Journal articles: 'Port Phillip Bay'

1

Jagiełło-Kowalczyk, Magdalena, and Kinga Żuk. "Sztuczna wyspa Philip Bay." Środowisko Mieszkaniowe 23 (2018): 178–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25438700sm.18.049.9214.

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Tran, Huy Quang, David Provis, and Alexander V. Babanin. "Hydrodynamic Climate of Port Phillip Bay." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9080898.

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This study is dedicated to the hydrodynamic climate of Port Phillip Bay (PPB)—a largest coastal lagoon system in Victoria, Australia. Novelty of the present study includes long-term hydrodynamic hindcast simulations integrated with a spectral wave model. Specifically, a coupled unstructured grid wave–current modelling system (SCHISM + WWM) was built upon a high resolution and advanced wave physics (ST6). This coupling system was thoroughly calibrated and validated against field observations prior to applying for 27-year hindcast and case scenarios. Data from these simulations were then used to investigate the hydrodynamic climate of PPB focusing on three main aspects: water levels, waves and currents. For sea levels, this study shows that tidal and extreme sea levels (storm tides) across a large part of PPB have a similar magnitude. The highest storm tide level is found along eastern coasts of the bay in line with the wind pattern. In the vicinity of the entrance, the extreme sea level slightly reduced, in line with wave decay due to coupling effects. This extreme level is lower than results reported by previous studies, which were not built on a wave–current coupled system. For the wave field, the mean wave direction inside PPB is strongly affected by seasonality, in line with wind patterns. The 100-year return significant wave height is above 2 m along the eastern coasts. At PPH, waves get refracted after passing the narrow entrance. For currents, this study shows that both mean variations and high percentile currents are not affected by seasonality. This highlights the fact that tidal currents dominate flow movements in PPB. However, in extreme conditions, the circulation in PPB is also driven by wind patterns, forming two gyre systems. Based on case scenarios simulations, the strongest magnitude of wind-driven currents is above 0.5 m/s and found in the confined shallow region in the southern portion of PPB.

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Hamer, Paul A., Gregory P. Jenkins, and Bronwyn M. Gillanders. "Chemical tags in otoliths indicate the importance of local and distant settlement areas to populations of a temperate sparid, Pagrus auratus." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 623–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f04-221.

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Understanding geographic origins of fish is essential to the management of fisheries and protection of critical juvenile habitats. We used natural chemical tags (Mn, Sr, and Ba), characterized from otoliths of 0+ snapper (Pagrus auratus) (approximately 13 months postsettlement), to determine the origins of 1- and 2-year-old (subadult) fish about to recruit to the Victorian fishery. We sampled subadults from eight areas across 700 km of coastline and within the major Victorian fishery, Port Phillip Bay. Maximum likelihood analyses indicated for both cohorts that most subadults in Port Phillip Bay and a significant proportion from west Victorian coastal waters had settled within Port Phillip Bay. The contribution of the Port Phillip Bay settlement area to coastal populations, however, decreased with distance to the west, varied between cohorts, and was negligible at locations over 200 km to the east of the bay. Comparison of elemental tags between 0+ fish of known settlement origin and the subadults indicated that unknown settlement areas may have contributed recruitment to one of the cohorts. These results have highlighted the importance of local settlement areas to sustaining the major Victorian fishery, but small juveniles can migrate large distances from this settlement area and contribute to coastal populations.

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4

Langdon, JS. "Haemosiderosis in Platycephalus bassensis and Diodon nicthemerus in south-east Australian coastal waters." Marine and Freshwater Research 37, no. 5 (1986): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9860587.

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The degree of haemosiderin deposition in the spleen, liver, and kidney of P. bassensis and D. nicthemerus was compared in specimens from Port Phillip Bay, and Lakes Entrance, Victoria, Bass Strait, and the Derwent estuary, Tasmania. D. nicthemerus displayed extensive visceral haemosiderosis and fatty infiltration of the liver at all sites, apparently as normal conditions. P. bassensis from Port Phillip Bay displayed severe visceral haemosiderosis, whereas specimens from the remaining sites had only low background levels of haemosiderin deposition. It is suggested that high levels of visceral haemosiderin in fish species normally displaying low levels are indicative of a suboptimal health status in fish populations. No infectious cause of the haemosiderosis in Port Phillip Bay fish has been identified, and toxic or pollution-related causes are thus considered likely to be responsible.

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Berelson, W. M., T. Townsend, D. Heggie, P. Ford, A. Longmore, G. Skyring, T. Kilgore, and G. Nicholson. "Modelling bio-irrigation rates in the sediments of Port Phillip Bay." Marine and Freshwater Research 50, no. 6 (1999): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf98076.

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The introduction of a deuterium-enriched tracer to benthic incubation chambers emplaced on the sea floor of Port Phillip Bay provides a method of modelling bio-irrigation within the sediments. Plots of deuterium v. incubation time reveal that all seven chambers, emplaced at four sites, indicate non-diffusive transport of pore-water solutes across the sediment–water interface. Modelling indicates that advection of overlying chamber water must occur to depths of 20–50 cm below the interface and at rates between 150 and 700 mL h–1. Multiple chambers deployed in the same region within the bay are consistent with respect to bio-irrigation depth and rate. This indicates that the distribution of infauna responsible for irrigation is quite consistent within regions defined by sediment type and depth. However, various regions in the bay show distinctly different irrigation rates; thus the distribution and/or activity of infauna is not constant throughout the bay. At the lower rate of pore-water advection, the entire water column in Port Phillip Bay passes through the sediments within 200 days. Dissolved caesium, injected into the chamber, is also an effective tracer of bio-irrigation although adsorption onto sediment particles increases the uncertainty of model results.

