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Academic literature on the topic 'Porosity Characterization'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 April 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Porosity Characterization"

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Jalal, Sadiq, Hamza Rehman, Shams Ul Alam, and Abdul Wahid. "Estimation of Reservoir Porosity Using Seismic Post-Stack Inversion in Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan." International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology 12, no. 2 (July 19, 2021): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss2.2021.588.

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Seismic post-stack inversion is one of the best techniques for effective reservoir characterization. This studyintends to articulate the application of Model-Based Inversion (MBI) and Probabilistic Neural Networks (PNN) for theidentification of reservoir properties i.e. porosity estimation. MBI technique is applied to observe the low impedancezone at the porous reservoir formation. PNN is a geostatistical technique that transforms the impedance volume intoporosity volume. Inverted porosity is estimated to observe the spatial distribution of porosity in the Lower Goru sandreservoir beyond the well data control. The result of inverted porosity is compared with that of well-computed porosity.The estimated inverted porosity ranges from 13-13.5% which shows a correlation of 99.63% with the computed porosityof the Rehmat-02 well. The observed low impedance and high porosity cube at the targeted horizon suggest that it couldbe a probable potential sand channel. Furthermore, the results of seismic post-stack inversion and geostatistical analysisindicate a very good agreement with each other. Hence, the seismic post-stack inversion technique can effectively beapplied to estimate the reservoir properties for further prospective zones identification, volumetric estimation and futureexploration.

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Chen, Yen-Chun, Felix N. Buechi, Chrysoula Karageorgiou, Jens Eller, and Thomas J. Schmidt. "Porosity, Porosity Heterogeneity and Morphology Characterization of Microporous Layers of Commercial Gdls." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 39 (October 9, 2022): 1375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02391375mtgabs.

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Porosity and morphology of MPLs have a remarkable influence on the performance of PEFCs. However, until now, MPL porosity is largely undetermined for all commercial gas diffusion layers and the MPLs are commonly thought of as a homogeneous layer in thickness and porosity. Many model studies are based on this picture. However, these assumptions are not evidence-based, and can lead to erroneous interpretations of MPL functions. The challenge of having realistic models of MPLs lies in the lack of descriptions of MPL properties on the representative millimeter scale, while its pore structure is on the nanometer scale. Here, we use laboratory-based, X-ray tomographic microscopy (XTM) to determine the porosity, thickness and their spatial heterogeneity of microporous layers from 15 commercial GDL materials on the operation-relevant, millimeter scale. These properties are relevant to the diffusive transport through diffusion media (cf. Fick’s law). The porosity distribution is measured by quantifying the volume fraction of a saturating liquid, n-decane, in the fully saturated MPL with a large field of view (FoV) of >10 mm2 and a voxel edge length (determining the image resolution) of 3.6 μm. With optimized X-ray quantum noise control, regional average porosity differences >4.7% can be determined with a 95% confidence level (for every 50 μm 50 μm regions). This resolution in porosity determination allows to define and quantify the degree of spatial porosity heterogeneity for every MPL—a property of MPL that was previously unclear. Together with the MPL thickness heterogeneity (related to intrusion depth), the MPLs of the 15 commercially available gas diffusion layers from the three international manufactures Freudenberg, Sigracet® and CeTech, are characterized and classified into 5 groups. Contrary to the common homogeneous assumption, the majority of characterized MPLs (especially from Sigracet® and CeTech) actually come with various degrees of porosity and thickness heterogeneity. These differences among MPLs could result in very different water management properties of the respective GDL materials. The representative descriptions of MPL porosity, porosity heterogeneity and thickness heterogeneity also provides realistic input to modeling. Figure 1

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Ishutov, Sergey, Franciszek J. Hasiuk, Chris Harding, and Joseph N. Gray. "3D printing sandstone porosity models." Interpretation 3, no. 3 (August 1, 2015): SX49—SX61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2014-0266.1.

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The petroleum industry requires new technologies to improve the economics of exploration and production. Digital rock physics is a methodology that seeks to revolutionize reservoir characterization, an essential step in reservoir assessment, using computational methods. A combination of X-ray computed microtomography, digital pore network modeling, and 3D printing technology represents a novel workflow for transferring digital rock models into tangible samples that can be manufactured in a variety of materials and tested with standard laboratory equipment. Accurate replication of pore networks depends on the resolution of tomographic images, rock sample size, statistical algorithms for digital modeling, and the resolution of 3D printing. We performed this integrated approach on a sample of Idaho Gray Sandstone with an estimated porosity of 29% and permeability of 2200 mD. Tomographic images were collected at resolutions of 30 and [Formula: see text] per voxel. This allowed the creation of digital porosity models segmented into grains and pores. Surfaces separating pores from grains were extracted from the digital rock volume and 3D printed in plastic as upscaled tangible models. Two model types, normal (with pores as voids) and inverse (with pores as solid), allowed visualization of the geometry of the grain matrix and topology of pores, while allowing characterization of pore connectivity. The current resolution of commodity 3D printers with a plastic filament ([Formula: see text] for pore space and [Formula: see text] for grain matrix) is too low to precisely reproduce the Idaho Gray Sandstone at its original scale. However, the workflow described here also applies to advanced high-resolution 3D printers, which have been becoming more affordable with time. In summary, with its scale flexibility and fast manufacturing time, 3D printing has the potential to become a powerful tool for reservoir characterization.

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Rashapov, Rinat R., Jonathan Unno, and Jeff T. Gostick. "Characterization of PEMFC Gas Diffusion Layer Porosity." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 162, no. 6 (2015): F603—F612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0921506jes.

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Taylor, D. J., P. F. Fleig, and S. L. Hietala. "Technique for characterization of thin film porosity." Thin Solid Films 332, no. 1-2 (November 1998): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6090(98)01264-4.

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Santos, Teresa P., M. Fátima Vaz, Moisés L. Pinto, and Ana P. Carvalho. "Porosity characterization of old Portuguese ceramic tiles." Construction and Building Materials 28, no. 1 (March 2012): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.08.004.

