Journal articles on the topic 'Portfolio investment'
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1
Huang, Tian, Deyi Shi, and Shihao Xue. "The role and helpfulness of pensions in personal financial investment after retirement." BCP Business & Management 23 (August 4, 2022): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v23i.1359.
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More than 90% of wage earners in the United States can receive pension options benefits after retirement. It is especially important to manage funds reasonably and choose the right investment after retirement. We use the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) and the Fama-French three-factor model to establish pension and non-pension investment portfolios and measure the return and risk changes of pension portfolio investments under different portfolio investments. The experimental results show that pensions are of great help to the return and Sharpe ratio of portfolio investments. With the intervention of different factors, pensions provide good and stable income support for portfolio investments. Especially under the expectations of different markets, pensions performed extremely well in portfolio investments. With the establishment of reasonable portfolio investment, we suggest that adding pensions to the portfolio investment will bring more stable investment performance.
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Potrykus, Marcin. "ASSESSMENT OF GOLD AND/OR CRUDE OIL AS INVESTMENTS FOR PORTFOLIO DIVERSIFICATION. A WARSAW STOCK EXCHANGE CASE STUDY." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 18, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2019.18.4.47.
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The purpose of the study is to assess whether the inclusion of investments in gold and/or crude oil improves an investment portfolio consisting of shares of enterprises included in the WIG20 index (traditional investments). All possible combinations of investment portfolios with minimal risk and maximum efficiency were tested. The portfolios were determined based on Markowitz’s portfolio theory. All results were compared with a naive strategy. In total, nearly 55,000 investment portfolios consisting of three, four or five investments were constructed. The study showed that the application of portfolio theory contributes to obtaining better results than a naive strategy. The minimum risk portfolios that included gold and crude oil showed a risk reduction of 0.39 p.p. on average and a maximum cumulative loss of 7.85 p.p. on average. Portfolios with maximum efficiency achieved an average increase in the rate of return of the investment portfolio of 0.024 p.p. and an average increase in efficiency of 0.0256.
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Jurevičienė, Daiva, and Agnė Jakavonytė. "Alternative Investments: Valuation of Wine as a Means for Portfolio Diversification." Verslas: Teorija ir Praktika 16, no. 1 (March 30, 2015): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/btp.2015.606.
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This article analyses wine as an alternative investment tool and its relevance for investment portfolio diversification. Advantages and disadvantages of alternatives, benefits and weakness and peculiarities of investing in wine are systemised. In addition, the article looks at statistical data analysis of fine wine market and compares wine with other investment tools. The examination is based on three investment instruments: US equities (using SandP 500 index), bonds (using US 20-Year treasury constant maturity rate/DGS20) and wine (based on Fine Wine Investable index) using 1993–2012 (end of year) data. The investment portfolios made with two and three above-mentioned investment tools basing on H. Markowitz’s investment portfolio theory and effective curves are presented. It was found that return on investments only from equities and bonds or wine and one of these traditional instruments are signally less than from the investment mix of all three tools. Furthermore, portfolios made only from equities and bonds provide the lowest return compared to others. Choosing from two investments portfolios, results of bond/wine portfolios propose higher return with the same risk level compared to equities/wine portfolio. Consequently, despite some slowdown of wine index during financial crises, wine relevance for portfolio diversification in post crises period was proved.
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Gusliana, Shindi Adha, and Yasir Salih. "MEAN-VARIANCE INVESTMENT PORTFOLIO OPTIMIZATION MODEL WITHOUT RISK-FREE ASSETS IN JII70 SHARE." International Journal of Business, Economics, and Social Development 3, no. 4 (November 4, 2022): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.46336/ijbesd.v3i4.352.
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In investing, investors will try to limit all the risks in managing their investments. Investor strategies to minimize investment risk are diversification by forming investment portfolios, one of which is the Mean-Variance without risk-free assets. The calculation results will show the composition of the optimum portfolio return for each stock that forms the portfolio. Optimum portfolio obtained with wT = (0.39853, 0.25519, 0.13644, 0.09788, 0.11196) sequential weight composition for TLKM, KLBF, INCO, HRUM, and FILM stocks. The composition of this optimal portfolio return is ???? 0.04 with a return of 0.00209 and a portfolio variance of 0.00015. The formation of this portfolio optimization model is expected to be additional literature in optimizing the investment portfolio with the Mean-Variance.
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Kiyko, S., L. Deineha, M. Basanets, D. Kamienskyi, and A. Didenko. "PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT OF ENERGY SAVING PROJECTS BASED ON THE MARKOVITS THEORY." Integrated Technologies and Energy Saving, no. 3 (November 9, 2021): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2078-5364.2021.3.08.
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The goal of the work was to identify research and compare methods of portfolio management of energy saving projects and to develop software for optimizing portfolio investments using several methods. The key elements and strategies of creating an effective investment portfolio are considered: diversification, rebalancing, active portfolio management, passive portfolio management.
Given the basic principles of investment theory, the task of portfolio investment is to form an investment portfolio with known shares of certain assets to maximize returns and minimize risk. To solve this problem, the method of Harry Markowitz, known as modern portfolio theory, was chosen. This is the theory of financial investment, in which statistical methods are used to make the most profitable risk distribution of the securities portfolio and income valuation, its components are asset valuation, investment decisions, portfolio optimization, evaluation of results. From a mathematical point of view, the problem of forming an optimal portfolio is the problem of optimizing a quadratic function (finding the minimum) with linear constraints on the arguments of the function.
Methods of optimization of portfolios of energy saving projects taking into account the specifics of the subject area are analyzed. According to the results of the analysis, the methods of finding the maximum Sharpe’s ratio and the minimum volatility from randomly generated portfolios were chosen.
A software application has been developed that allows you to download data, generate random portfolios and optimize them with selected methods. A graphical display of portfolio optimization results has also been implemented. The program was tested on data on shares of energy saving companies. The graphs built by the program allow the operator to better assess the created portfolio of the energy saving project.
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Gusliana, Shindi Adha, and Yasir Salih. "Mean-Variance Investment Portfolio Optimization Model Without Risk-Free Assets in Jii70 Share." Operations Research: International Conference Series 3, no. 3 (September 4, 2022): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.47194/orics.v3i3.185.
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In investing, investors will try to limit all the risks in managing their investments. Investor strategies to minimize investment risk are diversification by forming investment portfolios, one of which is the Mean-Variance without risk-free assets. The calculation results will show the composition of the optimum portfolio return for each stock that forms the portfolio. Optimum portfolio obtained with wT = (0.39853, 0.25519, 0.13644, 0.09788, 0.11196) sequential weight composition for TLKM, KLBF, INCO, HRUM, and FILM stocks. The composition of this optimal portfolio return is 𝜏 0.04 with a return of 0.00209 and a portfolio variance of 0.00015. The formation of this portfolio optimization model is expected to be additional literature in optimizing the investment portfolio with the Mean-Variance.
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Usmonov, Xikmatilla. "BANK INVESTMENT PORTFOLIO DEVELOPMENT." INNOVATIONS IN ECONOMY 6, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9491-2020-6-5.
