Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Position 2 des protéines'
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Nashed, Salomé. "Étude fonctionnelle et évolutive du résidu situé en position 2 des protéines." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS219.
Full textThe residue located at position 2 of proteins, following their initiator methionine, is a key signal for the co-translational recruitment of various modification enzymes that early impact their cellular fate (addressing, folding, half-life). Although the importance of this residue is established for a few proteins, its role at the global scale of the proteome and the nature of the selective pressures it may be subject to remain unexplored to this day. During my thesis, I used for the first time global analysis methodologies to conduct a functional and evolutionary study of the residue located at position 2 of proteins. I used two complementary in silico approaches developed in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The first approach I used is the study of modification enzymes whose recruitment depends on the residue at position 2 of their targets. I focused in particular on N-acetyltransferases. These enzymes have the same enzymatic activity of N-acetylation but target distinct subsets of proteins, and their deletions are associated with different phenotypes, raising the question of the specific role of each enzyme in cellular physiology. Through the analysis of experimental data related to these enzymes, I characterized their global selectivity in vivo and formally demonstrated that they indeed have differential physiological roles. The second approach I used is the study of the distribution of amino acids at position 2 in the proteome and in functional groups of proteins defined by the Gene Ontology. While current tools used to perform Gene Ontology analyses do not take into account the hierarchical structure of this resource, I developed an algorithm to synthesize and visualize the results obtained by such analyses to facilitate their interpretation. This approach allowed the identification of groups of proteins that present a distinct amino acid usage at position 2 compared to that observed in the proteome at this position. These two global analysis methods converged toward the same result, namely that mitochondrial precursors possessing an N-terminal addressing sequence (MTS for mitochondrial targeting sequence) exhibit at position 2 an overrepresentation of large hydrophobic residues, critical for their import into mitochondria and enabling their recognition by the NatC acetyltransferase. The amino acid bias at position 2 of MTS is highly conserved in the Saccharomycotina lineage and has partially evolved in humans and the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. I also highlighted the existence of several categories of MTS depending on the nature of the residue they carry at position 2, which may indicate co-evolution of position 2 of MTS and their overall composition and raises the question of optimal properties of these sequences. Finally, I showed that yeast signal peptides and the chloroplast N-terminal addressing sequence in Arabidopsis thaliana also exhibit amino acid biases at position 2, suggesting that the residue at this position could play a key role in the recognition of these sequences by associated addressing and import systems
El, Barbry Houssam. "Découverte du rôle crucial du résidu en position 2 des séquences MTS d’adressage mitochondrial." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS035.
Full textMitochondria are complex organelles involving a thousand proteins, most of which are encoded in the nuclear genome. Their biogenesis has required the evolutionary development of efficient protein addressing and import systems, and failures of these systems are associated with serious pathologies, neuropathies, cardiovascular disorders, myopathies, neurodegenerative diseases and cancers.Many mitochondrial proteins have an N-terminal addressing sequence called MTS (Mitochondrial Targeting Sequence) which forms an amphiphilic alpha helix essential for their mitochondrial import. However, the sequence of the various MTSs is highly variable and their critical characteristics are not yet well understood. The starting point of my thesis was the discovery in yeast of an overrepresentation of 4 hydrophobic amino acids (F, L, I, W) at position 2 of the MTSs sequences. During my thesis, I was able to confirm the critical role of the nature of the residue in position 2 of the MTSs through directed mutagenesis experiments. Indeed, thanks to the development of an innovative system for screening import defects based on the functional rescue of the toxicity of a mitochondrial protein, I was able to observe that only residues overrepresented at position 2 of mitochondrial proteins allowed efficient import. My work has thus demonstrated the existence of strong evolutionary constraints at position 2 of MTSs, the understanding of which could ultimately be useful for optimising the mitochondrial addressing of therapeutic proteins in patients suffering from mitochondrial diseases
Bastin, Guillaume. "Les résidus cystéines en positions 2 et 12 de RGS4 influencent son trafic intracellulaire et ses fonctions." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10003/document.
