Relevant bibliographies by topics / Portable Laser Scanner

Academic literature on the topic 'Portable Laser Scanner'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Portable Laser Scanner"

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Duan, Xuzhe, Qingwu Hu, Pengcheng Zhao, and Shaohua Wang. "A Low-Cost and Portable Indoor 3D Mapping Approach Using Biaxial Line Laser Scanners and a One-Dimension Laser Range Finder Integrated with Microelectromechanical Systems." Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 88, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 311–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14358/pers.21-00037r2.

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Existing indoor 3D mapping solutions suffer from high cost and poor portability. In this article, a low-cost and portable indoor 3D mapping approach using biaxial line laser scanners and a one-dimension laser range finder integrated with microelectromechanical systems is proposed. A multiple-sensor calibration approach is presented to perform the extrinsic calibration of the integrated 3D mapping system. The 2D point cloud acquired by the horizontal laser scanner and the orientation information obtained by the microelectromechanical systems are used as inputs for a simultaneous localization and mapping framework to estimate the 2D poses. The height information acquired by the laser range finder is then fused to obtain the 3D pose, which is applied to restore the actual position and orientation of the 2D point cloud generated by the tilted laser scanner to reconstruct the 3D point cloud of the indoor environment. The experimental results—three typical indoor scenes—demonstrate that the proposed approach can achieve accuracies of 3 cm and 2°. Therefore, the proposed approach is a low-cost, portable, and accurate solution for indoor 3D mapping.
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Hambling, David. "Portable laser scanner creates 3D images in colour." New Scientist 253, no. 3370 (January 2022): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(22)00077-x.

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Huang, Chi-hua, and Joe M. Bradford. "Portable Laser Scanner for Measuring Soil Surface Roughness." Soil Science Society of America Journal 54, no. 5 (September 1990): 1402–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1990.03615995005400050032x.

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Xu, Ning, Wei Zhang, Liye Zhu, Changqing Li, and Shifeng Wang. "Object 3D surface reconstruction approach using portable laser scanner." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 69 (June 2017): 012119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/69/1/012119.

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Mor Cases, Sergi, Kittiphot Jianwattananukul, Khanuengchat Saenyot, Sarai Lekchaum, and Kitsakorn Locharoenrat. "Portable laser 1-D barcode scanner for material identification." Materials Today: Proceedings 5, no. 7 (2018): 15143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.04.072.

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Watanabe, Takuma, Takeru Niwa, and Hiroshi Masuda. "Registration of Point-Clouds from Terrestrial and Portable Laser Scanners." International Journal of Automation Technology 10, no. 2 (March 4, 2016): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2016.p0163.

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We proposed a registration method for aligning short-range point-clouds captured using a portable laser scanner (PLS) to a large-scale point-cloud captured using a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS). As a PLS covers a very limited region, it often fails to provide sufficient features for registration. In our method, the system analyzes large-scale point-clouds captured using a TLS and indicates candidate regions to be measured using a PLS. When the user measures a suggested region, the system aligns the captured short-range point-cloud to the large-scale point-cloud. Our experiments show that the registration method can adequately align point-clouds captured using a TLS and a PLS.
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HAYAKAWA, Yoshiaki, Yoshiharu ASANO, Hideki TAKAMURA, and Hiroyuki NAKAMURA. "ESTIMATION OF FOREST RESOURCES FROM PORTABLE 3D LASER SCANNER DATA." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 79, no. 703 (2014): 2109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.79.2109.

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Thilmany, Jean. "Outside In." Mechanical Engineering 131, no. 08 (August 1, 2009): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2009-aug-5.

