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Journal articles on the topic 'Portugal – History – 17th century'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Truong, Anh Thuan, and Thi Vinh Linh Nguyen. "Trade Activities and the Spread of Christianity by Portugal: Port of Faifo (Vietnam)." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 67, no. 1 (2022): 128–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.109.

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In the 16th and 17th centuries, Faifo (Hoi An, Quang Nam province) emerged as one of the busiest international trading ports in Southeast Asia in general and in Vietnam in particular. At the same time, in Europe, Portugal and its formidable navy discovered a new maritime route to Asia. Using this knowledge, the Portuguese became one of the first Western states to explore this part of the world and laid the foundation for trade and missionary activities in a number of different countries and locations there. Among them, Faifo (in Vietnam) was a notable example. In fact, for almost a century (from the second half of the 16th century to the middle of the 17th century), the Portuguese had established business relationships and played an important role in trading activities in Faifo. Meanwhile, the Portuguese Crown strongly supported the Jesuit priests, aiding them in becoming the first Catholic missionary force based in Vietnam, thereby allowing for the introduction and spread of Christianity in Faifo as well as in other locations around Cochinchina. However, at the end of the 17th century, for a number of different factors, Portugal gradually lost its important role in trading and missionary activities in the port of Faifo. This article examines the Portuguese commercial and missionary activities in Faifo in the 16th and 17th centuries. It also aims to make a specific contribution to clarifying the relationship of exchange between Vietnam and Portugal in the 16th and 17th centuries.

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2

Castro, F. "The Pepper Wreck, an early 17th-century Portuguese Indiaman at the mouth of the Tagus River, Portugal." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 32, no. 1 (August 2003): 6–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ijna.2003.1067.

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3

Ricupero, Rodrigo. "A valorização da terra ou extração de riquezas: o discurso sobre o Brasil na primeira metade do século XVII." Temas Americanistas, no. 47 (2021): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/temas-americanistas.2021.i47.05.

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: A partir da análise das obras de Diogo de Campos Moreno, Ambrósio Fernandes Brandão (provável autor dos Diálogos das Grandezas do Brasil) e Frei Vicente do Salvador e de outras fontes, o artigo procura captar a percepção da época, primeiras décadas do século XVII, sobre a dinâmica colonial e caracterizar uma primeira tomada de consciência, expressa na contraposição entre a valorização da terra ou na defesa do Brasil, por um lado, e na ambição de extrair riquezas a serem usufruídas em Portugal, por outro. Tais comportamentos que com o tempo seriam associados, com mais ou menos razão, aos proprietários rurais e aos mercadores reinóis, acabariam conformando, nas palavras de Evaldo Cabral de Mello, o antagonismo fundamental da sociedade colonial.

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Palma, Luís Manuel. "Tracking the ancestral Portuguese name of the osprey across the Atlantic: hints from language, literature, history and geography." Arquivos de Zoologia 48, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2176-7793.v48i1p115-130.

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Guincho, the traditional Portuguese name of the osprey (Pandion haliaetus) is unique and ancestral. It is found in several sorts of fictional literature from the 16th up to the early 20th centuries in the form of a metaphor born from an old popular proverb. The first time the name appears as the vernacular designation of the osprey is in a 17th falconry treatise, and then in old dictionaries and early ornithological monographs and catalogues throughout the 18th to early 20th centuries. In Portugal, however, the name barely survives, partly due to the species demise in the country during the 20th century, but mainly because it was gradually replaced by an erudite term in ornithological literature since the middle 19th century. However, given the conspicuousness of the species and its nests, the name and its composites are retained in a number of places along the coast. And, following the Portuguese diaspora of the 16th-18th centuries, the term spread to the archipelagos of Madeira, Cape Verde and the Canaries where it impregnated the local vocabulary and again gave the name to many coastal places. Then, it moved from the Canaries to the Spanish speaking areas of the Caribbean riding the mass migration of Canary Islanders to the new colonies. In consequence, the traditional Portuguese name of the osprey is still fully used in several island countries across the Atlantic. The remarkable presence of the ancestral Portuguese name of the osprey in language, literature and geography allows its rehabilitation as the proper popular name of the species and sanctions its legitimacy as a tool for reconstructing the ancient historical ranges of the osprey. Ultimately, revaluing the name is also a matter of cultural preservation, which compliments and enriches the current efforts for the species recovery in Portugal.

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Santos, Rui. "The agrarian economy of the region of Évora in the first half of the 17th century (1595–1660): an exploration of main indicators." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 23, S1 (March 2005): 349–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610900012349.

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RESUMENEste artículo intenta establecer la cronología y dinámica de la depresión del siglo XVII en la región de Évora, en el sur de Portugal. El examen de un conjunto de variables clave –estadísticas vitales, precios de alimentos y renta de la tierrasitúa el inicio de la depresión en la última década del siglo XVI, así como su continuación hasta 1660. Se detectan varios intentos de recuperación, pero todos ellos cortados por malas cosechas, a veces asociadas con epidemias y guerra. En conjunto, las alzas de precios de los alimentos aparecen asociadas con signos de depresión en las demás variables. Esto parece indicar que esas alzas venían dictadas por el comportamiento de la oferta, no de la demanda, pesando gravemente sobre los ingresos de la mayor parte de las familias, mientras que los campesinos resultaban incapaces de aprovecharlas.