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This article analyzes the development of the investment portfolio of commercial banks in Uzbekistan and their investment factors. In order to develop the investment portfolios of banks, recommendations were given on the use of international experience. Report on investment portfolio and commercial banks. It also covers the investment portfolio, the nature of investment asset management, the risks associated with it, the risks that affect the effectiveness of investment portfolio management, and the importance of effective investment portfolio management
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Blagoev, Dimitar, and Krasimir Petkov. "EQUITY CROWDFUNDING AS A TYPE OF PROJECT INVESTING." Trakia Journal of Sciences 17, Suppl.1 (2019): 234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2019.s.01.039.
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PURPOSE The Article aims to present the potential and capabilities of the application of equity crowdfunding as an option to invest and to form investment portfolios for the individual investors. The emphasis is shifted from the widespread use of the concept of crowdfunding, as a cutting-edge source for providing capital for investment projects of innovative companies (especially suitable source for the so called Startup companies), to its use as a tool for establishing an investment portfolio based on appropriate balance between the rates of return and risk. METHODS Various authors' views on key concepts such as investments, projects, investment projects, equity collective investment, investment portfolios, etc. have been clarified and summarized. The investment process is explained in the context of creating a portfolio of investments using equity crowdfunding platforms. Conceptually, the essential characteristic of the project theory, the theory of collective investment, with its methodological and mathematical tools, are revealed. RESULTS On this theoretical basis and adaptation, a conceptual methodological model has been developed, to be used for selection of portfolio of investment projects for equity collective investment. The model focuses on the optimization of rate of return, given the risk nature of the financial investment instrument used in collective investment. CONCLUSIONS Conclusions are presented about the main advantages and the respective limitations of the type of investments, subject of the paper.
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Inci, A. Can, and Rachel Lagasse. "Cryptocurrencies: applications and investment opportunities." Journal of Capital Markets Studies 3, no. 2 (November 11, 2019): 98–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcms-05-2019-0032.
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Purpose This study investigates the role of cryptocurrencies in enhancing the performance of portfolios constructed from traditional asset classes. Using a long sample period covering not only the large value increases but also the dramatic declines during the beginning of 2018, the purpose of this paper is to provide a more complete analysis of the dynamic nature of cryptocurrencies as individual investment opportunities, and as components of optimal portfolios. Design/methodology/approach The mean-variance optimization technique of Merton (1990) is applied to develop the risk and return characteristics of the efficient portfolios, along with the optimal weights of the asset class components in the portfolios. Findings The authors provide evidence that as a single investment, the best cryptocurrency is Ripple, followed by Bitcoin and Litecoin. Furthermore, cryptocurrencies have a useful role in the optimal portfolio construction and in investments, in addition to their original purposes for which they were created. Bitcoin is the best cryptocurrency enhancing the characteristics of the optimal portfolio. Ripple and Litecoin follow in terms of their usefulness in an optimal portfolio as single cryptocurrencies. Including all these cryptocurrencies in a portfolio generates the best (most optimal) results. Contributions of the cryptocurrencies to the optimal portfolio evolve over time. Therefore, the results and conclusions of this study have no guarantee for continuation in an exact manner in the future. However, the increasing popularity and the unique characteristics of cryptocurrencies will assist their future presence in investment portfolios. Originality/value This is one of the first studies that examine the role of popular cryptocurrencies in enhancing a portfolio composed of traditional asset classes. The sample period is the largest that has been used in this strand of the literature, and allows to compare optimal portfolios in early/recent subsamples, and during the pre-/post-cryptocurrency crisis periods.
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Qi, Yue, and Xiaolin Li. "On Imposing ESG Constraints of Portfolio Selection for Sustainable Investment and Comparing the Efficient Frontiers in the Weight Space." SAGE Open 10, no. 4 (October 2020): 215824402097507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020975070.
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Sustainable investment is typically fulfilled by screening of environmental, social, and governance (ESG); the screening strategies are practical and expedite sustainable-investment development. However, the strategies typically build portfolios by a list of good stocks and ignore portfolio completeness. Moreover, there has been limited literature to study the portfolio weights of sustainable investment in the weight space. In such an area, this article contributes to the literature as follows: We extend a conventional portfolio-selection model and impose ESG constraints. We analytically solve our model by computing the efficient frontier and prove that the frontier’s portfolio weights all lie on a ray (half line). By the ray structure, we prove that portfolio selection for sustainable investment and conventional portfolio selection fundamentally possess highly different portfolio weights. Overall, our aim is comparing the portfolio weights of sustainable portfolio selection and of conventional portfolio selection; the comparison result has been unknown until now. The result is important for sustainable investment because portfolio weights are the foundation of portfolio selection and investments. We sample the component stocks of Dow Jones Industrial Average Index from 2004 to 2013 and find that our efficient frontier and the conventional efficient frontier are quite similar. Therefore, in plain financial language, investors can still obtain risk-return performance similar to conventional portfolio selection after imposing strong ESG requirements, although the portfolio weights can be totally different. The result is both an endorsement and a reminder for sustainable investment.
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Lee, Yongjae, Woo Chang Kim, and Jang Ho Kim. "Achieving Portfolio Diversification for Individuals with Low Financial Sustainability." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 30, 2020): 7073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12177073.
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While many individuals make investments to gain financial stability, most individual investors hold under-diversified portfolios that consist of only a few financial assets. Lack of diversification is alarming especially for average individuals because it may result in massive drawdowns in their portfolio returns. In this study, we analyze if it is theoretically feasible to construct fully risk-diversified portfolios even for the small accounts of not-so-rich individuals. In this regard, we formulate an investment size constrained mean-variance portfolio selection problem and investigate the relationship between the investment amount and diversification effect.
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Meng, Lingyan, and Dishi Zhu. "Application of Algorithms of Constrained Fuzzy Models in Economic Management." Complexity 2021 (April 15, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9912534.
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Stochasticity and ambiguity are two aspects of uncertainty in economic problems. In the case of investments in risky assets, this uncertainty is manifested in the uncertainty of future returns. On the contrary, the complexity of the economic phenomenon itself and the ambiguity inherent in human thinking and judgment are characterized by indistinct boundaries. For the same problem, research from different perspectives can often provide us with more comprehensive and systematic information. Currently, the expected value of return or the variance representing risk is still used as a rational investment criterion for both single-stage portfolios and multistage portfolios. However, in general, the greater the expected return of an investor, the greater the risk he should take. Different investors have different requirements for profitability, but regardless of their expected return, they always hope to find a set of portfolios that maximize the probability of achieving the expected rate of return. In this paper, after analyzing the development of portfolio investment theory research, we take fuzzy information processing as the entry point and systematically discuss the theory and methods of fuzzy modeling of portfolio investment decision-making from the perspective of fuzziness around the portfolio investment decision-making process. The results of the empirical analysis show that the existence of basis constraints affects investors’ investment strategies as well as their final returns, but there is a limit to the influence of basis constraints on portfolio performance, and investors can obtain optimal investment returns by selecting a reasonable number of securities to form a portfolio based on the characteristics of different securities.
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Sriyono, Sriyono, Detak Prapanca, and Adelia Oktaviani. "Pengambilan Keputusan Investasi Portofolio : Pendekatan Model Indeks Tunggal Saham." Benefit: Jurnal Manajemen dan Bisnis 6, no. 2 (December 5, 2021): 72–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/benefit.v6i2.14489.