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Mason, Suzanne, Chandra Salgado Kent, David Donnelly, Jeffrey Weir, and Kerstin Bilgmann. "Atypical residency of short-beaked common dolphins ( Delphinus delphis ) to a shallow, urbanized embayment in south-eastern Australia." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 9 (September 2016): 160478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160478.

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Short-beaked common dolphins ( Delphinus delphis ) are typically considered highly mobile, offshore delphinids. This study assessed the residency of a small community of short-beaked common dolphins in the shallow, urbanized Port Phillip Bay, south-eastern Australia. The ability to identify common dolphins by their dorsal fin markings and coloration using photo-identification was also investigated. Systematic and non-systematic boat surveys were undertaken between 2007 and 2014. Results showed that 13 adult common dolphins and their offspring inhabit Port Phillip Bay, of which 10 adults exhibit residency to the bay. The majority of these adults are reproductively active females, suggesting that female philopatry may occur in the community. Systematic surveys conducted between 2012 and 2014 revealed that the dolphins were found in a median water depth of 16 m and median distance of 2.2 km from the coast. The shallow, urbanized habitat of this resident common dolphin community is atypical for this species. As a result, these common dolphins face threats usually associated with inshore bottlenose dolphin communities. We suggest that the Port Phillip Bay common dolphin community is considered and managed separate to those outside the embayment and offshore to ensure the community's long-term viability and residency in the bay.

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DUCKER, SOPHIE C., and T. M. PERRY. "James Fleming: the first gardener on the River Yarra, Victoria." Archives of Natural History 13, no. 2 (June 1986): 123–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.1986.13.2.123.

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James Fleming, a convict gardener, was a member of the party in the Colonial Schooner Cumberland, on a journey of exploration to Bass Strait and Port Phillip Bay in 1802 and 1803; they were the first Europeans to visit the northern part of the Bay and discovered the River Yarra. The acting Surveyor General of N.S.W., Charles Grimes mapped the whole Bay. Fleming wrote a journal of the expedition and the descriptions of the country on Grimes's map. Later in 1803, he compiled a list of plants introduced into the colony of New South Wales and returned to England on H.M.S. Glatton in charge of a collection of Australian plants and seeds: A note sets the work of the Cumberland's expedition in the context of early discoveries and charting of Port Phillip Bay.

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Ball, David, Mariela Soto-Berelov, and Peter Young. "Historical seagrass mapping in Port Phillip Bay, Australia." Journal of Coastal Conservation 18, no. 3 (April 27, 2014): 257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11852-014-0314-3.

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9

Berelson, W. M., D. Heggie, A. Longmore, T. Kilgore, G. Nicholson, and G. Skyring. "Benthic Nutrient Recycling in Port Phillip Bay, Australia." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 46, no. 6 (June 1998): 917–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1998.0328.

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10

Cohen, Brian F., David R. Currie, and Matthew A. McArthur. "Epibenthic community structure in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 51, no. 7 (2000): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf00027.

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Epibenthic community structure in Port Phillip Bay was examined from quantitative diver samples collected at 30 depth-stratified stations during 1998. Analysis of variance showed a strong trend of decreasing epibenthic abundance, biomass and species diversity with depth. Reductions in these three parameters were most pronounced over shallow inshore waters and could be attributed largely to decreases in the abundance of the heavy, mat-forming ascidian Pyura stolonifera with depth. Four epifaunal community groupings, closely reflecting differences in sediment and habitat type within the bay, were identified from ordinations of species abundance and biomass data. The four epifaunal groupings also closely matched distributional patterns observed in other studies in both demersal fish and infaunal communities. Epifaunal communities in the bay were dominated by filter-feeding organisms which accounted for nearly 95% of the total species abundance and 98% of the total species biomass. Seven of the 63 epibenthic organisms collected during the survey are exotic introductions to the bay (Sabella spallanzanii, Ascidiella aspersa, Styela clava, Styela plicata, Ciona intestinalis, Pyromaia tuberculata and Asterias amurensis). As many of these species are widespread and abundant (35% of all individuals), their effects on the ecology of Port Phillip Bay are likely to be significant.

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11

Walker, S. J. "Coupled hydrodynamic and transport models of Port Phillip Bay, a semi-enclosed bay in south-eastern Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 50, no. 6 (1999): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf98071.

