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Journal articles on the topic 'Portugal – Foreign relations – 20th century'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Goncharenko, A. V., and T. O. Safonova. "Great Britain and the tvolution of the colonial system (end 19th – beginning 20th centuries)." SUMY HISTORICAL AND ARCHIVAL JOURNAL, no. 35 (2020): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/shaj.2020.i35.p.60.

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The article investigates the impact of Great Britain on the evolution of colonialism in the late ХІХ and early ХХ centuries. It is analyzed the sources and scientific literature on the policy of the United Kingdom in the colonial question in the late ХІХ – early ХХ century. The reasons, course and consequences of the intensification of British policy in the colonial problem are described. The process of formation and implementation of London’s initiatives in the colonial question during the period under study is studied. It is considered the position of Great Britain on the transformation of t

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Brandao, Pedro Ramos. "The Catholic Church and Portugal in Africa." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal) : Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 2 (2019): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i2.254.

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The way Catholic Church implanted itself in Africa, and particularly in Portuguese colonial Africa, during the first half of the 20th century. The issue of the Organic Statute of Portuguese Catholic Missions in Africa. The orientation of the missionary policy and its integration in 1933 Constitution. The Foreign Missionaries in the Portuguese Missions and their impact on the criticism to Colonization. The Missionary Statute. The issue of Beira's Bishop.

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Novikova, L. V. "REVIEW OF THE MONOGRAPH “FOREIGN STATES AND COLONISTS IN LAND RELATIONS WITHIN A UKRAINIAN VILLAGE (THE 40S OF THE 14TH CENTURY – THE 40S OF THE 20TH CENTURY)”." Library Mercury, no. 1(31) (July 10, 2024): 181–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2707-3335.2024.1(31).305544.

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Review of the book: Korinenko P. S. Foreign states and colonists in land relations within a Ukrainian village (the 40s of the 14th century – the 40s of the 20th century) : monograph. Ternopil : TNPU im. V. Hnatiuka, 2024. 292 p.

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Sidaway, James D., and Marcus Power. "‘The Tears of Portugal’: Empire, Identity, ‘Race’, and Destiny in Portuguese Geopolitical Narratives." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 23, no. 4 (2005): 527–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d345t.

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Geopolitical discourses are constitutive moments within the expression and construction of ‘national’ identities. Approaching geopolitics and identities as contested and fluid domains, we examine the relationships between geopolitical narratives and visions of Portugueseness ( Portugalidade). The focus is on the frames of geopolitical thought developed in 20th-century Portugal, with particular reference to the post-1945 period and with some consideration of the transformations since 1974 accompanying the collapse of what was both the first and the most enduring European overseas empire. This s

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Ilham, Samira. "Azerbaijan – Georgian Relations in the Early 20th Century." International Journal of Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (2024): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.55367/ldes3649.

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This article examines the relations between Georgia and Azerbaijan in the early 20th century. The article utilizes secondary research methods and applies historical and comparative analysis techniques to investigate the relations between the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the Democratic Republic of Georgia and Azerbaijan-Georgia relations after the occupation of Soviet Russia. It is well known that relationships with neighboring states play a significant role in shaping a country’s foreign policy. In this context, it has been revealed that several factors influenced the ADR-GDR relations a

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Sáánchez-Ron, Joséé M. "International relations in Spanish physics from 1900 to the Cold War." Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 33, no. 1 (2002): 3–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsps.2002.33.1.3.

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This paper studies the tactics developed in Spain to improve the country's scientific capacity over most of the 20th century. Early in the 20th century, Spain sought to raise its low scientific standing by establishing relations with foreign scientists. The tactics changed according to the political situation. The first part of the paper covers the period from 1900 to the Civil War (1936-39); the second examines consequences of the conflict for physical scientists in Spain; and the third analyzes the growth of physical sciences in Franco's Spain following the Civil War, a period in which the U

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Kholikulov, Akhmadjon. "SOME COMMENTS ON THE RELATIONS OF THE BUKHARA EMIRATE WITH THE OTTOMAN STATE IN THE 1950S AND 1960S." International Journal Of History And Political Sciences 4, no. 6 (2024): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ijhps/volume04issue06-02.