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Zhang, Shuxiao, Gaolong Lv, Shifeng Guo, Yanhui Zhang, and Wei Feng. "Porosity Characterization of Thermal Barrier Coatings by Ultrasound with Genetic Algorithm Backpropagation Neural Network." Complexity 2021 (April 29, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8869928.

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Porosity is considered as one of the most important indicators for the characterization of the comprehensive performance of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). In this study, the ultrasonic technique and the artificial neural network optimized with the genetic algorithm (GA_BPNN) are combined to develop an intelligent method for automatic detection and accurate prediction of TBCs’s porosity. A series of physical models of plasma-sprayed ZrO2 coating are established with a thickness of 288 μm and porosity varying from 5.71% to 26.59%, and the ultrasonic reflection coefficient amplitude spectrum (URCAS) is constructed based on the time-domain numerical simulation signal. The characteristic features f 1 , f 2 , A max , Δ A of the URCAS, which are highly dependent on porosity, are extracted as input data to train the GA_BPNN model for predicting the unknown porosity. The average error of the prediction results is 1.45%, which suggests that the proposed method can achieve accurate detection and quantitative characterization of the porosity of TBCs with complex pore morphology.

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Nugroho, Ferry Anggoro Ardy. "Fabrication and Characterization of Supported Porous Au Nanoparticles." Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengkajian Ilmu Pendidikan: e-Saintika 9, no. 1 (December 9, 2024): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.36312/e-saintika.v9i1.2427.

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Porous plasmonic nanoparticles offer unique advantages for sensing and catalysis due to their high surface-to-volume ratio and localized electromagnetic field enhancements at nanoscale pores, or “hotspots.” However, current fabrication techniques, which are based on colloidal synthesis, face challenges in achieving precise control over particle size, shape, and porosity. Here, we present a robust nanofabrication method to produce supported arrays of porous Au nanoparticles with excellent dimensional and compositional control. By combining lithographically patterned AuAg alloy nanoparticles and selective dealloying via nitric acid, we achieve particle porosity without compromising particle morphology. Specifically, the method allows fabrication of supported porous nanoparticles with tunable dimension and porosity. Our approach demonstrates precise control of nanoparticle porosity by varying the initial Ag content in the alloy. Optical characterization reveals a blueshift in the extinction peak with increasing porosity, attributed to the reduced effective refractive index from intraparticle voids. Notably, a tunable shift of up to 100 nm in the plasmonic peak is observed, demonstrating the potential for fine-tuning optical properties. This study highlights the versatility of the proposed method in fabricating well-defined porous plasmonic nanoparticles and their ability to modulate optical properties through porosity control. These findings not only expand the toolkit for designing advanced plasmonic materials but also open pathways for applications in plasmon-mediated sensing, catalysis, and photonic devices.

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Abubakar, M., A. B. Aliyu, and Norhayati Ahmad. "Characterization of Nigerian Clay as Porous Ceramic Material." Advanced Materials Research 845 (December 2013): 256–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.845.256.

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Porous ceramics were produced by compaction method of Nigerian clay and cassava starch. The samples were prepared by adding an amount from 5 to 30%wt of cassava starch into the clay and sintered at temperature of 900-1300°C. The influence of cassava starch content on the bulk density and apparent porosity was studied. The result of XRD and DTA/TGA shows that the optimum sintering temperature was found to be 1300°C. The percentage porosity increased from 12.87 to 43.95% while bulk density decreased from 2.16 to 1.46g/cm3 with the increase of cassava starch from 5 to 30%wt. The effect of sintering temperature and cassava starch content improved the microstructure in terms of porosity and the thermal properties of porous clay for various applications which requires a specific porosity.

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Martins, Luiz M. R., and Thomas L. Davis. "From ocean-bottom cable seismic to porosity volume: A prestack PP and PS analysis of a turbidite reservoir, deepwater Campos Basin, Brazil." Interpretation 2, no. 2 (May 1, 2014): SE91—SE103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2013-0150.1.

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The Campos Basin is the best known and most productive of the Brazilian coastal basins. Turbidites are, by far, the main hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs in the Campos Basin. Using a 4C ocean-bottom cable seismic survey, we set out to improve the reservoir characterization in a deepwater turbidite field in the Campos Basin. To achieve our goal, prestack angle gathers were derived and PP and PS inversion were performed. The inversion was used as an input to predict the petrophysical properties of the reservoir. Converting seismic reflection amplitudes into impedance profiles not only maximizes vertical resolution but also minimizes tuning effects. Mapping the porosity is extremely important in the development of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Combining seismic attributes derived from the PP and PS multicomponent data and porosity logs, we used linear multiregression and neural networking to predict porosity between the seismic attributes and porosity logs at the well locations. After estimating porosity in the well locations, those relationships were applied to the seismic attributes to generate a 3D porosity volume. The porosity volume highlighted the best reservoir facies in the reservoir. The integration of elastic impedance, shear impedance, and porosity improved the reservoir characterization.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Porosity Characterization"

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Vazehrad, Sadaf. "Shrinkage Porosity Characterization in Compacted Cast Iron Components." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-127261.

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VAKIFAHMETOGLU, CEKDAR. "FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POROUS CERAMICS WITH HIERARCHICAL POROSITY." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422377.