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Coupled hydrodynamic and transport models of Port Phillip Bay were developed as part of the Port Phillip Bay Environmental Study. Model coupling was achieved via a particle tracking method, giving great flexibility in both geometry and time step for the transport model. This technique allowed ecological (water quality) modules to be included efficiently, so that long-term management scenarios could be adequately addressed. Validation of the hydrodynamic model was done primarily against observed sea-level and current meter data. For the transport model, comparisons were made with data on salinity in the bay observed over five years. Despite some disagreement between the hydrodynamic model and observations of longer-term (non-tidal) currents, the transport model provided good simulations of salinity throughout the bay. Transport-model flushing time for the bay was about 270 days (similar to estimates obtained from salinity and radionuclide measurements), varying with model geometry and with position inside the bay. As well as providing physical forcing for ecological simulations (described elsewhere in this issue), the models identified a systematic bias in the known freshwater budget for the bay.

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Lawrie, J., and J. W. Hearne. "Using Modified Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (MPOD) for reducing ecosystem models." ANZIAM Journal 48, no. 4 (April 2007): 461–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1446181100003151.

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AbstractIn this paper we consider simplifying a model of the nitrogen cycle in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. The approach taken is to aggregate state variables that are linearly related using a projection in state space. The technique involved is a modification of proper orthogonal decomposition and was developed so that a resulting simplified model retains an ecological interpretation. It can be applied automatically, and enables insights into the system to be gained that were not obvious beforehand. In the case of the Port Phillip Bay model, we find that the variables representing water and sand are unaffected by the remaining variables, while only variables on the same trophic level can be grouped together. The validity of the aggregation under several nutrient loads is also discussed.

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13

Francis, RICC, and RH Winstanley. "Differences in growth rates between habitats of South-east Australian snapper (Chrysophrys auratus)." Marine and Freshwater Research 40, no. 6 (1989): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9890703.

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Data on recaptured fish from two tagging experiments on south-east Australian snapper, Chrysophrys auratus, were analysed: 198 fish released in several Victorian locations between 1956 and 1962, and 118 fish released in Port Phillip Bay in 1971 and 1972. Movement data from both experiments were used to classify the fish into habitats (oceanic and bay) and stocks (western and eastern). Length increment data from the earlier experiment indicate that the major growth-rate differences in south-east Australian snapper lie within the western stock (between oceanic and bay habitats) rather than between stocks as suggested by an earlier analysis of the same data. The annual growth rates of 20-30-cm snapper in Port Phillip Bay and Western Port are 17-20% higher than for fish in the ocean. Oceanic growth rates in the western stock appear to be lower than those in the eastern stock. Procedural differences in length measurements at tagging and recapture can introduce a net bias in the length increment that, if ignored (as is conventional in tagging growth models), will bias growth rate estimates. In the earlier tagging experiment, this is shown to have caused a 10% positive bias in growth rate estimates.

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Jenkins, GP. "Composition, seasonality and distribution of Ichthyoplankton in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria." Marine and Freshwater Research 37, no. 4 (1986): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9860507.

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Plankton samples were collected on monthly cruises over 1 year from May 1983 to April 1984, to investigate composition, seasonality and distribution of ichthyoplankton in Port Phillip Bay. Fish egg numbers were dominated by the southern anchovy, Engraulis australis; clupeoids and gobiids were co-dominant larvae. Other common fish larvae were the cobbler, Gymnapistes marmoratus, greenback flounder, Rhombosolea tapirina, and callionymids. Egg abundances were highest in summer, resulting mainly from high abundances of E. australis eggs. Abundances of fish larvae were highest in summer and winter-spring. The summer period was dominated by clupeoid and gobiid larvae, together with callionymids, monacanthids, platycephalids, the blenny, Pictiblennius tasmanianus, the snapper, Chrysophrys auratus, and a number of rarer species. The winter-spring period was almost entirely dominated by four taxa: gobiids, G. marmoratus, R. taplrina and the long-snouted flounder, Ammotretis rostratus. Eggs of E. australis, Sardinops neopilchardus and A. rostratus, and larvae of all common taxa except monacanthids and C. auratus, were distributed widely throughout the bay. Abundance of eggs of E. australis at the mouth of the bay was significantly lower than within the bay proper. Larvae of P. tasrnanianus were significantly more abundant in the shallow, northern region of the bay than in the deeper, central region. Most monacanthid larvae were collected towards the mouth of the bay, whereas C. auratus larvae were only collected at stations well inside the bay. Analysis of winter samples revealed multispecies patchiness of fish larvae, and a positive correlation between larval abundance and volume of net zooplankton. Although juveniles of King George whiting, Sillaginodes punctatus, and yellow-eyed mullet, Aldrichetra forsteri, are abundant in Port Phillip Bay, larvae were virtually absent. It is proposed that these species spawn offshore, and that immigration into the bay occurs at a late larval-early juvenile stage not detectable by plankton sampling.

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Fabris, G. J., C. A. Monahan, and G. E. Batley. "Heavy metals in waters and sediments of Port Phillip Bay, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 50, no. 6 (1999): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf98032.

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Despite significant inputs of heavy metals from rivers, creeks and drains and a major sewage treatment plant to Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia, attenuation processes in the water column are such that metal concentrations in the bay waters are comparable to uncontaminated estuaries elsewhere in the world. Sedimentation appeared to be largely responsible for metal removal, with strong correlations between particulate metals and iron in input waters sampled over a storm event. Storm events contributed between 9 (Zn) and 21 (Cr) times the metal loads that enter the bay during low flow conditions. Although metal accumulations in sediments are below guideline concentrations in the major deposition zones, they are highest close to input sources. A unique feature of bay waters was the high concentration of dissolved arsenic (2.8 µg L–1). The source appears to be natural sediment mineralogy, and sediment cores were found to be depleted in arsenic near the sedimentŒwater interface. Overall, the findings suggested that current heavy metal inputs do not represent a threat to the health of the bay.