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Abstract. This study aims to determine the composition of the optimal portfolio formation using the Single Index method on LQ-45 shares in the Indonesia Stock Exchange period 2016 - 2018. This research was conducted on the basis of the increasing number of investors who chose to invest their funds in shares, where this is indicated from the increasing positive sentiment on stock investment compared to other investments. Portfolio formation using the Single Index model is one model that can be used to form optimal portfolios, because with this model portfolios are easily formed to fit the desired investment characteristics and objectives to be achieved. The Single Index method is a method that formulates the existence of elements of return and risk in an investment, where the risk element can be minimized through diversification and combining various investment instruments into a portfolio. By using the Single Index method, investors can take advantage of all available information as the basis for maximizing portfolio formation. The sample selection technique of this study used a purposive sampling method and 19 LQ-45 Index stocks were obtained which were used as the research sample. Based on the results of research to determine the optimal portfolio of shares using the Single Index method shows that the LQ-45 Index Shares that form the optimal portfolio are INCO, BBTN, ICBP, INTP, BMRI, BBNI, BBCA, HMSP, INDF shares , GGRM and TLKM. And this study produced 55 portfolio combinations in which there is one efficient portfolio, 26 portfolios with the same funding weight (50%: 50%). Investors choose an efficient portfolio in accordance with the preferences of the level of profit and risk they bearKeywords - Single Index Model, Optimal Portfolio, Expected Return, LQ-45
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KIMANI, MBOGO PETER, and DR JOSIAH ADUDA. "THE EFFECT OF PORTFOLIO SIZE ON THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF PORTFOLIOS OF INVESTMENT FIRMS IN KENYA." International Journal of Finance and Accounting 1, no. 2 (November 3, 2016): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijfa.153.
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Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of portfolio size on the financial performance of portfolios of investment firms in Kenya. Methodology: The research design adopted a descriptive survey study. This implied that the total population of this study is 90 firms as given by the Kenya Association of Investment Groups (KAIG). For representativeness purposes, the current study took a sample size of 50% of the population. This was 45 firms. The study used secondary data from the financial statements of the investments firms. The selected period was 5 years. The researcher used frequencies, averages and percentages in this study. The researcher used Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to generate the descriptive statistics and also to generate inferential results. Regression analysis was used to demonstrate the relationship between the portfolio size and the performance of investment firms.Results: The finding reveal that investments firms in Kenya had put the biggest allocation of funds in stocks, followed by real estate portfolio and the least holding was in bond and money market funds. The findings also reveal that that the stocks portfolio generated the highest returns followed by bond and money market returns while real estate portfolio generated the least returns. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: It was recommended that investment managers should consider increasing the number of stocks from the current average of 13 stocks to between 16 to 20 stocks. Such a portfolio size would be optimal since approximately 91% of risk would have been diversified. This will solve the question in mind of investment managers which has been as to how many individual stocks or investments are needed to compose an optimal portfolio. An optimal portfolio is preferred over a maximized portfolio due to the risk return tradeoff.
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Назарова, Elena Nazarova, Жданова, and O. Zhdanova. "Theories of Investment Portfolio Optimization." Economics of the Firm 5, no. 4 (December 18, 2016): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/24442.
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The article presents an analysis of the theories of the investment portfolio optimization, characterizes diversification strategies, gives the evaluation of the Russian theory of optimization of investment portfolios.
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Robiyanto, Robiyanto, Bayu Adi Nugroho, Andrian Dolfriandra Huruta, Budi Frensidy, and Suyanto Suyanto. "Identifying the Role of Gold on Sustainable Investment in Indonesia: The DCC-GARCH Approach." Economies 9, no. 3 (August 24, 2021): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies9030119.
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This research investigated the performance of a dynamic portfolio that consists of sustainable/ethical stocks and gold. The main purpose of this study is to prove that the inclusion of gold in sustainable/ethical stocks portfolios could produce better performance. Therefore, the method used in this research, DCC-GARCH, was relaxing the basic assumptions in the theory of modern portfolio that is under the assumption of the normality of stock return and securities would have constant correlation. This research used data such as SRI-KEHATI Index (SKI) and Jakarta Islamic Index (JII) in Indonesia as a proxy for sustainable investments. Additionally, this research used gold from 2013 to 2019. This study is able to provide evidence regarding the ability of a dynamic portfolio to minimize the level of portfolio risk. However, this led a lower rate of return. Based on the OLS regression, gold is also proven as a weak safe haven for sustainable investment in Indonesia. Investors who believe in ethical investment may include gold in this time-varying approach when formulating the portfolio to reduce risk significantly. The inclusion of gold in portfolios could produce hedging effectiveness. Overall, this study supports some previous findings regarding the ability of gold as an instrument, which could reduce investment risk if involved in a portfolio.
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Dmitriev, D. N., and M. V. Tikhonova. "FORMATION OF INVESTMENT PORTFOLIO." Business Strategies, no. 5 (May 28, 2019): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2311-7184-2019-5-17-20.
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The article is devoted to analytical research in the field of the formation of the investment portfolio, based on the goals that investors set themselves. In the course of the study, the basic points of forming your own investment portfolio were considered on the basis of various profitable assets existing on the Russian market, such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds, investments in forex, trust management and high-risk investments. In addition, approaches to the formation of an investment portfolio were analyzed on the basis of targets, the investor’s financial capabilities, estimated incomes and acceptable risk levels.
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Wulandari, Diah, Dwi Ispriyanti, and Abdul Hoyyi. "OPTIMALISASI PORTOFOLIO SAHAM MENGGUNAKAN METODE MEAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION DAN SINGLE INDEX MODEL PADA SAHAM INDEKS LQ-45." Jurnal Gaussian 7, no. 2 (May 30, 2018): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/j.gauss.v7i2.26643.
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Stock investment is the planting of money in a securities that indicates the ownership of a company in order to provide benefits in the future. In obtaining optimal results from stock investments, investors are expected to create a series of portfolios. The portfolio will help investors in allocating some funds in different types of investments in order to achieve optimal profitability. For selection of optimal stocks representing LQ-45 Index, used 2 methods of Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) method and Single Index Model (SIM) method. In MAD method, 5 best stocks are BBCA with weight 23%, INDF 8%, KLBF 23%, TLKM 23%, and UNVR 23%. While the SIM method of candidate portfolio obtained is AKRA with weight 15,459%, BBCA 48,193%, BBNI 5,028%,KLBF 0,258% and TLKM 31,062%. Portfolio performance meter is used by sharpe ratio. The value of sharpe ratio is 0,36754 for optimal portfolio using MAD method and 0,40782 for optimal portfolio using SIM method, this means that optimal portfolio using SIM method has better performance than MAD. Keywords: Investment, Portfolio, Index LQ-45, Mean Absolute Deviation, Single Index Model, Sharpe Ratio
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Evans, Carig, and Gary van Vuuren. "Investment strategy performance under tracking error constraints." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 16, no. 1 (March 19, 2019): 239–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.16(1).2019.19.
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Recent (2018) evidence identifies the increased need for active managers to facilitate the exploitation of investment opportunities found in inefficient markets. Typically, active portfolios are subject to tracking error (TE) constraints. The risk-return relationship of such constrained portfolios is described by an ellipse in mean-variance space, known as the constant TE frontier. Although previous work assessed the performance of active portfolio strategies on the efficient frontier, this article uses several performance indicators to evaluate the outperformance of six active portfolio strategies over the benchmark – subject to various TE constraints – on the constant TE frontier.