Full textRGS proteins (Regulator of G-protein Signaling) are potent inhibitors of heterotrimeric G-protein signaling. RGS4 attenuates G-protein activity in several tissues such that loss of its function may lead to bradycardia, diabetic cardiomyopathy, breast cancer cell invasion, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. RGS4 has been localized to both plasma membrane and intracellular pools, however, the nature of its intracellular trafficking remains to be elucidated. G-protein inhibition requires the presence of RGS4 at the plasma membrane. In this work, we characterized the complementary roles of two putative palmitoylation sites on RGS4 to target intracellular compartments and plasma membrane. We identified palmitoylation on Cys2 and 12 respectively important for RGS4 endosomal targeting and plasma membrane localization, when mutations were introduced to the palmitoylation sites, RGS4 capability of inhibiting Gq-mediated signaling was impaired. As a continuum we identified two palmitoylating enzymes, DHHC3 and 7 as modulator of RGS4 localization and function. Knock downs of DHHC3 and 7 impaired RGS4 endosomal and plasma membrane targeting and capability of inhibiting M1-muscarinic receptor signaling. Finally we used live cell confocal microscopy to define RGS4 intracellular trafficking routes. Specifically Rab5 mediated RGS4 trafficking from the plasma membrane to intracellular compartments while Rab11 mediated RGS4 trafficking to the plasma membrane. Activation and inhibition of Rab5 and 11 routes impaired RGS4 capability of inhibiting M1-muscarinic receptor signaling pathway. These novel findings provide a strong rationale for future studies aimed at developing new strategies to increase the function of RGS4
Guérin, Mathilde. "Développement d'une approche de protéomique quantitative appliquée au diagnostic des cancers du sein HER2 positif." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0046.
Full textTherapeutics targeting HER2 protein or its pathway considerably improved the prognosis of HER2-positive BC. The actual approaches to evaluate HER2 expression, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization), are labor-intensive and low-throughput, and present discrepancies between them. Therefore, there is a real need to develop other strategies to rationalize the use of targeted therapeutics. Parallel Reaction Monitoring (PRM) is a mass spectrometry-based approach for targeted proteomics able to detect and quantify numerous proteins with high-throughput allowing to follow mutated or activated status of targeted proteins. PRM could be a way to rationalize the use of targeted therapeutics to go through a more « personalized » medicine. The objective was to detect and quantify proteins implicated in HER2 pathway (EGFR, HER2, HER3, PTEN), phosphorylated peptides of HER2 and their response under treatment. We first selected proteotypic peptides of each protein and protein assays were generated. We detected and quantified proteotypic peptides of proteins of interest 1/on 17 breast cell lines on control condition and under treatment (trastuzumab or lapatinib). 2/ on more complex samples including patients-derived xenografts and human breast cancers. We correlated our data to gold standards western blot and IHC and to transcriptomic signatures previously validated. In the future, this approach could envision a picture of the expression and activation of proteins implicated in HER2-pathway. However, our strategy could be improved by more efficient mass spectrometers and the use of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples to be used in clinical practice
Morin, Nathalie. "Protéines d'échafaudage et assemblage de l'adénovirus 2." Lille 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LIL10005.
Full textRégimbald-Dumas, Yannik. "Régulation positive du récepteur à l'inisitol 1,4,5-trisphosphate de type 2 par la protéine kinase A et par mTOR." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2010. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4320.
Full textReed, Eric Christopher. "Improvement of MPEG-2 compression by position-dependent encoding." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/38823.
Full textOzkaya, Tugba. "Hezbollah And Its Position Towards Israel." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12611119/index.pdf.
Full texton the other hand Israel regards Hezbollah to be the highest impact menace. Consequently, the thesis is finalized with outputs and predictions taking all historical and ideological aspects into concern.
Jacquet, Eric. "Relations structure-fonction du domaine d'ef-tu liant les nucleotides guanyliques : mutation de la val20, residu homologue a la position 12 de la p21." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066307.
Full textFREVILLE-HERENTHALS, STEPHANIE. "Synthese enantioselective d'alcaloides monosubstitues en position 2 et disubstitues en positions 2 et 6." Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066557.
Full textJarnet, Dominique. "Isolement et caractérisation des protéines apparentées à l'interleukine 2." Compiègne, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995COMPD786.
Full textHadj-Kaddour, Kamel. "Bd25 et Bd37. 2 : deux nouvelles protéines parasitaires impliquées dans l'invasion des érythrocytes par Babesia divergens ?" Montpellier 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON1T019.
Full textKhalil, Ahmed. "Synthèse et étude d'analogues nucléosidiques fluorés en position 2' ou 3'." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20070/document.
Full textIn the first chapter, we presented the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV), as well as the therapies used to treat these diseases. In a second part, we discussed about the importance of the incorporation of fluorine atom into nucleoside analogues, and in a third part of this chapter, we presented the recent literature sources of the synthesis and biological activity of fluorinated nucleosides. In the second chapter, we designed and synthesized a series of 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-fluoro-threo-pyrimidine nucleosides by direct and rapid methodology and evaluated them for their inhibitory effects on a number of RNA and DNA viruses in cell culture experiments. None of these nucleoside derivatives showed any antiretroviral activity nor cytotoxicity. In the third chapter of this manuscript, we synthesized a new series of 2',3'-dideoxy-2'-fluoro-3'-(N-hydroxyimino),(N-methoxyimino) and (hydroxylamino)pyrim idine nucleosides and also evaluated for their inhibitory effects on a number of RNA and DNA viruses, without finding any activity or cytotoxicity
Maciejewski-Duval, Anna. "Fonction de la basonucline 2." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066477.
