely perceived limitations of the “positivist” label, this self-identification might seem prudent. Was it anything more? Was MacCormick's position really post-positivist? In this paper, I argue that it was not, but that this need not be viewed as a failing of MacCormick's work, since there is a sense in which modern jurisprudence cannot and need not hope to become generally post-positivist. More specifically, given the institutional context in which legal scholarship is produced, positivism is likely to be an inevitable (if not necessarily dominant) mode of theorizing about law. Yet much informative work remains to be done under the positivist rubric—not just along the lines suggested by MacCormick, but along others as well.
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Olga V., Smirnova, and Kononov Alexey A. "The Distinction Between Law qnd Morality in Legal Positivism: Socio-Philosophical Dimension." Humanitarian Vector 16, no. 5 (November 2021): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-5-59-68.
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The article deals with the main conceptions of the relationship between law and morality in legal positivism. The research relevance is caused by legal positivism which is influential and dynamically developing in both domestic and foreign science. The purpose of the study is to consider the features that describe the positivist approach to the differentiation between legal and moral regulation in the context of the dialectical interaction of individual and social principles in society. It presupposes the establishment of both general and special in legal positivism’s views regarding the interaction of these social regulators. Special attention is paid to the consideration of not only positive aspects of the proposed concepts but also the difficulty that arise within legal positivism. The research methodology is based on the dialectical method, the method of analysis, comparative and historical methods. These methods allow us to analyze in a historical perspective the development of views on the relationship between law and morality in legal positivism, to analyze specific features in the visions of the most influential philosophers of this doctrine, to identify common ideas that unite the philosophers considered. As a result of the conducted research, it is argued that legal positivism is characterized by the correlation of law and morality as sovereign socio-normative systems that closely interact in the structure of society, but do not have the necessary connection that mutually determines their content. The sovereign nature of legal and moral regulation implies the search for models of their interaction. It is important to determine the demarcation line of the spheres and limits of each social regulator. As a result, it is concluded that there are three possible models of this interaction, and the consequences of their implementation in society. In particular, it is determined that law and morality within the structure of society can be either indifferent to each other or have identical content realized through both regulation forms or be in relation to a contradiction adducing to a social conflict.
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OLIVEIRA, Martín. "El «positivismo jurídico» en el Defensor Pacis de Marsilio de Padua / «Juridical Positivism» in Marsilius of Padua’s Defensor Pacis." Revista Española de Filosofía Medieval 19 (October 1, 2012): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/refime.v19i.6070.
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Many scholars of Medieval Political Philosophy have suggested that Marisilius of Padua’s Defensor Pacis defends a «positivist» approach to law. In this article we try to show that such claim is wrong. We begin by sketching a brief summary of Marilius’ legal doctrine and then we turn to many scholarly pieces that have found it either in favor of or against «juridical positivism» in the Defensor Pacis. By reviewing the most recent theories on «juridical positivism» we argue that there are no evidences of any coherent «positivist» view of Law in Marsilius’ work and, that if there are, they are irrelevant to Marsilius’ political philosophy.
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Giudice, Michael. "Existence and Justification Conditions of Law." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 16, no. 1 (January 2003): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0841820900006615.
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Legal systems such as those in the United States and Canada, which include fundamental moral rights or provisions in their constitutions, present an interesting and difficult problem for legal positivists. Are such moral standards to count among the existence or validity conditions of laws in those systems, or are they better understood as fundamental objectives or justification conditions which laws may or may not achieve or respect in practice? The first option, known as inclusive legal positivism, expands the traditional positivist separation thesis to mean that although there is no necessary connection between law and morality in general, it is possible that in some systems it is a necessary truth that laws reproduce or satisfy certain demands of morality. The second option, known as exclusive legal positivism, denies this possibility, and maintains instead that it is never a necessary condition that laws reproduce or satisfy certain demands of morality, even if such demands are constitutionally recognized. On the exclusive account, in the context of constitutional states such as the U.S. and Canada, the separation thesis is expanded to mean that there is no necessary connection between the existence and content of laws and the demands of political morality typically included in constitutions. In this paper I defend exclusive positivism and argue that it best follows from traditional positivist commitments and avoids what I take to be a critical problem with inclusive positivism. Further, I argue that the concepts, distinctions, and arguments deployed in the internal positivist debate are also of value in the wider debate between H.L.A. Hart and Ronald Dworkin.