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Bekareva, Svetlana Viktorovna, Anna Vladimirovna Getmanova, and Anastasiya Igorevna Ivanova. "Effectiveness of an interactive method in teaching investment literacy: Factors determining the return of beginning investors’ portfolios." Science for Education Today 12, no. 5 (October 31, 2022): 137–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15293/2658-6762.2205.08.
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Introduction. The article examines how certain factors influence the efficiency of forming virtual portfolio of financial assets. The purpose of the article is to identify the factors that contribute to the investment return of beginning investors. Materials and Methods. The methodological basis of the study includes Russian and international research articles devoted to enhancing financial and investment literacy on the national level, the role of financial education in successful investments, and the factors of return estimations for various groups of investors, including young people and beginners. The research was carried out at Novosibirsk State University (the Faculty of Economics). Portfolios produced by 396 students majoring in Economics, Management, and IT Business, who completed the ‘Financial Markets and Financial Institutions’ module were analyzed. The portfolios were completed in 2020, 2021, and 2022. The dependent variable in the econometric model was an investment portfolio return. The main factors considered for this research included students' academic performance, academic year, degree programme, age, gender, and financial asset structure of each portfolio. Results. The review of the scholarly literature allowed to identify the following potential return factors: investment literacy, educational background, personal behaviour characteristics, gender, financial market shocks, and economic crises. It was found that portfolio return is determined by the following factors: economic instability influencing financial markets, students’ academic performance in finance disciplines which is closely connected to their investment literacy and personality features revealed in the portfolio structure. However, age, degree programme and gender did not show any significant influence on the project outcome. Conclusions. Identifying the factors of students’ investment portfolio return enabled the authors to determine further development of the financial course with the interactive method in teaching investing literacy. Taking into consideration economic instability factor significance, it is necessary to discuss financial assets characteristics and dynamics during economic crises. In general, investment literacy increase influences the result positively.
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van Bilsen, Servaas, Ilja A. Boelaars, and A. Lans Bovenberg. "The Duration Puzzle in Life-Cycle Investment*." Review of Finance 24, no. 6 (March 17, 2020): 1271–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rof/rfaa009.
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Abstract By analyzing the portfolio allocations of target date funds (TDFs), we document that the observed durations of TDF portfolios are inconsistent with the durations predicted by classical portfolio theory. We call this stylized fact the duration puzzle. We investigate to what extent several extensions of classical portfolio theory can explain the duration puzzle. More specifically, we consider the impact of human capital, inflation risk, and portfolio restrictions on the duration of the optimal portfolio. We find that it is difficult to explain the duration puzzle, especially for individuals aged between 35 and 65 years.
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Zverev, Alexei, Victoria Mandron, Tatiana Rebrina, Maria Mishina, and Yulia Karavaeva. "Investment policy of the banking sector: data from Russia." Revista Amazonia Investiga 10, no. 42 (July 30, 2021): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2021.42.06.14.
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The growing investment activity of banking sector organisations is an important condition for securing diversification of assets and obtaining additional sources of income, as well as maintaining the required level of liquidity. Economic crises and instability of stock markets affect the investment policy of a bank, the quality of its investment portfolio, and the scope of investment transactions with securities. The purpose of the research is to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the investment mechanism of the Russian banking sector and its organisation, to characterise the investment policy and risks connected with investment activities, to determine the criteria for financial instruments included in the structure of investment portfolios of Russian credit institutions. The authors used the analytical, regulatory, comparative, and statistical methods of research to define the dynamics, composition, and structure of investment portfolios and risks involved in the business of financial and credit institutions, in the course of the formation of investment policy. It was concluded, as a result of the research, that enhanced performance, stability, and liquidity of credit institutions were conditioned by the structure and quality of portfolio investments. Improving the efficiency of the banking investment mechanism is a priority area of development, for strengthening the competitive positions of credit institutions in the national banking system. The article presents conclusions regarding the quality of investment operations and transactions with securities effectuated by banks at the present stage. The authors undertook a comparative analysis of indicators characterising the structure of investment assets of the banking sector, grouped by types of investment portfolio. Proceeding from the above, particular directions were developed for practical use, that allow for efficient selection of stock market instruments for inclusion in the investment portfolio of credit institutions in the conditions of high volatility and uncertainty of the financial market.
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Boldyreva, Natalia, and Liudmila Reshetnikova. "Effectiveness of investment activities of managers in the mandatory pension insurance system." St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies 36, no. 3 (2020): 483–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2020.306.
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This article examines reasons for the low efficiency of investment activity by pension asset managers, and pension investment rules are formulated. These rules are based on the Asset Allocation strategy, taking into account the long-term pension investments and the life-cycle investment strategy. All pension portfolios of Russiаn managers have weak diversification by asset classes, a high share of fixed income financial instruments, and a mismatch of the portfolio structure with the risk profile of the beneficiary. The pension industry has high costs. We evaluated the real efficiency of investment activity by pension asset managers according to the classical theory of investments, and compared it with the risk-return benchmarks of the Russian financial market. The real cumulative return by pension asset managers is negative for the period 2008–2018. At the same time, the Russian financial market provided opportunities for real growth of pension savings. Bank deposits allowed to defend capital from depreciation. Modeling of index pension portfolios (conservative, balanced, and aggressive) in the Russian financial market, according to pension investment rules, showed a positive impact on investment management efficiency of regular rebalancing of the portfolio containing stocks. The management of index pension portfolios by the proposed rules protect pension savings against inflation. Pension asset managers improve the investment policy efficiency following the pension investment rules.
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Abdul Hali, Nurfadhlina, and Ari Yuliati. "Markowitz Model Investment Portfolio Optimization: a Review Theory." International Journal of Research in Community Services 1, no. 3 (October 4, 2020): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46336/ijrcs.v1i3.104.
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In the face of investment risk, investors generally diversify and form an investment portfolio consisting of several assets. The problem is the fiery proportion of funds that must be allocated to each asset in the formation of investment portfolios. This paper aims to study the optimization of the Markowitz investment portfolio. In this study, the Markowitz model discussed is that which considers risk tolerance. Optimization is done by using the Lagrangean Multiplier method. From the study, an equation is obtained to determine the proportion (weight) of fund allocation for each asset in the formation of investment portfolios. So by using these equations, the determination of investment portfolio weights can be determined by capital.
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Henriques, Irene, and Perry Sadorsky. "Can Bitcoin Replace Gold in an Investment Portfolio?" Journal of Risk and Financial Management 11, no. 3 (August 14, 2018): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm11030048.
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Bitcoin is an exciting new financial product that may be useful for inclusion in investment portfolios. This paper investigates the implications of replacing gold in an investment portfolio with bitcoin (“digital gold”). Our approach is to use several different multivariate GARCH models (dynamic conditional correlation (DCC), asymmetric DCC (ADCC), generalized orthogonal GARCH (GO-GARCH)) to estimate minimum variance equity portfolios. Both long and short portfolios are considered. An analysis of the economic value shows that risk-averse investors will be willing to pay a high performance fee to switch from a portfolio with gold to a portfolio with bitcoin. These results are robust to the inclusion of trading costs.
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Syahyono, S. "Effect Of Portfolio Investment Optimization Risk-Based And Efficiency Investment On Investment Decision." Fair Value: Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi dan Keuangan 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32670/fairvalue.v1i1.1193.