Full textGauthier, Florian. "Synthèse et propriétés d’ARNs modifiés en position 2’ via des ponts disulfures." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTS120/document.
Full textRNAs are involved in numerous biological processes and can adopt different secondary structures. Thanks to their properties, they are powerful biological tools for diverse applications, such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) for gene silencing. Modified RNAs have proven to be essential to improve their properties, and to facilitate the study of their biological and therapeutic functions.This manuscript reports the synthesis and properties of 2’-O-modified RNAs bearing disulfide-containing groups, sensitive to reductive environment.The first part describes the synthesis of siRNAs prodrugs bearing lipophilic benzyldithiomethyl groups. The thermal stability, the serum stability and the response to glutathione treatment of modified siRNAs are thoroughly investigated. The gene silencing and the gymnotic delivery of several siRNAs are assessed, and demonstrates promising results on Ewing’s sarcoma cell line.A second part concerns the co-delivery of siRNAs and a hydrophobic anti-cancer drug (doxorubicin) using a self-immolative spacer bearing disulfide bonds. The chemico-physical properties of these conjugates are determined and the recovery of native siRNA and doxorubicin in response to reductive treatment is highlighted.A third part presents the conjugation of RNAs to small molecules (sugars, coumarin, biotin, deoxycholic acid, glutathione) using disulfide linkages. The synthesis of the RNA conjugates and their release in reducing conditions are also demonstrated.The last part reports the synthesis and the impact of an intrastrand dimethylene disulfide bridge between 2’-O-positions of two adjacent nucleotides in an RNA duplex and in the loop of RNA hairpins. Then, the influence of this linkage on the folding of a biologically relevant RNA structure is reported. Finally, an application of a constrained hairpin as a fluorescent molecular beacon highlights its potential use in tools for understanding RNA folding and in probes for the detection of reducing reagents
Kilic, Ergin. "Novel Position Measurement And Estimation Methods For Cnc Machine Systems." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12608762/index.pdf.
Full textSaito, Hiroko. "Rôle des protéines PDZ dans la fonction de ERBB2/HER2." Aix-Marseille 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX22015.
Full textNovelli, Armelle. "Signaux peptidiques, oligomérisation et localisation cellulaire de la fibre de l'adénovirus humain de type 2." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20094.
Full textAhissou, Hyacinthe. "Protéines plasmatiques marqueurs de l'inflammation chez l'aulacode thryonomys swinderianus." Tours, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOUR3306.
Full textMitou, Géraldine. "Étude des rôles "in vivo" de la poly(A) binding protein 2 chez "Drosophila melanogaster"." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20163.
Full textGerber, Esther. "Localisation cellulaire de protéines fluorescentes isoprénylables dans des cellules de tabac BY-2." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/GERBER_Esther_2005.pdf.
Full textIsoprenylation of proteins, which has been recognized as a fundamental process in eukaryotic cells, consists in the formation of a chemically stable thioether bond between a cysteine residue belonging to a carboxyterminal CaaX motif and a C15 (farnesyl) or a C20 (geranylgeranyl) isoprenyl residue. In this study, we have developed an experimental system, allowing to visualize, in intact tobacco BY-2 cells, the isoprenylation of proteins fused to GFP and with motives for farnesylation or geranylgeranylation. Such proteins were constructed from terminal sequences of rice calmodulin (OsCaM61) or the Arabidopsis Rop6. Our results clearly demonstrate that the farnesylated or geranylgeranylated proteins are mainly associated with the plasma membrane. The inhibition of the isoprenylation reaction by inhibitors or mutations in the CaaX box triggers a change in the intracellular localization of the chimerical proteins. These proteins accumulate in the nucleus, especially in the nucleoli, instead of the plasma membrane. We also show that the intracellular distribution of the prenylated and non-prenylated proteins is not dependent on the cytoskeletal network (microtubules and microfilaments of actin) and on brefeldin A. By using specific inhibitors (mevinolin, fosmidomycin and ketoclomazone) of both isoprenoid biosynthetic pathways occurring in higher plants or metabolic intermediates (MVA, Fol, Gol and GGol), we provided evidence for the essential role played by the MEP pathway in the synthesis of GGPP needed for the geranylgeranylation of proteins in plants. Such an experimental system appears to be very useful to demonstrate toxic effects of specific inhibitors, to measure biosynthetic fluxes or to check new herbicides and drugs, which could interact with the MEP pathway or the geranylgeranylation of proteins
Cagnol, Sébastien. "Contrôle de la mort cellulaire par la voie des MAPK 1/3 (ERK 2/1)." Nice, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NICE4033.