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This article discusses reverse engineering software is slowly changing the way design engineers do their everyday jobs. With the pervasiveness of computer-aided design packages, reverse engineering technology has become a practical tool to create a 3D virtual model of an existing physical part. This model is then available to be used in 3D CAD, computer-aided manufacturing, or other computer-aided engineering applications. The reverse engineering process needs hardware and software that work together. The hardware is used to measure an object, and the software reconstructs it as a 3D model. The physical object can be measured using 3D scanning technologies such as a coordinate measuring machine, laser scanner, structured light digitizer, or computed tomography. The wider accessibility of handheld-laser scanners and portable CMMs like the one used at Excel Foundry means more companies can afford reverse engineering for their own unique ends. The scanner has turned out to be equally useful for engineering and for local archeological and preservation projects; and so far, it has been used to help preserve endangered artifacts.
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Hu, Chang’an, Song Hu, Linghui Kong, and Junbo Liu. "Application of ground laser scanner in surveying and mapping field." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2029, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 012080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2029/1/012080.

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Abstract With the continuous development of measurement demand, the market of single point measurement mode is shrinking, 3D measurement is more and more appearing in the field of surveying and mapping, ground laser scanner as a portable 3D measurement tool, its use is more and more important. This paper takes substation measurement, cadastral measurement, facade measurement and oil tank measurement as typical cases, and introduces the case of oil tank measurement in detail.
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Nüchter, A., D. Borrmann, P. Koch, M. Kühn, and S. May. "A MAN-PORTABLE, IMU-FREE MOBILE MAPPING SYSTEM." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-3/W5 (August 19, 2015): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-3-w5-17-2015.

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Mobile mapping systems are commonly mounted on cars, ships and robots. The data is directly geo-referenced using GPS data and expensive IMU (inertial measurement systems). Driven by the need for flexible, indoor mapping systems we present an inexpensive mobile mapping solution that can be mounted on a backpack. It combines a horizontally mounted 2D profiler with a constantly spinning 3D laser scanner. The initial system featuring a low-cost MEMS IMU was revealed and demonstrated at <i>MoLaS: Technology Workshop Mobile Laser Scanning at Fraunhofer IPM</i> in Freiburg in November 2014. In this paper, we present an IMU-free solution.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Portable Laser Scanner"

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Huang, Peter, and 黃世昕. "Development of Portable Laser Range Scanner Using Optical Marker Registration." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11323695575070373437.

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碩士
國立成功大學
機械工程學系碩博士班
97
The main concept of this study is to develop a portable optical scanner system and obtain the reliable point clouds of the scanned object by using the optical 3D scanners and laser line. To register the fragments of the point clouds in the different time zone, we propose a novel method to locate cameras positions. We use optical markers to fulfill the processes, every fragment belong to point clouds can be merge into one scene. The developed system is based on the principle of stereo vision and camera calibration. This scanner consists of two IEEE 1394 cameras and one laser line projector. The complete procedure for scanning an object has through the operations of camera calibration, image processing, image rectification, and depth calculation. Outcomes of this research prove to be useful and reliable to be used in reverse engineering.
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Giannetti, Francesca. "3D Remote Sensing technologies for Precision Forestry." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1131942.