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6

Uvarov, Pavel. "Historical Research and Directions of French Royal Expansion in 16th — 17th Centuries." ISTORIYA 12, no. 7 (105) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015333-5.

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In the seventeenth century, the search for the “forgotten” rights of the king were an important aid in organizing French expansion, mainly in the eastern and northeastern directions. At the sovereign courts of Lorraine, Alsace and Franche-Comté “chambers of annexations” (chambres d’annexion) were created in 1680 to organize search for archival documents supporting royal claims to neighboring lands. The idea of creating special institutions engaged in the search for documents revealing the precedents of relations with other countries and forgotten rights, that French king had supposedly enjoyed in those parts, was expressed back during the reign of Henry II. In 1556, Raoul Spifame, a lawyer at the Paris Parliament, published a book consisting of fictitious royal decrees, of which many would be implemented in the future. Among other things he ordered, on behalf of the king, the creation of thirty chambers, each specializing in the search for documents in the “treasury of charters” relating to a particular province. He had determined the composition of these chambers, the procedure for work and the form of reporting, — all this in order to arm the king with knowledge of his forgotten rights and the content of antique treaties and agreements. The nomenclature of “provincial chambers” is especially interesting, from the Chambers of Scotland and England to the Chamber of Tunisia and Africa, as well as the Chamber of Portugal and the New Lands. Much more attention was attracted by those lands to which a century later the French expansion would be directed: Franche-Comté, Artois and Flanders, Lorraine, the Duchy of Cleves. But more than half of chambers specialized in the Italian lands. This is not surprising, since in the 1550s France was entering the climax of the Italian Wars. Under Henry II (1547—1559) one of the four secretaries of state, Jean du Thier, was the person responsible for the southwestern direction of French policy. There is reason to believe that Spifame was associated with du Thier or with other members of the king’s “reform headquarters”. The large-scale transformations already at work were interrupted by the unexpected death of Henry II and the subsequent Wars of Religion. But continuity was inherent in the “spirit of the laws” of the Ancien Régime, so Spifame was able to predict future developments, including the creation of “chambers of annexation”.

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7

Truong, Anh Thuan. "Conflicts among religious orders of Christianity: А study of Vietnam during the 17th and 18th centuries." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies 37, no. 2 (2021): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu17.2021.214.

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During the 17th and 18th centuries, the presence as well as activities of religious orders of Christianity in Vietnam, predominantly the Society of Jesus, Mendicant Orders (Franciscan Order, Dominican Order, etc.), and the Society of Foreign Missions of Paris, to establish or maintain and strengthen the interests of some Western countries’ (Portugal, Spain, France) missionary work in this country led to conflicts and disputes over the missionary area as well as the right to manage missionary activities among religious orders of Christianity. From 1665 to 1773, the Vietnamese Catholic Church witnessed protracted disputes and conflicts between Jesuits sponsored by the Portuguese and the Society of Foreign Missions of Paris backed by France. While contradictions between them remained unresolved, from the first half of the 18th century onwards, conflicts and disputes between the Spanish Franciscan Order and the missionaries of the Society of Foreign Missions of Paris continued to arise. This influenced the development of Christianity in Vietnam during this period. Based on original historical sources and academic achievements of Vietnamese scholars as well as international, this article applies two main research methods of the history of science (historical and logical methods) with other research methods (systemic, analysis, synthesis, comparison, etc.) to closely examine the “panorama” of the conflicts between the religious orders of Christianity that took place in Vietnam during the 17th and 18th centuries. The article analyzes the underlying and direct cause of this phenomenon, making certain contributions to the study of the relationship among religious orders in the process of introduction and development of Christianity in Vietnam, as well as the history of East-West cultural exchange in the country during this period.

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Cabral, João Paulo. "Que plantas eram cultivadas no Horto Real de Xabregas criado por Gabriel Grisley em Lisboa no século XVII?" História da Ciência e Ensino: construindo interfaces 20 (December 29, 2019): 714–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/2178-2911.2019v20espp714-724.