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González-Castán, Òscar L. "Overcoming Positivism: Husserl and Wittgenstein." Phänomenologische Forschungen 2014, no. 1 (2014): 13–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.28937/1000107776.
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In this paper I shall briefly analyze Husserl’s and Wittgenstein’s divergent reactions against the positivist stance on natural science and on the new cultural role that philosophy should play in relation to science. To a great extent, their philosophies can be considered as a departure from positivism, although for quite different reasons. I shall argue that Wittgenstein, in the Tractatus, took positivism as a starting point that he tried to overcome from within. This endeavor led him to defend some theses of a pragmatist flavour as well as a peculiar type of radical agnosticism on ontological and epistemological issues. Husserl, however, considered that positivism was a dead-end for philosophy. Positivism has beheaded philosophy as a consequence of advancing a reductive view of science. Phenomenology is the attempt to understand the genetic and subjective processes that have ended up in an objective and scientific image of the world.
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LaBreche, Ben. "Milton's Legal Duel: Nature and Norm in Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes." Studies in Philology 120, no. 4 (September 2023): 680–727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sip.2023.a910770.
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Abstract: Scholars have often linked John Milton with natural law; this article argues instead for the strong interest of Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes in legal positivism. By the mid-seventeenth century, thinkers like Hugo Grotius and Thomas Hobbes were in their different ways proposing a natural law based on self-preservation rather than theology, and as a result natural law became increasingly indistinguishable from political defactoism and reason of state. Milton struggled more than is generally recognized with the threat this naturalism posed to free will and moral value, and he responded by anticipating the work of nineteenth- and twentieth-century thinkers like John Austin, Hans Kelsen, and H. L. A. Hart, who made positivism central to liberal jurisprudence. Positivism asserts legal norms to be based on their authoritative source rather than their conformity with fact or reason, and thus positivist legal theory offers an escape from ethically minimal natural law. Positivism, though, also relies on preexisting, potentially arbitrary authority and makes penal sanctions constitutive of legal order, and these qualities paradoxically bind positivism to the worst features of naturalism: determinism and coercive violence. Milton grapples with precisely these issues in his 1671 poems, and his conflicted embrace of positivism illuminates a number of puzzles long noted in these works.
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Mikhailov, Anton Mikhailovich. "To the question on philosophical-methodological foundations of English legal positivism of the XIX century (legal teachings of J. Bentham and J. Austin)." Право и политика, no. 11 (November 2020): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0706.2020.11.34429.
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The subject of this research is the aggregate of philosophical ideas and methodological paradigms that underlie the concepts of the “first” legal (statist) positivism in England of the XIX century. The author traces the impact of certain philosophical trends and legal concepts of the XVIII – early XIX centuries upon the philosophical and methodological foundations of the positivist concepts of J. Bentham and J. Austin. The article describes the influence of social atomism, and exploratory rationality of Modern Age upon the “first” legal positivism of philosophical rationalism of the XVIII century. The impact of such philosophical and legal concepts as nominalism, the historical school of lawyers, and philosophical positivism of A. Comte upon the “first” legal positivism was reconstructed. The scientific novelty consists in reconstruction of the influence of an entire number of philosophical and legal ideas and concepts upon the development of “first” legal positivism. Correlation between the legal doctrine of J. Bentham, philosophical concepts of the XVIII century, and the legal teaching of T. Hobbes is underlined. The author draws the ideological parallels between the philosophical nominalism, logical paradox of D. Hume, and legal doctrines of J. Bentham and J. Austin. The author reveals the key “channels” of the impact of German Historical School upon legal positivism, describes the similarities and differences between the scientific positivism of A. Comte and the concepts of legal positivism of J. Bentham and J. Austin. The philosophical-methodological framework of the concepts of “first” legal positivism were subjected to a significant influence of the methodological paradigm of philosophical rationalism, social atomism, exploratory scientific rationality of Modern Age, and nominalism.
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Djurdjic, Sanja. "Jusnaturalism and legal positivism in contemporary American jurisprudence." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 144 (2013): 497–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1344497d.