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Jenkins, Gregory P., Megan Shaw, and Bryce D. Stewart. "Spatial Variation in Food-Limited Growth of Juvenile Greenback Flounder, Rhombosolea tapirina: Evidence from Otolith Daily Increments and Otolith Scaling." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50, no. 12 (December 1, 1993): 2558–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f93-279.

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Growth rates of juvenile flounder, Rhombosolea tapirina, determined from daily increment number, and the relationship between otolith and fish sizes (otolith scaling), were compared between two adjacent areas. Swan Bay, Victoria, a sheltered bay with a well-developed seagrass-detrital system, supports higher populations of prey and feeding rates of juvenile flounder than Port Phillip Bay, an area more exposed to waves and tidal currents. Temperature was significantly higher in Swan Bay (though generally less than 1 °C). Growth rates determined from daily increment number were similar within bays, but significantly different between bays. The pooled growth rate for Swan Bay (0.29 mm∙d−1) was significantly higher than for Port Phillip Bay (0.17 mm∙d−1). The same pattern was found for otolith scaling. Most of the variation in growth rates between the two bays was apparently related to food supply. A laboratory experiment indicated that otolith growth rate had a minimum level which was independent of somatic growth rate, and an additional component which was highly correlated with somatic growth rate. This resulted in an exponential decrease in otolith growth per unit somatic growth with increasing somatic growth rate such that variation in otolith scaling would be greatest at low growth rates.

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Tran, NH, JNA Hooper, and RJ Capon. "New Oxygenated Sesquiterpenes From a Southern Australian Marine Sponge, Dictyodendrilla sp." Australian Journal of Chemistry 48, no. 10 (1995): 1757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9951757.

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Chemical investigation of a Dictyodendrilla sp. from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, yielded three new oxygenated sesquiterpenes, dictyodendrillin -A (6), -B (7) and -C (8), together with the known sesquiterpene dendrolasin (9). Structures for all these metabolites were established by spectroscopic analysis.

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Hobday, D. K., R. A. Officer, and G. D. Parry. "Changes to demersal fish communities in Port Phillip Bay, Australia, over two decades, 1970-91." Marine and Freshwater Research 50, no. 5 (1999): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf97088.

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Changes to the structure of fish communities in Port Phillip Bay between 1970 and 1991 were analysed by trawling at 14 stations sampled regularly during 1970-75 and in 1990/91. Differences between stations were compared by using Bray-Curtis dissimilarity indices, multidimensional scaling and analysis of variance for the most abundant species. Differences between two sampling periods in the 1970s appear to be the result of the use of different vessels for trawling. A third vessel was used during 1990/91, but differences in catches between 1972-75 and 1990/91 appear to represent real temporal changes rather than differences between trawl efficiencies. Between 1972-75 and 1990/91, increased fishing pressure is the most likely explanation for declines in several important commercial and recreational species. A consequent decrease in competition may have caused an increase in the abundance of stingarees. A decline in seagrass abundance in the western bay probably reduced the abundance of several seagrass-dependent species. The Japanese goby was introduced into the bay after the mid 1970s, and populations of little rock whiting in the western bay and globefish in deep regions of Port Phillip Bay appear to have increased because of the recent establishment of additional exotic invertebrates.

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Neira, Francisco J., Miriana I. Sporcic, and Andrew R. Longmore. "Biology and fishery of pilchard, Sardinops sagax (Clupeidae), within a large south-eastern Australian bay." Marine and Freshwater Research 50, no. 1 (1999): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf98067.

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Length–frequency and maturity data of pilchards (Sardinops sagax) are described from monthly purse-seine commercial catch samples obtained in Port Phillip Bay (Victoria) between December 1994 and January 1997. These data, together with findings of a 12-month ichthyoplankton bay survey from September 1995 to August 1996, were used to determine the size at which pilchards recruit to the bay fishery and whether they spawn within this system. Monthly pilchard catch rates between January 1990 and June 1996 are also described and analysed in terms of environmental variables during that period. Results show that pilchards do not generally attain sexual maturity or spawn within the bay but use it as a nursery area, entering this system mostly as 0+ to 1+ year-o ld juveniles (4–12 cm fork length, FL) in late spring–early summer and returning to sea the following winter. This migration is supported by the marked seasonality in catch rates, which each year peak in March–May and are lowest in August–October. The seasonality was adequately explained by temperature lagged 2 months in a multivariate time-series model. Port Phillip Bay appears to be the only semi-enclosed, shallow marine embayment in temperate Australia that supports a substantial pilchard fishery that, in addition, is based predominantly on juveniles.

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Lumsdon, D., RJ Capon, SG Thomas, and AA Beveridge. "A New Sesterterpene Tetronic Acid and a Pentaprenylated p-Quinol From an Australian Marine Sponge, Spongia sp." Australian Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 8 (1992): 1321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9921321.