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Resumo Gabriel Grisley, médico, botânico e químico alemão, veio para Portugal na década de 1610. Em Lisboa, perto da foz do rio Xabregas, criou um horto que teve privilégio régio. Percorreu o reino estudando a flora espontânea e cultivada. Além de Viridarium lusitanicum (1661), publicou a obra Desenganos para a medicina (1656) onde enumera e descreve 260 plantas medicinais, a maioria das quais estaria em cultura no Horto Real de Xabregas. A partir dos nomes comuns das plantas e dos nomes latinos usados por Grisley, e recorrendo a bibliografia especializada, foi possível identificar, com razoável certeza, todas estas 260 plantas. Cerca de 2/3 eram espécies da flora espontânea portuguesa. A grande maioria era de herbáceas ou lenhosas de pequeno porte. Existiam 20 arbustos, mas só cinco árvores. Todas as plantas são referidas como medicinais em bibliografia moderna, indicando que o horto de Xabregas era de cariz medicinal, como era usual nesta época. As obras de Grisley não têm merecido a devida atenção, em parte devido à inerente dificuldade em identificar plantas designadas por nomenclaturas pré- lineanas. A identificação feita no presente trabalho de todas as plantas mencionadas em Desenganos para a medicina e muito provavelmente cultivadas no Horto Real de Xabregas é o ponto de partida para um melhor conhecimento da história natural e da matéria médica do Portugal de Seiscentos, temática para a qual a informação disponível é muito escassa. Palavras-chave: Gabriel Grisley; Horto Real de Xabregas; Portugal Abstract Gabriel Grisley, a german physician, botanist, and chemist, came to Portugal in the 1610s. In Lisbon, near the mouth of the Xabregas River, he created a garden that had royal privilege. He toured the kingdom studying the spontaneous and cultivated flora. In addition to Viridarium lusitanicum (1661), he published Desenganos para a medicina (1656), where he lists and describes 260 medicinal plants, most of which were probably cultivated in the Royal Garden of Xabregas. From the common names of the plants and Latin names used by Grisley, and consulting specialized literature, it was possible to identify, with reasonable certainty, all these 260 plants mentioned in Desenganos. About 2/3 were species of the Portuguese spontaneous flora. The vast majority were herbaceous or small woody plants. There were 20 shrubs, but only five trees. All plants are referred as medicinal in the modern bibliography, indicating that the Royal Garden of Xabregas was medicinal, as was usual at this time. Grisley's works have not deserved due attention, in part because of the inherent difficulty in identifying plants designated by pre- Linnaean nomenclatures. The identification made in the present work of all the plants mentioned in Desenganos para a medicina and most probably cultivated in the Royal Garden of Xabregas is the starting point for a better knowledge of the natural history and the medical matter of the Portugal in the 17th century, a theme for which the available information is very scarce. Keywords: Gabriel Grisley; Royal Garden of Xabregas; Portugal.

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9

Truong, Anh Thuan, and Thi Vinh Linh Nguyen. "Trade of the Portuguese Royal and Private Traders in India from the 16th to the 19th Century." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 14, no. 4 (2022): 704–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.409.

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The 16th–19th centuries was the period that witnessed the ups and downs development of the trade of the Portuguese Crown and the Portuguese private traders in India. In fact, the maritime trade of the Portuguese Crown only developed significantly in the 16th century; from the 17th century, because of different reasons, it declined gradually. Finally, it had to depend on the British at the end of the 19th century. In contrast with the Portuguese Crown trade, although the commerce of the Portuguese private merchants had to face a lot of difficulties, it continued to expand its role and influence during the four centuries (16th–19th). This article summarizes the trade of Portuguese royal and Portuguese private commercial activities in India from the 16th to the 19th century. On that basis, the authors of this article analyze and point out the core characteristics which fully and comprehensively reflect the development of commercial activities of the Portuguese royal family and merchants in India during this period. To conduct this research, the authors rely on the research results of scholars around the world directly or indirectly related to this issue and use two main research methods of Historical Science, including the historical method and the logical method. In addition, the authors also use several other research methods such as analysis, synthesis, statistics, and comparison. The completion of this study will make a scholarly contribution by helping researchers to have a more comprehensive and in-depth view of Portugal’s commercial activities in Asia in general and India in particular from the 16th to the 19th century.

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10

Abdullah, M. Adli, and Azmi Arifin. "The History of "Tuan Seberang" (Tun Seri Lanang) Based on Aceh and Dutch Sources." Malay Literature 30, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 204–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37052/ml.30(2)no2.

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This study discusses the position of Tuan Seberang, a prominent figure of the Malay Peninsula, who was immensely influential in shaping the kingdom of Aceh Darussalam in the 17th century. His prominence was evident when the book of Aceh’s historiography, Ma Bain-as-Salatin , clearly showed the position of and role played by Tuan Seberang in the administration of this kingdom. However, to date, there are rarely historians who have actually examines the position and prominence of Tuan Seberang, either when he was in Aceh or in the Peninsula. To be sure, Tuan Seberang was a prominent figure who was highly respected by the Portuguese and Dutch because of his huge contribution to the administration of this kingdom during the reign of Sultan Iskandar Muda (1607-1636), Sultan Iskandar Thani (1636-1641) and Sultan Safiatuddin Syah (1641-1675). In this study, the author examines the issue of who Tuan Seberang really was, the role he played, his contribution and his relationship with the rulers and Aceh’s political figures. Keywords: Tuan Seberang, Tun Seri Lanang, Sulalat-us-Salatin , Ma Bain- as-Salatin , The Kingdom of Aceh Darussalam Abstrak Kajian ini membincangkan kedudukan Tuan Seberang, tokoh Melayu Semenanjung, yang sangat berpengaruh dalam perkembangan Kerajaan Aceh Darussalam pada kurun ke-17. Ketokohannya terbukti apabila karya historiografi Aceh, Ma Bain-as-Salatin dengan jelas memerihalkan kedudukan dan peranan yang dimainkan oleh Tuan Seberang dalam pentadbiran kerajaan itu. Namun sehingga kini, jarang terdapat ahli sejarah yang benar-benar meneliti kedudukan dan peranan Tuan Seberang secara khusus, sama ada semasa beliau berada di Aceh atau di Semenanjung. Padahal Tuan Seberang merupakan seorang tokoh terkemuka yang sangat dihormati oleh Portugis dan Belanda kerana sumbangan besarnya kepada pentadbiran kerajaan tersebut semasa pemerintahan Sultan Iskandar Muda (1607-1636), Sultan Iskandar Thani (1636-1641 ) dan Sultan Safiatuddin Syah (1641-1675). Dalam kajian ini, penulis meneliti tentang persoalan siapa sebenarnya Tuan Seberang dalam sejarah Aceh, peranan dan sumbangannya serta hubungannya dengan para pemerintah dan tokoh politik Aceh. Kata kunci: Tuan Seberang, Tun Seri Lanang, Sulalat-us-Salatin, Ma Bain- as-Salatin, Kerajaan Aceh Darussalam