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The research work presented in this thesis is concerned with the production of porous components by using preceramic polymers as a starting precursor. During the preliminary studies on which the production of polymer derived cellular ceramics was based; various compositions have been investigated. Cellular SiOC ceramics having a complex morphology were produced using three different types of polysiloxane precursors. Pore formation was attributed to the different polymer architecture which resulted in a different behavior (larger weight loss, shrinkage and gas evolution) upon pyrolysis. In this context; polysiloxane precursors were crosslinked, crushed, sieved and pressed to form compacts yielding with porous SiOC monoliths by pyrolysis. The resulted ceramic bodies showed compressive strength values reaching to 37.4MPa (~53vol% porosity). Hot-isostatic pressing enabled the formation of SiOC(N) tablets having extremely high piezoresistivity in between 100-1700 at high temperatures (700-1000°C). By using a polysilazane precursor microcellular SiOCN and macrocellular SiCN foams were produced via sacrificial templating or a physical blowing agent. Foams had mostly interconnected porosity ranging from ~60 to 80 vol% and possessing a compressive strength in the range ~1 to 11 MPa. By following the similar strategies boron including porous (70 vol%) PDC monoliths have also been produced. In the direction to produce high specific surface area (SSA) hierarchically porous PDC components; Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica (PMO) particles were embedded into a foamed polysiloxane polymer, and by pyrolysis, permeable SiOC monoliths having SSA of 137 m2/g were obtained. In the method; catalyst assisted pyrolysis (CAP), silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride or silicon carbide nanowires were formed directly during the pyrolysis of highly porous monoliths. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature caused an increase in the length and the amount of nanostructures produced. The growth mechanisms for the nanowires depended on the pyrolysis conditions and catalyst type. The presence of the nanowires afforded high SSA values to the macro-porous ceramics, ranging from 10 to 110 m2/g. The differences were explained in terms of the morphology and amount of the nanowires that were produced using the two different catalysts (Co or Fe). High temperature etching of SiCN ceramics yielded with disordered or graphitic carbon materials possessing a hierarchical bi-modal pore structure (micro-mesopores with mean pore size, 3-11 nm) and large SSA, up to 2400 m2/g. The resulting porosity (pore size, PSD, and SSA) strongly depended on nanostructural phase evolution of the PDC material, as well as on etching conditions. The mean pore size increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature.
Il lavoro di ricerca esposto nella presente tesi riguarda la produzione di componenti porosi mediante l’uso di polimeri preceramici quali precursori iniziali. Durante una fase preliminare del lavoro di ricerca, sulla quale si è basata la produzione di ceramici cellulari derivati da polimeri, sono state studiate varie composizioni. Ceramici cellulari di SiOC aventi una morfologia complessa sono stati realizzati usando tre diversi tipi di precursori polisilossanici. La formazione di pori è stata attribuita alle differenti strutture dei polimeri, che hanno comportato differenti comportamenti durante la pirolisi (maggiore perdita in peso, diminuzione del volume e sviluppo di gas). In tale contesto, precursori polisilossanici sono stati reticolati, ridotti in polvere, setacciati e pressati al fine di ottenere campioni risultanti in monoliti di SiOC poroso, mediante pirolisi. I campioni ceramici cosí ottenuti esibivano valori di resistenza a compressione fino a 37,4 MPa (con una porosità pari a circa il 53% in volume). La pressatura isostatica a caldo ha consentito la formazione di campioni di SiOC(N) aventi piezoresistivitá estremamente elevata, compresa tra 100 e 1700 ad alte temperature (700-1000°C). Utilizzando un precursore polisilazanico, sono state prodotte schiume microcellulari di SiOCN e macrocellulari di SiCN, mediante l’impiego di fillers sacrificali o di un agente schiumante fisico. Le schiume presentavano una porosità prevalentemente interconnessa compresa tra ~60 e 80 vol% ed una resistenza a compressione compresa tra ~1 e 11 MPa. Utilizzando procedimenti simili, sono stati inoltre prodotti campioni monolitici porosi (70 vol%) di PDC contenenti boro. Al fine di produrre componenti ceramici derivati da polimeri, dotati di porosità gerarchica e di elevata area superficiale specifica (SSA), particelle di PMO (Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica) sono state immerse in un polimero polisilossanico schiumato e, mediante pirolisi, sono stati ottenuti campioni monolitici di SiOC permeabili dotati di una elevata SSA, pari a 137 m2/g. Mediante tale metodo, pirolisi catalizzata assistita (CAP), nanofili di nitruro di silicio, di ossinitruro di silicio o di carburo di silicio sono stati formati direttamente durante la pirolisi di campioni monolitici altamente porosi. L’aumento della temperatura di pirolisi ha provocato un aumento nella lunghezza e nella quantità di nanostrutture prodotte. Il meccanismo di crescita dei nanofili dipende dalle condizioni di pirolisi e dal tipo di catalizzatore. La presenza dei nanofili ha permesso di raggiugere elevati valori di SSA nei ceramici macroporosi, compresa tra 10 e 110 m2/g. Le diversità in tali valori sono state spiegate in termini di morfologia e quantità dei nanofili prodotti impiegando due diversi catalizzatori (Co e Fe). L’ablazione superficiale (etching) ad elevate temperature di ceramici di SiCN ha condotto a materiali contenenti carbonio amorfo o grafitico dotati di una struttura gerarchica bimodale dei pori (micro-mesopori con dimensione media dei pori di 3-11 nm) ed elevata SSA, fino a 2400 m2/g. La porosità risultante (dimensione dei pori, PSD e SSA) dipendeva fortemente dall’evoluzione della fase nanostrutturale del materiale PDC, nonché dalle condizioni di etching. La dimensione media dei pori aumentava all’aumentare della temperatura di pirolisi.

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Layman, John Morgan II. "Porosity Characterization Utilizing Petrographic Image Analysis: Implications for Identifying and Ranking Reservoir Flow Units, Happy Spraberry Field, Garza County, Texas." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/399.