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During the current pandemic, the number of investors in Indonesia is increasing rapidly. It is an exciting thing how novice investors make decisions and face risks. On investment to minimize risk can be done with an investment portfolio. This study tries to offer investment efficiency factors and risk-based investment portfolio optimization so that investors in making investment decisions will feel satisfied and can meet their investment goals. The method used is descriptive quantitative. The sampling technique used the purposive sampling technique.The study results indicate that risk-based investment optimization and investment efficiency have a positive influence on investment decisions. It can ensure that accuracy in optimizing investment portfolios and increasing investment efficiency by investors can increase the efficiency of Investment Experience in investing.
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Huang, Zi’an. "Investment Portfolio Management Based on Realistic US’s Stock Data with Two Models." BCP Business & Management 26 (September 19, 2022): 929–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v26i.2055.
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Portfolio theory is widely used in the financial field. Let us Suppose we combine the modern investment portfolio theory and diversify the investment portfolio. In that case, we can reduce investment risks and increase the possibility of satisfying all kinds of investors to obtain investment returns. In this article, we mainly consider applying the Markowitz model and the index model in portfolio theory, trying to explore its rate of return in the US market. We found that in the constructed investment portfolio, the portfolio’s return and Sharpe ratio constructed by the Markowitz model are consistent with the performance of the index model. This provides investors with a new investment perspective for portfolio construction.
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Peswani, Shilpa Girish. "Returns to Low Risk Investment Strategy." Applied Finance Letters 6, no. 01 (December 6, 2017): 2–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/afl.v6i01.65.
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The paper studies the low risk anomaly in the Indian market using entire National Stock Exchange (NSE) as sample from January 2001 to June 2016. It provides evidence that low risk portfolio sorted for total risk, systematic risk as well as unsystematic risk individually for the large cap, mid cap, small cap and the entire NSE universe give higher returns to the investor as compared to high risk portfolio. The difference of returns from low risk portfolio versus high risk portfolio is positive as well as economically and statistically significant for all the risk measures. The results also prove that low risk portfolio investing strategy returns outperform the benchmark portfolio. Using either total volatility, idiosyncratic volatility or beta as a risk measure in stocks, the low risk portfolio gives higher returns even after controlling for the well-known size, value and momentum factors. The excess returns are the highest for low risk portfolio sorted for volatility of large cap stocks. Most of the low risk portfolios consists of growth and winner stocks. In conclusion, the low risk portfolio investment strategy is independent of size and gives positive excess returns as compared to high risk portfolio in the Indian stock market.
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Clarkson, R. S. "The measurement of investment risk." Journal of the Institute of Actuaries 116, no. 1 (June 1989): 127–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020268100036489.
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1.1 In the paper ‘Improving the Performance of Equity Portfolios’ by Clarkson and Plymen the authors concluded that Modern Portfolio Theory methods made no contribution whatever to improving the performance of equity portfolios and suggested that attention should be paid instead to the application of fundamental analysis, which—if carried out by skilled and experienced analysts—should lead to higher expected returns. The only practical application of techniques related to Modern Portfolio Theory appeared to be in the area of Index Funds, where it is desired to track the performance of a chosen index as closely as possible.
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Günther, Robin, Nadine Wills, and Daniel Piazolo. "Role of Real Estate in a Mixed-Asset Portfolio and the Impact of Illiquidity." International Journal of Real Estate Studies 16, no. 2 (December 29, 2022): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/intrest.v16n2.168.
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Real estate ratios have increased in recent years. This article thus examines the diversification potential of real estate investments that German investors can achieve at a global scale. To this end, it analyzes how the illiquidity of some real estate investments or the illiquidity preference of an investor can bring about optimal investment ratios. Optimum allocation quotas for German investors with a wide range of mixed-asset allocations are examined. In addition to traditional optimizations, this article applies the three-fund theorem to include liquid and illiquid forms of real estate investment and to determine optimum allocation ratios. While real estate may be an essential component in a mixed-asset portfolio, it is not included in all optimal portfolios. An optimal portfolio also depends on the investment form, insofar as real estate vehicles are not always suitable for diversifying the portfolio risk or for improving the performance of a mixed-asset portfolio. Moreover, illiquid investment vehicles can often provide strong diversification benefits. The optimum allocations to real estate thus depend on the investor’s illiquidity acceptance, even if allocation dominance has increased in recent years. While many studies have demonstrated the advantage that investors gain from adding certain real estate assets, such as those obtained by direct investments, this study goes further by examining the comparative advantage of different real estate investment forms within a variety of asset classes. New insights can thus be gained by considering investors’ liquidity preferences within a given portfolio. One of these insights is that there is a trade-off between illiquidity and diversification potential. Another is that optimum portfolio allocations depend on illiquidity acceptance. These findings therefore also provide practical guidance not only to German investors with a global portfolio diversification but also to practitioners who add illiquid asset classes to their portfolio, to say nothing of the valuable field knowledge it offers to researchers in this field.
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Chen, Jun, Chenyang Zhao, Kaikai Liu, Jingjing Liang, Huan Wu, and Shiyan Xu. "Exchange Rate Forecasting Based on Deep Learning and NSGA-II Models." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2021 (September 22, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2993870.
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Today, the global exchange market has been the world’s largest trading market, whose volume could reach nearly 5.345 trillion US dollars, attracting a large number of investors. Based on the perspective of investors and investment institutions, this paper combines theory with practice and creatively puts forward an innovative model of double objective optimization measurement of exchange forecast analysis portfolio. To be more specific, this paper proposes two algorithms to predict the volatility of exchange, which are deep learning and NSGA-II-based dual-objective measurement optimization algorithms for the exchange investment portfolio. Compared with typical traditional exchange rate prediction algorithms, the deep learning model has more accurate results and the NSGA-II-based model further optimizes the selection of investment portfolios and finally gives investors a more reasonable investment portfolio plan. In summary, the proposal of this article can effectively help investors make better investments and decision-making in the exchange market.
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Jiménez-Gómez, Miguel, Natalia Acevedo-Prins, and Miguel David Rojas-López. "Simulation hedge investment portfolios through options portfolio." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 16, no. 2 (November 1, 2019): 843. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v16.i2.pp843-847.
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<p>This paper presents two hedging strategies with financial options to mitigate the market risk associated with the future purchase of investment portfolios that exhibit the same behavior as Colombia's COLCAP stock index. The first strategy consists in the purchase of a Call plain vanilla option and the second strategy in the purchase of a Call option and the sale of a Call option. The second strategy corresponds to a portfolio of options called Bull Call Spread. To determine the benefits of hedging and the best strategy, the Geometric Brownian Motion and Monte Carlo simulation is used. The results show that the two hedging strategies manage to mitigate market risk and the best strategy is the first one despite the fact that the Bull Call Spread strategy is lower cost.</p>
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Clarkson, R. S. "The Measurement of Investment Risk." Transactions of the Faculty of Actuaries 41 (1987): 677–750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0071368600009903.
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1.1 In the paper “Improving the Performance of Equity Portfolios” by Clarkson and Plymen (presented to the Institute of Actuaries on 25th April 1988) the authors concluded that Modem Portfolio Theory methods made no contribution whatever to improving the performance of equity portfolios and suggested that attention should be paid instead to the application of fundamental analysis, which—if carried out by skilled and experienced analysts—should lead to higher expected returns. The only practical application of techniques related to Modem Portfolio Theory appeared to be in the area of Index Funds, where it is desired to track the performance of a chosen index as closely as possible.