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The sesterterpene tetronic acid (1) and the pentaprenylated p- quinol (2) have been isolated from a specimen of sponge, Spongia sp., collected at a depth of 23 m from Port Phillip Bay, Australia. Structures were assigned on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis.

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Lowe, Meagan K., and David M. Kennedy. "Stability of artificial beaches in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia." Journal of Coastal Research 75, sp1 (March 3, 2016): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/si75-51.1.

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Nijjer, R. I. S. "Navigating “Abel Tasman” by Navstar GPS In Port Phillip Bay." Maritime Studies 1989, no. 44 (January 1989): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07266472.1989.11083327.

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Thresher, Ronald E., Richard B. Martin, Sue Boyd, Brian F. Cohen, David R. Currie, Martin F. Gomon, Michael J. Keough, et al. "Introduced and cryptogenic species in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia." Marine Biology 144, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 183–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-003-1173-x.

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Prytz, A., and M. L. Heron. "On the flushing of Port Phillip Bay: an application of HF ocean radar." Marine and Freshwater Research 50, no. 6 (1999): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf96112.

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HF ocean radar can produce maps of surface current in coastal ocean and estuarine waters by providing coverage in both the space and time dimensions. The deployment of COSRAD in Port Phillip Bay for two successive five-day periods provided hourly values of surface currents over the topographically complex area at the south end of the bay. Analysis of the current data provided tidal ellipses for the validation of numerical models, with resultant residual currents of the order of 0·05 m s–1. The repeated hourly maps were the basis for producing Lagrangian tracks; most tracks resulted in trapped paths which remained for long periods of time in the matrix of channels and sand-banks. A ‘tidal run’ technique was developed to calculate the length of Lagrangian tracks over one phase (ebb or flood) of the main tidal component. All tidal runs were about equal to, or shorter than, the length of the relevant channel; this indicates that tidal forcing is not effective in flushing the bay. In contrast, the observed residual currents can be an effective flushing agent if they persist for three days or longer. It is suggested that phenomena on the scale of meteorological to seasonal forcing are the effective flushing agents for Port Phillip Bay.

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Fabris, GJ, C. Monahan, G. Nicholson, and TI Walker. "Total mercury concentrations in sand flathead, Platycephalus bassensis Cuvier & Valenciennes, from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria." Marine and Freshwater Research 43, no. 6 (1992): 1393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9921393.

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Total mercury concentrations were measured in the axial muscle tissues of 562 sand flathead (Platycephalus bassensis) from a total of 37 sites within Port Phillip Bay, Victoria. Mean concentrations of mercury (0.23 �0.18�g g-1 wet weight) were less than half (P<0.05) of those recorded for this species during 1975-78 and below the Victorian health standard for fish and fish products (i.e. less than a mean concentration of 0.5 �g g-1 wet weight) at all 37 sites. During the 1975-78 period, mercury concentrations in sand flathead from the bay were reported to decrease from north to south and from east to west. During 1990, however, mercury concentrations were found to be related to the water depth at which the fish were sampled. Sand flathead from the deeper (22 m) waters of the bay had significantly (P<0.05) higher mean mercury concentrations than did those collected from shallower (7 m) waters. The overall mean mercury concentration in sand flathead from the bay during 1990 approached the mean concentration in sand flathead collected from six sites in Bass Strait (0.22 �g g-1) during 1975-78, although the range of concentrations for the Port Phillip Bay samples (0.01- 0.89 �g g-1) was wider than that for the Bass Strait samples (0.1-0.33 �g g-1).

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Hoedt, FE, WF Dimmlich, and P. Dann. "Seasonal variation in the species and size composition of the clupeoid assemblages in Western Port, Victoria." Marine and Freshwater Research 46, no. 7 (1995): 1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9951085.

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The size composition of three species of clupeoid fish was monitored from monthly samples taken between May 1992 and April 1994 in Western Port, Victoria. Anchovy and pilchard were the dominant species in most samples and sandy sprat were occasionally common. Seasonal variations in catches indicate that adult clupeoids are temporary inhabitants in Western Port, migrating into the bay between October and December and leaving between February and June. Juvenile anchovy and pilchard were common in catches between February and April, indicating that Western Port serves as a nursery area for both species. Sizes of adult anchovy and pilchard collected in Western Port were at the lower end of the known range and these probably represent a single age-group of young adult fish. Comparisons with published data from Bass Strait and Port Phillip Bay show the importance of different habitats for different sizes of clupeoids in western Victoria.

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Urban, S., RJ Capon, and JNA Hooper. "A New Alkaloid From an Australian Marine Sponge, Spongosorites sp." Australian Journal of Chemistry 47, no. 12 (1994): 2279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9942279.

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A specimen of a marine sponge, Spongosorites sp., collected in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia, has yielded the alkaloid (2). The structure of (2) was secured by spectroscopic analysis, chemical derivatization and synthesis of a dihydro derivative (4). The antibiotic property of the crude ethanol extract of this sponge was attributed to (2).

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JAMES, DARREN S., ROB W. DAY, and SCORESBY A. SHEPHERD. "EXPERIMENTAL ABALONE RANCHING ON ARTIFICIAL REEF IN PORT PHILLIP BAY, VICTORIA." Journal of Shellfish Research 26, no. 3 (September 2007): 687–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2007)26[687:earoar]2.0.co;2.