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The Spraberry Formation is traditionally thought of as deep-water turbidites in the central Midland Basin. At Happy Spraberry field, Garza County, Texas, however, production is from a carbonate interval about 100 feet thick that has been correlated on seismic sections with the Leonardian aged, Lower Clear Fork Formation. The "Happy field" carbonates were deposited on the Eastern Shelf of the Midland Basin and consist of oolitic skeletal grainstones and packstones, rudstones and floatstones, in situ Tubiphytes bindstones, and laminated to rippled, very-fine grained siltstones and sandstones. The highest reservoir "quality" facies are in the oolitic grainstones and packstones where grain-moldic and solution-enhanced intergranular porosity dominate. Other pore types present include incomplete grain moldic, vuggy, and solution-enhanced intramatrix. The purpose of this study was to relate pore geometry measured by digital petrographic image analysis to petrophysical characteristics, and finally, to reservoir quality. Image analysis was utilized to obtain size, shape, frequency, and total abundance of pore categories. Pore geometry and percent porosity were obtained by capturing digital images from thin sections viewed under a petrographic microscope. The images were transferred to computer storage for processing with a commercial image analysis program trademarked as Image Pro Plus (Version 4.0). A classification scheme was derived from the image processing enabling "pore facies" to be established. Pore facies were then compared to measured porosity and permeability from core analyses to determine relative "quality" of reservoir zones with different pore facies. Pore facies are defined on pore types, sizes, shapes, and abundances that occur in reproducible associations or patterns. These patterns were compared with porosity and permeability values from core analyses. Four pore facies were identified in the Happy field carbonates; they were examined for evidence of diagenetic change, depositional signatures, and fractures. Once the genetic categories were established for the four pore facies, the pore groups could be reexamined in stratigraphic context and placed in the stratigraphic section across Happy field. Finally, the combined porosity and permeability values characteristic of each pore facies were used to identify and rank good, intermediate, and poor flow units at field scale.

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AUGUSTO, KAREN SOARES. "POROSITY CHARACTERIZATION OF IRON ORE PELLETS BY X-RAY MICROTOMOGRAPHY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2016. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=29701@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
As pelotas de minério de ferro são uma das principais matérias-primas, juntamente com o minério granulado e o sínter, do processo de fabricação do aço. São produzidas pelo processo de pelotização, aproveitando a parcela ultrafina do minério, que antes era considerada rejeito do processo de beneficiamento. A porosidade gerada no processo de fabricação das pelotas é uma importante característica do material, pois permite o fluxo interno de gases, aumentando a sua redutibilidade e consequentemente a eficiência do processo. Por outro lado, a porosidade afeta a resistência física das pelotas, que precisam suportar todos os esforços sofridos durante as operações de manuseio, transporte e dos processos metalúrgicos. Dessa forma, a quantidade, tamanho, forma e a distribuição espacial dos poros são características importantes no controle de qualidade das pelotas, que são produzidas em grande escala e vem ganhando cada vez mais importância nas usinas siderúrgicas. Tradicionalmente, as técnicas analíticas mais utilizadas na caracterização da porosidade desses materiais são porosimetria por intrusão de mercúrio (PIM) e microscopia ótica (MO). A PIM só permite avaliar poros que estão conectados à superfície, além de utilizar o mercúrio que é um material volátil e tóxico, que oferece riscos ao meio ambiente e à saúde humana. A MO é limitada ao espaço bidimensional, podendo trazer informações pouco representativas. Ambas as técnicas são destrutivas, podendo degradar o material no processo de preparação e também impossibilitando análises posteriores numa mesma amostra. O presente trabalho propõe desenvolver uma metodologia de caracterização tridimensional de porosidade em pelotas de minério de ferro, envolvendo a técnica de microtomografia de raios X (MicroCT) e análise de imagens, a fim de estudar separadamente os diferentes tipos de poros (abertos e fechados), e comparar com as técnicas clássicas citadas anteriormente. Foram utilizadas 25 amostras cedidas pela Vale, analisadas Augusto, Karen Soares; Paciornik, Sidnei. Microtomografia Computadorizada de Raios X Aplicada à Caracterização de Porosidade em Pelotas de Minério de Ferro. Rio de Janeiro, 2016. 156p. Tese de Doutorado – Departamento de Engenharia Química e de Materiais, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. primeiramente por MicroCT e posteriormente por PIM ou MO. Para tentativas de otimização, foram testados alguns parâmetros de análise em MicroCT, tais como o uso de lentes, diferentes configurações geométricas dos dispositivos que compõem o equipamento e número de projeções, que afetam diretamente a resolução e o tempo de análise. Comparou-se os resultados obtidos em MicroCT com os obtidos por PIM e MO, em amostras equivalentes, observando-se valores menores de porosidade para a técnica de MicroCT, devido à pior resolução do sistema. Porém, a metodologia apresentada foi capaz de quantificar a porosidade aberta e fechada separadamente, descrever a distribuição espacial, além de medir tamanho e forma, dos poros.
Iron ore pellets are one of the major iron-bearing raw materials, along with lump ore and sinter, for the steelmaking processes. Pellets are produced from ultrafine fractions of iron ores, which were previously considered as tailings of mineral beneficiation. The porosity generated during the pelletizing process is an important characteristic of the material because it allows internal gas flow, increasing its reducibility and consequently the process efficiency. On the other hand, the porosity affects the physical strength of the pellets, which must withstand all loads during handling operations, transportation and metallurgical processes. Thus, the amount, size, shape and spatial distribution of pores are important features for the pellet quality control. Traditionally, most analytical techniques used to characterize the porosity of pellets are mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and optical microscopy (OM). Nevertheless, MIP allows evaluating only pores connected to the surface, in addition mercury is volatile and toxic, offering risks to the environment and human health. OM, in turn, is limited to two-dimensional space and can reveal unrepresentative information. Both techniques are destructive and consequently prevent further analysis of the same sample. The present work proposes the development of a methodology for the tridimensional characterization of the porosity in iron ore pellets through X-ray microtomography (MicroCT) and image analysis in order to separately determine the different types of pores (open and closed). 25 samples provided by the Vale mining company were first analyzed by MicroCT and then by MIP or OM. For optimization purposes, some operating parameters of MicroCT were tested, such as the use of lenses, different geometric configurations, and the number of projections, which directly affect the obtained image resolution and the analysis time. Comparing the results obtained in MicroCT with the results obtained by MIP and OM in equivalent samples, smaller porosity measurements were observed for MicroCT, due to the poorer resolution of the system. However, this methodology has been able to separately quantify the open and closed porosity, to describe the spatial distribution of pores, and to measure their size and shape.