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Precision forestry is a new approach for more sustainable forest management. Modern technologies are important to the development of new tools and applications to conduct site-specific management practices. 3D remote sensing technologies are new tools and have new applications useful for improving the data collection, work efficiency and quality of forest information that can be used to take better management decisions. This thesis is aimed at assessing the use of 3D data to develop new tools and procedures useful for forest inventories and for the estimation of soil disturbances caused by forest operations. In so doing, this study attempts to close the gaps underlined by previous studies. The thesis is divided into two main sections. The first one comprises the studies I, II, and III related to forest inventory optimization, while the second section comprises the studies IV and V related to estimation of soil disturbances caused by forest operations. Study I demonstrates how a 3D point cloud acquired by a Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) and a Hand-Held Mobile Laser Scanner (HMLS) can be used to automatically derive forest single tree variables such as diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree position (TP). Moreover, the study underlines how the integration of TLS with Airborne Laser Scanner (ALS) point clouds improves the estimation of tree top height (H) and crown base projection (CPA). In study II a novel approach is presented for the extraction of explanatory variables from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) 3D photogrammetric data for predicting forest biophysical properties without relying on a digital terrain model. This study assesses the use of DTM-independent variables to predict forest biophysical proprieties using as a benchmark two more traditional sets of variables: (i) height and density variables from UAV photogrammetric data normalized using a DTM acquired using airborne laser scanning (ALS) (Image-DTMALS variables), and (ii) height and density variables extracted from normalized ALS data (ALS variables). We obtained comparable results between the models developed with DTM-independent models and the ones obtained with the other two types of variables (i.e. Image-DTMALS and ALS) to predict: Growing Stock Volume (V), Basal Area (G), Number of trees (N), Dominant Height (Hdom) and Lory’s height (Hl). Study III used the new set of DTM-independent variables developed in study II to predict area-based (ABA) forest structure variables (e.g. V, G, Mean Diameter (DBHmean), Gini coefficient of DBH (Gini), standard deviation of DBH(σdbh), Hdom, Hl and standard deviation of H (σh)) using as benchmarks the variables from ALS. The results underline comparable results between the two types of metrics in the estimation of forest structure variables. Moreover, the models developed with DTM-independent metrics were used to create two maps of two forest structure indices. In study IV and V we tested the utility of multi-temporal high resolution DTM derived by Personal Laser Scanner (PLS) (IV) and by close range photogrammetry (V) to measure and quantify soil disturbances caused by forest operation. These studies underline how multi-temporal high resolution (DTM) can be used to quantify rut deep, bulges, and soil volume changes. In conclusion, 3D RS data appears useful in the development of new methods to collect and measure forest ecosystem components such as vegetation and soils
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Marra, Elena, Enrico Marchi, Tomas Nordfjell, and Francesco Neri. "Investigating the impact of ground-based logging systems on soil characteristics applying emerging methods." Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1237999.

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Reducing the soil impact of forest operations is a priority for improving sustainable forest management. Logging activities may alter soil in terms of both compaction and rutting. The overall aim of this thesis was to use an emerging methods approach to summarize how ground-based logging systems affect the soil in different working conditions. The thesis is based on four studies: the first applied a meta-analytic approach to machinery-induced soil compaction and its effect on the growth of forest plants; two studies tested new methods of rutting estimation after the trafficking of forest machinery; the last study addressed soil damage caused by skidding and forwarding under specific work conditions. The studies investigated the effects of ground-based extraction systems, including physical soil parameters for assessing compaction (i.e., bulk density and soil penetration resistance) and emerging methods for rutting measurements (i.e., 3D soil models obtained by portable laser scanning and Structure from Motion derived from photogrammetry, with images collected from a ground-based stand or higher altitudes by drones). The results of the meta-analysis showed the effects of soil compaction caused by machine trafficking on both morphological and physiological plant characteristics, especially in fine-textured soil. The most notable results of the other studies highlighted the irrelevant role of driving direction on soil damage during forwarding on a 25% slope. On the contrary, to reduce soil compaction, downhill skidding is preferable to uphill skidding. The results showed that low tyre pressure may mitigate the effects of forwarding on soil compared with higher tyre inflation pressure (i.e., 150 kPa vs. 350 kPa). The pressure on the ground caused by logging vehicles affects the wheel tracks, but to some extent, also the soil between the tracks. In general, the area affected by soil impacts was larger in skidding than forwarding due to the effect of dragged logs. Rutting estimation with photogrammetry and portable laser scanners showed promising results in terms of high-resolution data. It also reduced the time necessary for field surveys and obtaining accuracy compared to manual measurements. Nevertheless, the presence of free water in ruts or brush mats can affect the accuracy of results.
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Book chapters on the topic "Portable Laser Scanner"

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Zhang, Wang, Deshan Yang, Ying Li, and Wenhai Xu. "Portable 3D Laser Scanner for Volume Measurement of Coal Pile." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 340–47. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6508-9_41.