Full textProgrammed cell death or"apoptosis"is an evolutionary conserved feature of multicellular organisms necessary for normal development and tissue homeostasis. In living cells, the activity of the proteases that execute the apoptotic cell death program, the caspases, is controlled by survival signals emanating from the cellular environment. The regulatory components of the caspase cascade, caspase 9 and caspase 8, are activated respectively by the apoptosome and by death receptors. Survival signals elicited by extracellular matrix or growth factors activate signaling pathways that control the cell death machinery. The MAPK1/3 signaling pathway is a kinase cascade comprising Raf, MEK1/2 and MAPK1/3 (ERK1/2 or p42/p44 MapKinases) regulated by the proto-oncogene Ras. The MAPK1/3 pathway is implicated in cell proliferation and differentiation and plays an essential role in cell survival. This thesis objective was to characterize the molecular mechanisms involved in the control of cell death by MAPK1/3 pathway. This study relies on the use of an inducible form of Raf-1 kinase (DRaf-1:ER) those strong and persistent activation leads to a pathological induction of MAPK1/3 activity. We have been able to show that, depending on the cell type, DRaf-1:ER activation favors cell survival or induces cell death. In the lung fibroblastic cell line CCL39, DRaf-1:ER activation prevents cell death induced by serum withdrawal from the tissue culture medium. Under this experimental setting, we could show that DRaf-1:ER stimulation inhibits caspase 9 activation but did not prevent cytochrome c release, APAF1 oligomerization and caspase 9 recruitment in the apoptosome. This novel mechanism of cell death inhibition at a post-mitochondrial level requires ongoing protein synthesis and continuous MEK kinase activity. In HEK293, an embryonic kidney cell line that bares properties of neuronal lineage cells, sustained activation of the MAPK1/3 pathway in response to DRaf-1:ER induces massive cell death. Cell death is characterized by caspases activation and DNA fragmentation. It is a slow process, detectable more than 24 hours after DRaf-1:ER stimulation and maximal at 48 hours. Cell death induction needs protein synthesis only during the early stage of activation but requires a continuous activity of the MEK/MAPK module. Cell death results from caspase 8 activation and does not require the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. It is characterized by the formation of vacuoles in the cytoplasm that evoke paraptosis, a particular form of apoptosis. Functional inactivation of the death receptor Fas or its adaptator FADD indicates that the activation process of caspase 8 is independent of the death receptor pathway. Altogether, these results extend our understanding on the role of the Raf/MAPk pathway in the control of cell death. We have shown that in different cellular context, this signaling pathway can either promote cell survival or induce cell death. In both cases, cell death control requires protein synthesis and post-traductionnal modifications. Molecular mechanisms that respond to prolonged MAPK1/3 activation could be involved in tumor resistance to proapoptotic treatments as well as in the development of neurodegenerative diseases
Jeannot, Frédéric. "Synthèse et étude d'analogues nucléosidiques incorporant le groupement trifluorométhyle en position 2' et 3'." Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20117.
Full textCha, Jae H. "Application of the photodiode in design and implementation of a 2-D position detector." Master's thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03172010-020148/.
Full textAmbroise, Gorbatchev. "Caractérisation de nouvelles voies régulant l’expression et l’activité des protéines Mcl-1 et PUMA." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS079/document.
Full textCancer is a major public health issue, killing millions of people worldwide each year. The inhibition of apoptosis, a programmed cell death, in its onset and development has been well documented, making it one of the hallmarks of cancer. The regulation of the intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway of apoptosis is regulated by the Bcl-2 (B cell lymphoma-2) family. Up until now, PUMA, a pro-apoptotic protein, was thought to be mainly expressed at the mitochondria, based on experiments where it had been overexpressed. We showed that endogenous PUMA is mainly expressed in the cytosol of activated or resting B cells. However, upon apoptotic stress, PUMA was able to translocate from the cytosol to the mitochondria, in a caspase-independent but p38-dependent manner, allowing PUMA to bind and inhibit the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Mcl-1, and thereby leading to cell death. The anti-apoptotic proteins, especially Mcl-1, are often overexpressed in tumors. Mcl-1 is a protein with a short half-life, degraded rapidly by the proteasome. This degradation is ubiquitin-dependent, requiring E3 ligases (E3). A handful of E3s and one deubiquitinase (DUB), that hydrolyses the ubiquitin chains, have been reported to regulate Mcl-1 expression. However, they were either very poorly expressed or their inhibition had no impact on Mcl-1 expression in our model. We thus undertook to characterize new E3s and DUBs mediating Mcl-1 ubiquitination. After an immunoprecipitation of Mcl-1 in our cells, followed by a mass spectrometry analysis, we identified the DUB USP14. When knockdown, Mcl-1 expression was selectively increased and its stability enhanced. Our results could help build “double-edge” therapies, removing the breaks on apoptosis on one hand via Mcl-1 downregulation while activating it on the other via PUMA translocation
Gonzalo, Philippe. "Contributions à l'étude de l'élongation au cours de la synthèse protéique chez les mammifères : interactions entre le facteur EF-2 et les protéines P0, P1 et P2 du ribosome : fixation de l'ATP sur EF-2 : phosphorylation de P2 par la GRK2." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO10199.