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Putri, Nurhadini, Mochamad Suyudi, and Ibrahim Mohammed Sulaiman. "Investment Portfolio Optimization Model with Mean-Std Deviation." International Journal of Quantitative Research and Modeling 3, no. 4 (November 4, 2022): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.46336/ijqrm.v3i4.359.
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Stock investment is an investment in securities with the hope of getting profits in the future. Investors are expected to make a series of portfolios to get optimal results from investments. This discussion aims to find the weight of the funds invested along with the returns and risks. The method used is the mean + std deviation. The results of this portfolio optimization show that the risk aversion coefficient is 0.1. The optimum weight for investment in each company is KLBF (22.67%), PGAS (8.796%), BBCA (41.77%), ASII (8, 24%), and SMAR (18.52%) with a maximum ratio of 8.8% of a return of 0.0881% and a risk of 1.0009%. The results of this portfolio optimization are expected to help investors by dividing the number of funds to be invested by the return and risk.
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Dubrovin, Valerii, Larysa Deineha, and Valerii Laktionov. "Energy saving at energy-intensive enterprises." Electrical Engineering and Power Engineering, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15588/1607-6761-2022-2-6.
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Purpose. Investigate the methods of decision-making in the project portfolio management, as well as perform their software implementation as part of the system of the portfolio management optimization of energy saving projects at energy-intensive enterprises. Methodology. To achieve this goal, Markovitz's portfolio theory was chosen - the theory of financial investment, in which the methods of optimization are the most profitable distribution of the risk of the securities portfolio and income valuation. In combination with portfolio theory, methods were used to find the maximum Sharpe coefficient and minimum volatility according to randomly generated portfolios. Findings. Methods of portfolio management of energy saving projects are considered through their generalization to the methods of optimization of investment portfolios, but taking into account the specifics of the subject area. A software application has been developed and tested that automatically downloads data for certain stocks for a certain period from an electronic resource, generates random portfolios and optimizes them by maximizing the Sharpe ratio and minimizing portfolio volatility. Composing a portfolio of investments from four stocks traded on the stock exchange, the return and risk of the portfolio with different types of optimization were calculated. The application implements graphical display of portfolio optimization results in the form of tables and graphs. The first graph shows the changes in each stock over a given period of time. The following is a graph of daily profitability instead of actual prices, where you can see the volatility of shares. The simulated portfolio optimization based on the effective limit is graphically presented - the line along which the points will give the least risk to the target return and the calculated optimization of the portfolio based on the effective limit. The graphs and tables built by the program allow the user to better assess the created portfolio of the energy saving project. Originality. The approach proposed in this paper is a combination of methods for optimizing the investment portfolio according to Markovitz's portfolio theory and methods for finding the maximum Sharpe coefficient and minimum volatility in one software application to solve a wide range of problems. Practical value. The completed development has significant practical value, as it allows you to optimize quickly the financial portfolio for any assets, which allows, among other things, to use the system to optimize the management of portfolios of energy saving projects in energy-intensive enterprises. In addition, it can be the basis or model for a similar development.
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Pariela, Marselo Valentino Geovani. "Wanprestasi Manajer Investasi Terhadap Investor Reksadana." SASI 23, no. 2 (April 2, 2018): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.47268/sasi.v23i2.100.
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The Investment Manager is the party managing Mutual Funds either in the form of the Company or in the form of Collective Investment Contract, one of Mutual Fund products is Mutual Fund Shares. Investment Managers in managing Mutual Funds perform securities portfolio activities as well as collective investment portfolios. Portfolio is intended to minimize the risks that occur when managing the investment, with the portfolio, expected returns that expected investors can be reached maximally in the management of mutual funds Shares never escape the error. Such an Investment Manager's mistake may cause a loss on the part of the investor
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Mbogo, Peter Kimani, Dr Josiah Aduda, and Mr Mirie Mwangi. "THE EFFECT OF PORTFOLIO SIZE ON THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF PORTFOLIOS OF INVESTMENT FIRMS IN KENYA." American Journal of Finance 1, no. 1 (January 6, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ajf.115.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of portfolio size on the financial performance of portfolios of investment firms in Kenya.Methodology: The research design was descriptive survey study in nature since it focused on all investment firms in Kenya. The population of the study was all the investment firms in Kenya. This implied that the total population of this study is 90 firms as given by the Kenya Association of Investment Groups (KAIG). For representativeness purposes, the current study took a sample size of 50% of the population. This was 45 firms. This sample size was justified since this study could not anticipate how good the response rate would be. The 45 firms must have been in existence for 5 years (2007 to 2011).Results: The finding reveal that investments firms in Kenya had put the biggest allocation of funds in stocks, followed by real estate portfolio and the least holding was in bond and money market funds. The findings also reveal that that the stocks portfolio generated the highest returns followed by bond and money market returns while real estate portfolio generated the least returns. The first objective of the study was to establish the optimal portfolio size for investment firms in Kenya. The findings in this study indicated that an optimal portfolio should hold between 16 and 20 stocks. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: It was recommended that investment managers should consider increasing the number of stocks from the current average of 13 stocks to between 16 to 20 stocks. Such a portfolio size would be optimal since approximately 91% of risk would have been diversified.
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Śmietana, Katarzyna. "Diversification Principles Of Real Estate Portfolios." Real Estate Management and Valuation 22, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/remav-2014-0007.
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Abstract Diversifying an investment portfolio through the diversification of assets, which is accompanied by the dispersion of risk, is aimed at achieving an appropriate balance between the expected return and an acceptable level of investment risk. While considering the specificity of various forms of investing in property, the level of the liquidity risk of property assets and the risk of financial instruments in the real estate market, as well as the volume of the capital involved and the regional differentiation of its allocation, this paper intends to present the possible ways of diversifying the portfolio, including sectoral and geographical diversification on the assumption that investments are concentrated in metropolitan areas. The identification of investment portfolio diversification principles, including liquid assets and the real estate market, embraces this perspective on the conditions of the functioning of EU REITs, whose business goal is to manage professionally diversified real estate portfolios
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Sirait, Emmanuel Parulian, Yasir Salih, and Rizki Apriva Hidayana. "Investment Portfolio Optimization Model Using The Markowitz Model." International Journal of Quantitative Research and Modeling 3, no. 3 (September 3, 2022): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46336/ijqrm.v3i3.344.
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The stock portfolio is related to how someone allocates several shares in various types of investments so that the results achieve maximum profit. By implementing a diversification system or portfolio optimization on several stocks, investors can reduce the level of risk and simultaneously optimize the expected rate of return. This study aims to determine which stocks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) and included in the portfolio for the 2021-2022 period are eligible to be included in the optimal portfolio and to determine the proportion of funds for each share in the formation of the optimal portfolio. The population in this study are all shares included in the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2021-2022 period. The sample of this research is five stocks that are candidate portfolios. The sampling method uses a purposive sampling method with the criteria of 5 stocks with the highest positive ratio. The population in this study was all 30 companies included in the IDX30, while the samples were five companies. Data were analyzed using a mean-variant optimization model with a research duration between May 2021 and May 2022. Based on the results of the investment portfolio optimization analysis on the 5 (five) selected stocks, this study shows that, out of 23 stocks, five stocks are eligible to enter the optimal portfolio with their respective proportions, namely PT Adaro Energy Indonesia Tbk (ADRO) 20%, PT Astra International Tbk (ASII) 26%, PT Merdeka Copper Gold Tbk (MDKA) 10%, PT XL Axiata Tbk (EXCL) 19%, PT Bukit Asam Tbk (PTBA) 25%. The portfolio of these stocks generates an expected return of 0.00217 at a risk level of 0.00022. It is hoped that this research can be helpful to add to the literature on investment optimization models, especially the concentration of Mathematics in Finance, and serve as an additional reference for further research, as well as an alternative for investors in optimizing investment portfolios.