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Conference papers on the topic "Portable Laser Scanner"

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Qun, Zhao, Han Wenbo, Jiang Chenghao, Jiang Yutong, and Yang Jinhua. "Studies on Portable 3D Laser Scanner for Surface Flaws." In 2012 Second International Conference on Instrumentation, Measurement, Computer, Communication and Control (IMCCC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imccc.2012.305.

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Ih, Charles S., W. Y. Liu, and C. D. Brown. "Laser image projection using a piezoelectric scanner." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1985.fy6.

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A simple laser projection system for small images using a piezoelectric scanner is described. The image is ~50 mrad and can be controlled by a computer in real time. The 2-D image is formed by a single piezoelectric scanner. Being completely solid-state, the scanner is mechanically stable, rugged, and has a usable resolution up to 100 × 100 pixels at visible wavelengths. The image can be generated and controlled by a personal computer, thus making this system portable. Because of the small divergence of the image, this system can be incorporated into a large x-y deflection system through which the small image can be directed to any position on a large screen. The deflection system, the driving electronics, and experimental results are discussed and shown.
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Lin, Y. C., Y. Y. Lin, and A. C. Chiang. "A Compact and Portable Laser Radioactive Decontamination System Using a Fiber Laser and a Polygon Scanner." In CLEO: Applications and Technology. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_at.2018.jtu2a.83.

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Akbari, Meysam, Yaoyu Ding, and Radovan Kovacevic. "Process Development for a Robotized Laser Wire Additive Manufacturing." In ASME 2017 12th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the JSME/ASME 2017 6th International Conference on Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2017-2951.

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Additive manufacturing has attracted the attention of industries such as aerospace and automotive as well as the medical technology sectors in recent years. Among all metal-based additive techniques, laser metal wire deposition offers some advantages like shorter processing time, more efficient material usage, and a larger buildup envelop. It has been found that robotized laser/wire additive manufacturing (RLWAM) is a demanding process. A plethora of process parameters must be controlled compared to other laser-based metal deposition processes. The influence of main process parameters such as laser power, stepover increment, wire feed speed, travel speed and z-increment was investigated in this study to find the optimal values. Droplet formation, wire dripping, irregular deposition in the first layer, and deviation of the wire tip were also found to be the main obstacles throughout the process and practical solutions were proposed to deal with these issues. In this study, an 8-axis robot (6-axis arm robot with a 2-axis positioner) and a 4 kW fiber laser along with a wire feeder were integrated to print the different geometrical shapes in 3D. In order to verify the geometrical accuracy of the as-built part, the buildup was scanned using a portable 3D laser scanner. The 3D representation, the Standard Tessellation Language (STL) format obtained from the buildup, was compared with the original CAD model. The results show that RLWAM can be successfully applied in printing even complicated geometries.
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Rothermel, Jeffry, R. Michael Hardesty, James N. Howell, Steven C. Johnson, Robert T. Menzies, David M. Tratt, and Dean R. Cutten. "Tropospheric Wind Measurements with an Airborne Scanning Coherent Doppler Lidar." In Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1997.otua.3.