Full textBucurgat, Mahmut. "Study Of One Dimensional Position Dependent Effective Mass Problem In Some Quantum Mechanical Systems." Phd thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12609405/index.pdf.
Full textdinger equation for some well known potentials, such as the deformed Hulthen, the Mie, the Kratzer, the pseudoharmonic, and the Morse potentials. Nikiforov-Uvarov method is used in the calculations to get energy eigenvalues and the corresponding wave functions exactly. By introducing a free parameter in the transformation of the wave function, the position dependent effective mass problem is reduced to the solution of the Schrö
dinger equation for the constant mass case. At the same time, the deformed Hulthen potential is solved for the position dependent effective mass case by applying the method directly. The Morse potential is also solved for a mass distribution function, such that the solution can be reduced to the constant mass case.
Cagatay, Kartal. "Modeling, Identification And Real Time Position Control Of A Two-axis Gimballed Mirror System." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12611668/index.pdf.
Full text/Simulink®
and MATLAB/Simulink/SimMechanics®
. Parameter estimations of the GMS and control system elements are achieved using MATLAB/Simulink Parameter Estimation Tool®
. The controller tuning is performed using the developed mathematical models in MATLAB/Simulink environment. Optimized digital PID controllers are implemented in the real-time control system. Performances of the controllers for both GMS axes are evaluated by both real system tests and simulation runs
and the results of these runs are compared. Controller performances under the effect of disturbances are analyzed by using the mathematical models developed in the MATLAB/ Simulink environment.
Lévesque, Dominique. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle des protéines de transition de la spermiogenèse." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0006/MQ40604.pdf.
Full textTomoiu, Andru. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle de la protéine précoce-immédiate 2 de l'herpèsvirus humain 6." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24149/24149.pdf.
Full textHuman herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is an opportunistic pathogen whose infection or reactivation are associated with diseases such as roseola, central nervous system disorders and organ transplant anomalies. Sequencing of the viral genome has exposed the existence of two HHV-6 variants (A and B), with diverging sequences in specific regions, and different biological characteristics. Our work focused on the characterization of HHV-6A immediate-early IE2 protein. Its prompt expression following infection and its transactivating ability suggest that IE2 constitutes a key protein for the establishment of a productive infection, owing to its control over the viral gene expression cascade. Moreover, the IE2 coding transcript is located in the most variable region between HHV-6A and -6B, suggesting that the biology of this protein could help explain the clinical differences between the two viral variants. In order to identify cellular proteins recruited by IE2 during the establishment of infection, we have screened a T-cell library for interaction partners. We have isolated Ubiquitin conjugating enzyme 9 (Ubc9), a protein involved in the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) conjugation pathway. This interaction has a functional relevance for IE2, with Ubc9 significantly repressing promoter activation by the viral protein. Protein domains essential for IE2 function had never been characterized. We have determined that the N- and C-terminal domains are both required for optimal transactivation, and that the deletion of the C-terminal tail of IE2 significantly alters transactivation and the intranuclear localization of the protein. Moreover, we have determined that the R3 domain of the immediate-early HHV-6A promoter represents an IE2 responsive element. Overall, this work provides a more precise image of the role of IE2 during the initiation of HHV-6 infection and a better comprehension of the biology of this complex virus.
Uzan, Catherine. "Expression des métalloprotéinases et de leurs inhibiteurs, de la protéine c-kit, des protéines de l’apoptose et des protéines HER1 et 2 dans l’endométriose." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066096.
Full textSmith, Brendan. "Life course socioeconomic position and type 2 diabetes: the experience of the Framingham Offspring Study." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66947.
Full textLa prévalence du diabète à l'échelle planétaire atteint maintenant des proportions épidémiques. Environ 90-95% des cas de diabète sont de type 2 et cette maladie affecte de manière disproportionnée les populations défavorisées. Afin d'examiner l'association de facteurs biographiques reliés à la position socio-économique (PSE) et l'incidence du diabète de type 2, une étude prospective portant sur 1,895 participants de la 'Framingham Offspring Study' a été menée. Trois cadres conceptuels épidémiologiques ont été utilisés pour abstraire la PSE : l'accumulation du risque, les périodes critiques et la mobilité sociale. Les résultats démontrent que l'exposition cumulée à une basse PSE accroît le risque de développer un diabète de type 2 chez la femme mais non chez l'homme. De plus, l'âge adulte est une période critique chez la femme durant laquelle l'exposition a une basse PSE (éducation et/ou occupation) augmente le risque de développer un diabète de type 2.
Morpeth, Alan George. "The synthesis and structural characterisation of isatogens substituted in the 2-position by nitrogen heterocycles." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328897.
Full textCarlier, Patrick. "Synthèse de piperidines et de perhydroazépines fonctionnalisées en position 2 et 3 leur application thérapeutique /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376036222.