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This article examines the diplomatic and political relations between the Bukhara Emirate and the Ottoman State during the 1950s and 1960s. Despite significant geopolitical changes in the mid-20th century, these relations were characterized by a mix of traditional alliances and modern strategic interests. The study explores key diplomatic exchanges, trade agreements, and cultural interactions that defined the bilateral relations of this period. By analyzing historical documents, treaties, and correspondences, the article sheds light on the motivations and implications of the Bukhara Emirate's f

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Seyidova, Sevinj. "From the history of the formation of trade and economic relations between Azerbaijan and foreign countries in the 1920s – 1930s." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2023, no. 1-2 (2023): 160–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202301statyi50.

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The article is devoted to the history of the formation of trade and economic relations between Azerbaijan and foreign countries in the 20-30s of the 20th century. In the 1920s the Republic of Azerbaijan invited specialists from foreign countries to restore various sectors of the economy. With the strengthening of trade and economic relations between the USSR, the USA and Western Europe, interest in Azerbaijan increased on the part of representatives of firms and business circles from various countries.

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Naumenko, Olga Nikolaevna, Bakhodir Mangliboy o`g`li Satimov, and Razzokberdi Abdrimov. "Shamanic idols of the "butterfly man" in the projection of Soviet foreign policy in the Far East in the second half of the 20th century." Manuscript 18, no. 1 (2025): 16–22. https://doi.org/10.30853/mns20250003.

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The purpose of the study is to trace the transformation of shamanic idols of the Amur peoples under the influence of Soviet foreign policy in the Far East in the second half of the 20th century. The scientific novelty of the article is to identify the connection between the development of international relations in the Soviet Far East in the second half of the 20th century and changes in the appearance and religious purpose of some samples of cult sculpture of the Amur peoples. The article reveals that in the second half of the 20th century, when international contacts with Japan and especiall

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Alasgarli, Tural. "The role of factoring in international trade financing." Scientific Bulletin 3 (2020): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54414/aoex7452.

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As 20th century ends, international economic system has gained new characteristics, international trade and its finance has reached at a different aspect. Parallel to the increasing trade relations, new technics of foreign trade finance has been widely available. Among them, factoring was evaluated in this study.

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Skorospelov, P. P. "The Russian Globalization Project in the XX Century. Anatomy of a Military-Political Strategy." Russia & World: Sc. Dialogue, no. 3 (August 21, 2022): 122–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.53658/rw2022-2-3(5)-122-149.

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The article discusses the main components of the military-political strategy of Russia in the «short» 20th century – from 1900 to 1991. Special attention is paid to how the foreign policy and the use of Armed Forces were planned. Reconstructing the intellectual ideas that created the framework of the foreign and military policy of the Russian state at that time, the author focuses on the elements that unite the leaders of Russia of the 20th century from Nikolai Romanov to Mikhail Gorbachev. Such issues as the «globalization» of the USSR in world affairs, relations with neighboring Asian center

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Abduvoitov, Sirojiddin. "CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS AND MODERN DIRECTIONS OF THE FORMATION OF TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 6, no. 7 (2024): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume06issue07-20.

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At the beginning of the 21st century, due to the coming to power of the “Justice and Development Party” led by Erdogan, the country’s foreign policy was significantly reformed, taking into account the cultural, historical and geographical features of the Turkish state, as well as the modern geopolitical reality. During the rule of the “Justice and Development Party”, significant changes took place in Turkey’s foreign policy. Turkey began to pay more attention to national interests than in the second half of the 20th century. In the course of the transformation of modern international relations

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Nargizakhan, Alimova. "SOME COMMENTS ABOUT THE TAX SYSTEM IN TURKESTAN (LATE 19TH CENTURY - EARLY 20TH CENTURY)." INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 3, no. 8 (2023): 237–39. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8300184.