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11

Sujana, Ujon. "REKONSTRUKSI JALUR PELAYARAN KAPAL-KAPAL EROPA ABAD KE-16 HINGGA ABAD KE-17 Di KEPULAUAN MALUKU (Reconstruction of the European Ship Routes in the 16th to 17th Century in Maluku Archipelago)." Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua dan Papua Barat 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/papua.v11i1.264.

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The issue of the Spice Routes recently been widely discussed by experts and practitioners of cultural heritage and history in Indonesia and some European countries. During this time there have been many discussions about the process of Europeans explorers voyages for spices in the 16th century, or the locations and types of spices that were popular at the time, or the efficacy of the spices themselves. Most concluded that spices were the most sought is cloves and nutmeg from the Maluku Islands. However, there has not been much concrete discussion about the Spice Routes regarding the path itself. Therefore, this paper tries to reconstruct the sailing lanes of European ships in the Maluku Islands. With the historical archaeology approach that is used, can provide a description of the sailing trails that are passed by ships belong to Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch, based on the existence of their forts or strongholds scattered in the Maluku Islands. The European ships choose their respective sailing lines, which were influenced by various factors, one of which is politics. This descriptions of the European ships sailing lanes can at least contribute to the discourse on the Spice Routes. ABSTRAKIsu mengenai Jalur Rempah sebagai Warisan Budaya Dunia akhir-akhir ini sangat santer dibicarakan oleh para pakar dan praktisi warisan budaya dan sejarah di Indonesia dan beberapa negara-negara Eropa. Selama ini banyak sekali pembahasan tentang proses perjalanan orang-orang Eropa mencari rempah pada abad ke-16, atau lokasi-lokasi dan jenis-jenis rempah yang populer saat itu, dan atau khasiat rempah itu sendiri. Hampir sebagian besar menyimpulkan bahwa rempah yang paling dicari adalah cengkih dan pala yang berasal dari Kepulauan Maluku. Namun belum banyak pembahasan Jalur Rempah yang cukup kongkrit mengenai jalur itu sendiri. Oleh karena itu, tulisan ini mencoba rekonstruksi jalur pelayaran kapal-kapal Eropa di Kepulauan Maluku. Dengan pendekatan arkeologi kesejarahan yang digunakan, paling tidak dapat memberikan gambaran jalur-jalur pelayaran yang dilewati oleh kapal-kapal milik Portugis, Spanyol, dan Belanda, berdasarkan keberadaan benteng-benteng mereka yang tersebar di Kepulauan Maluku. Kapal-kapal Eropa tersebut memilih jalur pelayarannya masing-masing, yang dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor salah satunya adalah politik. Gambaran mengenai jalur pelayaran kapalkapal Eropa tersebut paling tidak dapat memberi kontribusi dalam wacana jalur rempah tersebut.

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12

Gross, Alan G., Joseph E. Harmon, and Michael S. Reidy. "Argument and 17th-Century Science." Social Studies of Science 30, no. 3 (June 2000): 371–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030631200030003002.

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13

Coutinho, Inês, Teresa Medici, Rui J. C. Silva, Bernard Gratuze, Helena Catarino, and Augusta Lima. "Gilding on glass: New evidence from a 17th century flask found in Portugal." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 6 (April 2016): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.02.010.

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14

Coutinho, Inês, Teresa Medici, Bernard Gratuze, Andreia Ruivo, Pedro Dinis, Augusta Lima, and Márcia Vilarigues. "Sand and Pebbles: The Study of Portuguese Raw Materials for Provenance Archaeological Glass." Minerals 12, no. 2 (February 2, 2022): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12020193.