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Ross, DJ, MJ Keough, AR Longmore, and NA Knott. "Impacts of two introduced suspension feeders in Port Phillip Bay, Australia." Marine Ecology Progress Series 340 (2007): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps340041.

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30

Fancett, MS. "Species composition and abundance of Scyphomedusae in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria." Marine and Freshwater Research 37, no. 3 (1986): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9860379.

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Five species of Scyphomedusae were identified from plankton samples collected betwen April 1983 and June 1985 in Port Phillip Bay: Cyanea capillata, Pseudorhiza haeckeli, Aurelia aurita, Pelagia noctiluca and Catostylus mosaicus. Abundances of Scyphomedusae fluctuated seasonally. Cyanea capillata was dominant between May and September with maximum abundances of approximately 100 adults per 1000 m3 (mean 3.5 per 1000 m3) and 200 ephyrae per 1000 m3 (mean 16.5 per 1000 m3). Ephyrae of C. capillata were present throughout the year with a maximum biomass between May and July. Pseudorhiza haeckeli was dominant between November and April with maximum abundances of approximately 100 adults per 1000 m3 (mean 1.8 per 1000 m3). Aurelia aurita was collected throughout the year, P. noctilraca occurred from January to April, and C. mosaicus occurred from September to March.

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31

Murray, Alexander G., John Parslow, and Stephen Walker. "Modelling treated waste disposal in Port Phillip Bay and Bass Strait." Environment International 27, no. 2-3 (September 2001): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-4120(01)00094-0.

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32

Murray, A. P., C. F. Gibbs, and P. E. Kavanagh. "Linear alkyl benzenes (LABs) in sediments of Port Phillip Bay (Australia)." Marine Environmental Research 23, no. 1 (January 1987): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-1136(87)90017-1.

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33

Fancett, M. S. "Diet and prey selectivity of scyphomedusae from Port Phillip Bay, Australia." Marine Biology 98, no. 4 (July 1988): 503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00391541.

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34

Hamer, Paul A., and Gregory P. Jenkins. "High levels of spatial and temporal recruitment variability in the temperate sparid Pagrus auratus." Marine and Freshwater Research 55, no. 7 (2004): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf04024.

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Knowledge of spatial and temporal variation in the abundance of early life stages is important to developing an understanding of juvenile recruitment processes and, ultimately, the dynamics and demographics of fish populations. In Victoria, south-eastern Australia, snapper, Pagrus auratus, supports an important fishery characterised by high variability in year-class strength. We investigated spatial and temporal variation in the recruitment of small juvenile (0+) snapper by monitoring their abundance in four bay and inlet nursery areas during four consecutive summer/autumn recruitment periods (2000–2003). We found considerable spatial variability in the abundance of recruits, both within and among inlets. Interannual recruitment variation, however, differed among inlets. Recruitment into the largest nursery area and most important fishery, Port Phillip Bay, varied by ~10-fold across years, whereas variation for the other inlets was low or not significant. There were also clear differences in size distributions of recruits among both inlets and years. Strong recruitment in Port Phillip Bay during 2001 was related to a longer period of spawning and successful larval settlement and was associated with above average water temperatures. Future monitoring of 0+ recruitment in Victoria and studies of the recruitment processes should be specific to individual nursery areas.

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35

Norman, F. I. "Counts of Little PenguinsEudyptula minorin Port Phillip Bay and off Southern Phillip Island, Victoria, 1986–1988." Emu - Austral Ornithology 91, no. 5 (December 1991): 287–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9910287.

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36

Norman, F. I. "Distribution and Abundance of Seabirds off Phillip Island and within Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, 1986–1988." Emu - Austral Ornithology 91, no. 5 (December 1991): 377–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9910377.

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37

TAKEUCHI, ICHIRO, and JAMES K. LOWRY. "Description of Metaprotella haswelliana (Mayer, 1882) (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Caprellidae) from Western Australia with designation of a neotype." Zootaxa 1466, no. 1 (May 7, 2007): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1466.1.2.

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Metaprotella haswelliana (Mayer, 1882), the type species of Metaprotella, was originally described from Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia and was reported from there in literature published between 1882 and 2003. However, the type specimens are lost and no further specimens could be found in recent surveys in New South Wales waters. The only current records are from Albany, Western Australia and from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria. Based on the materials from Western Australia, the poorly known type species, Metaprotella haswelliana is redescribed, a neotype is assigned, and the genus Metaprotella Mayer, 1890 is redefined.

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38

Ovenden, Simon P. B., and Robert J. Capon. "Trunculins G - I: New Norsesterterpene Cyclic Peroxides from a Southern Australian Marine Sponge, Latrunculia sp." Australian Journal of Chemistry 51, no. 7 (1998): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/c98012.

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A Latrunculia sp. collected off Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, returned three new norsesterterpene cyclic peroxides. Trunculins G (9), H (10) and I (11) were isolated as their methyl esters (12), (13) and (14) respectively. Gross structures for these new trunculins were assigned on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, while the absolute stereochemistry about the cyclic peroxide terminus was established by application of the Horeau and Mosher procedures.