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It was important to establish and manage the territories occupied by the Russian Empire, and to introduce strong administrative procedures that would protect the interests of the colonists. Because the administrative procedures were considered the main support in carrying out the colonial policy in the occupied areas. However, the experience of other countries was not used in the formation of colonial administration in the country. According to Akincha, new management relations were established according to the principle of "metropolis - colony" or "center - foreign country&quot

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Duarte, Telma. "Veinte años de la enseñanza de español en la Universidad de Coimbra (1980-2000)." Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Historiografía Lingüística 10 (December 18, 2016): 155–72. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542081.

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In spite of the geographical proximity and the political and cultural relations between Portugal and Spain, Spanish has not enjoyed, from the eighteenth century onwards, from particular relevance in Portugal. We can, on the contrary, observe that it suffered from some animosity, aggravated by the general belief in the Portuguese society that it was not necessary to study Spanish. We, thus, intend to outline, in this article, the path of Spanish teaching during the last twenty years of the 20th century in the University of Coimbra, one of the first Portuguese universities to recognize

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Totan, Virðinia, and Petruța-Maria Coroiu. "Stylistic Correlations Between Serbian and European Music in the 20th Century." Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Musica 69, no. 1 (2024): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbmusica.2024.1.16.

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The Serbian musical culture was put late into connection with the European one. The fact that the first piano was introduced in Serbia in 1824 indicates that cultivating Serbian music was not possible under the Turkish domination. The spread of Serbian music in Europe made it possible to publish compositions by foreign authors and Serbian composers, which drew attention to the themes of Serbian music. The compositions were printed and published in Leipzig, Vienna, Prague, Paris, Budapest, London. The tours abroad performed by Serbian choirs and soloists popularized Serbian songs all over Europ

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Gmurczyk-Wrońska, Małgorzata. "France in International Relations of the Second Half of the 20th Century and the Early 21st Century – Priorities in Foreign Policy." Athenaeum Polskie Studia Politologiczne 4, no. 44 (2014): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/athena.2014.44.03.

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After the Second World War France lost temporarily her position as a decision-maker in international relations. Soon enough, though, her diplomacy adapted to a bipolar system. Her foreign policy was to manoeuvre between the USSR, the United States and Great Britain, and to jointly create the structures of future European Union. It was in the EU that France has found the place to strengthen her role of mediator and arbiter. Nowadays, the foreign policy of France has numerous continuities originating from the 19th century and the years of 1918 – 1939, but also some modifications related to new d

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A.G., Kholliev. "BRITISH CAPITAL IN THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY (LAST QUARTER OF THE 19th - EARLY 20th CENTURY)." Look to the past 1, SI 2 (2022): 3. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7219807.

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The main stages and directions of the penetration of British capital into the economy of the Russian Empire in the last quarter of the 19th - early 20th centuries are considered in the presented article. The widespread attraction of foreign, including British, capital to the most important branches of industry and trade has become an important component of the overall economic development of Russia in the period under study. Therefore, a detailed consideration of this topic allows us to analyze the historical evolution of Russia's policy for the implementation of economic relations with fo

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Buchanan, Elizabeth. "History of International Relations and Russian foreign policy in the 20th century, volume I." International Affairs 96, no. 4 (2020): 1105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa122.

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Rahman, Sayedur, and Shammi Akter. "India - Nepal Foreign Relations in the Context of Economics: Late 20th- Early 21st Century." Contemporary Research: An Interdisciplinary Academic Journal 6, no. 2 (2023): 176–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/craiaj.v6i2.60257.