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Mueller, Jennifer Elizabeth. "Determining the Role of Porosity on the Thermal Properties of Graphite Foam." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34110.

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Graphite foams have high bulk thermal conductivity and low density, making them an excellent material for heat exchanger applications. This research focused on the characterization of graphite foams under various processing conditions (different foaming pressures and particle additions), specifically studying the effects of porosity on the thermal properties. The characterization of the foams included measuring cell sizes, percent open porosity, number of cells per square inch, bulk density, Archimedes density, compression strength, thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, and permeability. Several relationships between the structure and properties were established, and a recommendation for the processing conditions of graphite foams for the use in heat exchangers was determined.
Master of Science

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Kim, Tae Hyung. "Fracture characterization and estimation of fracture porosity of naturally fractured reservoirs with no matrix porosity using stochastic fractal models." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2570.

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Adelhelm, Philipp. "Novel carbon materials with hierarchical porosity : templating strategies and advanced characterization." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2007/1505/.

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The aim of this work was the generation of carbon materials with high surface area, exhibiting a hierarchical pore system in the macro- and mesorange. Such a pore system facilitates the transport through the material and enhances the interaction with the carbon matrix (macropores are pores with diameters > 50 nm, mesopores between 2 – 50 nm). Thereto, new strategies for the synthesis of novel carbon materials with designed porosity were developed that are in particular useful for the storage of energy. Besides the porosity, it is the graphene structure itself that determines the properties of a carbon material. Non-graphitic carbon materials usually exhibit a quite large degree of disorder with many defects in the graphene structure, and thus exhibit inherent microporosity (d < 2nm). These pores are traps and oppose reversible interaction with the carbon matrix. Furthermore they reduce the stability and conductivity of the carbon material, which was undesired for the proposed applications. As one part of this work, the graphene structures of different non-graphitic carbon materials were studied in detail using a novel wide-angle x-ray scattering model that allowed precise information about the nature of the carbon building units (graphene stacks). Different carbon precursors were evaluated regarding their potential use for the synthesis shown in this work, whereas mesophase pitch proved to be advantageous when a less disordered carbon microstructure is desired. By using mesophase pitch as carbon precursor, two templating strategies were developed using the nanocasting approach. The synthesized (monolithic) materials combined for the first time the advantages of a hierarchical interconnected pore system in the macro- and mesorange with the advantages of mesophase pitch as carbon precursor. In the first case, hierarchical macro- / mesoporous carbon monoliths were synthesized by replication of hard (silica) templates. Thus, a suitable synthesis procedure was developed that allowed the infiltration of the template with the hardly soluble carbon precursor. In the second case, hierarchical macro- / mesoporous carbon materials were synthesized by a novel soft-templating technique, taking advantage of the phase separation (spinodal decomposition) between mesophase pitch and polystyrene. The synthesis also allowed the generation of monolithic samples and incorporation of functional nanoparticles into the material. The synthesized materials showed excellent properties as an anode material in lithium batteries and support material for supercapacitors.
Kohlenstoffmaterialien finden aufgrund ihrer Vielseitigkeit heute in den unterschiedlichsten Bereichen des täglichen Lebens ihren Einsatz. Bekannte Beispiele sind Kohlenstofffasern in Verbundwerkstoffen, Graphit als trockenes Schmiermittel, oder Aktivkohlen in Filtersystemen. Ferner wird Graphit als Elektrodenmaterial auch in Lithium-Ionen-Batterien verwendet. Wegen knapper werdender Ressourcen von Öl und Gas wurde in den letzten Jahren verstärkt an der Entwicklung neuer Materialien für die Speicherung von Wasserstoff und elektrischer Energie gearbeitet. Die Nanotechnologie ist dabei auch für neue Kohlenstoffmaterialien zukunftsweisend, denn sie stellt weitere Anwendungsmöglichkeiten in Aussicht. In dieser Arbeit wurden hierzu mittels des sogenannten Nanocastings neue Kohlenstoffmaterialien für Energieanwendungen, insbesondere zur Speicherung von elektrischer Energie entwickelt. Die Eigenschaften eines Kohlenstoffmaterials beruhen im Wesentlichen auf der Struktur des Kohlenstoffs im molekularen Bereich. Die in dieser Arbeit hergestellten Materialen bestehen aus nichtgraphitischem Kohlenstoff und wurden im ersten Teil der Arbeit mit den Methoden der Röntgenstreuung genau untersucht. Eine speziell für diese Art von Kohlenstoffen kürzlich entwickelte Modellfunktion wurde dazu an die experimentellen Streubilder angepasst. Das verwendete Modell basiert dabei auf den wesentlichen Strukturmerkmalen von nichtgraphitischem Kohlenstoff und ermöglichte von daher eine detaillierte Beschreibung der Materialien. Im Gegensatz zu den meisten nichtgraphitischen Kohlenstoffen konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Verwendung von Mesophasen-Pech als Vorläufersubstanz (Precursor) ein Material mit vergleichsweise geringem Grad an Unordnung ermöglicht. Solch ein Material erlaubt eine ähnlich reversible Einlagerung von Lithium-Ionen wie Graphit, weist aber gleichzeitig wegen des nichtgraphitischen Charakters eine deutlich höhere Speicherfähigkeit auf. Zur Beschreibung der Porosität eines Materials verwendet man die Begriffe der Makro-, Meso-, und Mikroporen. Die Aktivität eines Materials kann durch die Erhöhung der Oberfläche noch erheblich gesteigert werden. Hohe Oberflächen können insbesondere durch die Schaffung von Poren im Nanometerbereich erzielt werden. Um die Zugänglichkeit zu diesen Poren zu steigern, weist ein Material idealerweise zusätzlich ein kontinuierliches makroporöses Transportsystem (Porendurchmesser d > 50 nm) auf. Solch eine Art von Porosität über mehrere Größenordnungen wird allgemein als „hierarchische Porosität“ bezeichnet. Für elektrochemische Anwendungen sind sogenannte Mesoporen (d = 2 – 50 nm) relevant, da noch kleinere Poren (Mikroporen, d < 2 nm) z.B. zu einer irreversiblen Bindung von Lithium- Ionen führen können. Wird Mesophasen-Pech als Kohlenstoffprekursor verwendet, kann die Entstehung dieser Mikroporen verhindert werden. Im zweiten und dritten Teil der Arbeit konnte mit den Methoden des „Nanocastings“ zum ersten Mal die spezielle Struktur des Mesophasen-Pech basierenden Kohlenstoffmaterials mit den Vorteilen einer hierarchischen (makro- / meso-) Porosität kombiniert werden. Im ersten Syntheseverfahren wurde dazu ein sogenanntes „hartes Templat“ mit entsprechender Porosität aus Siliziumdioxid repliziert. Aufgrund der hohen Viskosität des Pechs und der geringen Löslichkeit wurde dazu ein Verfahren entwickelt, das die Infiltration des Templates auch auf der Nanometerebene ermöglicht. Das Material konnte in Form größerer Körper (Monolithen) hergestellt werden, die im Vergleich zu Pulvern eine bessere technische Verwendung ermöglichen. Im zweiten Syntheseverfahren konnte die Herstellung eines hierarchisch makro- / mesoporösen Kohlenstoffmaterials erstmals mittels eines weichen Templates (organisches Polymer) erreicht werden. Die einfache Entfernung von weichen Templaten durch eine geeignete Temperaturbehandlung, macht dieses Verfahren im Vergleich zu hart templatierten Materialien kostengünstiger und stellt eine technische Umsetzung in Aussicht. Desweiteren erlaubt das Syntheseverfahren die Herstellung von monolithischen Körpern und die Einbindung funktionaler Nanopartikel. Die hergestellten Materialien zeigen exzellente Eigenschaften als Elektrodenmaterial in Lithium-Ionen-Batterien und als Trägermaterial für Superkondensatoren.