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In contemporary American jurisprudence, there are many different legal-theoretical courses, orientations and legal schools. In this work, the author tries to analyze jusnaturalism and legal positivism. The reason for commitment for these two legal theories the author finds in the fact that they are actually modern forms of theories with a rich philosophical tradition. The paper argues that the jusnaturalism is the oldest philosophical tradition. Legal positivism was developed in opposition to jusnaturalism in the mid-19th century. The author points out that contemporary American jurisprudence marks the conflict between jusnaturalism and legal positivism. The main reason for their disagreement is the question of the relationship between law and morality. The paper analyzes the differences between the modern version of legal positivism and jusnaturalism and their classical theories. It is noticeable that the modern versions are purified and softened versions of the classic theories. The author concludes that a kind of mitigation of positivist-jusnaturalism dispute has already begun. Finally, the author allows that in the further development of contemporary American jurisprudence a significant convergence of legal positivism and jusnaturalism can reasonably be expected.
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Sarumpaet, Ria Natalia Damayanti. "Mengeksplorasi Pandangan Positivisme dalam Pendidikan." Journal of Innovation in Teaching and Instructional Media 4, no. 2 (January 20, 2024): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.52690/jitim.v4i2.750.
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The philosophy of positivism is an approach that emphasizes empirical observation as a valid basis for knowledge. This philosophical science emphasizes the scientific method and deductive reasoning and considers knowledge that can be empirical as valuable knowledge. There are several things found in positivism in education, namely in the development of educational curricula, learning methods, learning strategies and evaluation of learning learners currently used. This article examines the path of positivism philosophy from a historical perspective with a focus on its influence on human thinking in education. This article aims to provide deeper knowledge regarding the philosophical foundations and their influence on modern thinking in the world of education through critical observations of positivist concepts such as verification, experience, and scientific methodology.
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Simma, Bruno, and Andreas L. Paulus. "The Responsibility of Individuals for Human Rights Abuses in Internal Conflicts: a Positivist View." American Journal of International Law 93, no. 2 (April 1999): 302–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2997991.
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When we were invited to contribute a positivist perspective to the present symposium, we did not know whether to regard this invitation as flattering or as an insult: does positivism not represent old-fashioned, conservative, continental European nineteenthcentury views—naive ideas of dead white males on the possibility of objectivity in law and morals? There is little we can do about being male and white, but we have certainly not seen ourselves as positivists of that kind. From the range of methodologies that the editors assembled, we could associate ourselves with several approaches just as much as with positivism. But in reflecting on our day-to-day legal work, we realized that, for better or for worse, we indeed employ the tools developed by the “positivist” tradition.
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Khan, Muhammad Mumtaz Ali, Muhammad Danyal Khan, and Imran Alam. "Interaction between Law and Morality: The Philosophical Construct." ANNALS OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND PERSPECTIVE 2, no. 2 (December 22, 2021): 311–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/assap.v2i2.110.
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This paper discusses the jurisprudential analysis of law and legislation in a modern state. The main objective of this analysis is to ascertain the role and status of morality in the modern constitutional setup. Various views of legal positivism will be probed in light of the role of morality in codification. The study will comprise upon doctrinal analysis of various positivist writers of the 20th century. Contemporary elements of law in the modern nation-state system are more pro-positivist in approach rather than moral. In the light of these elements, the reader will understand the scope of morality especially religious morality in the contemporary legal framework. A comparative analysis will explain the standards of both theories of legal positivism and naturalist interpretation of laws.
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Teixeira, Ricardo Augusto de Araújo. "A adequação do inflexível: a vedação às provas ilícitas no processo penal revista pela hermenêutica pós giro linguístico / The Adequacy of the Inflexible: the exclusionary rule examined through post linguist turn hermeneutics." Revista Brasileira de Direito 13, no. 3 (December 22, 2017): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.18256/2238-0604.2017.v13i3.1135.