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In the context of the economy, India's foreign policy toward Nepal is defined by a complicated mix of cooperation and rivalry, with both nations attempting to strike a balance between their different interests while navigating a variety of political, economic, and strategic problems. Through a number of initiatives over the past few years, including the extension of a line of credit to support infrastructure development, the creation of an India-Nepal Joint Economic Commission, and the promotion of cross-border trade and investment, India has sought to deepen its economic ties with Nepal. Thes

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20

Glišin, Vanja, and Ljubiša Despotović. "SERBIAN-BULGARIAN RELATIONS FROM THE END OF THE 19TH AND BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY." Leskovački zbornik 64, no. 1 (2024): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/lz-liv1.169g.

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Serbian-Bulgarian relations have a long history marked by different stages, from friendship to hostility and fierce conflicts. Therefore, dealing with Serbian-Bulgarian diplomatic relations in the period after the Berlin Congress and during the wars of the beginning of the 20th century offers numerous answers to the complexity of relations between neighbors, but also shows the geopolitical interests behind it. In the first part of the paper, we will present the development of Serbian-Bulgarian relations throughout history, in order to understand in that context what led to the deterioration of

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Rahman, Md Sayedur, and Shakila Tul-Kubra. "Economic dimension of India’s foreign policy towards Russia: Late 20th- early 21st century." Contemporary Research: An Interdisciplinary Academic Journal 4, no. 1 (2020): 153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/craiaj.v4i1.32757.

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In the international framework India is finding a larger position for itself. This hope is focused on the belief that India is a prosperous democracy with substantial human and material resources; it is an increasingly strong economic power; it has a proven record as a responsible and law-abiding regime, and as a member of the non-aligned party it has consistently shared the interests of the developing nations. Indian foreign policy makers argue that India wants to re-invent itself at this point of 'take-off' as a great force. India needs new alliance for the proposed new position, including t

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Tatyana, Zvereva. "Francois Mitterrand as an Outstanding French Politician of the 20th Century." ISTORIYA 13, no. 5 (115) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840021281-8.

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The paper is devoted to the analysis of the life and professional path of the outstanding French politician of the twentieth century, the creator of the Socialist Party F. Mitterrand. Special attention is paid to the study of France&apos;s domestic and foreign policy after his election as president in 1981. The specifics of his approach to international affairs were expressed in a combination of messianism and pragmatism. In relations with the United States, France adhered to the principle of “friend, ally, but not vassal”. In general, it is concluded that F. Mitterrand’s life and professi

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Saidov, Shavkat J. "SCIENTIFIC, THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE RESEARCH OF KHOREZM-RUSSIAN RELATIONS IN THE SOVIET ERA (XIX CENTURY AND THE FIRST HALF OF THE XX CENTURY)." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 6, no. 4 (2024): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume06issue04-06.

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This article is dedicated to studying the scientific-theoretical and methodological aspects of bilateral relations during the historical period from the early 19th century to the first quarter of the 20th century between the Khiva Khanate and the Russian Empire (1806-1917), the Provisional Government (March-October 1917), the Soviet state (1917-1920), and the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (KPSR) with the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (1920-1924) in the historiography of the Soviet period. The author attempts to illumi

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Black, Jeremy. "Britain's Foreign Alliances in the Eighteenth Century." Albion 20, no. 4 (1988): 573–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4050198.

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One of the greatest problems in the discussion of eighteenth-century British foreign policy concerns the assessment of the influence of the particular character of the British political system. British foreign policy, and thus the country's alliance strategy, was conditioned by the subtle interplay of internal processes, the functioning of her domestic political system, and the international situation. As historians are concerned increasingly to probe the nature of the domestic pressures influencing the formulation and execution of policy, so it becomes more important to define the political,

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Zaporizka, I. "EVOLUTION OF THE FOREIGN POLICY STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY IN THE AFRICAN REGION." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. International relations, no. 2 (56) (2022): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2292.2022/2-56/41-46.