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Portuguese archaeological excavations dated to the 17th century onwards are extremely rich in glass artefacts, with this being a reality from the north to the south of the territory. Contrasting with this reality, no glass production locations from this period have been discovered or excavated so far, which makes the provenance attribution a challenging endeavour. One specific archaeological location, the Monastery of Santa Clara-a-Velha in Coimbra, held one of the largest glass archaeological assemblages dated to the 17th century unearthed in Portugal so far. Due to the large variety of objects’ shapes, glass colours and decorative features, this assemblage is a valuable candidate to hold glass artefacts produced in Portugal. Lacking archaeological excavation on glass furnaces in Portugal, the study of glassmaking raw materials is the most promising research line to investigate the provenance of glass circulating in Portugal. In this study, sand and pebbles from six different locations in the north/centre of Portugal were collected and melted to produce glass samples. The resulting glass samples were chemically characterised using LA-ICP-MS, to obtain the composition of the samples in major, minor and trace elements. The obtained results were compared with the composition of 37 historical samples from the Monastery of Santa Clara-a-Velha previously studied. Additionally, the thermal properties of selected synthesised glasses were analysed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry, allowing new insights on melting temperatures and glass workability. Results indicate that three artefacts with stylistic features attributed to a Portuguese production were locally made with sands collected in Coimbra.

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Stone, R. "HISTORY OF SCIENCE: Championing a 17th Century Underdog." Science 301, no. 5630 (July 11, 2003): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.301.5630.152.

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Angermann, Norbert. "Russian merchants in Livonia in the 17th century." Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana, no. 2 (28) (2020): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2020.201.

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The paper describes the trade activity of Russian merchants in Livonia (in the widest sense of the term, including Estonia), which was under the rule of Sweden and Poland in the 17th century and later only under the Swedish rule. The main purpose of Russian merchants in the beginning of the 17th century was Reval (Tallinn) and later Narva. They also visited Riga and much less Dorpat (today’s Tartu). The author was able to identify new evidence of this by working in the archives of Baltic cities. Shopping yards for Russian merchants were established in Riga, Narva and Dorpat, which served as living quarters and a place for storing and selling goods. Interesting information about this is provided by the accounts of German farm administrators in Narva and Derpt, which are analyzed in this article for the first time. Russian guests in Livonia were mainly middle and minor merchants, as well as representatives of the largest trading companies in Novgorod and Pskov, commissioners of the tsars and, on the other hand, artisans, peasants and fishermen. Their activities served the extensive European trade in linen, hemp, leather, fat and fur as the main Russian supplies. The Livonian inhabitants were also supplied with industrial and agricultural products. The number of visitors to Livonia from northwest Russia and beyond was significantly higher than the number of Livonian merchants trading in Novgorod, Pskov and Moscow.

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17

Küng, Enn. "Tallinn's Balance of Trade in the 17th Century." Hansische Geschichtsblätter 137 (June 29, 2021): 81–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/hgbll.2019.194.

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Der mittelalterliche Handel Tallinns (Reval) hatte Waren aus Nordwestrussland und Livland nach Westeuropa weitergeführt. Dabei ist die Handelsbilanz der Stadt im Ost-West-Handel als positiv eingeschätzt worden. Mit dem 1558 ausgebrochenen Russisch-Livländischen Krieg und der Eingliederung der Stadt in das Schwedische Reich lösten sich die Verbindungen zum russischen Markt auf. Tallinn wurde zum Ausfuhrhafen für die landwirtschaftlichen Produkte Estlands, Livlands und Finnlands, v. a. Getreide. Die Handelspartner Revals wechselten: Die Lübecker wurden von den Niederländern verdrängt. Vor diesem Hintergrund nimmt der vorliegende Artikel die Handelsbilanz von Tallinn im 17. Jh. in den Blick, ihre Entwicklung und die Frage, ob und inwiefern das Gleichgewicht der Ein- und Ausfuhr erzielt wurde. Die Datengrundlage stellen die dortigen Pfundzollbücher, die mit nur wenigen Lücken vorhanden sind. Aus diesen Büchern geht hervor, dass die positive Handelsbilanz des Mittelalters auch im 17. Jh. für Tallinn charakteristisch war. Während der Kriege am Anfang des 17. Jh.s war die Handelsbilanz Tallinns noch negativ, ab 1622/23 wurde sie aber positiv. Neue Rückschläge erlitt der Handel der Stadt wegen der Kriege Schwedens mit seinen Nachbarstaaten Russland, Polen und Dänemark in der Mitte des 17. Jh.s. Wegen der Missernten der ersten Hälfte der 1660er Jahre wurde die Getreideausfuhr aus Reval verboten. In der Mitte der 1690er Jahre war das Hinterland Tallinns ebenfalls von großen Miss-ernten betroffen, die Hunger mit sich brachten. In diesen Perioden sowie während des 1700 ausgebrochenen Großen Nordischen Krieges war die Handelsbilanz der Stadt negativ. Einer allgemein positiven Handelsbilanz sind also Kriege, Missernten und daraus folgende Getreideausfuhrverbote als zeitweise Störfaktoren des Handels gegenüberzustellen.

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Willumsen, Liv Helene. "Children accused of witchcraft in 17th-century Finnmark." Scandinavian Journal of History 38, no. 1 (February 2013): 18–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2012.741450.

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Boldyreva, Natalia. "William Camden’s “Britannia” in 17th-century Russia." Canadian-American Slavic Studies 55, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/22102396-05501013.