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39

Campbell, Stuart J., and Trevor R. Burridge. "Occurrence of Undaria pinnatifida (Phaeophyta : Laminariales) in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 49, no. 5 (1998): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf97010.

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In July (winter) of 1996 Undaria pinnatifida f. typica (Harvey) Suringar was found growing on basalt reef and rock/shell rubble in 2–4 m of water near Point Wilson, Port Phillip Bay, Victoria. The population grew prolifically over winter–spring with a density of up to 140 plants m-2, with sporophytes attaining a maximum length of approximately 800 mm. Size–frequency distributions of the population in September 1996 suggested that the population was actively recruiting, and examination of sporophylls indicated that plants reached reproductive maturity at a length of approximately 400 mm. Release of zoospores was achieved in the laboratory at temperatures between 10˚C and 15˚C, and gametophytes and immature sporophytes developed between 10˚C and 20˚C.

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40

Wu, Rudolf, and Anissa Groves. "Cadmium and lead in tissues of scallops from Port Phillip Bay, Australia." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 5-6 (March 1, 1995): 479–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0662.

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Levels of Cd and Pb in adductor muscle, gonad and other tissues (i.e. viscera, mantle and gill) of the scallop (Pecten alba) collected from four sites of Port Phillip Bay, Australia were determined. Cd in gonad and other tissues (3.8 ± 0.1 and 3.76 ± 0.69 μg/g dry wt. respectively) were similar but significantly higher than that in the adductor muscle (2.71 ± 0.3 μg/g dry wt.). Pb in gonad and other tissues (18.75 ± 3.88, 14.06 ± 0.72 μg/g dry wt. respectively) were also significantly higher than that in the adductor muscle (5.54 ± 0.78 μg/g dry wt.). The results indicated that Cd and Pb are mainly sequestered in gonads and other tissues but not adductor muscle. The mean concentration of Cd in all tissues from all sites were under the Australian statutory limit. Although levels of Pb in adductor muscle from all sites were also below the limit, levels of Pb in edible parts (gonads and adductor muscle) of scallops from Williamstown and Frankston were over the Australian health standard. The level of Pb was 2.5 to 4.5 times higher than that of Cd in the same tissue type. Concentrations of both metals in scallops tend to decrease from north to south and east-west, and correlated with known point source discharges in the catchment area of the Bay.

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41

Nicholson, G. J., T. Theodoropoulos, and G. J. Fabris. "Hydrocarbons, pesticides, PCB and PAH in Port Phillip Bay (Victoria) sand flathead." Marine Pollution Bulletin 28, no. 2 (February 1994): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(94)90548-7.

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42

Hard, Gordon C. "FISH TUMORS AND ECOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE: A CAUTIONARY EXAMPLE FROM PORT PHILLIP BAY." Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24, no. 5 (October 1988): 975–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03012.x.

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43

Wright, B. "Aborigines - Was It Smallpox?" Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 15, no. 5 (November 1987): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0310582200015157.

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When the fleet of British warships and transports led by H.M.S. Supply entered Botany Bay on the 18th of January 1788, the white invasion of Aboriginal Australia had begun. Captain Arthur Phillip in Supply was followed over the next two days by H.M.S. Sirius, six transports and three store ships. On the 26th January the Frenchman, La Perouse, with the ships La Boussole and L’Astrolabe, arrived at Botany Bay and remained there until the 10th of March, 1788. Because of the open nature of the bay, its shallow water and the lack of plentiful fresh water, Phillip decided to move the settlement, and on the 25th January sailed to Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour) in Supply, with the transports following on the 26th of January. The white invasion and occupancy of Australia started in reality when the whole of Phillip’s fleet and colonists were anchored at the east of Sydney Cove. On board Phillip’s eleven ships came 736 male and female convicts, 17 convict children, 211 marines accompanied by their wives and children.

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44

Walker, TI. "Mercury concentrations in edible tissues of Elasmobranchs, teleosts, crustaceans and molluscs from south-eastern Australian waters." Marine and Freshwater Research 39, no. 1 (1988): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9880039.

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Mean concentrations of total mercury in the axial muscle tissues from 4 species of elasmobranchs (1.33-3.15 �g g-1) and 14 species of teleosts (0.14-0.73�g g-1) from waters deeper than 75 m were generally higher than the mean concentrations in 23 different species of elasmobranchs (0.13- 1.70 �g g-1) and 30 different species of teleosts (0.01-0.29�g g-1) from shallower waters outside Port Phillip Bay. In 5 of the 11 species of teleosts from Port Phillip Bay, which is shallow, almost landlocked and drains a largely urbanized catchment, mean concentrations were 0.39-0.63�g g-; in the remaining 6 species, they were 0.04-0.27�g g-1. Differences in the diets and the longevity of the species are discussed as possible explanations of the variations in the mercury concentrations. Most of the results were similar to those from other studies undertaken on the same species collected from waters off Tasmania and New South Wales, but tended to be higher than the results for the same species collected from New Zealand waters. Mean concentrations of mercury in various soft tissues from eight species of molluscs were 0.01-0.11�g g-1 and in abdominal and thoracic muscle tissues from three species of crustaceans were 0.03-0.13�g g-1..