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Considering the intensification of the activities of the Republic of Turkey in Africa, it is relevant to study the evolution of the country's foreign policy strategy in the region and the current state of Turkish-African relations. The article examines the main stages of formation and traces the dynamics of Turkey's foreign policy on the African continent. Special attention is paid to historical ties in the Ottoman period, as well as the period of significant development of bilateral and multilateral relations at the end of the 20th – beginning of the 21st century. Considering Turkey's activit

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Sirotkina, Evgenya V. "The Image of Austria in Russian Public Opinion in the XIX – Early XX Century." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: History. International Relations 20, no. 3 (2020): 364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2020-20-3-364-369.

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The article examines the process of forming the image of Austria in Russian public opinion in the 19th – early 20th century. The author pays main attention to the influence that public opinion had during this period on the development of Russian-Austrian relations. The author concludes that the negative image of Austria formed in public opinion had a significant impact on the development of the Russian government’s foreign policy, hindered the search for compromises and pushed for confrontation.

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A.G., Kholliev. "FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SYSTEM OF LEGAL REGULATION OF THE ACTIVITIES OF FOREIGNERS AND FOREIGN COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATIONS IN RUSSIA (SECOND HALF OF THE 19th - BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY)." LOOK TO THE PAST 5, Special issue 1 (2022): 250–59. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6758519.

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The main stages and directions of the formation of a system of legal regulation of the economic activity of foreign nationals and foreign commercial organizations on the territory of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries are considered at the given article. In the period under study, a lot of legislative and regulatory acts were adopted, a detailed consideration of which allows us to analyze the historical evolution of Russia's policy on the implementation of foreign economic relations with foreign countries.

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Rahman, Md Sayedur, and Maesha Shafwat. "China-Australia Sustainable Bilateral Economic Relations in the Late 20th - Early 21st Century." Journal of Business and Management 8, no. 1 (2024): 116–32. https://doi.org/10.3126/jbm.v8i1.72127.

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Background: In the New Year 2024, Australia sees the light of hope for the development of relations with China. Relations began to strain when Australia called for an independent investigation into the origin of the coronavirus, and the Chinese government-imposed import bans on almost everything that Australia used to export to China. This ban created a problem between the two countries. The joining of Australia in the QUAD military alliance further strained relations, but the relationship is gradually improving. Objectives: This research aims to examine and assess the issues and opportunities

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Novikova, Irina. "J. K. Paasikivi and the Formation of Finland’s Independence." ISTORIYA 12, no. 7 (105) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016483-0.

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J. K. Paasikivi belongs to the most famous Finnish political figures, the prime minister and the seventh president of Finland, the architect of its foreign policy in the post-war period. His influence on the political, economic and foreign policy spheres of Finland has been extremely noticeable for more than half a century. This article examines the least studied period of his political activity — the formation of Paasikivi as a politician, diplomat and statesman from the beginning of the 20th century until the signing of the Tartu Peace Treaty of 1920 between the RSFSR and the Republic of Fin

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Lysenko, Maiia. "INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION OFAGRICULTURAL PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS OF UKRAINIAN PROVINCES OFTHE RUSSIAN EMPIRE (EARLY 20TH CENTURY)." Sums'ka Starovyna (Ancient Sumy Land), no. 58 (2021): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/starovyna.2020.58.1.

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The purpose of the article is to study the international cooperation of agricultural societies and its impact on the modernization of Ukrainian provinces. The author used comparative, chronological, problem and analytical research methods. On the basis of archival documents and the press of that time the author described and systematized new materials about the international activity of agricultural societies of the Ukrainian provinces. The author proves that it took various forms and contributed to the borrowing of useful foreign experience. It was found that international activities had deve

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Bendin, Alexandre Yu. "Russian Empire’s Religious Institutions in the 18th - Early 20th Century: The Evolution of “Friend - Alien - Foe” Relations." RUDN Journal of Russian History 20, no. 1 (2021): 8–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2021-20-1-8-31.