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Ikezam, Nwonodi Daniel. "Foreign Portfolio Investment and Performance of the Nigerian Capital Market." Australian Finance & Banking Review 2, no. 1 (February 7, 2018): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/afbr.v2i1.76.
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This study examined the effect of foreign portfolio investment on the performance of Nigerian capital market. The specific objectives are to investigate the impact of Net Foreign Portfolio Investment, Foreign Portfolio Investment in Equity, Foreign Portfolio Investment in Bonds, Foreign Portfolio in Government Securities and Nigerian Exchange Rate per US Dollar on the performance of Nigerian Capital Market. The required data were sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin and Stock Exchange Annual Report. The study has All Share Price Index and Market Capitalization as proxy for Capital market performance while Net Foreign Portfolio Investment (NFPI), Equity Investment (PIE), Bond Investment (PIB), Portfolio Investment in Government Securities (PIGS) and Exchange Rate as predictors variables. The Ordinary Least Square multiple regressions with econometric view were used as data analysis techniques. Cointegration test, Granger Causality Test, Augmented Dickey Fuller Test and Error Correction Model were used to examine the variables and its relationship to the dependent variables. Model one revealed that foreign portfolio investment in bonds and foreign portfolio investment in government securities have negative relationship with All Share Price Index while Net Foreign Portfolio investment, foreign portfolio investment in equities and exchange rate have positive relationship with All Share Price Index. Model two revealed that Net Foreign Portfolio Investment, Portfolio Investments in Bonds and Government securities has negative relationship with market capitalization while equity investment and exchange rate have positive relationship with market capitalization. The study concludes that foreign portfolio investment have significant relationship with Nigerian capital market performance. It therefore recommends that policies should be devised to enhance the operational efficiency of the Nigerian capital market, to attract foreign investors.
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Liu, Min (Shirley). "Does Selected Portfolio Investment Earn Abnormal Returns?" International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting 9, no. 2 (April 15, 2019): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijafr.v9i2.14851.
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Finance literature suggests that average returns on common stocks are associated with firm characteristics such as size, book-to-market ratio, and growth. In this paper, I evaluate the performance of the selected portfolio when comparing with the benchmark portfolio (e.g., a market index), and document the anomalies earned by the selected portfolio. However, after matching the selected and benchmark portfolios by size and book-to-market ratio, the selected portfolio underperforms the benchmark portfolio. The results for testing anomalies are mixed, which is consistent with the previous literature that “apparent anomalies can be due to research methodology, most long-term return anomalies tend to disappear with reasonable changes in technique” (Fama 1998). The results are robust to the usage of Fama and MacBeth regression method and nonparametric signed-rank test, indicating that the results are not likely due to random chance.
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Jiang, Wei Na, Bin Shan Ju, Guang Hua Zhai, Ya Qiang Chen, and Liang Wei. "Study on Application of Markowitz’s Portfolio Selection Theory in Overseas Petroleum Venture Investment Decision." Advanced Materials Research 1051 (October 2014): 1045–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1051.1045.
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Markowitz’s portfolio selection theory was applied in overseas petroleum venture capital investment, the mean of each project’s AT cash was used as the portfolio’s return, the fluctuate rate return of project was used to reflect portfolio’s risk, the combination of minimum risk portfolio optimization decision model was established. A variety of risk definition method were explored, efficient frontier under variety of risk-defined were developed, according to different risk preferences, the investment decision-makers can choose optimal portfolio to maximize investment, so as to reduce and avoid undue loss.
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Trimborn, Simon, Mingyang Li, and Wolfgang Karl Härdle. "Investing with Cryptocurrencies—a Liquidity Constrained Investment Approach*." Journal of Financial Econometrics 18, no. 2 (June 3, 2019): 280–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jjfinec/nbz016.
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Abstract Cryptocurrencies have left the dark side of the finance universe and become an object of study for asset and portfolio management. Since they have low liquidity compared to traditional assets, one needs to take into account liquidity issues when adding them to a portfolio. We propose a Liquidity Bounded Risk-return Optimization (LIBRO) approach, which is a combination of risk-return portfolio optimization under liquidity constraints. Cryptocurrencies are included in portfolios formed with stocks of the S&P 100, US Bonds, and commodities. We illustrate the importance of the liquidity constraints in an in-sample and out-of-sample study. LIBRO improves the weight optimization in the sense that it only adds cryptocurrencies in tradable amounts depending on the intended investment amount. The returns greatly increase compared to portfolios consisting only of traditional assets. We show that including cryptocurrencies in a portfolio can indeed improve its risk–return trade-off.
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Senyk, Andriy, Oleksandra Manziy, Yuriy Futryk, Oleksandr Stepanyuk, and Yuliya Senyk. "Information System Supporting Decision-making Processes for Forming of Securities Portfolio." Vìsnik Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Lʹvìvsʹka polìtehnìka". Serìâ Ìnformacìjnì sistemi ta merežì 11 (June 15, 2022): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sisn2022.11.039.
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Due to large-scale changes in the economy in the world and in Ukraine in particular, there has recently been a significant increase in interest in the problems of investment theory. An example is the intensification in recent years of the purchase of shares of large international companies and cryptocurrencies and, according to the rapid growth of their values. It is known that as a special case, the theory of investment considers the task of optimizing investment portfolios. It is established that the issue of decision-making on the formation and optimization of the investment portfolio is in the field of attention of both large investment companies and private investors, because choosing among possible alternatives for allocating investments within the financial assets market, the investor will get different results. It is accepted that the optimal distribution of the investment portfolio should provide the best return while maintaining the least risk, and the result should be understood as the amount of income received during the period of ownership of the investment portfolio. An information system to support the decision-making of the securities portfolio has been developed, which allows potential investors to independently on assess the effectiveness of the investment portfolio by comparing the growth dynamics of shares available on the financial market. It is known that most of the information encountered by the investor is in tabular format, and according to the methodology of scientific knowledge, people are more receptive to visualized ways of presenting information. The newly created information system uses a visualization process that presents available tabulated information in a structured form of diagrams, graphs, charts.
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Damani, Akshay, and Nandip Vaidya. "Is an equally weighted global investment portfolio the outperformer?" Corporate Ownership and Control 20, no. 2 (2023): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv20i2art9.
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The paper builds, in the first part, a benchmark index based on the optimal mix of indices for the global asset classes of equity, fixed-income securities, real estate, commodities, and currencies including cryptocurrencies so as to maximize the ex-post Sharpe ratio. The objective of the first part is to help investors across the globe compare portfolio performance with a uniform benchmark. In the second part, a comparison of portfolio performances is based on five methods of portfolio construction viz; 1) historical returns and variance matrix used along with Markowitz model to discover optimal weights for portfolio components, 2) modification to this approach by using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) based predicted returns in place of historical returns, 3) global minimum volatility (GMV) portfolio, 4) global market weight portfolio and 5) equal weight portfolio. The objective in the second part is to explore an easy-to-use and at the same time conceptually sound method to build portfolios for any investor worldwide even if such an investor does not have access to or does not wish to rely upon the views and opinions of investment experts. The ex-post performance of portfolios based on these five methods is compared with the ex-post performance of 207 global active and passive funds. This comparison suggests that an equal-weighted portfolio with periodical rebalancing gives the best Sharpe ratio for a global investor.