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Bueno, Alejandra. "Catalyst supports with hierarchical and radial porosity : preparation, characterization and catalytic evaluation." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1249.

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La grande majorité des procédés chimiques de transformation sont catalytiques. En catalyse hétérogène, les catalyseurs industriels sont des objets dont la taille est de l'ordre du millimétre au centimètre. Pour la plupart des catalyseurs, la phase active (ex: nanoparticules métallique) est dispersée dans un support mésoporeux ayant une surface spécifique élevé. Pour pallier au problème de limitation diffusionelle interne, on introduit dans le support un réseau secondaire de macropores qui permet d'améliorer la diffusion des substrats. Cependant, dans le cas où la réaction catalytique est particulièrement rapide, la diffusion à l'intérieur du support poreux peut rester limitante (Thiele modulus), entrainant une perte d'efficacité du catalyseur. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est d'étudier l'efficacité d'un nouveau support alumine sous forme de bille dont la macroporosité est orientée de façon radiale. Afin de pouvoir quantifier le gain de cette nouvelle structure poreuse, des mesures d'activités pour deux réactions catalytiques modèles, l'oxydation de CO et le craquage de l'iso-octane, ont été réalisées et comparées à ceux de supports commerciaux et de références à porosité hiérarchisée. Pour les deux réactions, le nouveau support permet d'augmenter l'activité de 25 à 95% environ. Sur la base d'une caractérisation fine de la porosité des billes (adsorption N2-77k, porosimetrie à Hg, Tomographie RX), l'activité des catalyseurs a été modélisée. On conclut que le gain d'activité est essentiellement dû à la structuration radiale
The vast majority of chemical processes are catalytic. Within the heterogeneous catalysis, industrial catalysts are bodies whose size ranges between 1 mm to 1 cm. For most catalysts, the active phase (i.e. metal nanoparticles) is dispersed in a mesoporous support having a high specific surface area. To overcome the problem of internal diffusional limitation, a secondary network of macropores is introduced within the catalyst support. This improves the diffusion of substrates. However, in the case where the catalytic reaction is particularly fast, the diffusion inside the porous support can remain limiting (Thiele modulus), resulting in a loss of catalytic effectiveness. The objective of this thesis is to study the catalytic effectiveness of a new alumina-based support shaped into spherical pellets, owing a radial macroporosity. In order to quantify the impact of this new porous structure, two model catalytic reactions were chosen to test the catalysts: CO oxidation and isooctane cracking. The catalytic activity was compared to reference commercial supports owing hierarchical porosity. For both reactions, the new support with radial porosity increases the activity from 25 to 95% approximately. On the basis of a fine characterization of the porosity of the beads (adsorption N2-77k, porosimetry Hg, X-ray microtomography), the catalytic activities were modeled. We conclude that the impact on the catalytic activity is essentially due to the radial porous design

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Dickerson, Bryan Douglas Jr. "Characterization of Ferroelectric Films by Spectroscopic Ellipsometry." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/10148.

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Process dependent microstructural effects in ferroelectric SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBT) thin films were characterized and distinguished from material dependent optical properties using a systematic multi-layer modeling technique. Variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE) models were developed by sequentially testing Bruggeman effective-media approximation (EMA) layers designed to simulate microstructural effects such as surface roughness, porosity, secondary phases, and substrate interaction. Cross-sectional analysis by atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM) and (SEM) guided and confirmed the structure of multi-layer models for films produced by pulsed laser deposition (PLD), metal-organic chemical vapor decomposition (MOCVD), and metal-organic deposition (MOD). VASE was used to estimated the volume percentage of second phase Bi2O3 in SBT thin films made by MOD. Since Bi₂O₃ was 10 orders of magnitude more conductive than SBT, second phase Bi₂O₃ produced elevated leakage currents. Equivalent circuits and percolation theory were applied to predict leakage current based on Bi₂O₃ content and connectivity. The complex role of excess Bi2O3 in the crystallization of SBT was reviewed from a processing perspective. VASE helped clarify the nature of the interaction between SBT films and Si substrates. When SBT was deposited by MOD and annealed on Si substrates, the measured capacitance was reduced from that of SBT on Pt due mainly to the formation of amorphous SiO₂ near the SBT/Si interface. VASE showed that the thickness and roughness of the SiO₂ reaction layer increased with annealing temperature, in agreement with TEM measurements. Unlike PZT, SBT crystallization was not controlled by substrate interaction.
Master of Science

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Zhang, Yinning. "Characterization of High Porosity Drainage Layer Materials for M-E Pavement Design." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/51389.