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Resumo: Este artigo se propõe a pensar quais implicações haveriam na vedação à utilização de provas ilicitamente obtidas no processo penal caso se rompesse com os cânones interpretativos do positivismo jurídico do século XIX e se aplicasse a tal questão os avanços decorrentes da superação da filosofia da consciência pela filosofia da linguagem. Há também a tentativa de mostrar os equívocos que vem sendo cometidos quando da aplicação da teoria da proporcionalidade – tal como formulada por Robert Alexy -, buscando sustentar, inclusive, que mesmo com a utilização de tal técnica não há de fato uma superação dos postulados do positivismo jurídico clássico. Palavras-chave: provas ilícitas; senso de adequabilidade; proporcionalidade; positivismo jurídico. Abstract: This paper aims to consider what implications would have in the exclusionary rule if we were able to get over the forms of legal reasoning and interpretation established by legal positivism and apply to such issue the inputs brought by the linguistic turn. There is also an attemptive to show how the idea of legal balancing – as proposed by professor Dr. Robert Alexy – has been misused by Brazilian courts, and, to show that even if the use was correct, it would not be enough to get over of has been settled by legal positivism. Key-words: tainted evidence; sense of appropriateness; balancing law; legal positivism.
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Giudice, Michael. "Unconstitutionality, Invalidity, and Charter Challenges." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 15, no. 1 (January 2002): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0841820900002460.
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Inclusive legal positivism maintains that the existence and content of laws may, but need not, depend on standards of morality. As Wil Waluchow argues, inclusive positivism derives much of its plausibility through its explanation of Charter societies such as Canada. On his account, the fundamental rights of political morality contained in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms serve as ultimate criteria of the existence or validity of all laws in Canada, and thus form part of Canada’s rule of recognition. In this paper I challenge Waluchow’s inclusive positivist picture of Charter challenges. I argue instead that exclusive legal positivism, which maintains that resort to moral reasons may never figure in determinations of the existence or content of laws, better captures our ordinary understanding of the authoritative role of judges, constitutionality, and the traditional positivist conception of legal validity as a matter of social fact. Specifically, I argue that Joseph Raz’s notion of a directed law-making power, and not reliance on an inclusive positivist rule of recognition, best explains the duty of judicial review in Charter cases. Further, the fundamental rights of political morality recognized in the Charter are best understood as constitutional objectives, and not criteria of validity, which all subordinate laws in Canada ought to respect, yet may fail to do so in practice.
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Stone, Martin Jay. "Planning Positivism and Planning Natural Law." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 25, no. 1 (January 2012): 219–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0841820900005427.
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Scott Shapiro offers an elaboration and defense of “legal positivism,” in whichthe official acceptance of a planfigures as the central explanatory notion. Rich in both ambition and insight,Legalitycasts an edifying new light on the structure of positive law and its officialdom. As a defense of positivism, however, it exhibits the odd feature that its main claims will prove quite acceptable to the natural lawyer. Perhaps this betokens – what many have begun to suspect anyway – that our usual tests for classifying legal theories (as positivist or not) are, in the present state of discussion, no longer credible. In any case, my hope in the following remarks is to suggest how certain ambiguities inLegalitymight easily be resolved in favor of PlanningNatural Law. The Planning Theory of Law, in other words, is not proprietary to positivism.
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Nurdin, Boy, and Khayitjon Turdiev. "Paradigm of Justice in Law Enforcement in the Philosophical Dimensions of Legal Positivism and Legal Realism." Lex Publica 8, no. 2 (July 30, 2021): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.58829/lp.8.2.2021.65-74.