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Since the first remote wind measurements in 1967, coherent Doppler lidar has become established as a unique tool for atmospheric research. Remote sensing of the two-dimensional horizontal wind field with airborne coherent Doppler lidar was demonstrated in 1981 using a low-energy scanning CO2 lidar.1 The scanner and operations control system were subsequently improved to enable wind field measurements at multiple vertical levels, and the system was reflown in 1984.2 Subsequent advances in coherent CO2 laser technology resulted in the development of a frequency-stable, high energy-per-pulse transmitter (~1 J) which was delivered to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and incorporated into an existing portable ground-based lidar system.3 Thus the possibility arose for the cooperative development of an airborne system with dramatically improved performance, hence greater scientific applications, owing to lower backscatter sensitivity and broader spatial coverage. In 1992 the lidar atmospheric remote sensing groups of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), NOAA Environmental Technology Laboratory (ETL), and Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) jointly developed MACAWS, the Multicenter Airborne Coherent Atmospheric Wind Sensor. Existing components were used when possible to minimize programmatic costs. The high-energy laser transmitter is borrowed from the NOAA windvan lidar.3 The ruggedized optical table assembly is borrowed in part from an airborne backscatter lidar developed and flown by JPL. The scanner, telescope and other components are borrowed from a previous airborne Doppler lidar system which was limited in performance primarily to high-backscatter boundary layer features.1,2 Some hardware modifications were required to ensure flight safety, reliability, and compatibility with the aircraft environment.
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Franco-Nava, Jose Manuel, Erik Rosado-Tamariz, Oscar Dorantes-Gomez, Jose´ Manuel Ferna´ndez-Da´vila, and Reynaldo Rangel-Espinosa. "CFD Performance Evaluation and Runner Blades Design Optimization in a Francis Turbine." In ASME 2009 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2009-78413.

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The application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the redesign or rehabilitation of hydraulic turbines appears to be necessary in order to improve their efficiency and cost-effectiveness beyond the traditional redesign practices. The runner geometry considered within the computational domain was modelled by using a three-dimensional laser triangulation scanner coupled with a portable coordinate measurement system. The runner geometry was generated by a number of 3D sub models, one for each of the main components of the runner, crown, band and a blade. In order to obtain a blade geometry a portable coordinate measurement system based on optical digitalization technology (scanner technology) was used. A numerical optimization methodology is developed and applied to a Francis turbine. The hydrodynamic performance analysis was investigated by application of a three dimensional Navier-Stoke commercial turbomachinery oriented CFD code. Analysis of the flow through the spiral case and stay vanes was carried out so as to include appropriate flow effects induced by these components and boundary conditions at the inlet of the wicket. A CFD analysis for the wicket and runner was carried out to generate the so called reference solution. Then, the runner blades design was optimized by a process implemented in a commercial CFD code which combines genetic algorithms and a trained artificial neural network (ANN). A database of geometries and their respective CFD computations were computed in order to determine the optimum geometry for a given objective function. The flow within hydraulic turbines has a thin boundary layer and noticeable pressure gradients. Hence, the CFD computations were carried out using the Sparlat-Allmaras turbulence model. After optimization cycle convergence, an increment not only in efficiency but also in power was obtained. The optimized runner represented by a parametric model achieves considerably higher efficiency than the reference runner. Efficiency versus power curve was used to compare data from measurements at the power station for the reference runner versus the parametric optimized runner model. Results have shown that application of CFD based optimization can modify and improve runners design so as to increase the efficiency and power of installed hydraulic power stations.
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Franco-Nava, Jose´ Manuel, Oscar Dorantes-Go´mez, Erik Rosado-Tamariz, Jose´ Manuel Ferna´ndez-Da´vila, and Reynaldo Rangel-Espinosa. "Flow Induced Stresses in a Francis Turbine Runner Using Computer-Based Design Tools." In ASME 2009 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2009-78412.