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Mishenin, Yevhen, Iryna Marekha, Inessa Yarova, Olha Kovalova, and Tetiana Pizniak. "Optimizing a portfolio of agri-environmental investments." Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal 8, no. 1 (March 20, 2022): 115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.51599/are.2022.08.01.06.
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Purpose. The purpose of the article is to substantiate theoretical-and-methodological provisions for building investment portfolios in agribusiness by the criterion of minimizing environmental risk of selected investment-financing strategies.
Methodology / approach. In the article, on the basis of the dialectical method of cognition, the following methods were used: abstract-logical – in the systematization of scientific papers on the problem of diversification and optimization of the agricultural investment portfolio; system analysis and comparison – in the study of portfolio theories and concepts; computational and constructive – in the analysis of environmental-and-economic factors of the profitability of agricultural land use; economic-and-mathematical modeling – in the process of modeling the optimal portfolio of agri-environmental investments by the criterion of minimizing the risk of a particular investor, caused by the action of soil degradation factor in Sumy region. The materials of the Main Department of Statistics in Sumy region and the Sumy regional branch of the Institute of Soil Protection of Ukraine have formed the informational basis of the research.
Results. The optimization of the agri-environmental investment portfolio is due to the modification of the approach by the American Economist H. Markowitz “risk-return analysis” and its adaptation to the conditions of real investment. The paper uses a conservative approach to investment, which involves the construction of portfolios on the criterion of minimizing investment risk due to the influence of soil degradation for a particular investor. This factor requires the determination of the investor’s environmentally related risk, which manifests itself in the following directions: a) a decrease in crop yield due to the action of the factor of high soil pH; b) a decrease in the sales price for crop products because of contamination with heavy metals; c) an increase in the cost of agricultural production in deteriorated ecological conditions. Evaluation of agribusiness investment attractiveness on environmental-and-economic grounds provides for the consideration of the above areas from the standpoint of state, banking, foreign investment and self-investment. Assessment of investment quality identification is performed on the basis of calculation of the investor’s income elasticities to environmental risks on the example of Sumy region, which provides investment rationality decisions in the field of agricultural land use, considering environmental factors. It is substantiated that the highest investment quality is characterized by the bank’s investment financing strategy.
Originality / scientific novelty. The methodological approach to the definition of investor’s environmental risk in agricultural land use is improved. It is calculated considering the influence of factors of environmental destruction of land and soil resources (soil pH, pollution with heavy metals, etc.) on sources of profit, as well as with the definition of returns on investment resources (crop yield, ecological sales price, and income). The system of environmental-and-economic indicators in the formation of the investment portfolio is substantiated, including the following: the structure of investments, which is developed considering the influence of the environmental factor; portfolio investment risk due to environmental factors; and the investment portfolio yield adjusted for the level of environmental risk which provides an assessment of the investment attractiveness of agricultural land use on an environmental-economic basis. A methodical approach to substantiate investment decisions in the agriculture of the Sumy region is proposed, which along with considering the environmental factor, is in calculating the elasticities of investor’s income to the environmental-and-economic risks, which increase the correctness of financial decision-making.
Practical value / implications. Theoretical-and-methodological provisions and conclusions obtained in the study can be used to justify the direction of investment capital in the field of agricultural land use, considering the level of environmental-and-economic constraints.
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Orihuel Bañuls, Gema. "Diversification of equity investment portfolios. Application to the IBEX 35." Finance, Markets and Valuation 7, no. 2 (2021): 38–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.46503/thqq8876.
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At present, there is no unanimity on the effects that stock diversification can have on the total risk of an investment portfolio. In this context, this paper studies some issues related to the evolution of risk in an investment portfolio made up of IBEX 35 stocks. In addition, it is tested whether conclusions drawn for other time periods and in other markets are applicable to the Spanish stock market. The methodology used consists of calculating how the two components that make up the total risk of a portfolio (systematic risk and unsystematic risk) behave as portfolios of increasing size are diversified. The study shows how an increase in the number of securities in the investment portfolio decreases the percentage corresponding to the unsystematic risk component and increases the systematic risk component. Furthermore, it also shows that the benefits of diversification become increasingly marginal as portfolio size increases. Additionally, it is shown that an increase in the number of securities also increases the stability of the Beta of the investment portfolios over time.
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Tsuji, Chikashi. "Corporate Investment and Portfolio Returns in Japan: A Markov Switching Approach." Journal of Management and Strategy 9, no. 2 (March 7, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jms.v9n2p1.
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This paper explores the profitability of four Japanese higher return equity portfolios and their linkages between corporate investment factor return, the so-called conservative-minus-aggressive (CMA), suggested by Fama and French (2015). Our empirical examinations derive the following evidence. First, in the four Japanese equity portfolios, the smallest and the highest operating profitability portfolio presents the highest return. Second, the smallest and the highest book-to-market (B/M) portfolio, the smallest and moderate investment portfolio, and the smallest and the second strongest momentum portfolio also record higher excess returns than the overall equity market in Japan. Moreover, our analyses via two-regime Markov switching models evidence that for all the four Japanese equity portfolios, there are clearly two regimes: one is positively related to CMA and the other is little or negatively related to CMA. Furthermore, our analyses also reveal that recently, all the four Japanese equity portfolios yield higher returns than CMA with showing weaker linkages between CMA.
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Tian, Manwen, Shurong Yan, and Xiaoxiao Tian. "Discrete approximate iterative method for fuzzy investment portfolio based on transaction cost threshold constraint." Open Physics 17, no. 1 (March 28, 2019): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phys-2019-0005.
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Abstract There are many non-probability factors affecting financial markets and the return on risk assets is fuzzy and uncertain. The authors propose new risk measurement methods to describe or measure the real investment risks. Currently many scholars are studying fuzzy asset portfolios. Based on previous research and in view of the threshold value constraint and entropy constraint of transaction costs and transaction volume, the multiple-period mean value -mean absolute deviation investment portfolio optimization model was proposed on a trial basis. This model focuses on a dynamic optimization problem with path dependence; solving using the discrete approximate iteration method certifies the algorithm is convergent. Upon the empirical research on 30 weighted stocks selected from Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange, a multi-period investment portfolio optimum strategy was designed. Through the empirical research, it can be found that the multi-period investments dynamic optimization model has linear convergence and is more effective. This is of great value for investors to develop a multi-stage fuzzy portfolio investment strategy.
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Vasilyeva, E. Yu, and А. I. Tolmachev. "Models of optimization of the investment portfolio of construction company." Smetno-dogovornaya rabota v stroitel'stve (Estimated and contractual work in construction), no. 1 (January 25, 2023): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/str-01-2301-05.
Full textAbstract:
The paper is devoted to the matters of the formation of the efficient target investment portfolio of the company, which is the instrument of the implementation of investment policy and the mechanism of the increase in capitalization with the minimum cost and risk. Types of the investment portfolios in terms of their formation purposes are studied. The existing approaches to the formation of the efficient investment portfolio are systematized.