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45

Murray, Alexander G., and John S. Parslow. "Modelling of nutrient impacts in Port Phillip Bay — a semi-enclosed marine Australian ecosystem." Marine and Freshwater Research 50, no. 6 (1999): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf98087.

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This paper overviews the ecosystem model developed for the Port Phillip Bay Environmental Study. The model simulates the cycling of N, P and Si in the water-column, epibenthos and sediments, and is driven by a physical transport model. The integrated model is forced by exchanges with Bass Strait and by nutrient inputs from the Western Treatment Plant, rivers, and the atmosphere. The model has been calibrated and tested by using data from process studies, flux measurements and spatial surveys at a range of scales. It provides a picture of nitrogen cycling through the water and sediments on bay-wide annual scales, which emphasizes the role of denitrification. It also reproduces well the observed spatial and temporal variation under varying nutrient load regimes, and provides insights into the factors controlling regional phytoplankton blooms, including the interaction of nitrogen and silica in the western bay. The model is used to investigate the bay’s responses to changed nutrient loads, changes in sediment biogeochemistry, and marine pest invasion. The bay’s assimilative capacity for nitrogen is largely controlled by its sediment denitrification capacity. If nitrogen loads approach the limits of this capacity, a rapid onset of eutrophication is predicted.

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46

Kaplan-Myrth, Nili. "Health Research in Indigenous Communities: Overcoming Anthropology's Colonial Legacy." Practicing Anthropology 26, no. 4 (September 1, 2004): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.26.4.g144423p1k789t34.

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Let us imagine that we are sailing across Port Phillip Bay in the southeast of Australia. The sun is low on the horizon and the late-December air is warm. We glide past a colony of fairy penguins at the pier in St Kilda. The West Gate Bridge comes into view. No sooner have we reached the docklands south of the city of Melbourne than we realize that our cruise has drawn to a close.

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47

GOODFELLOW, B. W., and W. J. STEPHENSON. "Role of Infragravity Energy in Bar Formation in a Strong-Wind Bay: Observations from Seaford Beach, Port Phillip Bay, Australia." Geographical Research 46, no. 2 (June 2008): 208–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-5871.2008.00511.x.

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48

Wilson, Robin S., Simon Heislers, and Gary C. B. Poore. "Changes in benthic communities of Port Phillip Bay, Australia, between 1969 and 1995." Marine and Freshwater Research 49, no. 8 (1998): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf97164.

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Changes in benthic communities in Port Phillip Bay, Australia, were assessed over a 25- year period by comparing an intense bay-wide survey carried out in the early 1970s, a 3-year study in the mid 1970s, a limited survey in the early 1990s, and a resurvey in the mid 1990s. A major division of benthic communities into those on deeper muddy sediments and those on marginal sandy sediments persisted was less well defined (by ordination methods) in the 1990s than in the 1970s. The densities of individuals and species declined significantly, but absolute numbers of taxa did not change noticeably. Nevertheless, temporal variability in all variables over 25 years was within the range reported for the 3- year study. Polychaetes have become relatively more abundant than crustaceans and molluscs, and the proportion of suspension-feeding organisms has increased at the expense of deposit feeders. The introduced Japanese bivalve Theora lubrica was the most abundant invertebrate in the 1970s. In the 1990s, this species, the European bivalve Corbula gibba and the polychaete Euchone limnicola were the most abundant. Decreasing abundances of macrobenthic invertebrates, and a decreasing proportion of deposit feeders, is consistent with a decrease in nutrient load from moderate to low levels—such as occurred with reduced discharge from Melbourne’s sewage treatment plant—but lack of contemporaneous data prevents further explanation.

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49

Leeming, R., N. Bate, R. Hewlett, and P. D. Nichols. "Discriminating faecal pollution: a case study of stormwater entering Port Phillip Bay, Australia." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 10 (November 1, 1998): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0369.

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This investigation was designed to provide preliminary information to the Environment Protection Authority concerning the input of faecal matter to stormwater drains in the Rippleside area of Geelong, Victoria. Results derived from the combined use of sterol biomarkers (e.g. coprostanol and 24-ethylcoprostanol) and four sub-groups of bacterial indicators (e.g. thermotolerant coliforms, E. coli, faecal streptococci and enterococci) indicated that during wet weather, all sites sampled were affected by significant human faecal contamination. Ratios of coprostanol to bacterial indicators were similar to those for samples collected from nearby sewer mains. During dry weather, there were still severely elevated levels of faecal contamination based on bacterial indicators, but correspondingly low concentrations of faecal sterols suggesting minimal human or herbivore faecal contamination. The origin of the majority of the faecal pollution in dry weather therefore remains to be fully explained. It is clear from this and related studies that the combined measurement of faecal sterols and bacterial indicators can greatly assist distinguishing sources of faecal pollution. It is also shown for aquatic environments that the measurement of coprostanol or other single indicators alone, is inadequate to fully discern faecal contamination from human sources.

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50

Edquist, Harriet. "Portland Bay and the Origins of European Architecture in Port Phillip 1828-1836." Fabrications 29, no. 3 (September 2, 2019): 359–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10331867.2019.1684178.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Port Phillip Bay'

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