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The Russian governments three principal institutions to regulate the empires diverse religions from the 18th to the early 20th century are examined. Its author describes the evolution of these bodies, their features and purpose, as well as defining the concept of religious security by analyzing its specific historical content. The author also discusses the relationship between the institutions of the official Russian Church, religious tolerance for foreign confessions, and discrimination against the Old Believers through the prism of friend - alien - foe relations. This approach helps us under

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Belova, M. V., and I. E. Peresh. "Peculiarities of state-church relations in the First Czechoslovak Republic." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 82 (2024): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2024.82.1.2.

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It is indicated that the relationship between the Church and the state went through various stages in its formation both in Ukraine and in the world as a whole. In addition, the state’s relations with religious organizations in various countries still have their own specifics. Models of these relationships are usually built depending on the political, religious, cultural and other traditions of each region. Therefore, today in Europe, despite the presence of a number of common trends, there is still no unity of approaches in building a system of state-church relations. It is quite obvious that

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Xu, Ruilin, and S. S. Kolegov. "Turkish-Russian Relations in 21st Century: Problems of Development." Nauchnyi dialog 12, no. 9 (2023): 482–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-9-482-496.

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This article provides a brief overview of the development of Russian-Turkish relations in the 21st century against the backdrop of changes in Turkey’s domestic political situation at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. Special attention is paid to the evolution of Turkey’s foreign policy strategy. It is noted that the Russian Federation is a particularly important partner for the Republic of Turkey. The relevance of the topic lies in the fact that currently, the relationship between the two countries continues to develop actively, despite external political challenges. At the same time, t

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Лукьянов, В. Ю. "Harmonization of the System of International Relations in the 21st Century: An Ideological Aspect." Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, no. 2 (April 10, 2021): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v084.

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This article dwells on the role of ideology in the formation of the system of modern international relations. It is demonstrated that ideology’s influence on international relations grew in the 20th century, primarily during the Cold War. Having compared the ideologies of communism and Western democracy, the author comes to the conclusion that they formed the basis for the foreign policies of the USA and the USSR and justified the two powers’ actions on the international scene. The current geopolitical situation in the world demonstrates that in the 21st century ideology has not only retained

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Dudka, A. I., I. G. Onoprienko, and M. A. Sergienko. "On the ethno-cultural state of the Kursk province at the end of the XIX-th – the beginning of the XX-th centuries." Belgorod State University Scientific bulletin. Series: History. Political science 46, no. 4 (2019): 705–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18413/2075-4458-2019-46-4-705-712.

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In the article, the authors analyze the ethno-cultural state of the Kursk province in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the specifics of which were laid from the period of secondary colonization of the region and in the context of active cultural exchange, which continued in the early 20th century. These processes aroused a steady interest and received ambiguous interpretation in the works of domestic and foreign historians, and for this reason it needs in reconsideration. The study is based on the principles of objectivity, historicism and scientificness, allowing to identify the ethnoc

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Muslimova, E. O., A. G. Nesterov, and N. V. Rakitina. "Transregional Cooperation of German Federal States with Eastern Regions and Countries (Late 20th — 21st Century)." Nauchnyi dialog 13, no. 8 (2024): 444–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-8-444-462.

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This study examines the formation and development of transregional relations between the federal states of Germany (Bundesländer) and Eastern countries and regions. It presents the findings of a normative-legal analysis of the foundations of international and foreign policy activities of German federal states, based on national legislation. The focus is on the institutional framework for cross-border interactions between individual administrative units of the Federal Republic of Germany and their foreign partners. The research explores partnerships with both neighboring Middle Eastern territor

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Arslanov, Rafael A., Konstantin P. Kurylev, and Daria V. Stanis. "The Eastern Question in the Views of the Russian Liberals of the Early 20th Century." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 23, no. 4 (2023): 662–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2023-23-4-662-677.