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The objective of this study is to characterize the properties of typically adopted drainage layer materials in VA, OK, and ID. A series of laboratory tests have been conducted to quantify the volumetric properties, permeability and mechanical properties of the laboratory-compacted asphalt treated and cement treated permeable base specimens. The modified test protocols to determine the dynamic modulus of the drainage layer materials have been provided, which can be followed to determine the dynamic modulus of the drainage layers as level 1 input in Mechanistic-Empirical (M-E) pavement design. The measured dynamic moduli have been used to calibrate the original NCHRP 1-37A model to facilitate its application on drainage layer materials for prediction of the dynamic modulus as level 2 input. The compressive strength of the cement treated permeable base mixture of different air void contents has also been quantified in laboratory. Numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the location effects and the contribution of the drainage layer as a structural component within pavement. The optimal air void content of the drainage layer is recommended for Virginia, Oklahoma and Idaho based on the laboratory-determined permeability and the predicted pavement performances during 20-year service life.
Ph. D.

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Books on the topic "Porosity Characterization"

1

W, Patrick John, ed. Porosity in carbons: Characterization and applications. London: Edward Arnold, 1995.

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W, Patrick John, ed. Porosity in carbons: characterization and applications. New York: Halsted Press, 1995.

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Smått, Jan-Henrik. Hierarchically porous silica, carbon, and metal oxide monoliths: Synthesis and characterization. Turku: Åbo Akademi University, 2005.

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Green, R. T. Hydraulic characterization of hydrothermally altered nopal tuff. Washington, DC: Division of Regulatory Applications, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1995.

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Green, R. T. Hydraulic characterization of hydrothermally altered nopal tuff. Washington, DC: Division of Regulatory Applications, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1995.

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R, Nimmo John, Geological Survey (U.S.), and United States. Dept. of Energy., eds. Laboratory and field hydrologic characterization of the shallow subsurface at an Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory waste-disposal site. Idaho Falls, Idaho: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999.

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Naonobu, Katada, Okumura Kazu, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Characterization and Design of Zeolite Catalysts: Solid Acidity, Shape Selectivity and Loading Properties. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2010.

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Patrick, John W. Porosity in Carbons: Characterization and Applications. John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1994.

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Friction factor characterization for high-porosity random fiber regenerators. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2001.

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Randall, Michael S. Processing, characterization and modelling of borosilicate glass matrix-particulate silicon nitride composites, containing controlled additions of porosity, for use in high speed electronic packaging. 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Porosity Characterization"

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Ma, Y. Z. "Porosity Modeling." In Quantitative Geosciences: Data Analytics, Geostatistics, Reservoir Characterization and Modeling, 471–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17860-4_19.

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Llewellyn, Philip L., Emily Bloch, and Sandrine Bourrelly. "Surface Area/Porosity, Adsorption, Diffusion." In Characterization of Solid Materials and Heterogeneous Catalysts, 853–79. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527645329.ch19.

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Smith, B. T. "Ultrasonic Characterization of Porosity in Composites." In Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, 1535–40. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5772-8_197.

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Terán, G., S. Capula-Colindres, R. Cuamatzi-Meléndez, D. Angeles-Herrera, and A. Albiter. "3-D Porosity in T-Welded Connections Repaired by Grinding and Wet Welding." In Materials Characterization, 25–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15204-2_3.

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de Belleval, J. F., Y. Boyer, and D. Lecuru. "Porosity Characterization in Thin Composite Plates by Ultrasonic Measurements." In Nondestructive Characterization of Materials, 131–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84003-6_16.

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Nagy, Peter B., David V. Rypien, and Laszlo Adler. "Spatial Averaging in Porosity Assessment by Ultrasonic Attenuation Spectroscopy." In Nondestructive Characterization of Materials II, 683–88. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5338-6_70.

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Fraissard, Jacques. "Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): Physisorbed Xenon for Porosity." In Springer Handbook of Advanced Catalyst Characterization, 813–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07125-6_36.

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Roque-Malherbe, Rolando M. A. "Surface Area and Porosity Characterization of Porous Polymers." In Porous Polymers, 173–203. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470929445.ch5.

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Nair, Satish M., David K. Hsu, and James H. Rose. "Ultrasonic Characterization of Cylindrical Porosity — A Model Study." In Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, 1165–74. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1893-4_133.

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Daniel, I. M., S. C. Wooh, and I. Komsky. "Characterization of Porosity in Thick Graphite/Epoxy Composites." In Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, 1607–14. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3742-7_61.

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Conference papers on the topic "Porosity Characterization"

1

Mohler, C. E. "Porosity Characterization of porous SiLK™ Dielectric Films." In CHARACTERIZATION AND METROLOGY FOR ULSI TECHNOLOGY: 2003 International Conference on Characterization and Metrology for ULSI Technology. AIP, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1622528.

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Zhang*, Jiajia, Hongbing Li, Guangzhi Zhang, and Feng He. "Pore structure characterization based on multiple-porosity variable critical porosity model." In SPG/SEG 2016 International Geophysical Conference, Beijing, China, 20-22 April 2016. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and Society of Petroleum Geophysicists, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/igcbeijing2016-129.