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Legal positivism is widely embraced in modern law in almost all jurisdictions in the world, including in Southeast Asia and Central Asia. Legal positivism fully depends on how the sentence is written in the law, while legal realism uses the law only as a reference, and in principle, formal law should not hinder material justice. The methodology used is normative juridical and sociological juridical. The outline of the conclusion is that law enforcement must use the paradigm of thinking with the formulation of laws coupled with conscience in order to achieve the goal of law, namely justice, and schools of law or schools of law that are more appropriate for law enforcement in Indonesia today. is legal realism in addition to positivism. Adequate education and training are needed to change the paradigm of thinking from positivism to realism in order to achieve justice. Abstrak Positivisme hukum dipeluk secara luas dalam hukum modern di hampir seluruh yurisdiksi di dunia, termasuk di wilayah Asia Tenggara dan Asia Tengah. Positivisme hukum sepenuhnya bergantung kepada bagaimana bunyi kalimat yang tertulis dalam undang-undang, sementara realisme hukum menggunakan undang-undang hanya sebagai acuan saja, dan secara prinsip hukum formil tidak boleh menghalang-halangi keadilan materil. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dan yuridis sosiologis. Garis besar kesimpulan adalah bahwa penegakan hukum harus menggunakan paradigma berpikir dengan rumusan undang-undang yang dibarengi dengan hati nurani agar tercapai tujuan dari hukum yaitu keadilan (justice), dan mazhab atau aliran hukum yang lebih tepat digunakan ke dalam sebuah penegakan hukum di Indonesia saat ini adalah realisme hukum selain postivisme. Pendidikan dan pelatihan yang memadai sangat diperlukan untuk mengubah paradigma berpikir dari postivisme ke realisme dalam rangka menggapai keadilan. Kata kunci: Penegakan Hukum, Positivisme Hukum, Realisme Hukum, Keadilan
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Pérez, Marcelo. "Una aproximación a Jorge Lagarrigue y Miguel Lemos: El apostolado sociológico de la Religión de la Humanidad en Sudamérica." Revista Grafía- Cuaderno de trabajo de los profesores de la Facultad de Ciencias Humanas. Universidad Autónoma de Colombia 10, no. 2 (July 14, 2013): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.26564/16926250.501.
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ResumenLa siguiente propuesta trata de una aproximación al aporte de Jorge Lagarrigue y Miguel Lemos de Chile y Brasil. Sus carreras representan la forma apostólica de la “Religión de la Humanidad”, un particular positivismo que incluye el ejercicio de un sacerdocio sociológico. Durante la década de 1880, Lagarrigue y Lemos fundarán iglesias y apostolados positivistas, mantendrán una intensa actividad editorial y de relaciones internacionales que se suma a sus producciones personales. Mi propósito es alentar la exploración de estas relaciones y poner en marcha el estudio de la sociología de estos autores.Palabras clave: Positivismo religioso, comtismo, historia de la sociología, redes intelectuales***********************************************An approach to Jorge Lagarrigue and Miguel Lenos: the sociologic ministery of the Humanity religion in South America.AbstractThis proposal deals about an approach to the Jorge Lagarrigue and Miguel Lemos contributions of Chile and Brazil. Their careers represent an apostolate way of the Humaniy Religion, a particular positivism that includes the exercise of a sociologic ministry. During the 1880 decade, Lagarrigue and Lemos would found churches and positivist ministries, they would maintain an intensive publishing activity and international relationships added to the personal productions. My goal is to encourage the exploration of these relationships and to implement the study of their sociology.Keywords: Religious positivism, comteism, sociology history, intellectual network*************************************************Uma aproximação a Jorge Lagarrigue e Miguel Lemos: O apostolado sociológico da Religião da Humanidade em Sul-AméricaResumoA seguinte proposta trata de uma aproximação ao aporte de Jorge Lagarrigue e Miguel Lemos de Chile e Brasil. Seus percursos representam a forma apostólica da “Religião da Humanidade”, um particular positivismo que inclui o exercício de um sacerdócio sociológico. Durante a década de 1880, Lagarrigue e Lemos fundaram igrejas e apostolados positivistas, mantiveram uma intensa atividade editorial e de relações internacionais que se soma às suas produções pessoais. Meu propósito é alentar a exploração destas relações e colocar em marcha o estudo da sociologia desses autores.Palavras-chave: Positivismo religioso, comtismo, história da sociologia, redes intelectuais
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Clarke, Ronald V. "Regulating Crime: The Birth of the Idea, Its Nurture, and the Implications for Contemporary Criminology." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 679, no. 1 (August 20, 2018): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716218775031.
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This volume’s contention that regulations have a powerful role in crime control contradicts the prevailing positivism of criminology—that is, the contention that criminality is largely explained by criminals’ past experiences. This article draws upon recent critiques of positivism and explains the implications for contemporary criminology. It begins by describing the ideas of a London magistrate, Patrick Colquhoun, about the determinants of crime and the best means of its control. Colquhoun’s writings were the first developed discussion of regulating crime, but they were soon eclipsed by positivist thinking. I list numerous weakness of positivism and argue that, instead of seeing offenders’ behavior as determined by their past, greater account should be taken of the situational inducements and opportunities to commit crime that they encounter in their everyday lives. Instead of positivism, the dominant model of criminology and crime control should be a neoclassicist, bounded rational choice model, which would introduce situational design and management changes to restrict offenders choices and modify behavior. That change in orientation would open limitless opportunities for criminologists.