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The study deals with the attitude of Russian liberals of the early 20th century to the Eastern question, which occupied a special place in international politics and whose aggravation became one of the factors leading to the World War I. Various political forces in Russia developed their own variants of its solution, realizing that the fate not only of the country, but of the whole world largely depended on the projects they proposed. The analysis of the liberals’ ambiguous perception of the Russian government’s actions in the Balkans, their attitude to the South Slavs, to the problem of the B

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Pshenychnyi, T. "UKRAINIAN GREEK CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY: THE ANALYSIS OF MODERN HISTORIOGRAPHY." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 137 (2018): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2018.137.2.06.

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Ukrainian Church History is a great field for scientific research. The 20th century was a kind of test for the survival and self-determination of Ukrainian churches. Through the spread of general pressure on the Ukrainian national movement, a repression mechanism was introduced against the Institute of the Church as an integral part of the social life of Ukrainian people in the Soviet Union. A characteristic feature of the anti-church campaign in the Ukrainian SSR was the introduction of a “new” model of social relations, built on the principles of atheism and godlessness. The only legal natio

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Ramos, Rui. "A Tale of One City? Local Civic Traditions under Liberal and Republican Rule in Portugal (Late 18th Century–Early 20th Century)." Citizenship Studies 11, no. 2 (2007): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13621020701262511.

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Shcherbakova, Anna D. "BRAZIL’S REGIONAL LEADERSHIP IN THE EARLY 21ST CENTURY." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Political Sciences. History. International Relations, no. 4 (2022): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6339-2022-4-49-59.

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The article deals with policy aimed to strengthen the country’s role in South America of the Brazilian governments of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and Jair Bolsonaro in the first two decades of the 21st century. The Brazil’s desire to become a part of the global community based on leadership in South America was articulated at the beginning of the 20th century by then Minister of Foreign Affairs Baron de Rio-Branco. Since then it has become a key issue of Brazilian foreign policy. It was shown in the article that Lula’s strategy for playing a more prominent role in regional affairs was especially

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Andreev, Anton. "Uruguay and the USSR in 1945–1991: bilateral relations in the context of the left movement." Latinskaia Amerika, no. 9 (2022): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044748x0021677-3.

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In modern international conditions Russia is forced to change the vectors of its foreign policy. Moscow paying attention to the countries of Latin America, seeing them as its political and economic partner. However, Russian-Latin American relations have historical traditions formed during the Cold War. The purpose of this article is to show the development of bilateral relations between the USSR and Uruguay in the second half of the 20th century in the context of the development of the Latin American left movement. Based on archival materials, press, memoirs, the article shows how contacts bet

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Bielova, Miroslava, and Ivan Peresh. "STATE-CHURCH RELATIONS IN THE FIRST CZECHOSLOVAK REPUBLIC: SPECIFIC FEATURES OF LEGAL REGULATION." European Socio-Legal & Humanitarian Studies, no. 1 (June 18, 2024): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.61345/2734-8873.2024.1.1.

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It is indicated that the relationship between the Church and the state went through various stages in its formation both in Ukraine and in the world as a whole. In addition, the state’s relations with religious organizations in various countries still have their own specifics. Models of these relationships are usually built depending on the political, religious, cultural and other traditions of each region. Therefore, today in Europe, despite the presence of a number of common trends, there is still no unity of approaches in building a system of state-church relations. It is quite obvious that

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Orlova, Daria G. "Trends in the neologization of verbal vocabulary in the late 20th – early 21st centuries." Izvestiya of Saratov University. Philology. Journalism 24, no. 3 (2024): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1817-7115-2024-24-3-257-263.

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The article deals with the problem of language neologization on the example of suffixal verbal neologisms that appeared in the late 20th – early 21st centuries. The process of neologization occurs in a language with varying degrees of intensity in different language periods. In the late 20th – early 21st centuries, the language is replenished with a large number of neologisms due to extralinguistic factors – significant changes taking place in society. Dictionaries of neologisms were taken as research material: “Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language in the late 20th century: language

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Jiadong, Zhang. "A coming Age of Micro Game of Power." Security science journal 1, no. 1 (2020): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37458/ssj.1.1.7.