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Abstract This article is an analysis of the historical and topographical treatise “Britannia” by William Camden as transmitted to Russia and translated. Russian audience was introduced to the work by Camden through two atlases. The first of these, the Mercator-Hondius Atlas included lengthy excerpts from the 1600 edition of “Britannia.” The text of the Atlas was translated in 1637 by the staff of Posolskii prikaz. The second translation of Camden’s work into Russian, commissioned by Patriarch Nikon, (that of the 1607 edition) was produced in late 1650s as volume four of the New Atlas by Blaeu. Camden’s antiquarian studies, with the texts juxtaposed to maps, were in high demand in Russia, and this can be proved by numerous copies of the Russian translations and by their use both in private libraries and in schools. This helped spread the latest scientific information about the British Isles in Russia, which circulated among the members of Muscovite intellectual elite.

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Kooi, Christine, Erik Larsen, and Jane P. Davidson. "Calvinistic Economy and 17th Century Dutch Art." Sixteenth Century Journal 32, no. 2 (2001): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2671845.

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Ann Kleimola. "Hunting for Dogs in 17th-Century Muscovy." Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 11, no. 3 (2010): 467–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/kri.0.0170.

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22

Orser, Charles E. "Rethinking ‘Bellarmine’ contexts in 17th-century England." Post-Medieval Archaeology 53, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00794236.2019.1601390.

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23

Ackermann, Silke, Elizabeth Gatti, and Thom Richardson. "A 17th-century Pikeman's Armour from Antwerp." Arms & Armour 7, no. 1 (April 2010): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174161210x12652009773410.

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24

Dinneen, Francis P. "A 17th-century account of Mohawk." Historiographia Linguistica 17, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1990): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.17.1-2.07din.

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Summary Jacques Bruyas (c.l630-c.l701) left a set of notes on Mohawk in the late 1600s which were published in 1862. His account and work done on the language in the 20th century are compared. Where he fails to record all the sound-contrasts that are functional in the language and is unable to cope with allophones, modern workers may still disagree on how best to represent them. His lack of models for the description of a polysynthetic language, with a modest phonemic inventory, but complex morphophonemics, obscures morphemic boundaries. Bruyas had the reputation among contemporaries of being equally fluent in French and Mohawk, yet his notes fail to mention factors that are obviously frequent, complex and demanded for accurate communication. While the vocabulary in his account is perhaps better handled than in modern works, the selection is more guided by human interest than grammatical relevance.

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25

Kuzmina, Marina D. "“Alphabet Scribe” in the History of Russian Literature." Philology 19, no. 9 (2020): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-9-87-101.

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The article is dedicated to the study of the most significant and popular Old Russian scribe – “Alphabetical”, written in the late 16th – early 17th century according to researchers. The assumption is made that it was replenished and adjusted over several decades, quickly responding to the demands of the times and reflecting the main processes that took place in Russian literature of the 16th and especially the 17th century. The scribe reflected the central feature of this period: the interaction of the traditional and the new, with an emphasis on the new. It demonstrates such new aspects of Russian literature of the 17th century as secularization, democratization, fiction, and individualization. It is rather telling that the vast majority of sample messages are private letters written for relatives and friends. Particularly noteworthy are the samples of ‘anti-friendly’ letters, some of which are parodies of friendly letters. They make up an organic part of the 17th century parodies, namely such satirical texts as Kalyazinsky Petition, The Dowry Document, The Tale of Ersh Ershovich, The Service of the Tavern. As it is known, parodies play a crucial role in the turning periods of literary development, which was the 17th century. In this era, first of all, the most stable and therefore most recognizable genres were parodied: business (petitions, dowry, court documents, etc.) and church (hagiographies, prayers, akathists, church services, etc.) writing. Quite noteworthy is the appearance along with these parodies of the parody of the epistolary genre, indicating that it had fully developed, and occupied a proper place in the system of literature genres, and was unmistakably recognized by authors and readers. Moreover, a new, ‘secular’ version had developed and was recognized: friendly letters, which were by no means educational, unlike those popular in Ancient Russian literature of previous centuries.

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Kuzmina, Marina D. "“Alphabet Scribe” in the History of Russian Literature." Philology 19, no. 9 (2020): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-9-87-101.

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The article is dedicated to the study of the most significant and popular Old Russian scribe – “Alphabetical”, written in the late 16th – early 17th century according to researchers. The assumption is made that it was replenished and adjusted over several decades, quickly responding to the demands of the times and reflecting the main processes that took place in Russian literature of the 16th and especially the 17th century. The scribe reflected the central feature of this period: the interaction of the traditional and the new, with an emphasis on the new. It demonstrates such new aspects of Russian literature of the 17th century as secularization, democratization, fiction, and individualization. It is rather telling that the vast majority of sample messages are private letters written for relatives and friends. Particularly noteworthy are the samples of ‘anti-friendly’ letters, some of which are parodies of friendly letters. They make up an organic part of the 17th century parodies, namely such satirical texts as Kalyazinsky Petition, The Dowry Document, The Tale of Ersh Ershovich, The Service of the Tavern. As it is known, parodies play a crucial role in the turning periods of literary development, which was the 17th century. In this era, first of all, the most stable and therefore most recognizable genres were parodied: business (petitions, dowry, court documents, etc.) and church (hagiographies, prayers, akathists, church services, etc.) writing. Quite noteworthy is the appearance along with these parodies of the parody of the epistolary genre, indicating that it had fully developed, and occupied a proper place in the system of literature genres, and was unmistakably recognized by authors and readers. Moreover, a new, ‘secular’ version had developed and was recognized: friendly letters, which were by no means educational, unlike those popular in Ancient Russian literature of previous centuries.