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Coyle, Sean. "Thomas Hobbes and the Intellectual Origins of Legal Positivism." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 16, no. 2 (July 2003): 243–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0841820900003714.
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Legal positivism is often described as the view that there is no necessary relationship between law and moral values. Such an understanding of positivism, this essay argues, is both unfruitful and far removed from the concerns of the figure most often associated with the origins of the positivist tradition, Thomas Hobbes. For Hobbes, legal positivism represented a decisive break with the intellectual tradition of common law scholarship which could no longer provide a satisfactory account of political authority. Positivism began, therefore, as an explanation of the basis of law’s authority within wider theories of social order: legal rules came to be seen as possessing authority not as the specific outcomes of broader moral precepts, but because they represent definitive, posited solutions to the problems of collective living. Analytical positivism, by contrast, centres upon the possibility of descriptive neutrality: an essential property of law, it is felt, is that ascertainment of its content does not necessarily depend upon moral assessments of the purpose of value of legal rules. Such an understanding, it is contended, is only very indirectly related to the traditional concerns of the legal philosopher, and hence marginal to a rich and detailed view of law’s nature. This essay traces the developments which led to the narrowly analytical view of legal positivism, and argues that positivism is much better understood as a series of peculiarly potent reflections on the rule of law: Hobbes’s answers to the questions of social order and the authority of law are often highly unsatisfactory; but it is his questions, rather than those of the modern positivists, which are most worth asking, and which should drive the legal philosopher.
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Mustofa, Mahmud Yunus, Nadhifah Nadhifah, Abdul Djamil, and Muhammad Faqih Irsyad. "A Critical Analysis of Auguste Comte's Positivism for Islamic Digital Research." Islamic Review: Jurnal Riset dan Kajian Keislaman 12, no. 1 (April 17, 2023): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35878/islamicreview.v12i1.681.
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Auguste Comte's Positivism, a philosophical paradigm that originated in the early 19th century, has been widely discussed and debated among scholars in various fields. In recent years, this issue has gained increasing attention in the context of Islamic digital research. This paper aims to critically analyze Comte's Positivism and its impact on Islamic digital research. In Islamic digital research, Positivism has been criticized for its lack of cultural and historical context and its disregard for the role of ethics and values. This article illustrates how positivism's emphasis on empirical observation and data is compatible with the Islamic digital research paradigm. Given the vast data generated by digital technologies, the scientific method provides a convincing foundation for comprehending complicated phenomena in the digital world. Findings indicate that applying positivism as a research paradigm in digital research is beneficial. However, digital researchers are advised to be cautious of the weaknesses of the paradigm they would adopt for a study.
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BERKE, Zeynep. "Alfred Jules Ayer’s Critique of Metaphysics." Journal of Social Research and Behavioral Sciences 9, no. 20 (January 25, 2024): 580–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/jsrbs.9.20.39.
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Logical Positivism stands out as one of the most remarkable and most controversial theories of twentieth century philosophy. Alfred Jules Ayer, one of the leading representatives of this theory, participated from the front line in the war against metaphysics waged by Logical Positivism, and his work Language, Truth and Logic became one of the most well-known manifestos of the theory. Although the theory has been subjected to intense criticism and largely abandoned since the second half of the twentieth century, the ideas at the core of Logical Positivism have taken on different forms and have survived to the present day. Therefore, Logical Positivism’s critique of metaphysics has not only historical but also contemporary significance. The aim of this study will be to present the arguments underlying Ayer's defense of the elimination of metaphysics and then to address the main criticisms directed to this theory. Keywords: Logical positivism, Alfred Jules Ayer, metaphysics, verifiability, Vienna Circle.
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Allan, James. "Positively Fabulous: Why It Is Good To Be a Legal Positivist." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 10, no. 2 (July 1997): 231–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0841820900001521.