Full textPoulin, Lucie. "Étude de la relation structure-fonction de la protéine BI-1 chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/23101/23101.pdf.
Full textBretou, Marine. "Regulation of the dynamics of the fusion pore : importance of the SNARE protein synaptobrevin 2 and of the Rho GTPase Cdc42." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077157.
Full textExocytosis ends with the formation of a fusion pore. The initial pore is narrow, only small molecules flow through it. The pore then enlarges, releasing larger secretory products. I studied the role of two proteins on the dilation of the pore: the SNARE protein synaptobrevin 2 (Syb2), and the Rho GTPase Cdc42. Zippering of SNAREs in opposed membranes might give energy to catalyze fusion. Inserting a linker between the SNARE core and the transmembrane domain of Syb2 did not modify the frequency of exocytotic events detected by amperometry at 1|jM free [Ca2+] but prevented the occurrence of an extra component of release at higher [Ca2+]. Analysis of these events led to their classification into two groups, due to the rate and extent of dilation of the pore; lengthening Syb2 reduced the population of fast spikes, leaving the slow one unchanged. Slow fusion events might be due to a partial zippering of the SNAREpin while fast fusion events require a tight one, i. E. A short intermembrane distance to assure rapid dilation of the pore. Cdc42 controls actin dynamics. TIRFM experiments showed that its silencing in BON cells reduced the number of granules undergoing full fusion, with little effect on their recruitment and docking at the membrane. Using amperometry, we showed that this silencing reduced the number of high spikes due to fast and complete dilation of the pore, and increased stand-alone foot signals reflecting pores failing to enlarge. Increasing membrane tension rescued the effects of silencing while decreasing it through actin depolymerization mimicked Cdc42 silencing. Cdc42 might control fusion pore dilation by modulating membrane tension
Estève, Marie-Anne. "Mécanismes de résistance à la vinflunine : implication des protéines Bcl-2, tubuline et P-gp." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX22955.
Full textMicrotubule-Targeting Agents (MTAs) constitute a class of drugs largely used in cancer therapy. Among them, Taxanes and Vinca-alkaloids are known to inhibit cancer cell proliferation by disturbing the tubulin/microtubule system. Even though they have opposed effects on microtubule network (stabilizing and depolymerizing molecules), the different agents of this class commonly inhibit microtubule dynamics, induce cell cycle arrest and trigger signaling cascades leading to apoptosis execution. Among years, novel molecules allow the class to grow. Thus, Vinflunine, Vinca-alkaloid in phase III clinical trials, will probably join the therapeutic arsenal of oncologists in the next months. However, resistance phenomenons are a major obstacle to the efficacy of these agents. In this work, we first studied the different factors responsible for the resistance of tumor cells to Vinflunine. We showed the involvement of P-glycoprotein, composition in tubulin subtypes and down-regulation of Bcl-2 protein in resistance of human ovarian cancer cells to Vinflunine. Second, we focused on direct interaction between tubulin and Bcl-2 protein, as their association is a potential target for MTAs on mitochondria. Third, we tried to identify the transporters involved in pharmacokinetic of Vinflunine and its active metabolite 4-O-déacétyl-vinflunine
Rech, de Laval Valentine. "Analyse bioinformatique des protéines BCL-2 et développement de la base de connaissance dédiée, BCL2DB." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10273/document.
Full textBCL-2 proteins play an essential role in the decision of life or death of animal cells. They control the induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in the mitochondrial pathway via regulators having opposite functions: anti- or pro-apoptotic. Proteins containing one or more Bcl-2 homology domains (BHl-4) are systematically classified in this family. Through bioinformatics and phylogenetic analysis, we revisited the different criteria for protein inclusion in the BCL-2 group and proposed a new classification taking into account structural and evolutionary data. This new nomenclature distinguishes a first group of homologous proteins (derived from a common ancestor), sharing a similar 3D structural fold with Bcl-2 and often (but not necessarily) having one or more BH motifs, and a fast expanding conglomerate of proteins without apparent phylogenetic relationships and sharing only a short region of sequence similarity corresponding to the BH3 motif. Based on these results, we built a process based on profiles HMM to identify proteins belonging to the BCL-2 protein group. Our automated process i) recovers on a monthly basis the nucleotide and protein sequences ii) annotates them and iii) integrates this information into BCL2DB ("The BCL-2 Database"). This resource can be accessed via a web interface (http://bcl2db.ibcp.fr) which allows researchers to extract data and perform sequence analysis
Abou, samra Alma. "Conception, synthèse et évaluation biologique d’inhibiteurs des protéines anti-apoptotiques de la famille Bcl-2." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS390/document.