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Сорокина, Т. Б. "Freethinking of the 17th Century: Edward Herbert’s Philosophy." Диалог со временем, no. 79(79) (August 20, 2022): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2022.79.79.002.

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В работе характеризуются взгляды Эдварда Герберта – английского философа, политика и общественного деятеля первой половины XVII в. Автор анализирует основные положения философской системы Э. Герберта, отмечая логическую связь между теорией познания и философией религии. Показано, что гносеологический объективизм Герберта явился основанием для его деистических идей, главной из которых стала идея «естественной религии». Автор считает заслугой Герберта попытку обосновать объективные основы и критерии познания, соединить его когнитивные и ценностные начала, подчеркнуть системное взаимодействие всех элементов. In the work are characterized by philosophical views of Edward Herbert – English philosopher, politician and public figure of the first half of the 17th century. The author of the article analyzes the basic provisions of the philosophical system of E. Herbert, noting the logical connection between the theory of cognition and the philosophy of religion. It is shown that Herbert's epistemological objectivism was the basis for his deistic ideas, the main of which was the idea of "natural religion". The author considers Herbert's merit to try to substantiate objective basics and criteria of cognition, to combine his cognitive and value principles, to emphasize the systemic interaction of all elements.

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28

Dayton, Cornelia Hughes, and Richard Weisman. "Witchcraft, Magic, and Religion in 17th-Century Massachusetts." American Journal of Legal History 30, no. 3 (July 1986): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/845736.

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29

Nuchelmans, Gabriel. "A 17th-century debate on the consequentia mirabilis." History and Philosophy of Logic 13, no. 1 (January 1992): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01445349208837193.

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30

Wilkinson, Greg. "Eating disorder in 17th century France – psychiatry in history." British Journal of Psychiatry 213, no. 4 (September 24, 2018): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.162.

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31

DENNEHY, COLEMAN A. "Speakers in the 17th-Century Irish Parliament*." Parliamentary History 29, no. 1 (February 2010): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-0206.2009.00135.x.

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32

Chambert-Loir, Henri. "Islamic Law in 17th Century Aceh." Archipel, no. 94 (December 6, 2017): 51–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/archipel.444.

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33

Ailes, Mary Elizabeth. "WARS, WIDOWS, AND STATE FORMATION IN 17TH‐CENTURY SWEDEN." Scandinavian Journal of History 31, no. 1 (March 2006): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03468750500444038.

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34

Walker, Jonathan, Filippo de Vivo, and James Shaw. "A dialogue on spying in 17th-century Venice 1." Rethinking History 10, no. 3 (September 2006): 323–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13642520600816098.

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35

Adams, Ann Jensen, and Peter C. Sutton. "Masters of Dutch 17th-Century Landscape Painting." Art Bulletin 74, no. 2 (June 1992): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3045877.

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36

Karlsen, Carol F., and Richard Weisman. "Witchcraft, Magic, and Religion in 17th-Century Massachusetts." William and Mary Quarterly 42, no. 2 (April 1985): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1920438.

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37

Butler, Jon, and Richard Weisman. "Witchcraft, Magic, and Religion in 17th-Century Massachusetts." American Historical Review 90, no. 1 (February 1985): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1860893.

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38

Shell, Richard J. "The Marianas population decline: 17th century estimates." Journal of Pacific History 34, no. 3 (December 1999): 291–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223349908572914.

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39

Subbiondo, Joseph L. "Neo-aristotelian grammar in 17th-century England." Historiographia Linguistica 17, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1990): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.17.1-2.08sub.

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Summary In his Herm’œlogium; or an Essay at the Rationality of Speaking of 1659 Basset Jones intended to supplement William Lily’s (c. 1468–1522) popular 16th-century grammar, which had received the endorsement of Edward VI. Written in English and Latin, Lily’s grammar through its many editions not only set the standard for Latin grammars, but it also established the style for the first and subsequent grammars of English. Jones realized that Lily’s grammatical model, with its emphasis solely on the classification and arrangement of material according to the classic paradigms for conjugation and declension, ignored the philosophy of grammar which was necessary for an understanding of the relationship of language and thought.

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40

Abercrombie, David. "William Holder and other 17th-century phoneticians." Historiographia Linguistica 20, no. 2-3 (January 1, 1993): 309–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.20.2-3.04abe.

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Summary In spite of inevitable deficiencies in their knowledge, 17th-century writers on phonetics can be said to have succeeded in laying the foundations of a true general phonetics. They include some famous names, such as John Wallis and Isaac Newton, but many of them have remained virtually unknown until comparatively recent times, in spite of having contributed significant insights. A brief mention is given here of the work of thirteen of these early writers on phonetics, followed by a fuller account of William Holder (1616–1698), probably the best phonetician of his time. He was not an orthoepist, nor was he concerned to describe the sounds of English. His book had a practical purpose – to provide a theoretical basis for techniques of teaching the deaf. Possible ambiguity in the 17th-century use of ‘letter’ is explained before examining Holder’s description of the sounds of speech. This includes his interesting use of the hylomorphic distinction between ‘matter’ and ‘form’. The description of vowels is almost inevitably less satisfactory than that of the consonants, but his phonetic terminology and general framework would not be out of place in a modern introduction to phonetics. He deserves more attention than he has received, both for his theoretical contribution and for his pioneering work in techniques of teaching the deaf.