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‘Legal Positivism’ is a much abused term. It is often pejoratively invoked by those occupying both the natural law and critical legal studies ramparts. The former see it as a school of thought which ignores the role in law of those standards and values which have not been deliberately laid down or unintentionally evolved. Positivism, for them, fails because it is prepared to describe a legal world where moral values play no necessary part and where transcendent values may not exist at all. The latter group of critics, not too dissimilarly, see legal positivism’s doctrines as over-reliant on rules and too inclined to accept that a legal system somehow can generate a logically mandated code of answers.In order to defend positivism it is advisable to start with an enunciation of its core precepts. With all that has been written attacking and supporting positivism though, this can be a contentious matter. So instead I shall defend one particular version of positivism, that of H.L.A. Hart. As Hart’s The Concept of Law, first published in 1961, is at worst one of the handful of great legal philosophy texts written in English this century and at best “the classic work of philosophical jurisprudence”, this preference for concentrating on the tangible and identifiable precepts of Hart over the woolly, elusive and frequently caricatured precepts of something disparagingly termed positivism has much to recommend it.
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Alcides Segundo Páez Soto. "El positivismo y la utilidad de las matemáticas en el conocimiento en las ciencias sociales." GACETA DE PEDAGOGÍA, no. 43 (September 30, 2022): 266–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.56219/rgp.vi43.963.
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Las ciencias sociales son complejas porque trabajan con la sensibilidad del hombre, reuniendo elementos que parecen no comprobarse, requiriéndose fijar directrices en las relaciones investigador – objeto. Así el positivismo, representa la ideología más aceptada científicamente, porque a través del uso de matemáticas adaptadas a cada disciplina se generan resultados objetivos. Al respecto, se establece como propósito reflexionar a través del análisis de textos sobre la presencia del positivismo en las ciencias sociales y la utilidad de las matemáticas como base de la verdad en el conocimiento, especialmente las de carácter educativo. Teóricamente se trabajaron diversos autores como: Bunge, D’Amore, Vergara, entre otros. Metodológicamente el tipo de investigación fue documental, haciendo revisión de 15 estudios, considerándose un diseño bibliográfico que permitió obtener datos relevantes. Como resultado general se obtuvo que las matemáticas representan una creación del ser humano, de allí su utilidad para la construcción del conocimiento científico.
ABSTRACT
The social sciences are complex because they work with the sensibility of man, gathering elements that seem not to be proven, requiring to set guidelines in the relations between researcher and object. Thus, positivism represents the most scientifically accepted ideology, because through the use of mathematics adapted to each discipline objective results are generated. In this regard, it is established as a purpose to reflect through the analysis of texts on the presence of positivism in the social sciences and the usefulness of mathematics as a basis of truth in knowledge, especially those of an educational nature. Theoretically, several authors were worked on, such as: Bunge, D’Amore, Vergara, among others. Methodologically, the type of research was documentary, reviewing 15 studies, considering a bibliographic design that allowed to obtain relevant data. As a general result it was obtained that mathematics represents a creation of the human being, hence its usefulness for the construction of scientific knowledge.
Key words: Positivism; Mathematics; Theory; Philosophy; Subject; Object; Method
RÉSUMÉ
Les sciences sociales sont complexes parce qu’elles travaillent avec la sensibilité de l’homme, rassemblant des éléments qui ne semblent pas prouvés, nécessitant de fixer des lignes directrices dans les relations entre chercheur et objet. Ainsi, le positivisme représente l’idéologie la plus scientifiquement acceptée, car grâce à l’utilisation des mathématiques adaptées à chaque discipline, des résultats objectifs sont générés. À cet égard, il est établi comme un but de réfléchir à travers l’analyse des textes sur la présence du positivisme dans les sciences sociales et l’utilité des mathématiques comme base de la vérité dans la connaissance, en particulier celles de nature éducative. Théoriquement, plusieurs auteurs ont été travaillés, tels que: Bunge, D’Amore, Vergara, entre autres. Sur le plan méthodologique, le type de recherche était documentaire, passant en revue 15 études, en considérant une conception bibliographique qui permettait d’obtenir des données pertinentes. En conséquence générale, il a été obtenu que les mathématiques représentent une création de l’être humain, d’où son utilité pour la construction de la connaissance scientifique.