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The stress analysis of the runner due to different loading is one of the most important tools that contribute its structural integrity evaluation. Finite element method has shown to be a strong numerical technique to provide good engineering accuracy. In this paper, the flow induced stresses in a Francis turbine runner is presented by using the finite element analysis. The runner geometry considered within the computational domain was modelled by using a three-dimensional laser triangulation scanner coupled with a portable coordinate measurement system. The runner geometry was generated by a number of 3D sub models, one for each of the main components of the runner, crown, band and a blade. In order to obtain a blade geometry a portable coordinate measurement system based on optical digitalization technology (scanner technology) was used. Because of symmetry, only a section of the runner domain was used for the finite element analysis. The runner was modeled with twenty-node solid elements. Loads due to pressure on the blade were derived from CFD computations for the runner at different power conditions (100%, 85% and 75%) for a medium head hydro power plant. CFD computations were carried out using the Finite Volume Method implement within FINE™/Turbo by NUMECA. The turbulence mathematical model used for the CFD computation was the Sparlart-Allmaras. The mesh of the turbine runner included different computational domains. For the runner blades the computational domain (mesh block) was defined in order to capture the complete blade row. All mesh blocks were structured hexahedral. Centrifugal force based on the rotational speed was considered. Also, a combined type loading analysis was computed including both pressure and centrifugal force. Appropriate boundary conditions were set in order to obtain the results due to the different type of analysis. The number of finite elements included in the FEM model was able to capture the pressure gradients on the blade surfaces obtained from the CFD results, which were investigated by application of a three dimensional Navier-Stoke commercial turbomachinery oriented CFD code. Analysis of the flow through the spiral case and stay vanes was carried out so as to include appropriate flow effects induced by these components and boundary conditions at the inlet of the wicket. A CFD analysis for the wicket and runner was carried out to generate the so called CFD reference solution. The analysis presented in this paper represents an initial characterization in order to increase understanding about combined loads acting on blades and to establish a reference state of stresses further comparison after refurbishments or optimization of the runner blades for a medium head hydroelectric power station.
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Montgomery, David E., and Robert L. West. "Position Registration of Scanning Lasers for Experimental Spatial Dynamics Modeling." In ASME 1994 Design Technical Conferences collocated with the ASME 1994 International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exhibition and the ASME 1994 8th Annual Database Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1994-0075.

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Abstract Experimental spatial dynamics modeling involves using scanning lasers to sample surface shape and dynamic response of structures in order to verify structural dynamics design intent. Formation of accurate spatial models from laser-based measurements requires that laser position and orientation be registered relative to a fixed coordinate system. A three point direct registration procedure is defined for shape modeling using laser range and mirror deflection angles. Surface velocity measurements with a portable laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) also require registration, but range information is unavailable. A multiple point indirect registration algorithm for the LDV is described that involves minimizing three nonlinear equations. A simulated laser rangefinder (LRF) was developed for demonstrating three point direct registration. The 3-D geometry of a compressor housing was modeled by combining range data from multiple laser positions. The multiple point indirect registration was applied to 3-D velocity response field reconstruction of a composite plate from velocity measurements scanned at three separate positions.
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Schröder, Daniel, Katharina Anders, Lukas Winiwarter, and Daniel Wujanz. "Permanent terrestrial LiDAR monitoring in mining, natural hazard prevention and infrastructure protection – Chances, risks, and challenges: A case study of a rockfall in Tyrol, Austria." In 5th Joint International Symposium on Deformation Monitoring. Valencia: Editorial de la Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/jisdm2022.2022.13649.

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The objective of this work is the development of an integrated monitoring service for the identification and evaluation of ground surface and slope movements in the context of coal mining, the prevention of natural hazards and protection of infrastructure. The focus is set on the integration of a long-range terrestrial laser scanner into a continuous monitoring system from an engineering geodetic point of view. In the Vals valley in Tyrol, a permanently installed laser scanner was successfully operated via a web portal to monitor surface processes in the area of rockfall debris on a high-mountain slope in the summers of 2020 and 2021. This paper describes the practical benefits of this permanent laser scanning installation. In addition to the potentials of automatic data acquisition, possibilities for multitemporal analysis with respect to spatio-temporally variable changes are presented, using advanced 3D change detection with Kalman filtering. The level of detection for deformation analyses therein depends on the quality of the georeferencing of the sensor and the noise within the measured point cloud. We identify and discuss temporally variable artifacts within the data based on different methods of georeferencing. Finally, we apply our change detection method on these multitemporal data to extract specific information regarding the observed geomorphologic processes.
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