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41

Pereira, Elsa. "17th Century Holographs in a Personal Miscellany of D. Francisco Manuel de Melo." Alea: Estudos Neolatinos 24, no. 3 (December 2022): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-106x/202224309.

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Abstract Not many documents qualify as material evidence of 17th century holographs in Portugal. However, personal miscellanies can provide valuable insight into textual composition and transmission in the literary scene of the time. One of the examples worth exploring is a miscellaneous volume of papers collected by D. Francisco Manuel de Melo (1608-1666), which includes several manuscripts either written by the owner himself or by the hand of fellow contemporary poets. These are clean copies with few or no layers of revision, but still relevant to a certain kind of genetic criticism without drafts (GRÉSILLON, 1993), focused on the interstices of scribal activity and distributed authorship in the early modern period. The article examines little-explored documentation from the national archive Torre do Tombo, thus broadening the scope of genetic studies into the realm of Portuguese baroque literature.

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42

Hoving, A. J. "A 17th-century Dutch 134-footpinas, Part 1." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 17, no. 3 (August 1988): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.1988.tb00649.x.

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43

Di Cicco, Francesca, Lisa Wiersma, Maarten Wijntjes, and Sylvia Pont. "Material Properties and Image Cues for Convincing Grapes: The Know-How of the 17th-Century Pictorial Recipe by Willem Beurs." Art and Perception 8, no. 3-4 (October 28, 2020): 337–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134913-bja10019.

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Painters mastered replicating the regularities of the visual patterns that we use to infer different materials and their properties, via meticulous observation of the way light reveals the world’s textures. The convincing depiction of bunches of grapes is particularly interesting. A convincing portrayal of grapes requires a balanced combination of different material properties, such as glossiness, translucency and bloom, as we learn from the 17th-century pictorial recipe by Willem Beurs. These material properties, together with three-dimensionality and convincingness, were rated in experiment 1 on 17th-century paintings, and in experiment 2 on optical mixtures of layers derived from a reconstruction of one of the 17th-century paintings, made following Beurs’s recipe. In experiment 3 only convincingness was rated, using again the 17th-century paintings. With a multiple linear regression, we found glossiness, translucency and bloom not to be good predictors of convincingness of the 17th-century paintings, but they were for the reconstruction. Overall, convincingness was judged consistently, showing that people agreed on its meaning. However, the agreement was higher when the material properties indicated by Beurs were also rated (experiment 1) than if not (experiment 3), suggesting that these properties are associated with what makes grapes look convincing. The 17th-century workshop practices showed more variability than standardization of grapes, as different combinations of the material properties could lead to a highly convincing representation. Beurs’s recipe provides a list of all the possible optical interactions of grapes, and the economic yet effective image cues to render them.

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44

Huang, Kangni. "Supplementing History: Xiyou bu as a 17th-Century Meta-Xiaoshuo." Ming Qing Yanjiu 26, no. 1 (June 21, 2022): 92–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24684791-12340063.

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Abstract Xiaoshuo has long been considered supplementary to official historiography in the Chinese literary tradition. In this paper, I will rethink the supplementary nature of xiaoshuo as a conceptual issue. Specifically, I focus on the 17th-century novel Xiyou bu as a unique case in which the protagonist can be interpreted as a literary figuration of the creative agency of xiaoshuo. My close reading, in turn, takes into account that conventional discourses on xiaoshuo consider xiaoshuo a genre that is intended for supplementing, expanding, and explicating official historical sources.

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Gut, Przemysław. "The Philosophy of the 17th Century and Its History: Introduction." Roczniki Filozoficzne 63, no. 1 (2015): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rf.2015.63.1-1.

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46

Emelyanov, Evgeniy P. "N.V USTJUGOV’S RESEARCH OF RUSSIAN ORDERS’ HISTORY IN 17TH CENTURY." Bulletin of the Moscow State Regional University (History and political science), no. 2 (2016): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18384/2310-676x-2016-2-8-16.

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47

Pumfrey, S., P. Rayson, and J. Mariani. "Experiments in 17th century English: manual versus automatic conceptual history." Literary and Linguistic Computing 27, no. 4 (June 1, 2012): 395–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqs017.

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48

Wylie, Frank Winston. "Public relations history from the 17th to the 20th century." Public Relations Review 22, no. 3 (September 1996): 311–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0363-8111(96)90052-1.

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49

Cho, Byounghak, Sung Hoon Jeh, and Kisun Kim. "17th-Century Manchu (Qing) records as sources of Mongolian history*." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 68, no. 4 (December 2015): 415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/062.2015.68.4.3.

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50

Bulgakov, M. "Local Trading in Suzdal in the 17th Century." Российская история, no. 4 (August 2018): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086956870000136-0.

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