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Ohno, Kazushige, Noriyuki Taoka, Takahiro Furuta, Atsushi Kudo, and Teruo Komori. "Characterization of High Porosity SiC-DPF." In SAE 2002 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2002-01-0325.

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Lenormand, Roland, and Olivier Fonta. "Advances In Measuring Porosity And Permeability From Drill Cuttings." In SPE/EAGE Reservoir Characterization and Simulation Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/111286-ms.

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Mogilnikov, Konstantin P., Dongchen Che, Mikhail R. Baklanov, Kangning Xu, and Kaidong Xu. "Review of thin film porosity characterization approaches." In 2017 China Semiconductor Technology International Conference (CSTIC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cstic.2017.7919811.

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Arslan, Izzet, Serhat Akin, Yildiz Karakece, and Ozlem Korucu. "Is Bati Raman Heavy Oil Field a Triple Porosity System?" In SPE/EAGE Reservoir Characterization and Simulation Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/111146-ms.

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Celio, Hugo. "Optical and X-ray Metrology of Low-k Materials: Porosity." In CHARACTERIZATION AND METROLOGY FOR ULSI TECHNOLOGY 2005. AIP, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2063014.

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Shinta, A. A., and Hossein Kazemi. "Tracer Transport in Characterization of Dual-Porosity Reservoirs." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/26636-ms.

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Hoffrén, H. "Plastic Foam Porosity Characterization by Air-Borne Ultrasound." In QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2184664.

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Gaiani, Ilaria, Andrew Aplin, Ruarri Day-Stirrat, H. C. Greenwell, and P. Cubillas. "Porosity Characterization of the Cretaceous Eagle Ford Formation." In 2019 AAPG Annual Convention and Exhibition. Tulsa, OK, USA: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/11249gaiani2019.

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Reports on the topic "Porosity Characterization"

1

Calo, J. M., L. Zhang, and W. D. Lilly. Characterization of porosity via secondary reactions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6746133.

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Calo, J. M. Characterization of porosity via secondary reactions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7033640.

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Calo, J. M., and W. D. Lilly. Characterization of porosity via secondary reactions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5601567.

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Calo, J. M., L. Zhang, and W. D. Lilly. Characterization of porosity via secondary reactions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6938624.

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Calo, J. M. Characterization of porosity via secondary reactor. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6541712.

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Aagesen, Larry K., and Jonathan D. Madison. Porosity in millimeter-scale welds of stainless steel : three-dimensional characterization. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1044948.

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Contescu, Cristian I., and Timothy D. Burchell. Characterization of Porosity Development in Oxidized Graphite using Automated Image Analysis Techniques. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/970899.

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Ningthoujam, J., J. K. Clark, T. R. Carter, and H. A. J. Russell. Investigating borehole-density, sonic, and neutron logs for mapping regional porosity variation in the Silurian Lockport Group and Salina Group A-1 Carbonate Unit, Ontario. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/332336.

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The Oil, Gas and Salt Resources Library (OGSRL) is a repository for data from wells licenced under the Oil, Gas and Salt Resources Act for Ontario. It has approximately 50,000 porosity and permeability drill core analyses on bedrock cores. It also has in analogue format, geophysical logs (e.g., gamma ray, gamma-gamma density, neutron, sonic) from approximately 20,000 wells. A significant challenge for geotechnical and hydrogeological studies of the region is the accessibility of digital data on porosity and permeability. Recent work completed on approximately 12,000 core analyses for the Silurian Lockport Group and Salina Group A-1 Carbonate Unit are geographically concentrated within productive oil and gas pools. An opportunity therefore exists to expand the bedrock porosity characterization for southern Ontario by using geophysical logs collected in open-hole bedrock wells that are more geographically dispersed. As part of this study, hard copy files of analog geophysical logs are converted to digital data (LAS format), followed by quality assessment and quality control (QAQC) to obtain meaningful results. From the digitized geophysical data, density, neutron, and sonic logs are selected to mathematically derive porosity values that are then compared with the corresponding measured core porosity values for the same depth interval to determine the reliability of the respective log types. In this study, a strong positive correlation (R²=0.589) is observed between porosity computed from a density log (density log porosity) and the corresponding core porosity. Conversely, sonic log porosity and neutron porosity show weak (R2 = 0.1738) and very weak (R2 = 0.0574) positive correlation with the corresponding core porosity data. This finding can be attributed to different factors (e.g., the condition of the borehole walls and fluids, the type and limitations of the technology at different points in time, knowledge of formation variability for calculations), and as such requires more investigation. The density log measures the bulk density of the formation (solid and fluid phases), and as such the derived porosity values indicate total porosity i.e., interparticle (primary) pore spaces, and vugs and fractures (secondary) pore spaces. The sonic log measures the interval transit time of a compressional soundwave travelling through the formation. High quality first arrival waveforms usually correspond to a route in the borehole wall free of fractures and vugs, which ultimately result in the derived porosity reflecting only primary porosity. As molds, vugs and fractures contribute significantly to the total porosity of the Lockport Group and Salina A-1 Carbonate strata, sonic porosity may not reflect true bulk formation porosity. The neutron porosity log measures the hydrogen index in a formation as a proxy for porosity, however, the current limitations of neutron logging tool fail to account for formation-related complexities including: the gas effect, the chloride effect and the shale effect that can lead to over- or underestimation of formation porosity. As a result, the density log appears to be the most reliable geophysical log in the OGSRL archives for total porosity estimation in the Lockport Group and Salina A-1 Carbonate Unit. Nonetheless, sonic porosity can be combined with density porosity to determine secondary porosity, whereas a combination of density and neutron porosity logs can be used to identify gas-bearing zones.

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Calo, J. M., L. Zhang, P. J. Hall, and M. Antxustegi. Characterization of porosity via secondary reactions. Final technical report, 1 September 1991--30 November 1995. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/591306.

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Calo, J. M., and W. D. Lilly. Characterization of porosity via secondary reactions. Quarterly technical progress report, 15 September 1991--15 December 1991. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10139572.

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