Mots clés: Positivisme; Mathématiques; Théorie; Philosophie; Sujet; Objet; Méthod
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Weatherburn, Don, and Mark Findlay. "Positivism, empiricism and criminological theory." Legal Studies 5, no. 2 (July 1985): 191–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.1985.tb00608.x.
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The discipline of criminology has been dominated since the turn of the century by an explanatory paradigm known as ‘positivism’. The distinctive features of that paradigm have been both substantive and methodological. On the substantive side ‘positivist criminology’ has been marked by a commitment to the explanation of criminal behaviour (and deviance generally) in terms of characteristics of the individual. Thus positivist criminology has been notable for its explanations of criminal behaviour in terms of gross bodily features, patterns of child-rearing, genetic defect, and idiosyncratic personality traits. On the methodological side positivist criminology has been marked by a preference for scientific method in the evaluation of theory and scientific ideas in the formulation of that theory. By and large these methodological predilections have meant assigning a primacy both to the role of systematic observation in the evaluation of theory and to the avoidance of theoretical assumptions whose validity could not be checked by recourse to observation.
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Baidi, Ribut, Ahmad Ahmad, and Abdul Munib. "TESTING THE TRUTH OF COMTE'S POSITIVISM BASED ON HABERMAS' CRITICAL THEORY." Trunojoyo Law Review 5, no. 1 (March 20, 2023): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/tlr.v5i1.19411.
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The development of science which is dominated by Comte's positivism paradigm for approximately four hundred years has made critical theorists represented by Jurgen Habermas as the second generation of the Frankfurt school continue to build criticism and test the truth of the theory of positivism. The size of the truth of science that Habermas cannot accept when there is Comte's limitations by legitimizing and justifying science through empirical fact research with standardization that has been determined through methodological prerequisites and norms. Habermas with his critical theory rejects this view because there is knowledge that cannot be measured by positivist research methodologies such as community communication and emancipation. On the other hand, Habermas also rejects the notion of value-free science such as Comte's testimony in his positivism because it has indirectly co-opted science with an interest that no longer has objectivity values, but is full of interests.
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Araújo, Marcelo. "GROTIUS, DESCARTES E O PROBLEMA DO CETICISMO NO SÉCULO XVII: AS ORIGENS FILOSÓFICAS DO DEBATE JUSNATURALISMO VS. POSITIVISMO LEGAL." Síntese: Revista de Filosofia 38, no. 120 (June 30, 2011): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.20911/21769389v38n120p5-26/2011.
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O objetivo deste texto é contribuir para uma compreensão da história do debate entre jusnaturalismo e positivismo legal. Esse debate teve sua origem no século XVII, mais especificamente no contexto do ceticismo moderno acerca dos fundamentos da legitimidade do exercício da autoridade política. As respostas de Hugo Grotius e René Descartes ao problema do ceticismo, como se pretende mostrar, contribuíram para a emergência do debate entre jusnaturalismo e positivismo legal.Abstract: This paper aims to develop a historical understanding of the debate between natural law theory and legal positivism. This debate has its roots in the 17th century, particularly in the context of the modern skepticism about the justification for the exercise of political authority. I intend to show that the answer given by both Hugo Grotius and René Descartes against the skeptical attack contributed to the emergence of the debate between natural law theory and legal positivism.
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Fouraux, Carolina, Márcio Santos, Elisabete Freire, Sandra Ortiz, and Graciele Rodrigues. "Physical education and positivism: some considerations in this scenario." Concilium 24, no. 8 (May 1, 2024): 311–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.53660/clm-3293-24h15.
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In the historic process of breaking with the aristocracy and the clergy, giving way to the republic, industrialization and the bourgeoisie, Comtean positivism arose with the intention of legitimizing this new social structure, subordinating imagination to observation. In different movements in Physical Education, the presence of positivism is legitimized. The aim of this theoretical essay is to bring up some considerations about the marks of positivist thinking in Physical Education. Physical Education has undergone several transformations, but the biologicist, technicist and experimental character remains part of its essence, whether in professional practice or in research. Through the courses of this social practice, we see the "tool-body" inside and outside the school, the result of restricted perceptions of its possibilities, being the object of political manipulation equated in history. From its inception to its scientific flights, Physical Education emanates the consecrated vestiges of positivism, neglecting its reactive possibilities for understanding the humanized body.