Full textApoptosis is used by multicellular organisms to regulate tissue homeostasis through the elimination of useless or potentially harmful cells. The key players of apoptosis are caspases, a family of proteases whose activation is induced by two major signalling pathways. One of these pathways (the intrinsic pathway) is regulated by the Bcl-2 family of proteins. In recent years, numerous studies have shown that overexpression of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2, Bcl-xL or Mcl-1 proteins is involved in the development of many kinds of cancers or confers resistance to apoptosis induced by standard anticancer therapies. Consequently, targeting this family of proteins is a highly promising strategy for tumour treatment.The feasibility of disrupting protein-protein interactions between anti- and pro-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family, using small-molecule inhibitors has been successfully established, and venetoclax was the first to obtain the FDA authorisation in April 2016 as an inhibitor of anti-apoptotic proteins of Bcl-2.Natural products are still playing a significant role in drug discovery and development process. Thus, from the 1940’s to date, 75% of the 175 small molecules used in cancer therapy, are either natural products or derivatives of natural compounds. Screening of plant extracts, marine organisms or microorganisms can provide highly original and functionalized bioactive molecules that are unlikely obtained by screening synthetic libraries. In fact, structural complexity is often a criterion of specificity for biological target.Meiogynin A is an original molecule isolated from a Malaysian Annonaceae and synthesized in our team in 2009. It exhibited a promising inhibitory activity of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Mcl-1, three anti-apoptotic proteins of Bcl-2 family whose overexpression is correlated with many cancers. 1st- and 2nd-generation analogs were further elaborated. Despite their remarkable affinity towards target proteins, 2nd-generation analogs lacked cytotoxicity, probably due to the presence of an ester linker that could undergo competitive hydrolysis in cellulo, leading to an inactive metabolite.We aim to develop 3rd-generation analogues of meiogynine A exhibiting high affinity towards multiple anti-apoptotic members of Bcl-2 family as well as cytotoxicity on cancer cells that overexpress these proteins. For this, a new fluorescence polarization inhibition test for Bcl-2/Bim interaction has been implemented, and meiogynine A and its analogues have been tested against the new interaction. In addition to Bcl-xL/Bak and Mcl-1/Bid interaction inhibition, these molecules showed an ability to inhibit Bcl-2/Bim interaction. Thus, they are considered multiple inhibitors.3rd-generation analogues of meiogynine A were obtained by pharmacomodulation of a common precursor that was synthesized on a gram-scale through a bioinspired Diels-Alder reaction. Several functional groups that have better stability in vivo than the ester group were anticipated, such as the amines, amides, carbamates and triazoles. Biological activity of the synthesized analogues was evaluated, and those presenting the best inhibitory profile were evaluated in cellulo by our collaborators in the Institut Gustave Roussy
Caignard, Grégory. "Cartographie des intéractions entre protéines virales codées par le gène P des Paramyxoviridae et protéines cellulaires." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077020.
Full textViruses belonging to Paramyxoviridae family are important human pathogens. Some, such as measles virus (MV), mumps virus (MuV) and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hPIV3), have been known for a long time. Others, such as Nipah virus (NiV), have been recently identified. As part of a large-scale mapping project of virus-host protein interactions, the goal of my thesis is to identify interactions between viral proteins encoded by the P gene of these four paramyxoviruses and cellular proteins. Tioman virus (TioV), whose natural host is the flying fox, was also included in this project. Therefore, 44 yeast two-hybrid screens were performed and hundreds of new virus-host interactions were identified. The global analysis of these interactions has uncovered many signal transduction factors, in particular proteins involved in immune response. The identification of STAT1, STAT2 and Jakl as interactors of MV-V protein allowed us to explain type IIFN signaling inhibition by this viral protein. Futhermore, we demonstrated that TioV-V protein was unable to block efficiently type I IFN signaling in human cells probably because of its inability to interact with STAT2. Finally, we have shown that hPIV3 C protein both increases MAPK/ERK signaling in response to EGF and inhibits type I IFN signaling. These data suggest that an excessive activation of MAPK/ERK pathway by hPIV3-C contributes to the severe airway inflammation associated with hPIV3 infections
Marcouiller, François. "L'impact du diabète de type 2 sur la phosphorylation de tau in vivo." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28358/28358.pdf.
Full textBouche, Cyril. "Etude de la fonction d'une protéine à doigts de zinc : la basonucline 2." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066234.
Full textPriault, Muriel. "Utilisation de la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae pour l'étude du rôle des protéines de la famille Bcl-2 dans l'apoptose." Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR28863.