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The traditional theory of international relations, whether it is realism, liberalism, constructivism, or scientific behaviorism, define sovereign states as a unified body in international arena. It has consistent interests, and naturally also has consistent foreign policy goals and means. In the 20th century, and especially during the two World Wars and the Cold War, this conceptual abstraction was very accurate. But after the end of the Cold War, especially in the 21st century, this concept gradually went against the reality of international relations. On the one hand, the comprehensive stren

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Rozanova, N. "Foreign Experience of Competition Policy in Digital Economy." World Economy and International Relations 66, no. 2 (2022): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-2-15-22.

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Economic reality has dramatically changed in the 21st century. Competition and monopoly behaviour are under radical transformation due to digital effects in contemporary business world. Digitalization has engendered many new types of monopolistic conduct and deeply altered traditional forms of firms’ misconduct. In a digital era, the antitrust policy should rethink its concepts of regulation, market power, and anticompetitive behaviour. The analysis of contemporary competition policy in different countries shows that traditional antitrust rules could not effectively deal with digital activity.

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Tlustý, Tomáš. "Orel – the Catholic physical education association : foreign relations up to 1929." Sport i Turystyka. Środkowoeuropejskie Czasopismo Naukowe 4, no. 1 (2021): 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/sit.2021.04.01.

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This paper looks at the history of Orel, the Catholic physical education association, and its foreign relations up to 1929. The origins of the Orel movement in the Czech region of Austria-Hungary go back to the turn of the 20th century when the first local Orel associations were established. These associations were strongly connected with Czech political Catholicism. Shortly after being formed, their functionaries began to establish their first contacts with existing foreign organizations. Most of these organizations were from the area of contemporary Slovenia. Their number rose significantly

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Vovchuk, Liudmyla. "Implementation of European Values by Foreign Consuls in Southern Ukraine (Late 19th – Early 20th Centuries)." European Historical Studies, no. 15 (2020): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2020.15.6.

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Today we hear more and more that until our country realizes fundamental European values, it will not be able to become a full member of the “European family”. But it should be emphasized that this process began long before Ukraine gained independence and the leading role in this was played by foreign consuls of Europe and America. The countries that created the modern world as it is, where the foundations of modern statehood, civil society, an efficient market economy, and a system of social justice were laid. Therefore, this article is dedicated to highlighting the role of these representativ

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Garbuzov, V. N. "Zigzags of the Post-Imperial Syndrome." Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences 92, S6 (2022): S492—S503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s101933162212005x.

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Abstract The death of every empire is always painful and often turns into tragedy. It inevitably entails painful processes: the rupture of habitual economic ties, the loss of vast territories and spheres of influence, the formation of new states and the definition of borders between them, the emergence of national minorities on the territory of neighbors, etc. However, perhaps the most painful result is the sense of loss of self-worth, a complex of lost greatness that develops into the so-called post-imperial syndrome. In the 20th century, it manifested itself in Germany, Great Britain, France

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Edmonds, Richard Louis. "Macau and Greater China." China Quarterly 136 (December 1993): 878–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000032379.

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Macau was the first port on the China coast to come under the influence of a foreign power and will be the last to return to Chinese sovereignty. Its historical importance in the early transmission of culture between East and West is well known. After reaching its height as the centre of such contact in the second half of the 16th century Macau, like Portugal, languished in international affairs albeit with subsequent brief periods of relative importance.

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Ivanov, Pavel Aleksandrovich. "Assessment of Li Hongzhang's foreign policy from the point of view of the modern political system of the People's Republic of China." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 9 (September 2024): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2024.9.71579.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the foreign policy strategy of Li Hongzhang, one of the most prominent Chinese diplomats and political figures of the late 19th century. The article examines the activities of the influential dignitary of the Qing Empire in order to establish the status of the state in the international arena. Criticism of Li Hongzhang is due to his concessions to foreign powers, so his policy is considered inconsistent with the national interests of the country. Despite this, his actions can be regarded as a manifestation of a realistic approach to international relat

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