Full textWe investigated here the functions of a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family through heterologous expression in yeast S. Cerevisiae. Yeast has no Bcl-2 related gene, and thus turns out to be a relevant tool to test pro-apoptotic human Bax functions. As in mammals, Bax kills yeast cells and triggers the relocalisation of the cytochrome c to the cytosol in a Bcl-xL sensitive manner. One of the goals of this thesis was to understand Bax targeting to mitochondria. We evidenced that the putative C-terminal transmembrane domain is either a signal anchor sequence, nor required for Bax-mediated cytochrome c release. We also confirmed that Bax cytochrome-c-releasing ability is highly dependent on the structure of its C-terminal part. In fact, expression of native Bax had no phenotype at all, unless the C-terminal part was modified. Yeast thus proved to be a powerful tool to confirm that Bax needs to be activated by a conformational change to exhibit its characteristic phenotypes. Another goal was the investigation of Bax cytotoxicity. We assayed the functional partnership between Bax and mitochondrial proteins : proteins that are thought to be components of the mammalian PTP ar not required for Bax cytotoxicity. We also demonstrated that neither respiratory chain, nor oxidative phosphorylations are required for Bax lethal effect. Cytochrome c was the only functional partner we identified, but its presence is not essential to Bax-mediated cell death. We identified another partner that was oxygen : Bax expression produces an oxidative stress that could account for its cytotoxicity through lipid peroxidation. Finally, we next tested the ability of native Bax to form channels in biological membranes. Patch-clamp experiments evidenced a new large conductance channel in MOM upon Bax expression in a VDAC-less strain. Such an activity was confirmed in mammals. This activity could be compatible with a cytochrome c releasing function
Ayoub, Farah. "Barnets position i LVU-domar : -En kritisk diskursanalys av förvaltningsrättens domar enligt 2 och 3 §§ LVU." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-89262.
Full textBernard, David. "Détermination de la structure et de la dynamique du domaine de la protéine MIZ-1 formé des doigts de zinc 5 à 8 par résonance magnétique nucléaire." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6272.
Full textPointud, Jean-Christophe. "Identification des partenaires des protéines régulatrices Bric à Brac 1 et Bric à Brac 2 chez Drosophila melanogaster : caractérisation moléculaire des protéines BIP1 et BIP2/dTAFII155." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CLF1MM10.
Full textVautier, François. "Etude in vivo du gène ZO-2 codant pour une protéine de jonction serrée." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR28677.
Full textStorez, Hélène. "Identification de nouveaux partenaires d'interaction des β-arrestines : 1-oligomérisation des β-arrestines : 2-Caractérisation de l'intéraction β-arrestine- Filamine A." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077098.
Full textβ-arrestins 1 and 2 (BARRIand I3ARR2) are two highly homologous proteins with multiple biological functions. First known as key regulators of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) desensitization and endocytosis, βARRs were shown more recently to act as scaffolding proteins for ERK1/2 and JNK3 cascades, to activate Src and to bind to ubiquitin ligases. In addition to their propensity to interact with multiple partners, βARRs might also auto-assemble to form oligomers, as suggested by the observation that both IJARR1 and visual arrestin, the isoform which is specifically expressed in the retina, form dimers in crystals. In a two-hybrid screen, based on the Sos Recruitment System and using a C-terminal truncated mutant of βARR2 as the bait, one of the preys corresponded to the C-terminal portion of βARR2 itself, suggesting that βARR2 might also form dimers in solution. To investigate whether βARR2 might function as a dimer in a more physiological context, we took advantage of the bioluminescence energy transfer (BRET) approach, which was developed recently to study protein-protein interaction in living cells. The cDNAs encoding Renilla luciferase (lue) and the yellow variant of the Green Fluorescent Protein (YFP), the BRET donor and accepter moieties, respectively, were fused 5' or 3' to the cDNAs of βARR1 or βARR2. Various appropriate combinations of the resulting constructs were transfected in COS-7 cells. A constitutive BRET was measured with βARR2 constructs. As expected for a specific non-random interaction between the BRET donor and accepter, BRET signals increased as a function of the BRET accepter concentration up to a maximal value (BRETmax), and constant BRET signals were measured when cells were transfected with increasing amounts of a fixed ratio of acceptordonor. Interestingly, significantly different BRETmax values were measured when the BRET donor construct (βARR2-luc) was co-expressed with fusion proteins in which the BRET accepter was located either at the N-terminal (YFP-βARR2) or the C-terminal (βARR2-YFP) extremity of βARR2, indicating that the βARR-2 dimer is oriented. A similar constitutive BRET was also measured for βARR1 and when the BRET donor and the accepter were fused to different UARRisoforms. These data are consistent with a model in which both βARR2 and βARR1 form constitutive homo-dimers in living cells and might also be engaged in constitutive hetero-dimers. Several important questions are still under investigation, such as the proportion of dimers versus monomers, the effect of GPCR activation on βARR dimerization, the potentially different biological function of monomers, homo-dimers and hetero-dimers
Pertuit, Morgane. "Rôle central des MAPKinases ERK1/2 dans la physiopathologie somatotrope : implication des altérations de Gsα." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20735.
Full textGasnereau, Isabelle. "Etude du mécanisme de dégradation de la « Mitotic Kinesin like protein 2 » en sortie de mitose." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066446.
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